IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


144  lim 


IIM 
2.2 

2.0 


1= 

lA.  ill!  1.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


'^3  V/EST  MAIN  STREET 
W£»SfER,N.Y.  145r>0 

(71*)  er^  ■•■503 


iV 


.^^^ 


:i>' 


\\ 


'% 


v 


<^ 


O^ 


'f>V<^ 


<^^ 


Ua 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions 


Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


1980 


i 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


L'institut  a  microfilmd  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mdthode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu6s  ci-dessous. 


D 


D 


D 
D 
D 
D 


D 


n 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagde 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^e  et/ou  pelliculde 


□    Cover  title  missing/ 
Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  g6ographiques  en  couleur 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relid  avec  d'autres  documents 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serr6e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutdes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6td  filmdes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl^mentaires: 


n    Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

□    Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

I      I    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 


Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pelliculdes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  ddcolor^es,  tachet6es  ou  piqudes 


□    Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tach6es 

rT~lXShowthrough/ 
L_^   Transparence 

I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 


D 
D 


Quality  indgale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 


Only  edition  availah' 
Seule  Edition  dispo       d 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6x6  film^es  d  nouveau  de  faqon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmd  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu6  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  of  the  Public 
Archives  of  Canada 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grdce  d  la 
g6n6ro8it6  de: 

La  bibliothdque  des  Archives 
publiques  du  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetd  de  l'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  !as  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimde  sont  film6s  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film6s  en  commenpant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^^-  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED ").  or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END  "), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — »■  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmds  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  il  est  filmd  i  partir 
de  Tangle  sup6rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

.,ffippwi«PMrqiie»>  ■  "--t*,,. 


I 


i* 


THE   WORKS 


OF 


HUBERT  HOWE  BANCEOET 


■I 


THE    WORKS 


0* 


llUmUT  HOWE  BANCROFT. 


VOLUME  XXVIII. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  NORTHV.'EST  COAST. 

Vol.  II.     JS00-1S46. 


SAN  riUNCISCO  ; 

A.  L.  BAKCliOFT  &  .mWA^y^  PUDLISIIERS 

18S4. 


Kiitcr.il  iiccinl 


i'lt:  t.i  Ai-i  (if  f, 


nu'iv,-i>  in  till'  Vcnr  l.ssl,  hv 


IIUliKJiT  |{.   I!A\(']U)IT, 


In  tlif  Ollici!  uf  till.'  Libi 


uriiiii  iif  Ci 


I'css,  111  WasliiiH'tn 


All  miihls  li,'g,rn(l. 


COOTENTS  OF  THIS  VOLUME. 


CHAPTER  I. 


^,,.  1804-1805. 

huldiers  as  Forest  Travel lprs_T),«  r-      ^  ,-  ,  '"•''■'' 

vous  cm  tlie  Mississippi-Outfit-  rscLr.f^T  "f;."'''°"'~^^*^'"'''^^- 
Wint..sTl.e.e-Ketrof       ..toHirV      "^ 
N.<.nenclatnrc-.Ti.eDivili,^R-  ;      '     "'"'^  "'  ^''^  -'''^-""  - 


CHAPTER  II. 


l.'8 


1805. 
Among  tlieShoshoncs— Council  TTp1,1     p      , 

C:u„tinuon-D.mcultien^  i^Ld r  1"  "'  'p '"^'^^-''"^  •^--^' 

fooa-ForkoftheColu,„l-al^rAV.:i;:*;r^'';r'T   "^  ""««   f-" 
!•  "lis  of  the  Cohnnhia-IIood  I  iv^.    "    \         !  ^:"""*''^-The  Great 

At  the  Mouth  of  the  WilW^^^  '    i^j    i:^';?-?]"'^^'-''"'— 
Ocean ^  i^'arid— Cnvhtz  Kiver— The 

CHAPTER  III 

„,     ^.  1805-180(5. 

Tlie  Estuary  of  the  Colun.hia-Stonns-Lewis  an.l  n  „  L   '    i, 

sances-Chinooks-Crossing  the  River-Wi,?  .  '  '  K'^'^onnois- 

i"g-Clarke  Visits  the  Coas^    w    ^  r     ,  '^""■'"'■''-''^^'*•""''^• 

•  The  Xeah-Hoxie-KilIaZV~Hetd  ^'''^''^■'■■''-7^^'^^ ^^ A  AVhale- 
Ch.sop-Retu™  up  the^Stf^rr'^^^wfT"^''""^* 
ana-snowy  Mountains-Buying  Hort^^;::'^;::;;:^;- ^^ 

IV) 


vl 


coNTErrxs. 


Toueliot— TIiu  Clearwater — Xez  PorcOs— Ilorso-atciiling — Iiuliaii  l>i- 
])l(iin;icy  -A<lilre-is  to  tlic  Xe/,  I'en'c's — Hiiiitiii'^.'inil  [•'isliiiii,'  Camp— 
'J'iie  Mxiicditioii  l)ivi,l(M— Lewis'  I'l'rty — llcllCato  Kiver-  llepurtiuc 
of  tlio  (Juiilcs— Tlie  Water-sbed— Mari;i  Jliver — TIio  Miiiiietarees — 
A  Skiriiiiwli — The  Miissouri— ClarkcH  I'arty-  Tlio  Jellersoii  Kivcr  - 
'I'lu'  YellowHloiic  —  IloihenStuleii — I'lmijiey's  Pillar-  Tlii'  I'i;^  J  lorn — 
Herds  of  IJulialo— Tlio  Missouri — I'^xpeditiou  Itcuiuted- -?klandan 
('oiintry— Liid  of  the  Journey— Colter  and  tiio  Indians—A  Haw  for 
Life — lieview  of  the  l^xpcuition— Huiiors  and  Kewarda  — Death  of 
J^ewis—  SuhsLVjUent  Career  of  Clarke — (.'oneluiiion Td 

CHAPTEll  IV. 

•SIMON    rUASKll    AM)  JOHN    STIJAKT. 

17!)7-18C0. 
Jamca  Finlay  Afcctida  Poaco  Iliver — He  gives  Ids  Xanio  to  i'cn  CpiiiT 
Waters— iJanus  MelJongall  Pinetralea  to  J.IeLeod  Lake-  I'laier'n 
First  Expedition — His  Character — ^Iani!.sori[it  Jounials  of  .'itnart 
and  Frascr— 'J'hc  X'uilhwest  Conipnny  Push  AVestwanl — Stuart  at 
the  Koeky  ^Mountain  House — Fra.ser'ti  Journal— Proparatiun:i  lortlie 
Juuniey— I'riuycr  and  Stuart  I'.xplorc  AVeytward  -  Arri\al  at  I'inlay 
P>,iver  —  Fra.ser's  Tirailo  aLjainst  ^Mackenzie  —  Tliey  li"ai.li  'J'rout 
Lake — Anil  Follow  Mackenzie's  Tr;.ok  up  P.id  Liver — Cro.-s  to 
the  Fraser — Hei^ecnd  to  Stuart  lUver ■'•■7 

CIIAPTEU  V. 

DiscKNT  or  n;Aar.u  i;ivi:k — discoveuv  of  tiiomi'son  ijivlh. 

180G-1S11. 
Ascent  of  Stnart  Pivcr — Fort  St  James  I'oundcd — Thoy  Kxploro  Fraser 
Lake — And  Fluid  Fra.er  J'ort — Fort  tieor.e  Ivitahlitthed — Voya-re 
dov,-n  the  Fra.-ier — Spokane  Hou.'jc— Flathead  House  and  Fovt  ICoo- 
tenais  FstaLIislied — David  Thompson  Appears  in  New  Caledonia — 
Discovers  Thompson  Iliver — l)csertit)n  of  his  Men  —  Winters  on 
Canoe  Liver — Descends  th«j  Columbia  to  Fort  Astoria 103 


CHAPTEU  YI. 

WII.LIAJIS   IX    ■my.    KOCKY    MOUNTAINS,    IIKNIIY    ON    SNAKE    IClVr.K,    ANU 
WIN.S1IJX»  ON    THE  C'OLUJUUA. 

:  1807-1S12. 

I'ii;  White's  Visit  to  Wa?hin£,'ton — His  I'^scort  Home — Fixkiel  Williams 
on  the  Yellov.stonc  and  Platte — His  Party  Cut  in  Pieces  l)y  the  Sav- 
ages— Two  of  tl  e  Party  Leach  Los  An.qeles — Alexander  ]  lenry  l>uild3 
a  Fort  Wcot  of  the  Mountains — La  Salle's  Shipwreck  at  False  Bay  — 
His  Journey  I'roui  the  Patilie  Ocean  to  the  P.ed  llivcr  of  Louisiana — 


Project  of  the  \>'inship  LrotL 


-The  'Albatross'  Sails  from  lV;:-;ton 


and  Ihitcrs  tlie  Coluinbia — \\'inbliip  t;iid  Snii-Ii,  his  }datc,  kii.rvcy 


CaXT"XTS. 


two  T>nvr--C!ioo..o  a  Sit.,  f,,,-  Scttl-moiit  on  O.il;  ruint-lJc..-.:,,  r.ul.l- 
luy  an,  1  :uiting-Tl.dr  Oa.-.loa  Dostroyc.l  l.y  t!.o  Fh,:,,!-  M,.vc 
•  awn  t ho  lavor-IloHtilc  Attit.ulo  of  tho  Xutivo.-AlKUMl.,n.n..nt  of 


I'.MIt. 


the  J>ntLi|iriso, 


1-JO 


CHAPTEIl  VII. 


I-OINUIM;    (II.-    ruilT  AISTOKIA. 

A.tor  Arrives  in  Aniorica-]- ngngc.  in  the  Inr-trado-Schemo  for  Mo- 

no,,oly  ^v  ost  of  the  liocky  Mo.,ntnin.-Tho  ( ;,  oat  Mart  on  (ho  Co-- 

m.h.a      aval  (  on,i,n„io.s-r,,rtno,.  nn.l  ..crv.ni.s-Tho  'Tonriuin' 

uu  her  C.onn...,,ior-  Q.urro!.  ou  ^'oya,o-Tho  Falkland  Islo.--Tho 

Kn-auau  I.Ian. l.-l he  Coh.n.hia  Fivor-Futul  Attunpl.  at  Crcs. 

n^  Iho  J.a  --Lakor  Jhy-Choo.in^^  a  Hilo  for  tl:o  I'o,  t-lVieu.liy 

Chinook.-   on,oo.nly-j:uil,lin:^  of  tho  Fort  an.l  ^^•arol,ou.c-T!i 

Ton,um    Lomul  Aortlnvar.l-Kpi.odo  of  tho  'iJu.ton'-Jcvvitt 

".no,,,  tlio  ,sava,cs  of  Xoolka  .-ound-Dostruotion  of  tho  'Ton.uin' 

and  yin,.acv.  oi  hor  Crew-Str.n^o  Indian.-Tho  X.^thy...t  Con. 

SSn^  ,r'i    / '""'f^""r^  l'-^  -'  '■-  01cana,an--]:xi,cdition  to 
OLan  ,an  Lako     il,c  Chinook,  at  Astoria- Tlaca:on..i  Attack- 

rlSi;: STstM^  -"^^'^^^^'^""  ^^^  ^'-  ^V.d.na.^Chri.n.a. 

' VJd 

CHAPTEIl  MIX. 

ARTOU  OVKIiLANI)    JOXl' KDITION. 

ISIO-ISI-J. 


11.0  Overland  Party-Wilson  P.  Iluni-Iicndezvoua  on  the  :.:i.ssoPri- 
.jou-  .arJnu..-Ascont  of  tho  Mi.so.,ri-MauucI  J.i.a-liorrc.  Pur- 
chased at  tuo  Kieara.'  Mllase-Tho  Cheycnno  Country-Tho  Li. 
lorn  ^.o.uUa,n.-Oa  Creeu  Fiver-Tho  Hho.hono  Couiry-llead! 
v^-«.  of  tho  Snake  Unht  for  Xavi,atiou-A  Fi..ati.,Ld  Pai 
^'  ^-f '"^™"«  i:ui,ul«-Party  Divided  into  Four-Tao  Fovii".  Neut- 

^nia^^r  r  •^«"™^>-^--— "-•-  I-".J.t-Xo.-  Voar  s 
JJauco  Of  the  Canadu.ns-Feaston  JJog-nieat-Tho  Fluo  IMor.nUun,- 
Among  tlio  iiu.heiaw.--Tho  Coliunlia-Arrivai  at  Astoria '  .  .    173 

CILVPTEJl  IX. 

AFI'AlIi.s   OF   Voirr  ASTOIUA. 

Ksi-j-i-.i;]. 

P'irsatisfaotion  at  Astoria-Depu-turo  of  Feed  f.r  St  Loni.-\Vaho.vmun 
ireaeheiy-iuiluroof  iioe.lV  ]■  xpeditiou-Arrival  of  the  'J;e'V.;-'_ 
J  .tor  .ua  tlK.  Fu^sian  Fur  Co:n,any-Iio  Courts  tho  la^.ian  ^.in.- 
ic    atAu^h,ngton-St,uut  Leave.  Fort  Astovia  ^v,th  JV.patehes- 

l..a.H  a  S.,K,rt  on  the (mrland  Journey-lho 'Kaao  1  cdi' and  H. 
iM.  b.     i  uabo  -Lritish  Inierobcs  in  the  Xorili  Faeiiie-Tlio  U.  S.  9. 


vlli  CONTEXTS. 

I'Afir.. 
'Adaiiis'     'l"!i('  '  l]iit(M'i)i'iH<:' — A.stor  mul   Stxri'tiny  .Moiiiiic    -W'riolv 

of  tin;  'l.iiili'      MitKcn/io  oa  tlio  Salinptiii    -('laikc'H  ( 'oiiiiiiiiiy — 

Kiiiiiliioiis      I 'x  111  I  111  i<  I   iiiiil    tilt:    Jinliim    Maid — 'Jlio   'I)iii\(r"     Mc- 

Tiivi.sli  iiiiil  .NkKiii/ii!   -DelilicTutioiiH  at  I'oit  A.stmia— I'ri'jiiinitioius 

to  Aliaiuloii  till' I'ost  — MclvL-n/iu  iiiul  tin;  Kv/,  I'livcs — Tlio  Stolen 

Cup lO.'J 

CHAPTlUt  X. 

TRANH1'T.U  til'   lOIlT  ASTOlilA. 

I8i;i. 

McTiivish  at  Astoria— A  Royal  Mari'ingc — Tlio  'Alliatross' — Adventures 
of  Hunt  ('ai»taiii  Smvles,  iieitliia'  \Viuiior  iKir  Tradi'r — l)(fiiiee(if 
Mcl)(m,'iill  rdiiiiiiodoru  Toiler,  U.  S.  \.  McJ)(iii^'all  holds  ( "oiiii- 
eil — Foi't  Astoria  in  Uritisli  lliinds — Kin;,'  C'onieondy  to  tlw  lies- 
cue — n.  Jl.  S.  'llaeeoon' — John  ^Iel)(iiiidd  in  Coiiiiiiand— 1  lit; 
(lallaut  Ciijitaiii  Jilaek — I'Virt  (leol'^'f-l'ailure  of  .Vstor'n  I'acilic 
Scheiiie "J  1 1 

CHAPTEll   XI. 

Till-:  Ntna')i\vi;sT  toAsT  i-ndlk  the  noktuwest  coMrANv's  ukoimk. 

l>si:i-Ksu. 

Tiic  Xt)rtlnvcst  Compnny  blasters  of  the  Situation— ExiKidititm  tt)  the 
Upiier  ('oliiniliia — The  Toll-gatherers  of  tht;  Cascath  s — Division  of 
the  I'aity  at  Walla  Walla — lleeil  Traps  in  the  Shoslioiie  Country  • 
Doings  at  Otianugau  laul  Spokane — Keith  and  Stuart  Set  out  from 
Fort  George  for  Lake  Superior- — War  at  the  Cascades— Alexander 
Henry  in  the  Willamette  N'alley — New  Site  Surveyed  for  Fort 
George — First  Northwest  Jliigatlo  froii-  he  !Mouth  of  the  (.'olumlda 
to  Montreal— Destru(;tion  of  IJeed's  I'ai  ly  liy  the  Sliosliones— Thrill- 
ing Tale  of  I'ierre  l)oiion's  Wife — An ival  of  the  'Is^aae  Todd  '  at  l''ort 
George^Tlie  First  White  ^\'t)man  in  Oregon — Ueath  of  iJonalil 
McTavish  the  new  Commander  at  F'ort  (Jeorge '2','i7 


CHAPTER  XII. 

FUKTHER  OPEUATIONS  OF    illE  NOHTIIWESTERS. 
181-1- 18-JO. 

lioss'  Adventures  in  flit'  Yakima  Valley — Attenipta  to  Ivoaeh  the  Pacific — 
Alliiirs  at  Spokane-  I'eriU.ns  Position  of  the  Okiinagan  lirigatle — 
The  Spokane  lirigatlo — In  Council  at  Fort  (ieorge — Keith  in 
Commaiul — Itoss  Surveys  the  I'^ntiance  to  the  Columbia — Adminis- 
tration of  .Justice-Hostilities  in  the  AVillamette  Valley — SuH'crings 
of  the  Eastcrn-bountl  Brigade— Ross  Flxaniines  the  Country  between 
Shushwaps  ami  the  Roeky  Mountains — Donald  McKenzic  Estab- 
lishes Fort  Walla  Walla '2o5 


co:;ti:xt55.  is 

CIIAPTEIl  XIII. 

HARMON  IV  M:\V  CAI.I.DOMA— ni.STIMlAI'ION'  OK  ASTOUIA. 

iSlO-lblS.  rAGE. 

Lil'i'  iii'<l  Cliiiractcr  of  lIiiniKiii — His  Stay  nt  ^lontngiio  h  la  IJassc,  Stm-- 
gfoii  l.dUc,  Cliipowyaii,  mill  I  >uiivci;;m  -- In  (.'oinimiiy  uitli  Stuiirt  Ho 
Kilters  Niw  Ciili'iluiiia --(Jiiisiicl  Itui'stjihlislicM  Fort  I'rasir  -A  Cliitf 
Cliiistisi'il  —  Hannuii's  Tnivils  -Stiu.rt'.s  .Miiiiiii^inii'nt  First  Anival 
(il  Siiiniliis  ill  \tu-  Cal<Mloiiia  liy  way  of  tlic  J'ai'ilic  — Ilaniiou  Jie- 
tuiiiH  lldiiic  Allaiis  at  Fort  (Icorgu — l)astar(lly  Atlaik  nf  Krith's 
Men  npiin  tliu  ('ciw  lit/and  the  UiniKjuas — Dnuaid  Mciv  ii/if-  ItLsto- 
ration  of  Astoria,  or  Fort  <  icorge,  to  tlio  United  Status 1277 

CHAPTER   XIV. 

tNrON  OF  Tin;  NOKTIIWF.ST  AND  Tir];  HIDSON'.S  hay  COM'   \NIKS,  AND  TIIF.  SCIl- 

SKQIKNT  CirAllTKIiS. 

KS03-1S40. 

Title  of  tlio  Iludsoa's  Bay  Company  to  liupcrt  Lard — Domidary,  not 
Tide,  the  (^Uipstion  in  Dispnte  — Juriiidiction  of  Courts — lliiin  from 
Itivalry  Iniinincnt — TIio  Xortlnvi.st  ("oinpaiiy's  OppositioJi  to  Lord 
Selkirk  and  his  ( 'oloiiization  Seheino — ThoTwol  'oiiqianies  hcfc^rc  Par- 
liament— 'i'iio  Ministry  Inteipose  Mediation — 'J"lie  (.,inestion  of  Com- 
promise Pehated — Terms  of  Union — I'assagi.-  of  the  Act  Ijiijiowering 
the  Crown  to(!raut  Fxelnsivc  License  of  Trade — The  (irantof  1.S21  — 
The  Assignment  in  I.S'21  of  the  Northwest  Company— The  Deed-poll 
of  ]S;U— Tlio  lleiiewal  of  License  in  1.S3S— The  Settlement  of  tlu! 
Bonndary  CJ,uestioii  in  lS4t) — The  tlraiitof  Vancouver  Island  i;i  1841).  'JOO 


CHAPTER   XV. 

TIIK     OIIKOON     QTESTION. 

1818-1824. 

Introduction — Chronological  Ili'sumt'!  of  Title-foundations — Epochs  of 
Discoveiy,  Exploration,  and  Fiir-Traih' — Overlancl  Ocenpation— 
Treaties,  (Controversies,  and  C'omments — Merits  of  the  Case  before  Dis- 
cussion—Statement of  Claims,  1S17 — Rush  and  Gallatin  versus  Ruh- 
inson  and  Goulljurn -Treaty  of  181S — Joint  Ocenpation— Its  True 
Meaning — Boundary  Treaty  of  ISIU  hetween  Spain  and  the  United 
States — The  Northwest  Coast  in  Congress,  1 820-'2 — l^ebatcs  of  I  S'J.3 — ■ 
Mr  Benton's  Warning  in  the  Senate — United  States  and  Ilussia— 
Treaty  of  1824 — Statement  of  Americai.  Clainis — Congressional  De- 
bates of  1824 — Bill  for  the  Ocenpation  of  the  Columbia — Monroe  Doc- 
trine    ;nG 


■■ 


X  COXT]:XTS. 

ClIAPTEn   XVI. 

TiiK  <)i;i;gon  qi  i:stion  coMiNrrD. 

ISJUS'Jt).  rAcir.. 

Negotiations  cf  IfCl — IIiifclcisEon  tnul  C';innir.r] — A(l;:i.-.ii'  Iiir;lnicti()i:;s  to 
Jiiish— Sl"::ltni(  iitof  (l;c  Aiiicviciiii  .■niilEritirsh  Ck'.'ir.s--  Proj  (j;.i-ioii3 
ri,..joi;::(jl — Merits  of  tho  Ca;ij — M  mr  >o  D.whiuj — Occiivalioa  of 
Orc^;(iii  in  t'..o  SciiHto,  ]Vr2'> — Vicwa  of  Ik'ntoii;;n(l  Oilicru — Kcy-noto 
of  Ai;:i':  icaii  SchuukhI — litiylie.s'  llciunt,  l.-"J() — Xc^'.o'.iulioii:;  of 
lh'J;.i-7 — (^ir.lntiu  vcrsu.'i  Ilnakisoou  and  A(liliii;jtou — (.''air.is  i'lid 
Count' r-c!;iiinn — Kxcluiivc  Titlo  of  tlio  United  Suilcy,  v.i.li  ]>itish 
Objcctionsi — l^isei'vcry — .Scttlcnicnt — Conti^^uity — Sj  ciiiuli  TiJe — 


X()i)t!;;i  (-'('iivcntion — Cuniii'.ativo  Title — Ur.itid  Statcy  GiVcr 


I'.iul 


Xavijjiitiuu  (;f  the  ColuiuLia— laiykiiid  (jl/cra  tlic  ColuniMii  r.nd 
Sontlurn  .Sliorc  of  Tiica  Stiait — Xot  Ac(;o;,tL'(', — Joint  Cci.r.;':.Ufy 
Indcliiiitcly  ].;-;tc'i.dLd^(.l;'^la'un'a  f'ii^';_.iLti(.i.s  of  I'oIieA— Cti-^ua- 
sioiiul  iJioeiiiiiiou  of  1S2S-9 355 


I 


CHAPTER  XYII. 

Tin;  OKECON  Qr]:STI0N-  CONCLrDED. 

A  Popular  Question — American  Trappers — The  Jlif.icn.'.rii  ,-•. — Tl'o  Cov- 
crnnient  iSecks  Information — Itepoi'ts  on  the  Ore^;;on  Tcnitory^Tlio 
Agitatif.n  ricnewcd  in  Congress,  LS41 — ^^cna'or  Linn't;  IX'orts — Pres- 
idents' Messages — Coiigrct-sional  Debates^ — Patriotic  Piiith  in  tho 
'J'itie—l'olitical  Campaign  of  1S44— I'olk's  Po'iey — Tlio  Question  in 
Parliament — Hostile  Ihimors — Spccehts  and  Lill;3  of  lo-ll— 5 — Final 
Debate — A  Pe^iolution  Passed  to  Annul  tho  TreaJy — Pamphlets  Cir- 
cr,l;:te(l — Divilomatic  Settlement — tireat  Lrilr.iu  Yiek'.u — Treaty  of 
181u — Authorities  Cited— Cretidiow,  Tviits,  r.i.d  Glr.er  Vi'iiier.Ton 
tho  Oregon  Question 3S9 


CIEVPTER  XVIII. 

oi'crr.vTJox  ok  t]ik  coi.uMiiiA. 
1S'20-18;JO. 
"Is  Oregon  Vrcrth  llaviii;;?" — Configuration,  Roil,  .nr.d  Ciimatc — Iteki- 
tions  wilh  C'aina — A  Terra  Inen'.^nita — Ihigland  to  India,  ]>y  v.ry  of 
tho  Ciduudiia  Jliver-  Irroeoneilaluo  Opinions — I'reparin,'^  to  Pun- 
grate — Proposal  to  JMako  Over  the  Territory  to  tl:e  Indians — 'J  ho 
Whale-I'.^hery— -V  Seliool  fur  Seamen— I 'oufdeting  iStalenients — A 
Hesitating  (I(JVer^.ment—^Vlly  the  Priti^h  ?.Ionopo;i.:cd  the  'i'rado — 
McLou;diIin  Rin'ceedi!  lu  itli  at  Afitoria— Pevscr.al  Appearanee  and 
Character  of  ^MeLmigldin --  His  iUlniini;  tratioii  (.f  .Tr.siicc — I.'o  Lls- 
plores  for  the  Site  of  iv  Xew  I'oKt — Po'.t  A'i.neoi.vcr  Porndcd — 
Agrieultun:  and  Crmn;erce — Amalgamaiion  of  I'uv  Cinn,  aide:, — 
Perils  ui  the  Pur  Trade 417 


CONTEXTS. 


CIIAPTEPt 


XIX. 


rAOE. 


i;xrLoi:ATio.N,s  oi.-  vsiteu  istati;s  Tr:Arri;i:s. 
1SJ1-IS;}0. 

SV-  7    .        i'\  ,   T       -^   ''^^'•'''^^'""•^-'^''•f^cnonthcrolorado-Orcat 

»vci^j.i,  to  t.io  l.uo.cy  :.IuuiUaiiu_lLnuL.zvoiu ^Kj 

CHAPTER  XX. 

lUL'l-lSi'G. 

CIIAPTEH  XXI. 

rou.NDiNtj  or  rouT  lanolky. 

Advent  of  the  Scliooncr 'CadlKorn'    tt,„tt.  ,  ,,      ^ 

P:.t».  «t  .1,0  i;,.t!,.„    w^^^^^^  "">'  ■"■■&r.t«i..-Oco„. 


Kxijloi-ea  C'oiniolly  l;i\-c 


470 


■n: 


CI-IAPTEIl  XXII. 

coxTrxrKD  vo.us.vnns  o.  t„::  iuosoVs  .av  ccmpanv. 
I;i-!S-182!). 
Govo,j.o.  8hnp.on  ^-i.i:,  Uu  X.n-tlnv.st  Don,inion«-Chamctor  „f  the 

^^  lock  .1  tho  '^\  ill.am  ai.,1  Ann'  ,uul  MunLr  of  tin-  Cvu-        n     1 

a.nuc-.r.,u.  AioLoughiiu  Occupies  A\-ma,nctt;  s^,: ;';: :'  ':^:';  ,.3 


xu  CONTEXTS. 

CEAPTER  XXIII. 

NOTABLK  AKFAUiS. 

is;;o-is32.  PAGE. 

Daiid  Douglas,  Scientist — His  Adventures  in  tlio  Xorthwest  Coast — 
Quarrchv  -vh  lilacli — Challenge — Notice  of  Samuel  lihick — His  Assas- 
sination—John  Work's  Journey— Couspiriicy  to  Murder  McLougli- 
lin -Wreck  of  the  '  Isabel'-- AValla  Walla— New  Caledonia— Work's 
Snake  Itiver  Expedition— Kaids  upon  them  by  the  Ulackfeet — ^Thcy 
Visit  the  Missouri — Results — Ennatinger — A  Yankee  Uritisher — 
William  McNeill  and  his  Brig  'Llama' — Enters  the  Service  of  tlio 
Hudson's  Bay  Company — Ijuildiug  of  Fort  Umpcpia — Huwuiiau 
Island  Agency 507 

CHAPTER  XXIV. 

MISCKLLANKOUS     JIOVEM  K.VTS. 

1S33-1841. 

Founding  of  Fort  Nisqnally- — The  Corning  of  Gairdner  and  Tolniic — 
Intermittent  Fever  1  iampant — Work  Explores  the  Uinp(pui  liegion — 
The  Spring  and  Autumn  Brigades  of  ISoo — Journeys  of  Douglas  and 
Ogden — Anderson's  Ivxpedition — Asiatic  and  Island  Junks  Wrecked 
on  the  West  Coast — .Vdvent  of  the  Missionarie>i — The  Metho<lists — 
The  rresbyteriaus — The  Jesuits- The  Episcopalians— John  Tcnl — 
Voyage  of  Douglas  to  California ,y2i 

CHAPTER  XXV. 

HAUL  J.  KKLLEV,  NATUANIKL  J.  WVKTir,  ^VND  B.  L.  E.  BONNEVXLLI::. 

1828-18:34. 
The  Hazards  of  Security — The  Boston  Scliool-master — Incorporation  of 
a  Society  for  the  Settlement  of  Oregon — The  School-muster  Writes, 
Lectures,  and  Buttoidioles — And  Finally  Goes  to  Oregon  by  way  of 
Mexico  and  California — 1",\\  ing  Young  Joins  Kelley — His  Tribula- 
tions at  Vancouver — The  Caml)ridge  Ice  ^lan— A  ]]oston  Astor 
Adventure— The  Ship  'Sultana' to  Meet  an  Overland  Party  on  the 
Columbia— Wyeth's  First  Expedition — Failure  and  lieturu — Wreck 
of  the  '  Sultana  ' — The  French  Captain — What  He  did  not  Do 54  J 

CHAPTER  XXVI. 

WVETU'S    SECOND    ADVENTURE. 

1834-1837. 

The  Columbia  River  Fishing  and  Trading  Company — Tlie  '  May  Dacro' 
Chartered  and  Freighted  for  the  Columbia — \Vv"'th  witli  an  Ov(  r- 
land  Party  Starts  from  Independence— Science  and  Religion  en 
route  for  Oregon — Towuseud — Nuttall — Jason  Lee  and  his  Biother 


507 


.  .5:24 


54: 


CONTEXTS. 

Missionaries-Tile  Jounu.v_13„ii,H„„  of  Fort  H-,n      \     •     ,       , 
Vancouver— Th..  'Miv  I).    ,.    •  r  ^  »' t  ^iJll-Arnval  at  Fort 

All-powc-fuKMoaop  t  ^•-"-"•I"--^-^^  ^f  Kilc.t.  to  the 


xui 


o'ti 


CHAPTER    XXVII. 

rVRTllKU    AI-FAIRS    IN    GENERAL. 

18.30-1839, 

''''irr.;r::;;r':v';:r"r,r'''f "  ■''*-  ■'--'^-ce-.wi,,. 

..!»..  .1..C..  ;,  -ri-^^'''™, 't;"7  'T"'"  ""■"'"«  ^■"■'•"8« 

i>us.t  souiKi  A^r^;:;  ret ;;;:;"'  v^r"i^  s^ttiement.-  t,. 

crick  Fiiilayson  Arrives. .  _ '"/''"'^-^^^"''^"i  ^^a.ov  Tohnio-Iioa- 

(JOO 


CHAPTER  XXVIII. 


FOrXBZXO   OF  .XIE   .OKTHKKX    COAST  ESTAI.USUMEXTS. 

1S;J1-I835. 


Muiuiord— I'ort  Cilenora 


0-2 


CHAPTER  XXIX. 

A   DECADE   OV    .NOUTliruv    INc.r.iv-,.  .     . 

lS;M-]S4t. 
Captain    Doiuinis—TIio     'Jin.,-,'     ri       .  t        , 

Ingonnousncs.  of  tlie  Al,o.i.  L  v,in  V  r  ,  '""''"^  ^'"■'""■^■- 
-llL.-Fir.tTnp  North.aS  t  ';^^;:;::V"^  ''''"T'  ^^""'■ 
'Icn-league  Shore-strip  from  the  Kussi ,  T""       '"■^'"'  "*'  '' 

-'on-Fo.,n.H..,  J  ,^,l  t^^2~r:;:'^T ''rt ''^ 
iMicoimtcr  with  t)-e  T'il-n«      \i       ,  J"'^"— l'inlay.s„irs 

i^ou,hiiajunio;b;;;Lli:: .;':::."''  ^^^■•^-^^'-■'•--^•.'■.in.  Me. 

g;io 


xiv  CONTEXTS. 

CHAPTER  XXX. 

TWO    NOT.VULU    VISITOUS. 

1S41-1S4-2.  PAGE. 
The  Monarch  Moves — Sir  Ccor.'.-jc  Siiiipsoii  Circuinnavigatos  the  Worhl — 
Tho  JDiinicy  across  the  C'outiiiunt — Siiivoys  the  Xovtlieni  I'dsts — 
Drops  down  to  San  Francisco  Bay — Monterey — lloiiohihi — Sitka  aiul 
Fort  Simpson  ayain— Tlicii  Asia  is  Honored — An  Irascililo  (Janl — 
Fre!icli(  'iirioyity  -]']iigi'ne  Duflot  de  Mofra.* — Himself  and  li  is  Hook — 
From  ^ie\ico  and  Califoriiia  lie  Proceeds  to  Honoluhi  and  ]"ort 
Vancouver  -Sim2)son  does  not  like  hi.s  LooUy  and  Snulis  liim — 
Whereat  He  i.i  irate,  thon,'j;h  in  his  IJook  (^'haritalile— After  Calling 
o;'ain  njion  the  ('idiforniuns,  wliom  lie  Scourges  to  his  (.'oniplete  Sat- 
isfaction, lie  lictunis  to  France ()."i4 

CHAPTEU  XXXI. 

rNITKD   SrATK.S   i:X!'LOIMNa   KXrEIUTIOS'. 

1811-1S41.'. 
Object  of  t!ie  Movement  —  iSliijis  Iv.npltyed  —  Ofi'icors  —  Commander 
\Vilkes  —  i.".ililiography  of  the  \'oyage — llound  Capo  Horn  —  Ha- 
•wr.ii-in  I:  landy — (.'ross  to  Admira.lly  Inlet^Case  Siu-veys  Hood 
Canal— liinggo'd  l^xanunes  Admiralty  Inlet — Excurdon  of  Johnson 
nnd  l';.rty  to  Colviilo  and  ^Val'a  Vv'alla — ^Vilke;!  Calls  on  McLoiigh- 
lin-  Ami  Mails  the  Valley  Vv'i!lair.ette — Vv'rcck  of  the  Peacock  at 
the  ?iliiuUi  of  the  Coliimbia — iCmmons'  Overlaml  l-^Npei'ilion  from 
Oregon  to  C.'alfornia^Thc  '  Vinccnncs  '  Proceeds  to  Verba  Luena. . .   008 


CIIAPTEU  XXXII. 

c'LUKKNT  i;vi;nts. 
1810-1^-44. 
London  and  Foi't  Vancouver  Vessels — ilcLonghlin  in  England — -Tolniic's 
Road — Couch  3  .Silnien-fiKhery — ^Ir.rdcr  of  Kenneth  JIcMay — Tho 
Ship  '  Thoniaii  Perkins'— Spav,lding—V\"ir.iam  Clen  llae- Pout  Estab- 
lijlicd  at  Verba  liuena — Wa'da  Walla — The  tJiaipov.'der  tuory — 
Krinatinger's  Expedition  —  Al.'ollaoii  (f  the  Liijnor  'i'l'allic — 'i'he 
Umpcpaa  Country — Frimont'a  Expcdiviini OS/) 

CHAPTER  XXXIII. 

THE    KNl)    ASD    'llli;    lii:0IN.\INa. 

1,MJ-1;4:). 
Catalogue  cf  Pairsiiig  Ii^vcnts— Ameiiianl.aiion  of  Oregon— Atl-itnde  of 
Oppo..ing  Pi'.rues  at  Pert  n:;ll — Is  i:  Kigl:t  to  ili'.l  American^?-  -'i'ol- 
mie'ii  laport  en  tl  e  Willamette  I'hiiiis— An'.e;ie:;n  Settlement  Pcgun 
on  Piiget  ^  oi;nil — Immigraiion — Ship  'JModeste' — I^oardof  Mauage- 
nuiK — {.'onimifsioners  W'airc  i.nil  Wivaijour— lletiremei't  of  Mc- 
Loughlin — Jan;t3  Douglas  in  Ccnniiaiid  —  Ingratitude  (f  Certain 
Americr.n  i-'cttleir. — The  Sch<(n(r  'f  l.aik'— PctiieL-sory  Pi;  I.ts  of 
the  Li.i'.i  n":>  ]  i  y  C(  i!:i:i.iiy-  AM  i.t  1  ii;n.eif  the  I\:r-t;;.di!ig'  lis- 
tub-i.-^hnienU — Ecn.oVi.l  to  Vicleiia 0U7 


HISTORY 


OF 


THE   NORTPI^-EST  COAST. 


CHAPTER  I. 


LEWIS  AXD  CLARKE'S  EXPEDITIOX-UP  THE  MISSOURI. 

1S04-1S05. 

>*<^ic  110  match  tor  Scotch  fur-trador^  'inJ  r'..,.    ]• 
voyageurs  i,i  forest  travel.  '  Canadian 

Vol.  II.    i 


2  LEWIS  AXD  CLARKE'S  EXPEDITIOX. 

When  Lewis  and  C'lurko  set  out  on  their  expedition, 
the  oieat  Unknown  lle,iLi^i(jn,  as  it  was  called,  e(|uivu- 
lent  to  one  thousand  miles  square  and  more,  between 
the  headwaters  of  the  Missouri  and  the  Paeiiie  Ocean, 
was,  it"  we  except  the  interior  of  Alaska  ;nid  the 
Stikeeii  country,  further  removed  from  civilization 
than  any  other  part  of  Xorth  ^Vmerica.  The  Hudson's 
]]ay  Company  had  explored  its  borders  north.  ICug- 
lisli  slii[>s  had  sailed  throuijfh  many  channels  in  search 
of  Anian  Strait  and  a  northern  ])assage,  and  ]  [enrne 
had  pursued  his  iL>Tuml)lin,i:^  way  from  Fort  Chui'chill 
to  the  mouth  of  tlie  Coj)})ermine.  The  Canadian 
merchants  had  taken  i)ossession  of  the  Canadian 
north-west,  and  had  planted  their  forts  from  Lake 
Suj)erior  to  Athabasca,  while  the  determined  ]Mac- 
kenzie  had  followed  t]\v  I'iver  which  bears  !us  name  to 
the  Arctic  Ocean,  and  had  crossed  from  Peace  liiver 
to  the  Pacilic.  New  ]\Iexico  was  known;  California 
was  known;  and  so  were  portions  of  Alaska.  <)nly 
this  central  temperate  tract  remained  yet  hidden  in 
shadows  })rimeval. 

Thomas  Jefferson  was  the  father  of  United  States 
explorations.  While  lesser  minds  were  absorbed  in 
proximate  events,  his  profound  sagacity  penetrated 
forests,  and  sought  to  reveal  the  extt'ut  and  resources 
of  the  new  nation.  To  this  he  was  moved  not  less 
by  circumstances  than  by  his  broad  and  euliglitened 
judgment.  And  chief  among  the  incidents  which 
aroused  in  him  a  more  than  ordinary  interest  in  the 
subject,  was  the  a])pearance,  in  ITHC),  at  the  United 
States  legation  in  Paris,  while  .[elferson  was  minister 
to  Prance,  of  that  most  remarkable  man,  John  Led- 
yard  of  Connecticut. 

Letlyard  was  an  ardent,  reckless,  and  always  impe- 
cunious enthusiast,  with  a  brilliant  mind  and  winning 
manners.  He  was  a  kind  of  Yaidcee  George  Law,  with 
the  Northwest  Coast  for  his  Mississippi  bubble;  but 
with  this  difference,  his  well  founded  schemes  were 


LEDYARD  AND  JEFFERSON. 


often  rogartU'd  as  bubbles,  wlieroas  Cleori>"o  Law's 
l»Libl)k:s  Avere  treated  as  well  I'ouiuled  s(.'hemes.  Led- 
yard  had  aecoiiipauied  Captain  Cook  in  his  voyaLje  to 
the  Pacific,  had  been  the  first  in  Europe  or  America 
to  propose  a  tradinsj^  voya,o-e  to  the  Northwest  Coast/ 
an<l  was  now  in  Paris  pantinuf  for  fresh  adventure. 
The  French  liaving  been  ever  foremost  in  the 
American  fur-trade,  he  souo;ht  to  enlist  French 
enterprise  and  French  capital  in  a  mercantile  com- 
])auy,havin!;V  for  its  field  the  region  be^'ond  the  coast 
of  California. 

In  this  he  failed,  though  ever  hovering  upon  the 
conlines  of  success;  once  havinrj  be<jfun  in  France  the 
])urchaso  of  goods  for  the  Northwest  Coast  traffic, 
and  once  havinij;  actuallv  end)arked  in  a  vessel  ibr  the 
I'acilic,  he  was  in  every  instance  doomed  to  disaj)- 
jiointnient.  ]>ut  though  himself  one  of  the  most 
luckless  of  enthusiasts,  his  failui'c  bore  rich  i'ruit.  A 
constant  guest,  while  in  Paris,  at  the  table  of  .Jelier- 
son,  that  fir.st  of  Amci'ican  statesmen  became  in  no 
small  degree  inspii-ed  bv  the  ardent  as})irations  of  this 
connnercial  adventurer,  whoso  mind  was  absorbed  in 
the  one  idea  of  the  Northwest  Coast  in  its  relations 
to  China  and  to  the  Atlantic  states.""^ 

Hence  when  Jefferson  returned  to  America  in  l78i), 
his  imagination  was  idled  with  brilliant  ])ictures  of 
the  i'ar  west,  whose  early  discovery  his  judgment  })ro- 
nounced  of  the  highest  importance  to  the  counuon- 
wealth.  In  1792,  while  secretary  of  state,  he  ])r()])osed 
to  the  American  Philosophical  Society  that  some  com- 

'  This  was  ill  17''^3,  in  New  Yufk,  Pliiliulflphiii,  .•'iid  r>osf-oii,  nml  nt  tho 
very  Urn",  the  ^loutrcal  merchants  wci'o  (iriianizinj;  t'leir  ;,'rcat  Xorthwitit 
('unipai)y.  Roliert  Morii.s  went  so  far  iis  to  iiroinise  Ledyard  a  ahip,  Iji'.t  I'uii- 
ing  to  lind  one  (lisoii;'a;;ed  the  project  was  ahandoned. 

'■''I  ilie  with  an;acty,' v.iitis  Ledyard  from  Paris,  ' to  l)e  on  tlie  hack  of 
tho  Anii'vican  sta.tei,  after  luainL;  either  eonic  from  or  ]:enelrated  to  tho 
I'acilic  (,)eean.  1  hei'o  is  an  extensive  llehl  for  liie  aeipiiieuient  of  holiest 
fume.  A  liliish  of  i^;eneroti;*  regret  sits  on  ni^-  eheek  v.  h(.'n  i  liear  of  any  dis- 
covery there  which  I  have  no  part  in,  and  jiarticnlarly  at  tliis  anspii'ious 
jieriod.  1'Iie  Auierican  revohition  invites  to  a  thorou'^li  discovery  of  the  (Con- 
tinent, and  tile  iionor  of  doin;,'  it  wonhl  l)eeonie  a  iorei^;ner,  Imt  a  nati.  e  only 
tan  f;jel  tlie  ijeiuiini'  ])lv'asnre  of  th(!  achievement.'  S/iir/.<'  l,'j\'  ff  L'  'r.'ii-il, 
I'll.    Sec  also  Liuljinclis  (Jr.,  1-i-lO.    On  Ledyard,  see  vol.  i.  3i'J-53,  tlii.s  work. 


4  LEWIS  AND  CLARKE'S  EXPEDITIOX. 

jictcnt  person  bo  engajred  to  ascend  the  ]Missouri, 
cross  the  Stony  Mountains,  and  follow  the  nearest 
river  to  the  sea;  and  ho  suggested  that  a  subscription 
be  set  on  foot  to  defray  expenses.  Meriwether  Lewis, 
a  captain  in  the  United  States  army,  then  on  recruit- 
ing service  at  Charlottesville,  hearing  of  the  pro})osal 
earnestly  solicited  the  appointment.  Jeft'erson  cx- 
])lained  to  him  the  plan,  that  to  avoid  alarming  the 
natives  the  explorer  was  to  have  but  a  single  com- 
panion;^ yet  nothing  daunted  Lewis  continued  to 
urge  his  request.  The  choice  of  the  society,  however, 
fell  upon  another,  Andre  Michaux,*  the  botanist,  then 
in  the  service  of  the  French  government,  who  im- 
mediately started  westward,  but  Mas  arrested  in  his 
journey  before  passing  Kentucky  by  the  French  min- 
ister, who  ordered  botanical  inquiries  elsewhere. 

Taking  his  scat  as  president  in  1801,  Jefferson 
never  lost  siglit  of  his  pet  project.  The  rapid  change 
ill  the  ownership  of  Louisiana,  as  the  great  wilderness 
west  of  the  INIississippi  was  then  called,  transferred 
by  Spain  to  France  in  1800,  and  by  France  to  the 
XTnited  States  in  1803,  stimulated  still  more  the  ardor 
of  the  president.  But  no  suitable  occasion  seemed  to 
offer  until  eleven  years  after  his  former  attempt,  when 
the  act  for  the  establishiuij  of  tradinsr-houses  among 
the  aborigines  was  about  to  expire,  and  some  modili- 
cation  of  it  was  deemed  desirable.  By  a  confidential 
message  of  January  18,  1803,  the  president  recom- 
mended to  congress  the  extension  of  the  commercial 
IVicilities  embracetl  in  the  former  act  to  the  tribes  on 

'Though  conceived  liy  the  autlior  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  it 
was  a  most  liarc-brained  and  impracticable  sclitme.  Any  fur-hunter  might 
have  informed  him  tliat  travelling  from  nation  to  nation  was  a  very  dill'ercnt 
uH'air  from  the  establishing  of  amicable  relations  by  intermarriage  or  otherwise 
with  a  single  people ;  and  that  while  it  was  well  not  to  frigliten  the  savages, 
force  snllicient  to  carry  gifts,  and  in  places  provisions,  was  necessary  in  oriler 
to  command  respect,  and  conscfjuent  good  treatment.  The  idea  probably  sug- 
gested itself  to  Jefferson's  mind  from  Ledyard's  fantastic  plan  of  penetratinjr 
the  continent  alone  from  Nootka  Sound,  in  which  he  might  have  progressed 
Iialf  a  league  before  being  captured  and  enslaved  by  the  savages,  as  were 
Jewctt  and  Thompson  in  that  same  spot  a  few  j'ears  later. 

*The  distinguished  author  of  Flora  JJonali  Avitricana,  and  llidoire  dea 
Chcams  iT  Avwntiue. 


CHARACTER  OF  THE  LEADERS. 


•i 


■i 


the  Missouri;  and  in  order  to  make  more  plain  tlic 
^vay  for  the  (•onteni])lated  diangis  the  niessaiii^c!  ])ro- 
posed  that  an  expedition  be  sent  to  ex])lore  tlie  !Mis- 
souri  to  its  soui-ce,  and  thence  orossini''  tlie  continental 
liigldands  to  tlie  westward  flow  of  waters,  follow  them 
to  the  Pacific.  The  measure  receiN'ed  tlic^  sanction  of 
con^i'ess,  and  an  a[)propriation  was  made  to  cover 
estimated  expenses. 

Again  Captain  Lc\\'is,  who  had  no^v  been  private 


to  th 


dent  for  t^ 


secretary  to  tnc  president  tor  two  years,  ])relei-re(i  Jns 
re([uest.  He  would  command  tlu,^  party.  Jeii'erson 
knew  him  well.  ]  f e  knew  that  his  iirmness  of  [)nr- 
])ose  and  undaunted  courage  were  equalled  only  by  his 
truthfulness  and  discretion.  l>old  adventurv  was  born 
in  him.  It  had  been  his  custom  when  only  eight 
years  of  age  to  rise  at  midnight  and  go  alone  to  the 
forest,  hunting  tlie  right-feeding  raccoon  and  opossum ; 
and  now  with  lirnily  knit  sinews  and  maturer  judgment 
he  sought  a  broader  field  of  adventure.  His  request 
was  granted;  indeed,  it  had  been  understood  for  years 
by  him  and  his  highly  influential  friend,  that  command 
of  the  expedition  when  ready  should  be  liis.° 

Like  Mackenzie,  Lewis  felt  a  deficiency  in  scientific 
attainments  such  as  would  enable  him  to  take  astro- 
nomical observations,  and  properly  place  the  botany 
and  geography  of  his  route  before  the  learned  world. 
Hence  no  sooner  was  his  appointment  secured  tlian  he 
proceeded  to  Philadelphia  and  applied  himself  with 
such  determined  industry  to  a  course  of  technical 
study  as  soon  made  him  master  of  the  knowledge 
necessary  to  his  ]^urposc.  In  order  to  jdace  the  suc- 
cess of  the  expedition  beyond  the  risk  of  accident,  he 
i'e(|uested  that  some  coni})etent  person  should  be  asso- 

^Ilis  pntron  is  cxtr.avncinnt  in  liis  praise.  After  reciting  a  loii'j  list  of 
lii'^li  iind  ;ihsi)hito  virtues,  iill  of  which  it  wouhl  be  (lilliciilt  for  any  one  not 
blimleil  I'V  fiiendshii)  to  Iind,  lie  e(jnehide;s;  'With  all  these  (|na!i;ii':itions, 
as  if  selected  and  iiu[)!anted  hy  natuie  in  one  body  for  tins  express  ]inipo-ie, 
1  eoiild  liave  no  hesitation  in  conliding  the  enterprise  to  liitn.'  J rjlrr-<(i. ■!'.•<  Li/c 
of  J.itrls,  in  L<ir',K  (iiiil  (Ifirh'.'s  JJ.r.,  Am.  ed.,  i.  xii.  For  a  bioirvaphy  of 
Lewi.s  and  an  account  of  liis  election  to  the  luadcrehip,  see  Perkins'  Annuls  of 
the  U'cul,  "ioo-ii. 


9  LEWIS  AND  CLARKE'S  EXPEDITION. 

ciated  witli  him  as  seoond  in  command,  and  named 
Lieutenant  William  Clarke,  also  of  the  United  States 
army,  who  was  consequently  appointed  to  that  post 
with  a  connnission  of  captain." 

Captain  Ijewis  was  now  ready  for  his  instructions ; 
and  these,  drafted  hy  the  president's  own  hand,  were 
signed  the  20th  of  June,  1803. 

By  them  he  was  directed  to  provide  himself  with 
arms,  annnunition,  provisions,  boats,  tents,  and  medi- 
cines for  ten  or  twelve  men,  who  were  to  bo  selected 
from  such  soldiers  as  volunteered  for  the  service,  and 
over  whom  he  should  have  the  usual  authority  (tf  a 
connnanding  officer.  He  v:>.s  likewise  to  provide  him- 
self with  instruments  for  taking  astronomical  observa- 
tions, and  articles  for  presents  or  barter  with  the 
natives.'' 

Part  of  the  company's  proposed  movements  being 
beyond  the  limits  of  the  United  States,  passports  were 
obtained  from  the  ministers  of  France  and  England, 
in  order  to  secure  the  friendly  consideration  of  traders 
owing  allegiance  to  those  nations.  Besides  obtaining 
a  geographical  knowledge  of  the  country,  they  were 
to  enter  into  conferences  with  the  natives  with  a  view 
of  establishing  commerce  with  them.  Thev  were  to 
study  the  moral  and  material  interests  of  the  natives, 
who  were  at  all  times  to  be  treated  in  the  most  con- 
ciliatory manner  possible.  "  Should  you  reach  the 
Pacific  Ocean,"  continue  the  instructions,  "inform 
yourself  of  the  circumstances  which  may  decide 
whether  the  furs  of  those  parts  may  not  be  collected 

"As  a  matter  of  fact  Lewis  was  chief,  and  had  precedent  hecn  followed  it 
wonld  liavc  been  called  Lewis'  expedition,  Captain  Clarke  l)eiii<^  sulMifdiiiMto 
throujL^liout  the  Avhole  of  it.  The  London  (Jiiajicrly  Jicviciv,  xii.  .SIS,  tlunk.s 
they  liickeil  seientilic  assistants. 

'  'The  ohjeet  of  your  mission  is  to  explore  the  Missouri  Eiver,  and  such 
prineip.il  sti'oanis  of  it,  as  hy  its  course  and  cominuuiiation  witii  the  wjiters 
of  the  I'acilic  Oi'can,  whether  the  ('ohnn))ia,  OreLjaii,  ( 'oloriulo,  or  any  otl\er 
river,  may  oH'cr  the  most  direct  and  ]iractiea))!e  water  coiiiiiiuiiii'atinu  aciMss 
the  continent  for  the  purposes  of  eoninieree.  .  .'l"he  X(jrtii  Kivt'r,  or  liio  ISravo, 
whicli  runs  into  tlie  (lulf  of  Jlcxico,  and  the  North  liivcr,  or  Lio  ( 'olonulo, 
wiiieh  runs  into  tiie  (iulf  of  (,'alifornia,  are  understood  to  he  tin;  jirincipal 
streams  lieading  opposite  to  the  wateis  of  the  ^lissouri,  and  running  so\ith- 
Murdly.'  Jellersona  Instructions  in  Lewis  and  Clarke's  Exped.  1.  xiv.  and  xvi. 


% 


•i 


INSTRUCTIONS. 


as  advaiita'T^ooiisly  jit  the  lieatl  of  tlio  !^^i>SoOlll•i — con- 
vetiic'iit  as  is  supposctl  to  the  waters  of  tlio  Colorado 
and  Or'c'g-an,  or  Columbia — as  at  Nootka  Sound,  or 
any  otlu;r  point  of  that  coast;  and  that  trade  he  eon- 
se(juenlly  conducted  thron^'h  the  Missouri  and  l^niti.'d 
States  more  henelicially  than  hy  the  circunnuivigation 
now  [)ractised." 

On  reaching  the  coast  two  of  the  coni})any  were  to 
return  hy  sea,  with  a  copy  of  notes  taken,  either  via 
Cape  Horn  or  the  Ca])e  of  (lood  lEo^ie.  Or  if  the 
return  overland  shoukl  be  deemed  <lannerous,  then  the 
whole  party  were  to  return  by  water;  and  as  they 
would  be  without  funds,  letters  of  credit  authorizing 
drafts  U})on  the  United  States  to  be  made  I'rom  any 
part  of  the  world  were  furnished  them.  On  return- 
ing to  the  United  States  those  of  the  men  who  had 
served  well  and  desired  their  discharge  should  be  en- 
titled to  it  with  full  pay  and  a  rcccnnnieiidation  each  to 
a  soldier's  grant  of  land.  And  to  provide  for  leader- 
sliiji  against  the  accident  of  death,  the  conunanding 
ofiicer  might  iir"ie  in  writing  his  successor,  who  in 
like  manner  might  determine  who  sliould  connnand  in 
the  event  of  his  death. 

A  journal  was  to  be  kept  in  which  notes  and  ob- 
servations were  to  be  accurately  entered.*^ 

*  In  this,  ns  in  other  respects,  the  leaders  of  the  expedition  performed  their 
duty  Well.  Their  journal,  thou^jh  painfully  diduse  and  overloaded  with  irrel- 
evant matter,  in  elearly  written  and  oNact.  Their  Ajrnis  of  expression,  though 
not  so  elegant  as  those  of  Maekenzie,  are  more  didtinutivc  and  i)reeise,  and 
niucli  (jf  tliat  which  to-d;;y  i.j  wholly  worthless,  was  iuterestin;^  and  valuable 
^\llen  lirst  printed.  Be':i<lcs  the  (jllieial  narrative  of  Lowii  and  Chiike,  .joui'- 
nali  Were  kept  liy  Patrick  (lass  and  six  otliers.  Tlie  leaders  cnci)uva;i;e<l  th(^ 
men  to  keep  diaries,  so  that  v.hat  one  omitted  another  niiglit  rccurd,  and  if 
some  v.ero  liiut,  others  mi;.t'.it  he  pn'served.  Jellcrsun  reconimeuded  J^ewis  to 
write  on  'the  cuticr.lar  mcnihranes  (jf  tlie  paper-hirch,  as  k's<  lia!)Ie  to  injury 
from  damp  than  common  paper.'  Several  editions  of  the  oliicial  narrative  aj)- 
peared  both  ill  Arnerie.i  and  iii  Kui'ope,  (jf  which  I  have  used  the  following: 
JItMurj  <</  the.  li^i'iir'Ul'ioii  niidi  r  llv  vonnii'iiiiln  c/ ( 'n/ituhi.i  L("f!.-<  (iml  (.'lark  to 
thi'muirrs  <>J  the  M!s-i  iiir'i,  thence  acroifx  the  liorlii  ^loiiaUihix  and  tloirn  the  Hirer 
Voliunh'ta  to  the  Ptirijlc  Oreaii,  pcrj'urmed  diiriii;/  the  ycir-i  lSi).'^--'>-  (!.  JJ;/  order 
of  the  Goreriimeiil  if  the  Uii'd<d  St-itc-<.  J^rejimrd  J'oi  the  jire.ss  liij  I'uul  Allen, 
Enquire.  '2.  vols.  8vo.  Phihulclphia,  1814.  The  first  vo'.ume  of  this  edition 
contains  a  life  of  Lcwas  by 'J'homas  Jeh'erson,  and  tlio  second  volume  an  appen- 
dix by  Captain  Lewis.  An  abridgement,  M'ith  introduetii)n,  notes,  and  nuips, 
was  printed  iu  2  vols.  lUmo,  Js'ew  York,  IS-IJ,  edited  by  xiieliibuld  MeViekur. 


8  LEWIS  AXD  CLARKE'S  EXPEDITION. 

Toll  (liiy.s  after  the  instructions  wore  siufnod  l)V 
rrosidcnt  JciU'rson,  iniorniation  was  received  of  the 
eonsiunniation  at  Paris  of  the  treaty  j)lacinf,«'  the 
United  States  in  possession  of  the  eastern  ))art  of 
the  re;i^ion  to  be  explored,  which  greatly  heiglitened 
the  interest  in  the  expedition. 

On  the  .^)th  of  July  Lewis  left  Wjrshin'>ton  for 
Pittsbui'g,  where  a  j)ortion  of  his  outlit  was  to  ho 
provided  him;  hut  prevented  hy  delays  in  his  descent 

Under  titlo  nf  Tranl^  to  Ihr  Sourer  of  the  M'lxnovri  liiver  aii'l  iicmi'n  the  J  tiirri- 
Vtin  ('oillilieiit  /(>  the  /'liei/ie  (li-r'iii  il|i|ii'lHVil  two  C'llitiniis  in   Loinloii,  (illf  ill  <ilK! 

Volume,  -Ito,  ISII,  ;iuil  tiiu  otliei'  in  .'I  vol.s,  Svo,  ISl.l,  Ijntli  of  wliich  jn'i'  \\  illnmt 
t!ie  J,!/e  of  l.rie'iA  \>y  .li'ilcr.soii,  anil  the  ;iii|ieii(lix  l)y  Lew  is.  It  i-t  tlie  i|iiaiti> 
jMij,'li.sli  eiiil  ion  1  liiivo  used  for  oiiliniiry  reference.  'I'lie  notes  of  I'litrii  U  (ias.s 
V(MO  puMislied  in  one  vol.  Svo,  ]'ittsl)iir;,di,  iHtlS,  iuid  l('[iriMled  tlie  siiiMi; 
ye'iir  ill  J.,onilon,  six  year.s  licf  lu  the  ii|i|»eaiaiiee  of  tluMilIiei:  1  report,  under 
title  (>i  A.ldiiriiiil  nf  the  I'lii/iuii.t  nml  'J'raeff.iiij' n  Curjix  i-j'  /)in.-nrt  r;/,  innler  the. 
CiiiiiiiKiiiil,  itc.  Mi'(  lass  received  tlu'liiihest  eoimiieiidiitionsol  ( '.;p;aiii  Lewis 
iifti'rtlie  return  of  tin;  expedition  to  St  J..(uii.^,  and  his  work  may  for  the  most 
]);irt  l)e  drciiieil  aeeiirate.  Xevertliele.'^s  the  eiitie  who,  in  the  Lunliiii  (,1.111  r/ir/i/ 
Jlcririeui  May,  LSdl),  i.  'J!(4,  eall.s  it  'a  shalihy  octavo,  the  pio(lue',.ioii  of  u  mere 
underling'  instead  of  a  'mamiilieent  (|uaito,  willi  maps,  plates.  .  .as  we  had 
a  ri^dit  to  expect  from  a  i)lan  executed  under  such  auspices,'  is  not  far  out  of 
th(^  way.  '  It  is  curious,'  Ik;  continues,  'to  observe  how  in;,'enioilsly  .Mr 
(ias.s  has  avoided  whatever  could  interest  or  amuse.  All  he  say.s,  we  have  no 
doubt,  is  ytiictly  true:  at  leii.st,  if  intolerable  diiliiess  be  11  .syiiiptoni  of  truth 
in  narration,  he  has  aini)ly  vindicated  his  veracity.  Tiicre  are  so  many  facts 
t'lat  we  care  not  to  know,  and  so  little  <letail  on  tho.se  we  do;  and  the  two 
kiiid.sare  jumbled  in  so  heterogeneous  a  compounil,  that  wo  have  seldom  uuder- 
;,'one  a  severer  trial  of  jiatience  tliaii  in  attempting  to  sefiaijite  them.  1'he  ap- 
iicaraiice  of  a  volcano  11  thousand  miles  from  tlie  .sea,  and  the  death  of  a  gray 
luirse  are  recorded  in  the  same  breath,  and  with  oc[ual  fuitlifuliiess,  brevity,  aiicl 
i:idiii'erciice.'  Tlie  dayand  houraro  carefullynoted  when  <  'aiitaiu  Lewi.s  i.ssuiil 
a  glass  of  old  whiskey  to  all  the  crew  ;  and  when  'Captain  Clarke  gave  the  siik 
a  dose  of  IJush's  pill.s,  to  see  what  ed'eet  they  would  have,'  and  yet  this  book 
is  no  wor.-io  than  thousands  of  others  from  which  our  liistoiy  must  be  extracted. 
In  reviewing  the  oliieial  report  of  Lewis  and  Clarke  in  .January  181."),  this 
Bame  journal  scjiiiewliat  ungraciously  says:  'Had  the  expedition  been  exe- 
cuted under  the  auspiciesof  the  Ijritish  government,  it  would  have  been  fitted 
out  with  characteristic  libe-ality;  draftsmen  and  iiatu.:ilists  would  have  been 
attached  to  it,  and  the  otli  ial  imblicatiou  might  have  vied  in  beauty  and  ex- 
cellence with  that  of  Cook't    .nj'ages.    It  is  both  ungrateful  and  unjust  to  ceii- 

if  he  fail  as  .in  artist,  or  be  dedcieut  in  those 
'uld  have  enriched  his  obricrvatioi's:  every  man 
)f  our  knowledge  is  a  benefactor  to  Tiie  j.r.l'lie. 
'nd  gratitude.  15ut  when  expeditions  for  the 
'aken  by  a  public  hody,  that  body  is  censiirablo 
dcr  the  information  full  and  complete.'  'I'liii 
crusty  critic  might  luivc  <lisi  ^yed  a  little  more  generosity  and  jiiolice  by  re- 
membering that  the  United  '.  ates  government  wan  then  young  and  impover- 
ished, and  that  it  was  entitled  to  praise  for  what  itliiid  iloiie  rather  than  blame 
for  wluit  it  left  undone.  I'olitical  and  other  duties  caused  the  ])ostj'.onemeiit 
of  the  jHiblicatiou  of  the  oliieial  journal  until  bSlt,  at  which  time  Captain 
Lc^vis  died,  au  the  work  was  patising  through  the  press. 


sure  an  iiidiviilual  travel! 
brauches  of  seiencc  which 
Avho  contributes  to  the  stoi 
and  entitled   to  our  respce; 
])urpo.«cof  discovery  are  uml 
if  anything  be  wanting  to  r 


OUTFIT  AND  DEr.VRTURR.  0 

of  tlio  Ohio,  lie  (U'ciiunl  it  iin])ni(U'iit  to  attdupt  tlio 
ascent  of  llio  ^lissumi  until  the  ici;  .slioiilil  lnvak  U[) 
in  tlie  spriuL;'.  JJesides  this  the  Spanish  eonnnantk'i* 
Jit  La  Clianvtte,  the  lii^Hiest  settlement  on  the  !Mis- 
sonri,  and  where  it  had  been  their  intention  to  pass 
the  winter,  havinuf  no  ofhcial  notiee  of  the  transirr 
ot"  the  eountrv  to  the  United  States,  iMt  ol)]ii»'ed  to 
deny  stran<;ers  admission  to  the  territory.  The  party 
t>neamped,  therefore,  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  JMis- 
sissi]»j)i,  opposite  the  month  of  the  Missouri,  and  the 
winter  \v;is  spi'ut  diseipliiiiiii;- the  men.  iJesido  four- 
tet'U  Unitetl  States  s(»Iiiiers,  there  were  in  the  party 
nine  voun''-  Kentuekians,  two  French  vova<n'urs,  a 
jiunter,  an  interpreter,  and  a  negro  servant  of  Captain 
C'lai-kc. 

.\n  es'-ort,  consisting'  of  six  soldiers  under  a  cor- 
])oral,  willi  nine  boatmen,  was  detached  to  accom- 
pany the  party  to  the  territory  of  the  I\landans,  which 
was  considered  the  most  dangerous  part  of  the  jour- 
ney. The  stores,  paclced  in  seven  bales  and  one  box, 
each  ce>ntaining  j)ortions  of  all  as  a  guard  against 
ae-e-ident,  consisteel  of  clothing,  tfjols,  and  arms;  also 
ammunii  ion  and  liquors  for  themselves  and  the  sav- 
ages. 

There  wore  besides,  fourteen  bales  and  one  box  of 
presents  for  the  natives,  divieled  in  like  maimer,  and 
consisting  of  laced  coats  and  othe-r  ricli  artieles  of 
(hess,  tomahawks,  knives,  medals,  handkerchiefs,  and 
ilags,  besieles  a  variety  of  such  luxuries  as  beads, 
looking-glasses,  and  paints. 

The  14th  of  May  1804  the  party  embarked  in 
three  boats;  ouj  a  keel  boat,  iiity-iive  feet  in  length, 
drawing  three  feet  of  water  and  carrying  one  sail  and 
twenty -two  oars,  the  bow  and  stern  covered  ])y  decks 
of  ten  feet,  I'orming  forucaitle  and  cabin,  and  the  mid- 
dle cncl(;sed  by  lockers  which,  when  opeiicd,  formeel 
a  breastv.oi'k  valuable  in  case  of  attack.  The  other 
two  were  pirogues,  or  open  boats,  of  seven  and  six 


10 


Lr.WIS  AND  CLAKKE'S  EXrEDITIOX. 


oars  respectively.  Aloii'^^  tlio  bank  were  led  two  horses, 
to  be  employ ccl  in  hunting'." 

The  liist  eonimerciai  transaction  with  the  natives 
was  the  exchange  of  two  quarts  of  whiskey  lor  four 
deer,  made  llie  c'ijj;]ith  day.  AscendiuL;'  the  liver  at 
the  rate  of  ironi  ten  to  liffeen  miles  a  day,  some- 
times twenty,  notes  were  taken  on  climate  and  soil, 
and  on  the  people  ])assed,  but  nothinj^  of  iui[>ortance 
transpii'etl  until  the  12th  of  June,  when  two  ral'ts 
from  the  Sioux  nation  were  encountered,  one  load(>d 
with  furs  and  the  other  with  buffalo  tallow.  They 
now  succeeded  in  eni^aginjj^  one  of  the  ])arty,  ]\Ir 
Dorlon,  who  had  lived  with  the  Sioux  for  twenty 
years,  and  was  stroni>'  in  their  coniideuce,  to  return 
witli  them,  a.nd  s(-'e  the  ]>arty  safely  through  the  ter- 
ritoi'V  >'  these  blooil-lovinu;'  savages.  ]\Iuch  trouble 
was  experienced  I'rom  the  constantly  shifting  banks 
and  bars  of  the  I'iver.  There  were  occasioual  rapids, 
and   fre(|uentlv  they  wei'o  obliwd  to  tow  the  boats. 

lit'  o 

The  meeting  of  rafts  and  canoes  loaded  with  furs  was 
of  conunon  occurrence,  ( *ame  was  ])lentilul,  and  easily 
taken.  Elk  Vv'cre  seen  for  the  tirst  time  two  months 
after  leaving  the  mouth  of  the  river.  Some  of  the 
men  were  troubled  with  dysentery  and  boils,  but  the 
iR'alth  of  the  i)arty  was  generally  good. 

To  the  nations  along  the  river  the  change  of  gov- 
ernment was  announced;  whereat  some  wei'O  as  [)leased 
as  childivn  would  be  at  any  change,  others  were  angry; 
for  as  a,  rule  eastcn'u  sava<n>s  hated  Frenchmen  less 
than  either  J'higlisli  or  Americans. 

Passing  th.e  i'iver  Platte  the  2 1st  of  July,  on  the 
seventh  day  tliereafter  tlieir  hunter  encountered  three 
IMissouri  Jiidians  (h'esj;ing  an  elk.  They  were  all 
fi-iendly,  and  one  of  th.em  accom])anied  the  hunter 
to  the  boat.  'J'hese  Missouris  were  living  wi(h  the 
Ottoes,  ami  tluir  camp  was  about  four  miles  distant. 

'••  111  f.  S.  <7(  (vj.  Siirr.,  Wln-thr.  rroi/risn/^i  ji/.,  JS7..',  4'J,  in  ii  in;!)!  imqiortiiig 
ii)  rljipw  Ui(M(iiit(it'  Lewis  1111(1  Cliirkc;  i^tv  i\\sij  ,/i)/ih.-oi('h  Ii.  J,'.  Ii  /'(ir..'M)  ',), 
juiil  iri,i|i:  yi'iirnii'tMiiit..  in  runjii  II.  ]{.  J'(/i/.,  xi.l7-l'J;  Ji'kiU'k  Mci\  Mwj., 


COUNCIL  BLUFFS. 


11 


Next  niorning  he  was  sent  l)ack  'svith  an  invitation 
to  his  iVioiuls  to  iiK'ct  tlio  oxjjlorors  on  the  river  above, 
where  a  couneil  would  he  liekl. 

Proeee(hng,  the  stream  takes  a  nortliern  bend,  with 
a  hii^'hlnnd  on  the  soutli,  above  wliicli  traces  of  a  t;rc\it 
liurricaue  are  visibk";  ten  niiks  further  brini;-  them  to 
a  wooel  on  the  noi'th.  "iMiere  tliey  sj)end  the  niglit. 
Early  next  morning  they  aseend  the  river  three  and 
a  (lUiuter  miles,  and  eneani])ing  on  tlu^  sondi  ban); 
await  the  appearanee  of  the  Ottoes.  Hound  them  is 
a  fertile  plain  covered  with  grnss  i'rom  tive  to  eight 
feet  high.  Small,  light  pink  llowers  chistei-  here  and 
there;  honeysuekles  sweeten  the  air,  and  i'loni  the 
tall  waving  grass  rise  copses  of  plums  and  currants, 
all  nnisical  with  stinging  insects  and  rattlesnakes. 
Ik'hind  them,  se[)arating  a  lower  and  a  higher  ])rairie, 
is  a  woody  rid<»'e  seventv  feet  in  hi'liiht,  at  the  end 
of  which  the  explorers  pitch  their  camp. 

From  the  blutfs  adjoining,  river  and  piaii'ie,  low 
sky  and  glistening  landscape,  dap[)liMl  with  the  pass- 
ing cloud-shailows,  unfokl  a  magnilicent  j)anorama. 
AViniling  amid  gi'oves  of  cottonwoo<l,  sycamore ,  elm, 
and  ash,  s[)rinkled  with  oak,  hickory,  and  w;diiut, 
purple  with  wild  grapes,  and  Iblding  in  its  nourishing 
embraee  little  shilting  willow-islands,  creeps  the  I'iver 
from  the  lon<>'  irrass  throuu'h  two  iiarallel  hi'ddand 
I'anges,  whenc(\  in  e\'(>r  varying  curves,  it  wentls  its 
way  on  toward  the  ocean. 

Awaiting  here  untler  the  blulfwith  some  anxiety 
the  n^sult  of  tlieir  message  to  the  Ottoe-;,  tlieir  hunt- 
ers bring  in  turkc^ys,  geese,  deer,  and  beaver,  while 
the  river  suj>]'lies  lliem  with  an  abundance^  of  lish. 
At  length  about  siuiset  on  the  I'd  of  Aug;'..';t,  is  >;een 
in  the  (hstance  a,  ])arty  of  fourteen  Ottoe.^  ;;nd  Mis- 
souris.  Tliey  ;irc  acc;)nipanied  by  a  l''i'enc!i::;;,n  who 
lives  with  thi'm,and  acts  as  inter|)retei'.  .Vs  tliey  a]>- 
])roac]i,  C  aptains  Lewis  and  ("laike  advance  to  meet 
and  Welcome  them.  A  place  is  selected  for  their 
camp,  and  a  couuliI  appointed  to  be  held  next  nioru- 


12 


LEWIS  AND  CLAPJvE'S  EXPEDITION". 


ing.  Meanwhile  the  explorers  send  tliem  flour,  meal, 
pork,  and  a  portion  of  their  roasted  meat,  rueeivinj^  in 
return  a  ])re.sont  of  watermelons. 

Preparations  are  then  made  for  the  morrow.  The 
main-sail  is  brought  from  the  boat  and  spread  as  an 
iiAvning,  under  which  the  presents  to  be  distributed 
are  jjaraded.  In  the  morning  the  exjjloring  party  arc 
all  drawn  up  for  the  occasion.  The  Indians,  six  of 
wJiom  arc  called  chiefs,  then  present  themselves,  and 
are  requested  to  bo  seated  under  the  awning.  A 
v.lilte  man  lirst  s[teaks,  infoi-ms  them  of  the  change 
of  government,  promises  protection,  a:ul  gives  ad\ico. 
Then  each  in  turn  the  six  red  chiefs  ]v;)lv.  'J'hey  are 
glael  of  the  change;  they  hope  their  nev,'  fatlier  v.ill 
give  them  arms  and  rum,  and  help  them  to  kill  the 
^lahas.  The  white  men  assure  them  of  trade  !md 
mediation;  then  they  distribute  the  presents,  ^i'he 
real  or  })rincipal  chief  not  being  present,  a  mcd;d,  a 
i\i\<X,  and  some  trinkets  arc  sent  to  him.  'J'he  menials 
are  of  three  grades,  and  denote  the;  estimation  in 
Avhich  the  wearer  is  held  abroad.  Pkiced  roimd  his 
neck  it  is  the  token  of  the  white  man's  recoLiiiiiion  of 
the  wearer's  chieftaincy. 

To  one  Ottoo  and  to  one  Missouri  medals  of  the  sec- 
ond grade  arc  given,  and  to  the  other  chiels  present 
medals  of  the  third  grade.  Paint,  garters,  and  dress 
ornaments  acc(jmpany  the  medals,  and  for  th(^  v.iiolo 
a  canister  of  [xnvder,  a  bottle  of  v.hiskey,  and  a  few 
trinkets.  These  ceremonies  concluded,  the  explorers 
call  the  place  Council  BlulTs,  and  ](Muark  upon  the 
situation  as  one  favorable  for  a  fort  or  trading-factory, 
the  soil  being  good  for  bricks,  wood  being  abundant, 
and  the  climate  good.  It  is  likewise  a,  central  resort 
of  the  Ottoes,  one  day's  journey  distant;  for  the  Paw- 
nees, one  and  a  half  daya  distant;  the  Mahas,  two 
days  distant;  besides  being  convenient  to  the  Sioux, 
and  only  twenty-live  days  irom  Santa  Yc.  Then 
deemed  convenient  for  Indian  tiailic,  time  has  ])roved 
the  place  as  suitable   for  a  railway  centre,     in  the 


SIOUX,  TETOXS,  AND  MANDAXS. 


18 


afternoon  the  party  set  sail,  and  encamp  five  miles  up 
the  liver  on  the  south  side,  where  they  find  the 
mosquitoes  very  troublesome.  All  this  on  the  3d  ef 
August  1804. 

Arrived  amomxthe  Mahasa  fortniajht  later,  another 
council  was  held  with  the  like  results.  All  of  this 
nntion  that  the  small-pox  had  left  were  willing  to  die 
of  blankets,  tobacco,  and  whiskey.  Up  to  this  time 
one  of  the  expedition  had  deserted  and  one  had  died. 
To  the  river  on  which  they  encamped  they  gave  the 
nanic  of  the  dead  soldier,  Floyd. 

The  30th  of  August  the  Sioux  wore  received  under 
a  larire  oak  standing  within  their  territory,  and  near 
which  the  United  States  flag  was  flymg.  Speeches, 
counsel,  and  cheap  pr(}scnts  were  the  return  for  now 
dominion;  but  tlie  best  of  the  exercises  were  the  eat- 
ing, drinking,  and  smoking.  The  Sioux  complained 
l)ittcrly  of  their  poverty,  and  Captain  Lewis  advised 
]\rr  Dorion,  tlieir  friend  and  interpreter,  to  talce  a 
])arty  of  their  chiefs  to  Washington  to  see  the  presi- 
dent. 

Councils  were  likewise  held  with  the  Tetons,  the 
Iiicaras,  and  the  ^landans  on  entering  tlieir  respec- 
tive territories.  A  little  impudence  wiLh  some  show 
of  violence  was  displayed  by  the  Tetons,  but  without 
serious  results.  The  liicaras  on  being  offered  li(]uor 
declined,  saying  they  were  surprised  their  father 
should  offer  them  drink  which  made  men  fools.  As 
regarded  the  cliastity  of  their  women  they  were  not 
so  ]inrti('ular,  for  here  as  well  as  clsewlicrc  along 
theii-  route  the  expedition  had  no  diiiiculty  in  })ro- 
curing  companions  ibr  the  night.  The  negro  was 
an  object  of  s[)ecial  favor  amongst  the  fair  sex,  who 
often  quarrelled  for  him.  When  tlie  white  men 
stopped  to  execute  the  sentence  of  court-martial 
on  a  soldier  by  corporal  punishment,  an  Indian  chief 
sitting  by  was  affected  to  tears.  "We  kill  men  ibr 
wroiig-dcjing,"  he  exclaimed,  "  but  we  will  not  even 
whip  our  children." 


14 


LEWIS  AXD  CL.UIKE'S  EXPEDITIOX. 


The  expedition  reached  the  ]\Iandan  country  tlie 
last  of  October,  and  as  the  weather  was  becoming'  very 
cold  they  deterinined  to  winter  there.  Sonic  heavy 
log-houses  of  Cottonwood,  elm,  and  ash  were  built, 
l)eing  completed  about  the  middle  of  November,  when 
the  party  moved  into  them.  During  the  winter  the 
IMandans  were  threatened  witli  an  attack  by  the  Sioux 
living  on  tlie  Missouri  above  the  Cheyenne  River;  their 
visitors  promised  them  protection  i'rom  all  their  ene- 
mies, and  offered  to  lead  them  to  l)attle;  but  as  the 
snow  was  deep,  the  jMandans  declined  lighting  that 
winter.  This  was  bad  policy,  for  the  sons  of  the  Great 
Father  to  involve  themselves  in  the  quarrels  of  his 
children. 

Tlie  IGth  of  December  jMr  ITaney  arrived  from  the 
Assiniboine  with  a  letter  from  ]Mr  Charles  Cluibouilles 
of  the  Nortlnvest  Company,  offering  any  service  v.ithin 
his  power.  From  j\Ir  If  aney  Captain  Clarke  obtained 
much  valuable  information  i-egarding  the  country 
between  the  Missouri  and  the  3.[ississi[)pi,  and  tlie 
various  branches  of  the  Sioux  familv  inhabitinn:  it. 
Corn  raised  by  these  natives  was  freely  supplied  the 
expedition.  Among  others  of  the  Northwest  Com- 
]iaiiy  vrho  visited  them,  there  were  Laroche  and  j\Iac- 
kenzie.  The  former  v.ishcd  to  accompan}'  the  party 
westward,  but  his  proposal  was  declined.  Wliile  at 
this  place  the  blacksmith  of  the  expedition  i)ut  up  a 
furnace  and  made  k'nife-l)lades,  spear-points,  and  other 
implements  as  the  easiest  method  of  procuring  corn. 
The  savages  were  s[)ecially  taken  with  the  bellows, 
and  thoufdit  it  a  very  o-reat  medicine.  Some  horses 
were  stolen  during  the  winter  by  the  Sioux,  who 
were  puisued  by  Captain  Claike,  but  without  I'ecovery 
of  the  animals. 

As  spring  drew  near,  preparations  were  made  for 
moving;  the  escort,  back  to  St  Louis,  the  expedition, 
on  tox^ard  the  l\icific.  The  large  boat  was  to  return 
down  the  river,  so  six  canoes  were  made  for  the  upper 
waters.     The  articles  v\'hich  had  been  collected  for  the 


THE  UrrEPv,  MISSOURI. 


15 


] 


president  were  packed  in  boxes  and  placed  in  the  bavj^o. 
Tliey  consisted  of  stiill'ed  specimens  of  the  animals 
of  the  country,  together  with  birds,  insects,  and 
]>lants,  s[)ecimens  of  earths,  salts,  and  minerals,  and 
native  implements. 

Simultaneously  at  5  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  of  the 
7th  of  April  1805,  the  two  parties  embarked,  the 
westward  l)ound  consisting  of  thirty-two  persons^'  in 
vsix  canoes  and  two  pirogues,  and  the  St  J^ouis  l>arty 
of  seven  soldiers,  two  Frenchmen,  and  a  pilot,  ^Ir 
Gravelines,  in  the  barge.  The  Sioux  having  openly 
declared  war  against  the  whites,  it  was  expected  that 
the  return  party  would  be  IuxmI  on  in  passing  through 
the  Sioux  country,  but  they  were  ten  well  armed,  de- 
termined men,  with  provisions  enough  in  the  boat  to 
last  lliem  to  St  Louis;  and  before  their  (le[)arturo 
Captain  Lewis  had  exacted  a  pledge  that  tliey  would 
not  yield  while  one  remained  alive.  l>y  this  boat 
JDurnals  and  despatches  were  sent  to  the  United 
States,  as  the  eastern  country  alone  was  then  called.*^ 

On  the  lOtli  the  overland  party  overtook  three 
Frenchmen  who  were  hunting  beaver.  Th(\y  were 
meeting  with  fair  success,  having  trapped  twelve  thus 
i'ar;  but  fearful  of  the  Assiniboins  they  kept  near  the 
exploring  ])arty  initil  they  reached  the  Yellowstone. 
Navigation  was  here  better  than  mn  the  lower  Mis- 
souri. The  country  consisted  of  irregular  ranges  of 
hills  interspersed  with  low  smooth  plains,  with  hei'o 
and  there  timber.  Fish,  geese,  })rairie-hens,  swan, 
antelo])e,  white  bear,  and  elk  furnished  abundance 
of  food. 

I\issing  the  Little  ^Missouri  and  the  Yellowstone, 
both  of  which  streams  they  ascend  a  shoi-t  distance, 
about  the  first  of  ]\Iav  thev  enter  a  salt-lVosted  conn- 
try  with  bluff  hills  and  scatterinL;:  foliaii'e.     (Jame  be- 

•Tor  their  iiamca  sec  Hint.  Orcjon,  i.  4."),  tliis  scries. 

"  AceoiniKiiiYiiig  t'.io  j)ri'siilL'iit".s  lue.ssaro  of  llio  r,»tli  of  February  1800  is 
a  letter  from  Lewis  tlateJ  I'ort  Miiiuluii  Till  April  liSOo.  Sec  uLo  Auiials  uf 
Voii'j.,  1800-7,  app.  1030-1140. 


10 


LEWIS  AND  CLARKE'S  EXPEDITION. 


coincs  yot  more  abundant.  The  white  bear  is  fonncl 
a  terrible  creature.  Lewis  is  chased  seventy  yards  by 
one  which  had  been  woundel.  Brown  bear  are  very 
larii^e,  and  excee(hn<^ly  tenacious  of  hfe.  Tlie  black 
bear  are  smaller.^"  J  jafflilo  are  very  plentiful.  Wolves, 
coyotes,  and  prairie-<logs  appear.  Geese  begin  to 
lose  their  wing-feathers,  which  prevents  flight.  To 
a  stream  who,T,e  watei's  ])ossess  a  peculiar  whiteness 
they  give  tlu^  name  of  Milk  River.  Upon  river-beds 
recently  en)})tied  of  theii-  waters,  the  vocabulaiy  of  dry 
names  is  exhausted.  There  are  I^iij  and  Little  13rv 
rivers,  and  IJig  and  Little  Dry  creeks,  until  one  won- 
ders at  the  leathery  brains  out  of  which  could  not  be 
beaten  more  distinctive  terms.  And  as  a[)pellations 
of  aridity  become  exhausted  they  fall  back  upon  the 
names  of  their  men  by  which  to  designate  streams; 
and  last  of  all  they  honor  a  creek  by  giving  it  the 
name  llattlesnake.  A  fem;de  elk  swims  a  swift  river, 
and  the  })lace  is  called  Elk  liapids.  ^lusselshell  River 
was  also  among  their  brilliant  selections  of  names. 

Yet  loftier  elevations  are  interspersed  with  fertile 
plains  as  the  party  proceeds.  The  air  of  the  adjacent 
highlands  becomes  singularly  dry  and  pure,  annihi- 
lating space  and  bringing  distant  objects  near.  Again, 
the  eountrv  becc»mes  barren,  with  little  ^iniber  save 
])me  and  spruce  tliinly  scattered  on  the  sununits  and 
hill-sides.  Appearances  of  coal  are  evident.  And  now 
the  river  becomes  ra[)id,  the  wind  strong,  the  air  cold, 
and  game  for  a  time  grows  scarce.  Rut  on  emerging 
from  the  dreary  Rlack  ]\[ountains  nature  })uts  on 
more  cheerful  robes,  and  sits  on  hill  and  ]>lain  in  gor- 
geous repose,  while  birds  and  beasts  and  cree})ing 
things  sound  their  notes  of  imiversal  jo}'. 

Ascending  a  hill  on  the  2Gth  of  Mav,  Lewis  caught 
the  first  glimpse  of  what  the  narrative  calls  "the 
Rock  mountains,  the  object  of  all  our  hopes,  and  the 
reward   of    all  our  ambition."     They  camped  at  an 


i^ 


''^By  white  l)Ciir  is  moiint  llic  grizzly,  iiiul  by  lirown  IjciU'  the  cinnamon; 
of  course  there  arc  no  vhite  bear  proper  in  this  hititude. 


ABOUT  THE  HEADWATERS. 


17 


.; 


early  hour  tlic  3cl  of  Juno  at  the  junction  of  tlio 
Missouri  with  another  large  river,  though  which  was 
tlie  main  stream  and  which  the  branch  they  could  not 
tell.  They  deemed  it  inipoi'tant  to  know.  The  Indians 
had  told  them  that  the  sources  of  the  Missouri  and 
the  Colunihia  were  not  far  apart.  The  season  here  was 
short,  and  two  months  of  it  were  already  gone.  The 
wronii'  stream  would  lead  them  off  their  course,  and 
cause  delay's  which  might  demoralize  the  men  and 
jeopardize  the  success  of  the  expedition.  Exploring 
parties  were  therefore  sent  out,  but  returned  no  wiser 
than  they  went.  Others  were  despatched,  and  re- 
turned in  like  manner.  Why  had  not  the  natives 
told  them  of  these  two  large  rivers?  "The  river 
which  scolds  at  all  others"  was  not  a  term  applicable 
only  to  the  jNIissouri,  for  both  streams  scolded  alike. 

Finally,  next  day,  Lewis  with  six  men  and  Clarke 
with  five  set  out  on  a  more  thorough  exploration, 
the  former  ascending  the  north  and  the  latter  the 
soutli  branch.  Lewis  was  absent  four  days  examining 
the  stream,  crossing  ravines,  and  ascending  moun- 
tains for  observation,  travelling  meanwhile  some  eighty 
or  ninety  miles,  and  narrowly  escaping  destruction  with 
one  of  his  companions  by  coming  unawares  upon  a 
precipice.  Though  his  men  were  of  a  different  opin- 
ion, Captain  Lewis  pronounced  the  north  branch  not 
the  ]\Iissouri,  and  named  it  Maria  River.  Clarke 
was  three  days  out  accomplishing  a  distance  equiva- 
lent to  forty-five  miles  in  a  straight  line.  He  saw 
the  river  rolling  in  for  a  great  distance  from  the  south, 
with  high  rid!>'es  to  the  south-east,  and  he  believed  it 
the  ^Missouri,  though  his  men  held  with  the  others 
for  the  northern  branch. 

On  Sunday  the  9th  a  consultation  was  held.  Cru- 
zatte,  long  a  boatman  in  these  parts,  was  sure  tlie 
north  branch  was  the  Missouri.  The  men  would 
(•hcerfuUy  follow  their  leaders,  they  said,  but  they 
could  not  but  hold  with  Cruzattc.  Arrowsmith's  ma[) 
had  been  studied  at  Fort  Mandan,  and  Mr  Fidler's 

HiBT.  N.  W.  Coast,  Vol.  II.    2 


18 


LE^AIS  AND  CLARKE'S  EXPEDITIOX. 


discoveries  noted.  To  these  their  own  observations 
were  added,  and  the  two  caj)tain.s  pronounced  in  favor 
of  the  southern  branch.  CachiuL!^  at  tliis  point  ])art 
of  their  cargo  with  one  of  the  boats,  on  the  lltli 
tlie  party  [»roceeded,  Lewis  with  four  men  going  by 
land  ill  advance  of  the  now  hglitened  canoes.  Seized 
tliat  nig] it  with  dysentery  and  fever,  and  having  at 
hand  no  medicine,  with  eminent  success  Lewis  experi- 
mented with  choke-cherry  twigs,  boihng  thum,  and 
di'iidving  the  decoction. 

The  party  liad  not  proceeded  far  on  the  morning 
of  the  loth  when  the  sound  of  falling  water  greeted 
their  ears,  and  rising  above  the  plain  a  column  of 
s[)ray  was  seen,  which  quickly  vanished  in  the  dry 
transparent  air.  Lewis  went  forward,  travelling  seven 
miles  after  first  hearing  the  sound  before  reaching 
what  proved  to  be  the  great  falls  of  the  ]\[issouri. 
Seating  himself  upon  a  I'ock,  ho  gazed  ii})on  the  stu- 
l)endous  specta<^le  until  saturated  with  the  sublime; 
after  which  ho  looked  about  him  for  the  best  portage, 
which  was  found  to  be  eighteen  miles  in  length. 
These  falls,  though  diflerent  from  any  others,  may  bo 
classed  among  the  o'randest  in  the  world.  The  entire 
descent  of  the  river  in  sixteen  and  a  half  miles  is 
three  hundred  and  fifty-seven  feet,  separated  into 
four  cataracts  of  twenty-six,  fort3^-seven,  nineteen, and 
cight3'-soven  feet  respectively,  with  i'ai)ids  between. 
Plunging  down  this  uncertain  channel  between  i)er- 
])ondicular  abutments  three  hundred  yards  asunder, 
the  distracted  stream  rends  the  sky  with  its  resounding 
l)oom,  and  sends  upward  from  its  boiling  bed  of  white 
foam  fantastic  mist-ibrms  and  s[)ires  of  spray,  which 
blush  to  rainbow  hues  on  meetin**;  the  searching:  in- 
quuT  of  the  sun.  And  with  the  clouds  of  moisture 
our  clouded  thoughts  ascend.  How  long  had  been 
this  river  roaring  its  anthems  in  the  wilderness? 
Were  these  magnificent  water- works,  these  u^rand  dis- 
plays  of  so  many  forms  of  liquid  beauty,  made  for 


AMONG  THE  WILD  BEASTS. 


10 


man's  cnjoynic'Tt,  ov  for  the  benefit  of  beasts,  and 
trees,  anil  stolid  rocks?  And  if  for  man,  for  Avliat  a 
time  had  they  been  waiting  his  coming!  O  patient 
north  and  west!  But  stop  !  I  hear  a  voice  from  out 
these  hallelujahs  of  waters,  saying,  ]\[an,  though  wild, 
is  none  the  less  man  than  when  grown  cunning  witli 
arts  and  devilish  theologies. 

To  di'ag  the  boats  up  a  creek  and  there  unload; 
to  mend  moccasins  with  which  the  prickly  pear  made 
haA'oc;  to  cut  roads  and  build  wagons,  using  a  large 
Cottonwood  tree  for  wheels  and  the  mast  of  the 
pirogue,  which  was  left  behind,  for  axle-trees;  and 
with  the  aid  of  two  such  vehicles  to  dra<j^  canoes  and 
cargo  above  the  falls;  to  cache  more  goods;  to  hunt 
elk,  and  with  tlieir  skins  construct  a  boat  which, 
]iroving  a  failure,  necessitates  the  making  of  new 
canoes  above  the  falls — all  this  occupies  a  month. 

In  a  furious  hail-storm  the  men  were  knocked  down 
and  bruised  to  bleeding.  So  suddenly  the  toi'i-ent 
iilled  a  ravine  in  which  Captain  Clarke  was  caught, 
that  he  narrowly  escaped  with  his  life.  Strange  noises 
in  the  mountains  attracted  their  attention.  Stretcliing 
southward  above  the  Missouri,  the  sky  presented  a 
l)road,  bright  line  alive  with  wild-fowl.  The  country 
here  litorall}'"  swarmed  with  large  and  small  game, 
which  regarded  these  white-skinned  bij)eds  as  impudent 
intruders  upon  their  domain.  A  buffalo  was  wanted 
one  m"g]it  for  supper;  a  thousand  [)resented  themsrlves, 
of  which  Lewis  shot  one.  Before  he  had  reloaded,  a 
large  brown  l)ear  stole  upon  him.  The  captain  ran,  the 
bear  followed,  gaining  on  him,  and  the  man  saved  his 
life  by  taking  to  tlici  water.  That  same  day,  which 
was  tlie  14th  of  June,  returning  from  a  visit  to  ]\[ed- 
icine  River,  after  having  shot  what  he  supposed  to  be 
a  tiger,  three  buffalo  bulls  deliberately  left  the  herd 
where  they  were  feeding,  and  came  toward  him,  as  if 
to  see  what  kind  of  new  strange  animal  it  was  that 
had  ventured  among  them.  Flight  was  impossible; 
so  Lewis  made  toward  tlicm,  when  tliey  turned  and 


20 


LEWIS  AND  CLARKE'S  EXrEDITIOX. 


Avciit  l)aclv  to  their  focdinj^.  As  if  even  the  reptiles  of 
this  rogloii  hud  conspired  agiiiiist  the  intruders,  a  hirgo 
rattlesnake  coiled  itself  round  the  tree  under  which 
Lewis  slept  that  night,  and  there  kept  silent  watch. 
White  antl  brown  bears  chased  the  men  wherever  they 
went,  and  even  invaded  their  camp.  To  a  cluster  of 
tliree  islands  the  name  White-bear  Islands  was  given, 
and  their  portage  resting-})lace  was  White-bear  Camp. 
(jioats,  terrapin,  gooseberries,  and  currants  were  now 
added  to  their  bill  of  fare.  Fifty  bufl'alocs  could  be 
sliot  almost  any  afternoon  when  wanted.  All  this 
time  not  a  word  was  said  of  Indians, by  which  one  mfers 
that  they  were  not  numerous  in  these  parts. 

Christmas  last,  at  Fort  Mandan,  the  explorers 
(hank  and  danced  all  day  and  far  into  the  night,  telling 
tlie  savages  not  to  come  near  them  as  that  was  their 
great  medicine  day.  Now  on  the  4tli  of  July,  though 
foot-sore  and  fatigued,  they  likewise  drank  and  danced, 
drank  the  last  drop  of  drunk-producing  li(|uid  they 
h.ad,  leaving  none  for  the  poor  savage  beyond  the 
mountains.  Blessed  faith!  but  for  which  patriotism 
\\ ould  be  simply  stomach. 

In  eight  canoes,  on  the  1 5th  of  July,  the  party  con- 
tinued its  journey  above  the  falls.  Passing  a  pleasing 
river  they  gave  it  the  name  Dearborn,  in  honor  of 
the  secretary  of  war;  another  stream  they  called 
Ordway  Creek,  because  their  sergeant's  name  was 
Ordway.  Potts  likewise  had  his  creek,  John  Potts, 
one  of  the  party,  not  a  great  man,  but  then  the  creek 
A\as  not  a  great  creek.  Wood  becoming  scarce  dried 
buffalo  dung,  or  hois  de  vache,  called  later  by  the 
emigrants  *  buffalo  chips,'  was  used  in  making  fires  for 
cooking  or  other  purposes. 

High  mountains  now  approach  the  river  on  either 
side,  until  for  a  distance  of  five  miles  black  granite 
I'ocks  rise  eight,  ten,  and  twelve  hundred  feet  sheer 
iVom  the  water's  edge,  black  at  the  base,  but  lighter  in 
color  toward  the  top.  The  channel  here  is  three 
hundred  and  fifty  yards  in  width.    Entering  between 


AT  THE  THREE  TOV>.Kf^. 


21 


these  pcrpoiKlicular  luouutaiiis,  seemingly  boding  dark 
destruction  on  curious  searcliers  of  their  secrets,  they 
call  tlie  ])lucc  the  Gates  of  tlie  llocky  ^[ountains.'^ 

Passing  tlirough  tlie  gates  tliey  found  the  sky  dark- 
ened Avith  smoke,  the  natives  of  that  region  liaving 
taken  to  the  mountains  in  alarm,  after  firing  the 
]ilains.  The  weather  now  became  warm,  80'  in  the 
shade.  To  Joseph  Whitehouse,  one  of  the  comiKiny, 
was  given  a  creek,  to  Patrick  Gass  another,  to  Howard 
another,  to  Robert  Frazier  an(^ther,  and  so  on.  Cla)'ke, 
preceding  the  boats  by  land,  reached  the  three  forks 


-^'■'"■'"-<m^t 


.-^1,^Mt.Hc*d^Tli,5[i;illt.s      V/, 

/  M       Mt.i   A? 


/r 


ROUTK  FROM  THE  MiSSOUUI  TO  TUE  COLUMBIA. 

of  the  Missouri  the  25th  of  July.  This  place  having 
l)ecn  mentioned  by  the  Indians,  had  been  anxiously 
looked  for.  He  ascended  the  north  branch  thirty- 
seven  miles,  and  then  crossing  over  to  the  middle 
branch  descended  to  the  forks,  severely  sulfering 
during  the  journey  from  illness.  Meanwhile  the  main 
body  came  up  the  river  and  arrived  at  the  forks. 
]  [ere  the  country  seems  suddenly  to  expand,  and  the 
hills  to  fall  back  and  subside  into  meadows  and  plains. 

"The  'gates  of  the  Rocky  ^lonntnins'  are  14.")  milfs  a1)ove  tlic  frills,  and 
alimit  400  miles  fniin  the  source  of  the  river.  'Tliis  name,' says  Thdiiiiis  1'. 
Jidliirts,  ill  Moiitiina,  Wft.  Sue.  Cnii/rih.,  •_•.")(),  'may  do  very  \\i'll.  tlioiiL'li 
several  other  "gates,'"  but  none  so  grand,  intervene  hctwecn  it  and  the  liual 
exit  of  tlio  Missouri  river  from  the  luouutaius,  thivty-si.'i  miles  belo\N'.' 


88 


LEWIS  AND  CLARKK'S  EXPEDITION'. 


It  was  on  tlie  luoi'iiinLf  of  tlio  27tli  tliat  tli»^  iiiaiii 
partv  j)ause(l  at  the  mouth  of  the  east  brunch.  ]jaiul- 
iiii;',  Lrwis  \valk(!(l  lialf  a  iiiilo  up  the;  stream,  and  (r;)ni 
a  liiiit'stonc  t-ViiY  t-oulJ  trace  the  coui'scs  of  the  tliice 
hraudies  I'or  several  miles.  Descendlnu'  to  hivakfast 
he  called  this  oast  fork  of  the  Missouri,  Oallatiii/*  in 
lienor,  he  observes,  of  the  secretary  of  the  ti'easury. 
Iveembai'kini^,  he  pi-oceeded  to  the  middh;  a]id  west 
lii-anches,  where  was  found  fastened  to  a  stick  a  letter 
from  Clarke,  A\ho  had  not  yet  returned,  stating'  that 
the  west  fork  offered  the  superior  atti'action  to  voy- 
agers westwiird.  Ijcwis  agreeing  with  him,  ascended 
the  west  l)ranch  with  his  party  for  a  miK>,  a!id  there 
camped,  waiting  i'or  Clarke,  mIio  joined  him  at  tliree 
o'clock,  well  nigh  exhausted  with  fever  and  fatigue. 
The  middle  and  western  branches  being  so  nearly 
alike,  each  ninety  yards  in  width,  and  in  depth,  cur- 
rent, and  character  so  similar  that  it  was  inipossiljle  to 
tell  which  was  the  main  stream  and  which  tlio  branch, 
it  was  determined  to  drop  the  name  ^Missouri  at  the 
fork,  and  give  the  name  Madison  to  the  middle  chan- 
nel, and  the  name  Jefferson  to  the  west  brancli.'" 

For  two  days  Captain  Clarke  remained  ill,  but  on 
the  oOth  of  July,  being  quite  recovered,  he  })roceeded 
with  the  party  to  ascend  the  Jefferson  liiver;  at  nooii 
they  came  to  a  place  which  the  Shoshone  wife  of 
Chaboncau  recognized  as  the  spot  where  she  had  been 
taken  by  the  ]Minnetarces  of  Knife  liiver.-"  All  were 
now  exceedingly  anxious  to  fall  in  with  some  of  the 
Shoshones,  or  Snake  Indian  ■;,  whose  habitat  is  Iktc- 
about,  for  through  the  friend^l-iy  of  the  woman  whom 
they  were  now  i-eturning  to  her  relatives  they  hoped 
for  information  and  assistance.  To  this  end  Lewis 
set  out  in  advance  of  the  party,  lost  his  way,  and  at 

"On  the  plain  near  the  fork  now  stands  tlie  town  Gallatin.  See  Montana 
Jli^t.  Sue,  Cviitrlh.,  i.  28(i. 

'•'See  Li  wis  and  (larb'H  TmnJs,  20.")  and  240;  C'a.-s'  Journal  KJS. 

"'W.  ][.  Sanders,  piosiduiit  of  the  Historical  Sotiety  of  ?*Ioiitaua,  says, 
2[iiiil(iiiaUiit.S()r.,Vontrili.,\.  100,  that  this  woman  'was  captured  at  tlic'I'hrco 
Turks  of  the  ^lissouri,  about  the  year  IHOO.'  The  pkuc  bhe  iiere  pointed  out 
vas  ou  Jeii'crson  liivor  a  short  distance  above  the  fork. 


LOFTY  NOMEXCLATLTvE. 


23 


lo  Montana 


\\vA\i  was  (»l)li;L;v(l  to  sUjc})  alone  in  the  wililorncss. 
Next  uioiiiin^-  he  found  his  iViunds,  unci  aj^aiii  loll  them 
in  soart-li  of  natives,  this  time  aeeomiianicd  by  three 
of  the  null. 

^Mranwhilo  nomrnclaturo  mounts  Pcl,msus.  To  a 
Rtreaui  llowinj^  in  IVom  the  south  the  name  JMiiloso- 
j)hy'^  is  j^iwn;  to  a  lar^e  creek,  a  little  above,  the 
name  Frazicr,*'^  from  one  of  the  men.  A  ercuk  yet 
hi,L;h('r,  ilowiiii^  in  from  tlie  o]»[)osite  side,  is  honored 
with  tht'  n;i,ine  of  anothia-  of  the  men,  Firlds.'''  Jjut 
as  the  river  is  ascended  the  minds  of  the  e\[)lor(.'rs 
Hoar  aloft,  and  to  a  river  comiuL^  in  IVom  the  north 
the  name  Wisdom  is  aj>j>lied,  while  one  on  the  oppo- 
site side  is  called  Phihuithropy.^" 

Continuing'  up  the  north  side  of  the  Jefferson, 
Lewis  on  the  1st  of  AuLjust  reached  t)ie  South  ]3owl- 
der;  talking  it  for  the  main  chamiel,  he  followed  it, 
l)ut  on  disc(jverin<^  his  nu'stake  he  crossed  over  to  the 
Jefferson  and  continued  its  ascent,  makin<^  seventeen 
miles  the  iiist  day,  twenty-four  miles  the  second,  aiul 
tv/enty-thrce  each  the  third  and  fourth,  but  meeting 
with  no  natives.  This  brought  him  to  Wisdom  lliver, 
Clarke  with  the  main  body  following  a  day  or  two 
Ijeliind. 

Although  tlio  Wisdom  branch  presented  the  more 
open  front,  tlie  others  were  warmer  and  more  turbid, 
whence  Lewis  inferred  that  the  waters  of  the  latter 
had  travelled  farther  and  through  a  more  open  country 
than  tliose  of  the  former.  He  therefore  left  a  letter 
at  tlie  fork,  })lacing  it  on  a  pole,  directing  those  below 
to  take  the  stream  to  the  left. 

''  Xow  Willow  Creuk. 

"*  Known  iit  present  us  the  South  Bowlder. 

'•'  'I'liu  NorUi  l>o\\  Idcr. 

-"  '  Tlio  ])uurili!  puilautry  of  calling  rivcru  Inilcpciidcnco  and  Pliilosonliy 
is  inexuusaMu;  Imt  the  eonsunnnation  (if  alisnrdity  and  hiyalty  OLuurs  \\lu:i 
tlu'y  arrive  at  a  ]ilace  near  the  head  of  the  Mis.-^ouri,  -wlicre  it  div'de.s  in'a 
three  ]ir  tty  eipial  hraiielies.  It  is  I'esolved  hero  tliat  the  name  Missouri  shall 
he  dropt,  aud  the  eentral  braneh  being  liajitized  JefFersoii  rolls  ori  its  i)resi- 
dential  ooiirse  lietweeu  the  sister  streanisof  \\'isdoni  and  I'liilanthropy.'  Li'it- 
iliiii  (JiKirtiiiij  Jiiricir,  i.  '2!l(i.  Another  name  i'oi'  the  AVisdoni  is  to-day  liig 
Hole  lliver,  ai.  1  the  I'hilaiithiopy  J;iver  of  old  now  i-ijoices  in  the  reluud 
iippellation  of  Stinking  Water.  ALove  Beaver  Head  Buck  the  Jellerson  ia 
now  calletl  Be;uer  Head  liiver. 


2-t  LEWIS  AND  CLARKE'S  EXrEDITIOX. 

But  a  beaver  happening  to  pass  tliat  way  shortly 
after,  and  seeing  the  pole  so  neatly  trinnned,  be- 
tliouglit  liiniselt"  how  good  a  rafter  it  would  make 
for  his  house;  so  ho  cut  it  down  with  his  teeth  and 
carried  it  away,  letter  and  all.  The  consequence 
Avas  the  party  below  took  the  wrong  course,  and 
when  set  right  by  one  of  the  men  in  advance  they 
turned  back;  but  in  descending  the  branch  the  swift 
current  caught  and  upset  one  canoe  and  filled  with 
Avater  tAVo  others,  thus  entailing  loss,  Avhile  one  man 
barely  escaped  Avith  his  life,  and  all  OAving  to  the  im- 
pudence of  the  beaver. 


On  the  8th  of  August  the  canoes  reach  Phllan- 
thropy  l\iver."^  Next  day  LoAvis  and  two  men  travel 
sixteen  miles  up  the  Jefferson,  here  called  to-day 
]:>eaver  Head  River,  from  Beaver  Head  Ivock,"  Avhich 
point  Clarke  passes  in  the  canoes  the  lOtli.  LoAvis 
mcanAvhile  continues  along  the  left  bank  until  ho 
reaches  tlic  upper  fork  of  the  Beaver  ]iead,'^  from 
Avliich  point  both  branches  arc  pronounced  not  navi- 
gable. Ue  tlierefore  fixes  upon  a  drj'  Avillow  pole  a 
note  recommending  tlie  party  to  remain  at  this  fork 
Avliile  he  proceeds  up  the  north  branch  to  explore.  To 
this  point  the  canoes  slowly  approacli,  passing  a  creek 
coming  in  from  the  south  on  the  13th,  to  Avhicli  they 
give  the  name  of  one  of  the  men,  ]\[cXeal,-*  and 
next  day  anotlier  on  the  north  side  Avliich  they  call 
Track  Creek. -^  Willard  Creelv,-"  named  after  Alexan- 
der Willard,  one  of  the  men,  is  passed  on  the  loth. 

•'At  llii.s  ])oiut  thoy  were  aljont  forty  miles  north-west  from  Vir<:;iiiia  City. 

--'A  ,stee]i  cliir  '  ou  the  riLjht  hide  of  the  rivei-,'  the  iiiiiTiitive  s:iys,  meaning 
the  h'ft  l);uilv,  and  nljont  twenty  mih\s  below  ]tiitt1csn;ike  Creek. 

"'The  junction  of  Horse  i'laiu  Creek  and  Ked  Koek  Creek. 

^'IJlaek  Tail  Deer  Creek. 

^•■'Rattlesnake  Creek. 

-''The  town  of  Jlannock  now  stands  on  this  stream.  '  In  1802,  Mr  Charles 
Kumlev,  not  knowing'  that  the  stream  had  liefore  tlien  reeeixed  a  name, 
ehiistene(l  it  Crassliojiper  ei-eek,  from  the  lar<;e  nmnliers  of  that  iiisi'i.t  found 
upon  its  hanks.  AN'heu  it  hail  heen  identified  as  the  AVillard  ereek  of  J.twin 
and  Clarke,  the  vanity  and  effrontery  of  Mr  J.  S.  A\'illaid.  then  living'  at 
I'.anuoik,  so  offended  the  denizens  (.f  that  town  that  the  sire  am  is  l;uuwn  aa 
"the  (jlrastsliopper' to  thiii  day.'  Alontaiiu  JIUt.  iioc.,  CuutiiO.,  i.  lUO. 


THE  MOUNTED  SHOSHOXE. 


;iui\vii  as 


!Mcan\vhilo  Lewis  is  on  Horse  Plain  Crook,  lookinuf 
for  a  pass  and  Indian  guides,  and  for  horses  to  trans- 
port the  l>aggage.  The  domain  of  the  buffalo  is  left 
behind;  deer  and  antelope,  beaver  and  otter,  with 
geese  and  ducks,  and  sonic  elk  and  mountain  goats 
are  here  provided  by  nature  as  food  for  Ijoars  and 
men.  A  rith-bottomed  grassy  valley  is  found  and 
entered.  Scattered  among  the  underbrush  that  bor- 
ders the  river  are  willow,  birch,  and  cottonwood,  witli 
pines  u}inn  tlie  elevations.  Vegetation  here  cannot  bo 
called  luxuriant. 

For  two  days  after  Lewis  was  fairly  within  the 
territory  of  the  Shoshone  nation  not  a  soul  was  to  be 
seen.  On  tlie  11th  of  August,  however,  to  his  great 
delight  he  perceived  across  the  plain  two  miles  dis- 
tant a  man  on  horseback"^  coming  toward  him.  Bv 
+  he  aid  of  his  olass  he  could  disthiguish  the  dress  and 
equi|)ment  tif  the  warrior,  which  were  different  from 
any  he  had  hitherto  encountered.  The  man  was  well 
mounted,  and  armed  with  bow  and  arrows,  but  roih; 
without  a  saddle;  and  for  a  bridle  a  small  string  was 
attaclied  to  the  horse's  under-jaw.  He  was  surely  a 
Shoshone.  The  question  was  how  to  catch  him,  for 
ho  was  exceedingly  shy,  and  the  woman  they  had 
brought  so  far  to  unlock  these  savage  hearts  was 
back  witli  tlio  boats. 

The  white  man  and  the  red  both  continued  to  ad- 
vance until  witliin  a  mile  of  each  other.  The  latter 
then  halted,  whereat  the  other  stopped,  tool:  from  his 
knapsack  a  blanket,  and  opening  it  out,  held  it  by  the 
two  c()]'nc]-s,  and  in  that  manner  brought  it  to  the 
gi'ound,  a  signal  connnon  in  these  ]iarts  of  spreading 
a  robe  on  which  to  meet  guests  preparatory  to  friendly 
intercourse.  This  was  done  three  times.  Unfortu- 
nately Lewis  had  failed  to  order  his  men  to  ren)ain 
behind,  and  these  now  coming  up  frightened  tlie  wild 

•  \;  iiou,c;h  of  tlic  cqnino  typo  Aiiiori(\n  sccinfi  to  Imvo  lire  n  tlio  otiuinal  seat, 
yet  vlicn  discovcicd  liy  ( 'dIuiiiIuis  tiiiio  viie  no  liorsis  ii;  Aincrita.  'J'linso 
Ikt-'  fcmiiil  cnuiig  the  ualivos  were  from  wild  .southiTii  l.jii  la  foriiKd  by  tho 
imilliiilitalioa  of  aiiiiuaLs  which  hud  t-tiayod  from  Uu  Spanianis, 


26  LEWIS  AND  CLARKE'S  EXPEDITIOX. 

man,  wlio  tliercupon  showed  si^-ns  of  uneasiness. 
Tlion  Lewis  laid  aside  his  gun,  and  taking  some  beads 
and  a  looking-gkiss  advanced  un'^rnied  until  \\ithin 
two  hundred  yards  (>f  the  savage,  calling  out  mean- 
while tahha  hone,  white  man,  that  he  might  know  the 
stranger  was  not  an  enemy  from  some  adjoining  tribe. 
But  when  within  a  hundred  yards  of  him,  tlie  com- 
panions of  Lewis  continuing  to  advance,  the  Shoshone 
suddenly  wheeled,  leaped  his  horse  across  a  brook,  and 
vanished  among  the  willows. 

It  was  a  disa])pointnient,  but  they  must  try  again. 
Mounting  a  hill  they  made  a  fire  and  breald'asted, 
1  facing  some  trinkets  on  a  stick  when  they  left,  that 
the  curious  eyes  which  they  felt  were  not  far  distant 
should  see  that  they  were  white  men  and  friends. 
Tlien  o-iving  one  of  his  men  to  carry,  as  a  signal  of 
friendship,  a  small  United  States  tl;;g  fastened  to  a 
pole,  Lewis  again  went  forward  with  overtures  to 
^^■hatever  in  human  shape  he  should  meet.  Tlius  civ- 
ilization first  vv'ooed  savagism  in  these  western  wilds. 

All  next  day,  the  l"2th,  they  hunt,  following  tlie 
tracks  of  tlie  mounted  warrior  until  no  longer  visible, 
following  the  river's  course  until  it  dwindles  into  a 
brook  so  small  that  one  of  the  men  with  a  foot  on 
either  side  of  it  calls  out  to  liis  companions  to  behold 
a  man  bestriding  the  Missouri.  Less  and  less  grows 
the  rivulet  and  narrower  its  bounds  until  a  small  gap 
denotes  its  [)uny  path;  and  here  these  first  of  civilized 
men  to  see  its  littleness  drink  of  its  chaste  waters  to 
its  mightiness  below.  Then,  full  of  glory,  they  rise 
and  mount  the  ridsfe  near  by  that  divides  tlie  waters 
of  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific.  Almost  these  little 
Cc)lossi  can  l)estridc  this  ridge  and  touch  at  the  same 
time  the  sources  of  the  ^Missouri  and  of  the  Cohnnbia, 
can  bathe  in  moisture  which,  had  it  a  snowllakc's 
W'^iglit  of  l.n'ains,  might  trickle  to  west  or  east  at 
will,  and  determine  the  river's  long,  long  -^ourse. 

But  where  are  those  first  undecided  dro[)s  so  «oon 
to  manifest  western  proclisities?    Where,  hereabout. 


K 


icasincss. 
luc  beads 
il  within 
it  iiican- 
Liiow  the 
i)g  tribe. 
:ho  coiii- 
Uioshone 
ook,  and 

T  af,niin. 
ikfasteil, 
eft,  that 
•  distant 

friends, 
;i^'nal  of 
ed  to  a 
ures  to 
Jius  civ- 
n  wilds, 
ing  t]ie 

visible, 
i  into  a 
foot  on 
>  behold 
s  s^q-ows 
lall  o-ap 
'i^ilized 
iters  to 
icy  rise 

waters 
ic  little 
le  same 
linul)ia, 
vllake's 
cast  at 
ie. 

io  soon 
oabout. 


THE  MOTHER  RIDGE  OF  RR'ERS. 


27 


is  till,  so,,rco  of  tho  Orogoa,  the  mighty  Rivor  of  tlio 

ColumU.  slUoa  ^^itl^au '  L«s  t'l  h^T'urf  *'" 
rlorcTs  stop  to  <Irink  a^ain  so  mvnt  ;„*!■■  ""f" 
vcTo  tlicso  little  beginnS,gsi'»     °  '""■  """^'^ 


CHAPTER  II. 

LEWIS  AND  CLARKE'S  EXrEDITION— DOW'N  THE  COLUMBIA. 

ISOo. 

Amoxo  the    Sho':'>.-e.^— ConxriL  HiiLD — Purchase  of   IIorisES— The 
JoniNF.Y  Cos-i  'iTicrLTiES  AND  HAiiDsiiirs— Lewis  Kivr.K — 

Ix  TirE  Mor.NTAi:.  ■  Clearwater — The  Xez  Peiu'es — Pikch asi: 

OF  DociS  roil  Fooi./-  ,\k.  of  the  Colcmbia — Tui;  Walla  AValla 
Country — The  Great  Falls  of  the  Columbia — Hood  River  and 
Mountain — The  Cascades — At  the  Mouth  of  the  Willamette — 
Sauve  Island — Cowlitz  River — The  Ocean. 

.  Following  a  well  beaten  Indian  trail  next  clay, 
tt^wai'd  noon  a  man,  two  women,  and  some  dog's  were 
.'-ii^dited  upon  an  eminence  a  mile  distant.  Order inijj 
Ids  party  to  remain  behind,  Lewis  made  his  approach 
warily,  and  when  within  half  a  mile  laid  aside  his  rifle 
nnd  unfurled  his  i\ivj;.  Ho  then  advanced  to  within  a 
hundred  yards,  Ayhen  tlio  natives  incontinently  iled 
and  took  shelter  behind  the  hill.  On  gaiuini^  the 
summit  not  a  trace  of  them  was  visible,  so  Lewis 
signalled  his  ]>arty  to  rejoin  him,  and  they  all  started 
in  pursuit.  About  a  mile  further  they  overtook  the 
women,  coming  upon  them  so  suddenly  that  only  one 
hnd  time  to  make  her  escape.  Tlie  other,  who  stood 
})repared  for  instant  death,  was  persuaded  to  conduct 
them  to  the  Shoshone  camp. 

When  about  two  miles  on  their  way  they  met  a  com- 
pany of  sixty  mounted  warriors,  to  whom  the  woman 
made  known  the  quality  of  the  strangers,  whereupon 
( 'amealiwait,  their  chief,  and  two  of  his  princi})al  men, 
threw  themselves  from  their  horses  and  embraced  the 
white  men,  besmearing  them  with  grease  and  paint,  and 

(  2S  J 


TALK  AND  TRAFFIC. 


29 


slioutin,!]^  their  dcliglit.  The  other  Indians  then  dis- 
mounted, and  seating  themselves  in  a  circle,  each  drew 
off  his  moccasins  [)reparatory  to  smoking  the  pi[)e  of 
peace,  which  is  as  much  as  to  say,  '']\Iay  I  walk  the 
forest  forever  barefoot  if  I  break  this  pledge  of  friend- 
ship." 

It  was  with  exceeding  difficulty  tliat  Lewis  suc- 
ceeded, after  spending  four  days  in  anxious  and  har- 
assing attempts,  in  enticing  a  company  of  these 
savages  to  his  boats,  so  suspicious  were  thc\'  of 
treachery.  But  this  difficult  feat  once  accomplished 
all  was  easy,  for  no  sooner  had  the  Shoshones  beheld 
among  the  strai.^j'^rs  their  countrywoman,  Sacojawea, 
tlian  a  mutual  recognition  took  place,  followed  by  the 
wildest  demonstrations  of  joy.  A  council  was  then 
held,  during'  which  the  white  men  made  known  the 
cause  of  tlieir  coming  and  their  necessities.  It  was 
for  the  especial  good  of  the  Shoshone  nation  that 
their  great  governor  and  friend  at  AVashington  had 
sent  to  give  them  arms,  and  blankets,  and  rum;  and 
the  simjde  savages  believed  it,  and  promised  horses 
and  guides,  for  which,  however,  they  were  to  be  well 
paid.  The  usual  presents  were  distributed,  and  all 
were  well  content;  still  the  Shoshones  would  have 
}>referred  the  good  Washington  man's  benefits  to  his 
mere  promises. 

They  were  so  well  pleased,  however,  with  twenty- 
five  dollars'  M'orth  of  trinkets  in  exchamje  for  four  fine 
horses,  tliat  they  immediately  started  for  more  animals 
witli  which  to  trade  on  such  advantageous  terms. 

From  native  reports  the  explorers  feared  the  descent 
(»f  the  Columbia  would  prove  more  hazardous  than 
they  had  anticipated.  But  the  geographical  knowl- 
edge ttf  these  Indians,  beyond  tlie  limits  of  tlieir 
I'cstricted  migrations,  was  characteristically  vague,  all 
unfamiliar  mountains  and  rivei's  l)eing  iiupassalile. 

Their  northern  neighbors,  the  Xez  IVi-ces,  had  in- 
formed them  that  this  stream,  on  whose  bank  their 
village  rested,  led  to  a  large  river  v,hich  discharged 


HI 


hill 


\\U\' 


30 


EXPEDITION  DOWX  THE  COLUMBIA. 


into  a  lake,  bad-tasted,  wlierc  white  men  lived;  for 
tlieniselve.s,  they  had  never  passed  the  mountains 
yonder. 

It  was  on  the  lOth  of  August  1805  that  Captain 
Lewis,  accompanied  by  his  new  friends,  returned  to 
the  fork  of  the  Beaver  Head,  where  Captain  Clarke 
and  the  canoe  party  joined  him  next  day.  There  at 
the  junction  of  Horse  Plain  Creek  and  Tied  liock 
Creek  the  canoes  were  left,  and  on  the  morninj^  of  tlio 
]  Sth  Clarke  set  out  with  eleven  men  for  the  Shoshone 
villaii-e,^  where  ho  was  to  leave  Chaboneau  and  his 
wife  to  collect  horses;  he  was  to  proceed  thence  to 
tlie  naviirable  waters  flowintj  into  the  Columbia,  and 
there  construct  canoes,  while  Lewis  brouglit  forward 
the  remainder  of  the  party  and  the  baggage  to  the 
Shoshone  village. 

Clarke  ca^-ried  with  him  tools  for  boat-building, 
and  was  accompanied  by  Cameahwait  and  his  band  of 
warriors.  Ascendinsc  Horse  Plain  Creek  fifteen  miles 
through  a  wide  valley,  woodless  but  for  a  few  shrubs, 
the  ]>arty  encamped  near  a  narrow  pass  Avhere  the 
creek  was  but  ten  yards  wide.-  Xoon  next  dav  brough  t 
them  to  the  source  of  the  triljutaries  of  Horse  Plain 
Ci'eek.^  They  had  iiow  reached  the  great  divide,  the 
crown  of  the  continent,  near  the  spot  since  clir)sen  for 
a  national  park,  where  in  a  knot  of  ridges  and  peaks 
culminates  the  Rocky  Mountain  system;  a  birthi)laco 
of  miglity  rivers,  whence  spring  the  Columbia,  the 
Colorado,  and  the  Missouri.* 

^  Xoar  Miicrc  since  stood  Fort  Lemhi,  on  the  Mormon  branch  of  Salmon 
Eivcr. 

'■^  This,  aecordinc;  to  thorn  the  highest  navigable  point  of  the  ^Missouri,  was 
set  down  ill  latitude  4.T  ;>()'  41!",  wliicli  does  not  Kiieak  very  ]ii.t;ldy  for  their 
weientilie  attainments,  lieinii;  nearly  one  and  a  half  devices  too  far  south. 

'•'  'At  one  o'elock  ^\•o  dined  at  the  head-spring  of  the  Missouri  ami  JelTer- 
H'ln  rivers,  aliout  'J.'j  miles  from  the  place  where  we  hail  left  the  canoes,  and 
from  wliich  the  course  is  nt^arly  west.'  f.Vf.s.'i'  Jonriud,  \~\. 

'Sevfi'al  aliridgmenta  of  Lewis  and  Clarke's  journal  have  been  ma<le,  but 
no  one  of  them  is  what  it  slmuld  be.  A  condensation,  thoroughly  and  in- 
telligently done,  is  better  to  the  reader  than  the  original;  for  t lie  explorers 
put  di>\\  n  much  that  was  not  only  superllnous  but  cnufusing,  and  ^^  ilh  tho 
additional  light  of  three  (partera  of  a,  century  mc  know  better  where  they 


A  NATIVE  3iIAr-M.\JvER. 


31 


Arrivinc^  on  the  20tli  at  the  Shoshone  village,'''  a 
council  Avas  held  in  Avhich  Canieahwait  enibrced 
Cla)'ke's  request  for  horses  and  guides.  An  C)ld  man 
attempted  to  draw  a  map  of  the  country,  but  his 
ability  was  not  equal  to  his  will.  The  river  on  which 
they  then  were  flowed  toward  the  north-west,  so 
Clarke  was  told  in  answer  to  his  most  searching  in- 
quiries, and  was  joined  ten  miles  below  l)y  a  branch 
from  the  south-west."  Below  the  juncticm  the  river 
ccjntinued  north-west  one  day's  march,  after  which  it 

were,  find  what  were  their  snrronmlings  while  on  this  cxpoilition,  than  they 
themselves  knew.  Xeitlier  MeX'ickar'.s  JihriilL'uicnt  nor  Ijulliiieli's  is  a  siun- 
nuiry,  or  anything  more  than  a  collection  of  elii)i)iiigs.  Eaeli  lias  an  introduc- 
tion, wlii' li,  however,  throw.s  little  light  on  the  liistoiy  or  eondition  of  allairs 
at  llie  time.  The  book  which  liullinch  calls  (h-c/nii  ami  Ehlnrd'ln,  Jl'p.stoii, 
iSliii,  i.s  (Jiily  a  slovenly  arrangement  of  extracts  from  Lewis  and  Clarke'a 
journa!,  snji|io.'ed  to  stand  for  the  Oregon  part.  Wei'c  all  such  anthor.s  Imrned 
with  their  l)ooks  the  world  would  he  the  gainer.  The  wonders  of  the  ^'(■llo\\- 
Btone,  and  tlie  estahlishing  of  a  national  park,  as  well  as  tl;e  disco\ery  of 
gold  in  Mmtaiia,  led  to  later  explorations  ami  eonse(|uent  puliiic.ition.  Amouj 
others  was  Cnptain  Kaynolds  of  the  engineer  corps,  wlio  examimil  the  Vel- 
lovv.stone  in  ImJO,  and  found  it  less  diliicult  to  cro.ss  the  dividing  I'idgo  lutween 
the  hi'ail-waters  of  the  Missouri  and  those  of  tlie  roluinliia,  and  liaclv  again, 
than  to  pass  in  a  direct  route  from  the  .source  of  tlio  Missouri  to  that  of  tlio 
Yeilowst'iiie,  over  the  liasaltic  npheaval  live  thousaml  feel  in  height,  lietween 
wliiih  James  Ih'idger  alhrnied  a  hird  could  not  t!y  without  carrying  w  ith  it 
a  suiiply  of  food.  Some  ten  years  later.  Cook  and  Folsomo  asci'uded  tlio 
Yv-llowstone  to  Yellowstone  Lake,  and  thence  crossed  to  the  (ieyser  hr.sin 
of  the  Madison,  and  in  1870  (iencral  Waslihnrn,  Surveyor-i  leneral  of  Mon- 
taua,  accompanied  liy  a  .small  escort  of  Uiiiteil  States  cavalry,  under  Jiieut. 
<i.  (.'.  J)oanc,  explored  the  canons  of  the  Yellowstone.  An  account  of  this 
expedition,  liy  Lnngford,  in  the  second  volume  of  Srrihiicr'--!  Muiilli!;/,  and  the 
oUicial  report  of  JJoane,  4^"^  Coiitjrrgs,  oil  .SV'ss.,  1S7J,  Simile  L'.v.  Dor.  A'o.  .'/I, 
tlucw  new  liglit  on  the  region.  Xext  year  John  W.  Barlow  .surveyi'd  tho 
Yellowstone  Basin,  and  after  him  F.  V.  Hayden,  United  States  fledogist. 
In  that  direction  William  A.  Jones  made  an  excursion  in  IST-'l,  and  Ludlow 
aiul  I'orsytli  ill  1S7.").  Besiiles  Hayden's  superh  report,  many  alih;  and  im- 
portant works  on  this  region  have  been  issued.  Among  t!iem  mri.y  lie  men- 
tioned Jj'iaiii''.-i  Pi  f'^niiiil  J'l I'ol/irtiiiii.i  in  JiikIi'IiIioiiij/i's  From  Ln  fijlmli'  lo 
Ciiiioii,  -|0.")-'20;  Xorli>ii'n  Wmiilcr  Lmul ;  iiir/ittn/siiji'n  Wutuli  r  of  l/ic  Yr'- 
kiirsftiiii'  J.'ri/ion  ;  Joiici^  I'l  roinial<sanre  of  IFV.sVi  /•/<  WijomUvj  iii  IS}'?, ;  Forxi/'/i'a 
111  lit.  Ex.  Yi  Hoir.itoiii,  i.s',.7;  Lm/loir'.'!  /,\'roiiiioi.i<(tiii'i',  icS',"J;  and  (I'ri'if  JJiriil' . 
About  on  a  par  with  IJultincirs  Orii/oii  ami  Elilnntdo  is  a  compilation  I'y 
(J.  W.  I'ine,  called  Hi  ijoiid  (he  Wist,  which  is  made  up,  Avithout  en  dit,  from 
Mi's.  A'ieliii's  Rh-f  r  if  the  liV^■<  and  hiniilar  works.  Among  interesting  and 
valuable  reports  bearing  upon  this  part  of  Lewis  and  Clarke's  route  (Con- 
tained in  tlio  I'aeitie  llailway  IJeports,  may  bo  mentioned  that  of  Joliii 
Lambert,  in  i.  l(ii)-177.     See  als(j  J'acijic  J'.  Hcjit.,  xii.  pt.  i.  'J.'M-.M). 

■'On  the  night  of  the  Ulth,  following  C'lisx' .lonniaf,  174-."),  Clarke's  party 
was  I5()  miles  west  of  lieaver  ]lead  l''ork,  where  the  canoes  were  left.  Four 
miles  further  next  morning  brought  them  to  a  village  of  Lidians  on  tlie  bank 
of  a  liiaiuh  of  the  Columbia  Kiver,  aliout  ten  yiu'ds  wide  and  very  r.ipid. 

''This  m;i;!  the  main  channel  of  Salmon  Hiver,  ilowing  from  tho  south,  and 
iuto  which  ilormou  branch  enters  about  twenty  miles  below  Lemiii. 


S2 


EXPEDITION  DOWN  THE  COLUMBIA. 


turned  westward  and  flowed  through  mountains  im- 
passable. 

There  happened  to  be  at  this  village  a  Shoshone 
of  another  tribe,  who  lived  twenty  days'  march  to  the 
south-west.  Clarke  likewise  closely  questioned  him, 
and  was  told  that  the  country  in  that  direction  was  in 
l)laces  rocky  and  without  game,  and  in  other  parts 
desert.^ 

The  Indian  recommended  this  route,  provided  the 
travellers  would  wait  until  spring;  but  Clarke  thought 
it  too  much  to  the  south  of  his  course;  and  besides, 
notwithstanding  Lewis  boasted  he  could  live  anv- 
where  an  Indian  could,  wintering;  in  that  reiiion 
without  a  supply  of  provisions  was  almost  certain 
death. 

Clarke  now  inquired  where  the  pierced-nosed 
people,  their  next  neighbors  northward,  crossed  to  the 
^Missouri,  and  was  told  that  their  route  was  some  dis- 
tance north  of  there,  and  that  it  traversed  a  rough, 
rocky,  tliickl}'"  timbered  country  devoid  of  game. 

Accompanied  by  a  guide,  the  party  set  out,  some 
on  horseback  and  some  on  foot,  at  three  (j'clock  that 
afternoon,  and  followed  a  good  path  down  the  ]\Ior- 
mon  branch  of  Salmon  River  some  eight  miles,  where 
they  encamped.  Next  morning,  tlie  21st,  another 
village  five  miles  further  on  was  reached.  Here  was 
.1  fish- weir,  composed  of  trees  thrown  across  tlie  river, 
with  willow  stakes  to  drive  the  fish  into  baskets.** 
Continuing  their  journey,  the  party  encamped  below 
the  fork  after  a  day's  march  of  twenty  miles.  As 
Lewis  had  rambled  hither  a  few  days  previously,  and 
"vas  the   first    white   man   to   behold   these   waters, 

''He  said  that  his  relations  lived  at  the  distance  of  twenty  (lays'  march 
from  this  ]i]iice,  on  a  course  a  liltlc  to  the  west  of  south  and  not  f:ir  from  the 
whites,  witli  whom  they  traded  for  horses,  mules,  cloth,  metal,  lioads,  ami 
the  shells  lu;ro  worn  as  ornaments,  and  which  are  those  of  a  siiccics  of  peaid 
oyster.'  Lcn-is  and  Clrtrko's  Exjwd.,  280-7.  From  his  country  to  the  StinUitis' 
Lake,  as  ho  called  the  ocean,  was  a  great  distance,  to  reach  whicli  they  IkkI 
to  cross  to  anotlKT  river  than  that  on  which  his  j)co]ile  livnl;  from  all  which 
the  cNplorera  inferred  that  ho  spoke  of  tlie  Colorado  lUver  and  the  gulf  of 
California. 

*l''or  description  of  salmon  fishing,  see  Native  Races,  i.,  passim. 


ox  THE  SAHAPTIX. 


33 


ClarlvC  called  tliis  Lewis  Kiver.''  Captain  Clarke's 
exainiiiation  of  tlie  country  amply  bore  out  the  assei-- 
tion  of  the  natives.  So  rough  was  the  way  with  sharp 
IVagnieuts  of  rock  that  the  feet  of  men  and  horses 
Aveie  badly  injured.  Owing  to  freipient  raj»ids  the 
as  n<jt  navicrahle    for  laden  canoes,  and  this 


liver  -NVf 


liaracter   was   maintained    until    it    penetrated    the 


mountanis  l)y  a  nairow  gap,  ruslini 


bet 


ween 


peri 


)en- 


(licular  rocks  impassable  by  land  or  water. 

Fifteen  miles  were  made  on  the  22d.  After  five 
miles'  travel  on  the  morning  of  the  23d,  the  track 
proved  beyond  the  power  of  the  lK)rses,  which  were 
left  l)ehind,  while  Captain  Clarke  with  the  guide  and 
thrcMj  men  proceeded  down  the  river  twelve  miles  fur- 
ther. Finthng  the  route  impracticable,  he  retraced 
his  steps  next  day,,  and  with  the  entire  ])arty  returned 
to  lh(.'  lower  Indian  village  near  the  forks  of  the  river, 
and  encamped  with  the  Shoshonos,  sending  word  of 
the  result  of  his  reconnoissanco  to  Lewis  at  the  upjier 
village,  wIk;  having  already  received  information  that 
canoe  travel  in  that  region  would  be  imj)ossible,  had 
l)eguu  tlie  ])urchasc  of  horses.  I*y  the  oOth  twenty- 
nine  animals  were  i)rocured,  on  whicli  the  ban'uaLie 
and  giods  being  pac!;cd,  the  expedition  set  out  afresh 
to  explore  a  way  t<3  the  Columbia. 

])y  the  advice  of  their  guide  they  now  took  a  course 
down  liie  north  side  of  the  river  until  they  came  to  a 
ci'ei.'u  at  a  distance  of  thirty  miles  from  the  Shoshone 
village,  up  which  they  proceeded  four  miles  and  en- 
cami)ed,  the  v.'cather  being  frosty  and  cold.  At  this 
point  the  trail  left  the  ci'eek,  and  led  by  a  north-west- 
erly course  across  a  rough  country  for  a  distance  of 
eighteen  miles  to  another  stream,  which  they  named 
Fish  Creek,  on  which  they  encamped,  ten  miles  I'rom 
its  junction  w'itli  the  Salmon  lliver,  September  1st. 

Following  up  Fish  Creek  three  and  a  half  miles  on 
the  morning  of  the  2d,  they  reached  the  fork  of  the 

•Tiny  Mi'i-c  now  oa  the  Salmon  biancli  of  Suuko  liivtr,  cuUuJ  the  Sa- 
haptiu. 

Hist.  N.  W.  Coast,  Vol.  II.    3 


M 


EXPEDITIOX  DOVrS  THE  COLUMETA. 


stream,  avIktc  tlio  trail  led  awav  to  the  east.  As 
their  eourso  was  toward  the  iiortli-west  they  were 
forced  to  atteiujit  openint^  a  trail  up  tlie  west  hraiieh, 
throu^Ii  dense  thiekets  and  over  sli|)pery  roclcs,  wjiere 
three  of  their  animals  were  lo.st  fr-oni  iallin^!;"  down 
])reeipiees.  Alter  crossing  and  recrossing  this  creek  a 
nunil)er  of  times,  they  continued  five  miles,  encamping 
on  the  east  bank,  and  sending  back  next  moi-ning  I'or 
the  h()rs(>s  cripjiled  by  the  accidents  of  the  day  befor-e; 
after  which  they  proceeded  eleven  miles  along  tlie 
creek  to  a  point  where  the  mountains  came  down  so 
abruptly  that  they  were  compelled  to  leave  it,  and 
to  cross  the  stee}i  and  high  ridge  where  again 
several  of  the  animals  were  injured  by  ialling  U}ion 
the  rocks.  Their  progress  on  the  ^d  was  fourteen 
miles,  when  camp  was  made  on  a  small  bi'aneh  of  Fish 
Creek. 

On  the  4th,  the  ground  being  covered  with  snow, 
the  explorers  found  themselves  at  the  foot  of  a  high 
ridge,  crossing  which,  at  a  distance  of  six  miles  tliey 
came  upon  the  head-waters  of  a  stream''  ruiniing  in 
the  direction  of  their  course,  which  they  followed 
six  miles,  crossing  a  branch  from  the  cast  to  its  junc- 
tion with  a  stream  also  from  the  cast,'^  upon  which 
tlicy  found  an  encampment  of  friendly  Ootlashoots. 
With  these  they  remained  a  day  and  a  half,  trading 
for  fresh  horses,  and  making  a  vocabulary  of  the 
language. 

On  the  afternoon  of  the  Gth  they  continued,  and 
after  a  mile  and  a  half  crossed  the  w  st  or  Nez 
I'erce  bnmch  of  the  Bitter  Hoot,  which  tliey  now 
perceived  to  be  the  main  river;  they  named  it  Clarke 
River,  Captain  Clarke  being  the  first  white  man  to 
Ijehold  it.  A  march  of  six  and  a  half  miles  across  the 
valley  and  over  a  pine-covered  mountain  brought  them 
agnin  to  the  i-iver,  which  they  followed  three  and  a 
half  miles,  crossing  it  several  times  on  account  of  the 


'"MidiUe  branch  of  Bitter  Root  River. 
"  Horse  braucli  of  Bitter  Root  River. 


ON  THE  r.ITTER  nOOT. 


ast.     Aa 

icy  wero 
:  blanch, 

cs,  whoro 

1* 

ng  down 

s  creek  a 

)cann)iiig 
rniiig  lor 
y  l»eforc; 
long  tho 

1T_ 

down  so 

i  it,  and 

'■'■ 

i 

re    again 
ng  upon 

1 

1 

fourteen 
1  of  Fish 

;■-■» 

til  snow, 
>f  a  high 
lies  they 

ft 

1 

nning  in 
i'ollowed 

its  junc- 
>n  which 
la  shoots. 

'^. 

trading 
of  the 

'■\ 

led,  and 

or    Nez 

'a 

lev  now 
:  Clarke 

1 

man  to 
ross  tho 
lit  them 
0  and  a 

fp 

■j  of  the 


narrowness  of  the  vallev,  and  cam[)ing  on  the  right 
hank  ten  miles  I'rom  the  ( )otlashoot  village. 

On  the  8th  their  course  was  along  the  river,  duo 
north  eleven  miles,  and  a  little  west  of  north  twelvi^ 
miles,  which  brought  them  to  a  large  creek  with  four 
channels,  to  which  they  ufave  the  name  of  Scattering: 
Crock.  Crossing  this  on  tho  !)th  and  travelling  till 
noon,  making  only  twelve  miles,  they  halted  on  a 
small  rivulet  to  cook  and  eat  the  game  killed  during 
the  morning,  and  to  take  an  observation.'^  Aliout 
four  miles  from  this  halting-i)lace,  after  crossing  the 
Bitter  Root  to  its  left  bank,  they  emerged  from  its 
wooded  bottoms  upon  an  open  plain  threaded  by  a  dis- 
tinct trail,  which  according  to  their  guidt-  led  to  the 
]\Iissouri,  distant  only  four  da\s'  journey.  That  night 
they  encami)ed  on  a  branch  of  the  J^itter  Hoot,''' 
having  come  fifteen  miles;  and  learning  from  tho 
guide  that  their  route  now  left  the  river  and  led 
over  a  rough  country,  they  remained  one  day  in 
camp  pre])aring  fo(xl  for  their  journey.  To  this  place 
and  stream  the}'  gave  the  name  of  Traveller's  IJest. 
On  the  afternoon  of  the  11th  they  made  stsveii 
miles  over  a  good  trail. 

Next  (lay  the  road  proved  very  difficult,  l)eing 
through  fallen  timber,  and  over  high  hills,  for  eleven 
miles,  to  the  fork  of  the  creek,  where,  ascending  its 
western  branch  to  a  large  bcntl,  they  once  more  di- 
verged from  it  and  travelled  ei<>ht  miles  over  a  ridufo 
to  the  creek  again. 

On  the  13th  a  distance  of  two  miles  brought 
them  to  some  hot  springs.  Here  wero  so  many 
trails  made  by  Indians,  and  elk,  and  deer,  that  the 
guide  became  confused,  and  led  them  several  miles 
astray.  On  regaining  the  right  track,  after  twelve 
rough  nines,  they  emerged  from  the  mountains  in 
A\liich  rise  the  waters  of  Loulou  branch,  strikinsj:  the 

'-This  observation,  giving  the  latitude  40"  41'  3S"  9"",  agrees  very  closely 
with  that  given  on  tho  latest  maps. 

"  Loulou  biaueh  of  tho  Litter  Hoot  River. 


S(i 


expi:ditiox  dowx  'itte  roLUMniA. 


lu'.'ul-wiiters  of  a  strc.-uii  flowiii;^  in  tlio  (»p])osit(!  dlrcc- 
tioii  niiioii^L^  sonic  small  ojicn  lewis,  or  gladus,  wlioncu 
lli'-y  n;niic-(l  llic  stiviim  (jlladc;  Clock. 

T\\c  travc'lU'V-;  wcro  now  umon-jf  Iii<'ii  mountains, 
^.l!^'l•c  at  that  season  snow  falls.  On  tlic  14tli,  in  a 
.storm  of  rain  and  hail,  tlicy  pi'oooedod  down  tlu!  li'^dit 
hank  of  (jilado  Cnn-k,  and  crossin<^  a  hi^h  mountain 
(amc,  in  a  distance  of  seven  miles,  to  another  stream 
cfjual  in  si/0  Mhich  joined  it  ironi  the  right.  At  this 
]>oint  they  crossed  to  the  left  l)ank  of  the  main  stream, 
rnd  i)assinu:  another  hi<>h  mountain  for  niiu.*  miles 
came  to  a  larm'r  stivam,  which  seemed  to  How  IVom 
th<,'  snow}'  mountains  to  the  south-east  and  south. 
'I'wo  miles  larthc-r  down  they  encountercMl  another 
1  ranch  on  the  light  side,  at  the  mouth  of  whi'-h  they 
(Uca  1111 )(.'(!  on  a  small  island.  "J'he  fatigue  of  thisda\''s 
luarch  was  emphasized  hy  the  want  of  meat,  and  to 
stay  their  stomaciis  a  colt  was  slaughtered,  a  direct 
consequence  of  which  M'as  the  evolution  of  the  eU[iho- 
iiioua  name  of  Coltkilled,  to  designate  tlie  stream  i-e- 
("iitly  ])assed. 

Finding  the  river  they  were  following  to  bo  at  this 
jioint  iMgjity  yards  vride,  with  a  raj^id  current,  tlie  ex- 
j'lorers  iiKjuired  it;>  name  of  the  Indian  who  accom- 
]  allied  them,  receiving  in  answer  the  M'ords  koos  hios 
/.''',^'  which  they  accordingly  adopted  as  its  name, 
calling  it  the  Kooskooakie  lli^•er.^''  The  ditiiculty  of 
jirocecding  was  now  very  great,  accidents,  hunger, 
and  sickness  being  common;  the  first  from  the  rough- 
ness  of  the  country,  the  second  and  last  from  scarce 
aiid  inferior  food.  Twelve  miles  were  made  this  day, 
when  the  party  encamped  near  an  old  snow-bank  on 
a  mountain-to]).  Pushing  on  next  day  in  a  snow- 
storm which  obliterated  the  trail,  tlu^y  made  thirteen 
r.iiles,  reaching  a  stream  from  the  north  where  they 
(lice  more  indulged  in  a  supper  of  horse-flesh. 

"  Tho  Indians  have  no  arbitrary  names  for  rux-rs  in  tins  country;  not  oven 
f  ii-  tlic!  Columbia.  Tlie  expression  /.■(«(>■  /.•'/«%•  /,•!<'.  viis  used  to  explain  that  this 
VMS  not  tlie  river  they  sought,  but  only  a  branch  of  ouo  laryer  than  itticlf. 

'•'  Cluai'water  liivur. 


ox  TIIE  CLEARWATER. 


n 


On  llic  l7l]i,  aft(.-v  a  d.;''  jouruoy  of  tin  nillts, 
Clai'ko  I'l'solvod  to  iH'ocL'di'  tlin  main  ])()(!\'  witli  six 
liuiiters  and  look  lor  ;i  luoro  ]v.vc\  coiiutiy,  wliilj 
at  the  saiiui  tliiK,'  .suckiii,!^'  j;'auK>.  ^.TakliiiL;'  an  early 
.'■.tart  and  travullinL;'  soniu  twenty  niilt.s  Mitli  tho 
utmost  rapidity,  lie  was  repaid  l)y  the  disuovery  of  .i 
j;Teat  plain  stretehin^•  toward  the  west  and  soutli-west, 
bevoiid  wliieli  was  a  high  mountain.  His  hunters  d  > 
not  ap[>ear  to  have  met  with  sueeess,  tor  th()U;j;h  tli.) 
mareh  was  continuc:d  twelve  and  a  hall"  miles  larllier, 
the  stream  hy  whieh  they  oneamped  was  bapti/ed 
lIun^Ty  Creek,  the  appellation  ohviousl}'  originating; 
from  an  empty  stomaeh. 

Ivesuming  his  mareh  early  on  the  lOth,  lie  camo 
upon  a  small  ]>lain  wln're  a  horse  was  grazinn".  Thi* 
v.as  quiekly  killed  and  served  lor  breakfast,  v.hat  re- 
mained after  the  meal  being  hung  in  a  i  i  eo  for  tho 
Itenefit  of  the  party  ibllowing.  Ckirke's  course  this 
(lay  led  him  neai'ly  out  of  the  mountain  country,  tlr.j 
temperature  Ifccoming  sensibly  Y»armer,  and  on  tlu 
f)llowing  day,  tho  2Uth,  he  emerged  upon  a  level 
countr}',  dotted  with  scattered  pines,  and  reached  a 
\  illage  of  the  Cliopunnish,  or  Nez  Perces.  By  thesj 
lie  was  kindly  received  and  furnished  with  ample  pro- 
visions, some  of  Avliich  were  sent  to  meet  the  party 
of  Lewis  who  arrived  on  the  2ild. 

Clarke  meanwhile  had  not  Ijecn  idle.  Gaining'  th.o 
friendsliiji  of  a  chief,  he  collected  information  touch- 
ing the  Clearwater  Ivivcr,  v  Inch  was  fifteen  niil'S 
from  this  village,  lie  learned  that  it  forked  a  short 
distance  below  a  second  village,  and  united  Avith  a 
larger  river  yet  lower,  after  whieh  it  continued  its 
course  to  the  sea,  obstructed  only  b_y  one  great  fall. 
The  information  he  gained,  thougli  not  wliolly  cori'eet, 
was  still  valuable,  as  showing  that  the  t)bject  of  tlie 
expedition  was  attainable,  and  that  within  a  reasonable 
time. 

]Iere  the  change  of  diet,  acting  upon  frames  ex- 


iil^a 


38 


EXPEDITION  DOWX  THE  COLUMBIA. 


liaiistcd  b}'  the  liardsliips  tlicy  had  eudurt'd,  produced 
a  .sickness  wlii','h  iicarlj  disabled  the  \vhole  party; 
both  leaders  and  men  beinjj:  so  reduced  in  strenu^th 
that  on  rcachiuix  the  river  it  was  deemed  advisable 
once  more  to  betake  themselves  to  canoes.  A  camp 
for  canoe -buildinu:  was  therefore  established  at  the 
conrtucnce  of  the  north  branch  with  the  Clearwater. 

At  this  place  lar<^e  numbers  of  the  Xcz  Perces 
g'athered,  provini^  with  the  exception  of  some  petty 
thievinij  amicable  enou'di.  To  the  chiefs  were  ijfiven 
the  medals  provided  for  the  occasion,  and  to  the  women 
suitable  trinkets,  while  other  articles  were  bartered 
ibr  dried  roots,  fish,  and  berries.  By  the  7th  of  Oc- 
tober, five  canoes  being  finished,  the  explorers  were 
ready  to  proceed  upon  the  last  stage  of  their  journey. 
Having  branded  their  horses  thev  left  them  in  the 
care  of  two  brothers  and  a  son  of  a  chief,^"  who  with 
another  chief  was  to  accompany  Lewis  and  Clarke 
down  the  river.  The  saddles  and  some  anununition 
wen^  cached. 

On  the  first  day  one  canoe  sprimg  a  leak  by  strikuig 
on  a  rock,  and  on  the  second  one  was  sunk  from  the 
isame  cause,  the  occu})ants  escaping  only  b}-  the  as.'-ist- 
jince  of  those  in  the  other  canoes  and  a  friendly  Indian. 
A  creek^''  which  was  passed  on  the  right  was  called 
Colter  Creek,  from  one  of  the  men.  Frii>litened  l)y 
thesi!  accidents  or  from  some  unknown  cause,  their 
iaithful  Shoshone  guide  deserted  them  before  they 
embai'ked   next  moj'ninn;  without  claiming  pavment 

^  O  Oil/ 

for  bis  services.'^     jMany  natives  were  seen  along  tlie 

river  and  at  the  encampments,  all  appearing  friendly. 

On  the  10th,  having  travelled  sixty  miles  from  the 

forks  of  the  Clearwater,  the  ex[»l()rers  encainped  ju>;t 

'"The  good  fiiith  of  the  Xoz  Poroi's  in  taking  cnrc  of  the  horses  belonging 
to  Lewis  .'iiiil  Cliirke  lias  ever  since  lieen  a  niatterof  referenceanil  jiriile  among 
these  jHojilf,  and  Lawyer,  their  present  eliief.  is  fond  of  boastii'g  that  his 
fatlier  was  one  of  those  to  whom  t!.ey  were  intrusted. 

'•  Potash  Creek. 

'"  When  they  proposed  sending  foino  one  after  tin-  Shoshone  with  liis  ])a}^ 
tlie  Nez  I'eree  ehiefs  very  frankly  informed  tliem  tiiat  it  wonld  lie  of  no  use, 
lis  tlie  goods  would  all  he  stolen  from  him  before  he  got  out  of  their  country. 


If 
m 


THE  GREAT  FORK. 


80 


l)ol()\v  its  junction  with  the  Lewis  or  Snake  Iliver, 
Mhich  they  called  the  Kimniooenim,  where  they  met 
u  number  (jf  natives  from  whom  they  purchased  some 
doL;s  for  food."  Continuing  down  Snake  liiver,  the 
contrast  was  noted  between  its  yellowish-green  waters 
and  the  })urity  of  the  Clearwater.  It  had  freciuent 
riijjids,  and  was  bounded  by  higli  cliffs,  with  hero  and 
there  a  narrow  strip  of  bottomdand.  On  the  13th 
tlicy  ])assed  a  small  stream  oi>  the  left,  whieh  they 
called  Kimniooenim  Creek,-"  and  about  four  miles 
inrthiT  another  stream,  naming  it  from  one  of  their 
men,  Drewycr  Iliver,  at  the  mouth  of  whieh  were 
some  bad  ra})ids.  Indeed,  the  navigation  of  this  river 
proved  ex<\'edingly  hazardous,  especially  with  inferior 
canoes.  On  several  occasions  one  or  more  of  them  were 
iilled  and  some  baggage  washed  away;  though  to 
guard  against  accid<jnt  as  much  as  possible,  one  cd'  the 
eonnnanders  continually  kept  in  advance  in  the  smallest 
canoe.'-' 

]>y  the  IGtli  tlic  explorers  reached  a  difficult  rapid, 
or  "rather  a  fall,''  near  the  conffuence  of  tlie  two  great 
l)raiiclies  of  the  Columbia.  AVhile  the  men  were  em- 
ployed in  making  the  necessary  j)ortage,  the  loaders 
wont  on  to  the  mouth  of  the  river  to  a})})riso  the 
natives  of  llieir  approach,  and  to  convince  tliem  of 
their  friendly  intent. 

Till!  as])e('t  of  the  country  at  this  meeting  (jf  the 
wati'is  was  low  and  Hat,  vast  treeless  ]ilains  extending 
on  either  hand,  and  most  extensive  in  the  great  tri- 
angle between  the  Lewis  and  Clarke  liranches  above 
the  junction.  The  Indians,  who  were  found  in  large 
numbeis,  proved  well  disposed  toward  the  travellers, 
and  made  no  difficulty  about  })ermitting  their  passage 
through  their  territory.     The  scarcity  of  i'ood   had 

''■•Tlio  Xtv  Terci's  are  not  dog-cutcrs,  niul  liiliL'uk'd  tlic  strangers  for  so  ilo- 
in^'.    For  tli-ir  li.il)its  in  this  resiitct,  suo  A.itiir  y.Vic.s,  i.  ;JI7. 

•"'l'\u:uin(iii  Ivivtr. 

-'Tln'  ntiillts>.  ciiutioii  anil  want  of  skill  ilis|ilayt'il  liy  Lewis  ami  ('tarki''s 
nicn  contrasts  most  unfavoralily  with  tiu'  lioldui^s  ami  «(i  xtcrity  ot  the  I'rcmli- 
Canailian  viiya^'mrs,  or  wilii  that  ot  the  Imliansof  the  lower  Cohiniliia,  whoso 
uilihvss  was  hutli  lulniircJ  uiul  envied  by  the  United  States  aoldicis. 


40 


EXPEDITIOX  DOWX  THE  COLU^^irjA. 


. 


V 

I 
iillll 

ill; 


been  such  that  tlie  ex[)l()ror.s  were  diivcii  to  open  a 
number  of  caclies  alon;^  Snake  ]viver  belonn'iii^'  to 
tlie  natives,  \\]\o  at  this  season  were  absent  liuntin^. 
Arrived  at  tliis  camp,  however,  a  market  was  soon 
cstahlislied  and  a  plentiful  S'lpjdy  oi'  doL,^s  secured, 
whicli  with  the  hares  and  sai-'e-Iiens  l)r«)U'>lit  in  bv 
the  hunters,  once  more  replenished  their  shrunken 
larder. 

Soon  the  advent  of  visitors  was  announced,  and  tho 
chiefs  of  the  Sfjkulks  and  Chinmapums"  made  their 
appearance  in  camp.  They  M'ere  received  witli  cere- 
monious friendship,  and  having  smoked  the  calumet 
were  decorated  with  medals  and  ribbons  like  any  well 
curled  carpet-knight  or  political  partisan  in  these  days 
of  boudoir  chivahy  and  1)ackstairs  intrigue.  These 
Indiiiis,  though  inferior  to  the  Xez  Perces,  resembled 
them  in  appearance. 

The  expedition  remained  in  camp  until  the  ]  Stli. 
A  nieasurement  was  made  of  the  rivers  at  their  on- 
fluence,  when  the  Snake  wa-;  Ibund  to  be  five  hundred 
and  soventv  vards  wide,  and  the  Columbia  nine  hun- 
dred  and  sixty;  the  latter  a  short  distance  bek^r 
widened  to  from  one  to  three  miles.  An  oh>ervation 
being  taken  at  this  jdace,  the  latitude  was  fomid  to 
bo  4(j^  15'  ir,"  [)"''.  Captaiii  Clarke  on  tlie  17th 
ascended  the  north  branch  to  an  island  \\heiice  tho 
mouth  of  a  river  called  the  Tapteal"-'  coukl  be  seen, 
visitiuLi'  eii  roi'te  manv  lod'»"i'S,  and  I'etui'niii"''  to  cami) 
with  a  quantity  of  ducks  and  prairie-fowl. 

On  the  following  morning  they  took  leave  of  their 
Nez  Perce  guides  whom  tliey  no  longer  needed,  .in<l 
set  out  I'elying  n[)on  a  chart  of  tlie  rivi'r  ohtained  IVom 
one  of  their  newly  Ibund  i'riends;  still  acci)m])anied 
however  by  two  Xez  l*erce  chiefs.  Sixticn  miles 
down  the  stream  (he  mouth  of  tlie  AValla  AValla  was 
ohsei'ved,  that  stream  being  logged  as  "asmall  hrook;" 
till!  stupendous  bhill's  that  herder  it  also  cauie  in  for 


'-'-  Wal!;i  ^V;ll!!ls  and  Vakiniiva. 
^■'I'iiii  Yakiuiii  llivcr. 


JOHN  DAY  RIVER. 


m 


open  fi 

!;\\)<X  to 

Lintiiii.;. 

i 

IS    S(»OU 

-; 

ccured, 

.< 

t  ill  by 

1 

iruukeii 

ind  tli(3 

e  tlieir 

■V 

til  cero- 

,i 

Kiluiiiet 

ny  well 

?^ 

3se  days 

Tl  U'SO 

jcmblod 

10  IStli. 

cir  coii- 

y 

umdrod 

1 

lie  liuii- 

'     l)clt)V,' 

'VNiition 

)uud  to 

*" 

e    17th 

A.1 

their  sliare  of  notice,  as  did  a  conical  snow-capped 
nionntaiii  to  the  south-west. 

The  voyai,^e  down  to  the  John  Day  Eiver,  which 
was  named  the  Lepai^e  in  honor  of  a  nieiiihei-  of  tho 
crew,  occupied  four  days,  the  whole  rivL-r  heiii'^' 
represented  as  full  of  rapids  and  shoals.^  !Ma;iy 
ludiaiis  appeai-ed  upon  the  banks,  sonietiiiies  exliib- 
itiii'^'  a  dread  of  the  strangers,  but  ofteiier  inviting 
them  a.'liore.  Great  numbers  of  horses  were  sceii; 
and  fisli  were  abundant,  scaffoldings  for  drying  tlieiii 
l.'L'in""  everv\vliei-o  visible.  Fish,  indeed,  aonearcd 
the  staple  article  of  commerce  among  these  tribes, 
who  <lried  and  pounded  it,  making  it  into  coiivon- 
ifiit  packages  for  trans[)ortation  below,  where  it  wa.5 
exchanged  for  roots  and  other  commodities.  This  in- 
dustiT  was  })romoted  l)y  the  explorers,  who  mad^3 
some  purchases  of  fish,  giving  in  exchange  hsli-hooks, 
ill  )bons,  and  other  trifles.  Earo[)ean  manuitK-turcs  luu  I 
penetrated  oven  thus  far;  scarlet  and  blue  blankets, 
an<l  European  clothing,  were  by  no  means  uncommcu 
obj'jcts  on  the  banks  of  the  Columbia. 

Tho  surrounding  country  was  a  repetition  of  tlu 
b'-oad  rolling  plains  of  the  Snake  liiver,  covered  at 
this  season  with  u'rass  converted  into  liav  I»v  flie  sun. 
On  the  19th  Blount  St.  Helen  was  made  out  an  I 
recognized  from  Vancouver's  description.  On  t!i>' 
2'2d  tho  canoes  arrived  at  that  i>lace  in  tho  river 
where  there  would  be,  according  to  tho  Indians,  tho 
ii-reatost  diflicultv  in  iiassing. 

After  quittin<»-  their  camp  on  tho  John  Day  Eiver, 
they  nexti  readied  tho  mouth  of  a  stream  wliirh 
Ll!\^■is  calls  the  Towahnahiooks,  and  (lass  the  Jvim- 
mooenim.-^    Naviuation  from  the  mouth  (jf  tliis  ri\ir 


'■'•Froin  tlio  fiTr|nciit  moution  of  slionh  in  tlic  clumiul  of  tlio  Cnluui'-in,  it 
V'liiM  iijpiiir  (■itlifi'  lliiit  tln'  stii.sdii  Ii.'hI  lifi'ii  a  iviniirkiiMy  ihy  one.  it  that 
it  liiis  siiu'c  iii'ii'ascil  in  vnUnnc  StiaiiiiTH  cini-^iiiMlly  n:ivii:ati'  l.nlli  t!i  '. 
(''ilnnil)i;i!inil  tlio  Snako  rivers  wlirn-  J.cwisaiiil  Clarki's  canoes  wi'i'c  liiniliTivl 
liy  >liiial.s. 

-'')'!ii''mirliout  Hu'  vliolc  rciri'in  finm  (liii  Shonhmu'  cunntiy  t'>  IIi''  \\il- 
l;UMt'tt(_',  till'  KiniinoiiriiiiM  sccius  iil)ii|ratous.  'j'lu'  i'\wv  i<<  wlii'li  that  i.ai.ui 
id  Iktc  api^ilit'il  is  tliut  called  liy  tlio  I'roncU  voyajjCiirs  twenty  years  la>.ei'  Lit 


«l 


EXPEDITION  DOWX  THE  COLUMBIA. 


was  for  six  miles  extremely  difficult;  below  there  the 
stream  became  imi)assable,  for  the  great  falls  of  the 
Columbia  now  confronted  the  voyagei-s,  and  a  halt 
was  called  to  examine  them.  Consulting  with  the 
natives  who  as  usual  flocked  about  them,  and  to 
whom  they  made  trifling  presents,  they  leained  that 
the  first  rapid  was  three  quarters  of  a  mile  long,  and 
that  the  best  portage  was  on  the  opposite  bank.  The 
canoes  were  accordingly  run  across  to  the  north  bank 
and  unloaded.  The  portage  of  the  l)aggage  occupied 
the  remainder  of  the  day,  the  camp  being  ijitched  at 
the  lower  end  of  the  rapid  and  a  guard  mounted  over 
the  o'oods,  for  it  was  observed  that  the  savaues  who 
jissisted  in  carrying  them  repaid  themselves  for  their 
labor  as  tliey  went  along. 

The  task  of  bringing  down  the  canoes  was  begun 
on  the  23d,  under  the  superintendence  (^f  Claiko.  In 
pursuance  of  aboriginal  advice,  to  avoid  a  sheer  de- 
scent of  twenty  feet  the  boats  w-ere  hauled  over  a 
j)oint  on  the  left  bank  of  the  river  for  a  quarter  of  a 
mile  to  another  fall,  eight  feet  in  height,  dow  u  which 
they  were  lowered  by  means  of  elk-skin  ropes.  At 
the  foot  of  this  fall,  the  day  being  far  advanced,  the 
party  encamped. 

Here  an  attack  was  apprehended,  and  the  Nez 
Perces  showed  the  greatest  alarm,  re(iuesting  permis- 
sion to  return  home,  but  were  eventually  ])ersuade'd 
to  remain  on  the  assurance  that  no  harm  should  befall 
them.  Weapons  were  put  in  order,  and  a  hundred 
I'ounds  of  anununition  served  out.  However,  their 
valor  was  not  called  in  question  by  any  more  serious 
assault  than  that  of  myriads  of  llcas,  a  pest  not  to  be 
escaped  during  their  wanderings  along  the  Columbia. 

IviviiTc  (Ics  f'hutes,  and  now  known  ns  Dos  Chutes.  Gnss,  in  his  jounml, 
B;iys:  '  Tills  \!i  tilt)  Hiunc  river  whose  head-wutcrs  wc  saw  nt  the  Niiake  nation,' 
jiiid  Lewis  also  says  that  this  is  a  Uirgi^  river,  'the  lirst  village  ot  the  Snake 
Iinliaiis  on  that  river  ))eing  twelve  tlaya'  journey  on  a  eourse  ahout  south-east 
from  this  jilaee;'  frnni  whieji  it  would  seem  that  he  entertained  the  >■■;;;. lO 
idea.  The  truth  ])ripljably  is  that  they  were  misled  liy  the  f^imilar  wn.'ls  used 
to  I'oiivey  the  idea  of  a  sw  ift  river,  and  also  l»y  the  frequent  nu  nt  '<in  made  by 
the  Indiunu  on  the  CuUunbia  uf  theii'  imniemoriul  cuumiuci,  the  buoahuncs. 


THE  DALLES. 


m-^ 


icrc  the 

8  of  the 

I  a  halt 

vith  the 

and  to 

jlia 

led  that 

)i)g,  and 

ik.    The 

L'th  bank 
occupied 

'm 

tched  at 

'■i*Si 

ted  over 

,«'i 

ges  -who 

for  their 

IS  begun 

1 

like.    In 

ihecr  de- 

l  over  a 

rter  of  a 

11  which 

iWJ 

pes.     At 

'*^ 
^■/M 

iced,  the 

W-li 

Lhe   Xez 

periiiis- 

.'i',sua(k"d 

Id  belall 

hundred 

jr,  their 

serious 

ot  to  be 

)himbia. 

lis  jounuil, 

kf  iijitiiiii,' 

tlic  Snake 

soutli-cast 

tlic  ^ir.iio 

wii.'ls  iisi'd 

11  inu'le  by 

;jUuUutl, 

Having  gained  an  acquisition  in  the  shape  ot*  an  Iiuhan 
canoe  in  exchange  forthc  smallest  of  those  brought  from 
the  Clearwater,  the  voyage  was  resumed  on  the  24tli. 

The  current  ran  swiftly  for  three  miles,  when  the 
channel  turned  to  the  left,  around  '*a  high  black  rock, 
wliicli,  rising  perpendicularly  from  the  right  shore," 
seems  to  run  entirely  across  the  river  and  so  block  the 
passage.  They  could  not  sec  where  the  water  escaped, 
though  a  great  roaring  was  lieard.'^'^  Landing  near 
sonio  Indian  huts,  they  went  forward  to  reconnoitre. 
Tlie  channel  beyond  was  only  forty-five  j'ards  wide; 
but  indications  on  the  rocks  showed  that  when  the 
Columbia  was  swollen  by  the  spring  flood  from  the 
mountains,  the  waters  confined  within  these  rocky 
baiiiers  rose  to  a  great  height.'''  Even  at  that  low 
stage  the  channel  was  a  mass  of  seething,  tossing, 
broken  water. 

However,  the  labor  of  carr3'ing  the  canoes  was  so 
srrcat  that  iindino;  there  was  no  danu'er  from  sunken 
rocks  it  was  determined  to  risk  the  passage,  which 
to  the  surprise  of  the  natives  was  safely  accomplished, 
the  distance  being  half  a  mile.  Only  a  mile  and  half 
of  comparatively  smooth  water  intervened  before  an- 
otlier  bad  rapid  confronted  them,  caused  l)y  two  rocky 
islands  in  the  middle  of  the  channel.  II(,'re  the  valu- 
able baggage  was  (hscmbarked,  with  the  men  wlio 
could  not  swim,  when  the  canoes  were  brought  through 
iu  safety,  two  only  sliipi)ing  water.  Six  miles  was  the 
distance  overcome  this  day,  and  the  camp  was  located 
iH>ar  ;i  native  village.'^^ 

-"All  that  tlic  chiefs  <pf  this  expedition  say  conccrnin.c;  tlieir  voya.^o  down 
tho  ('(iliniiliia  j^'oun  to  show  that  the  river  innst  have  born  l)v,(  r  ia  i^i^).')  t!ian 
it  usually  in  now,  or  than  it  was  in  unliuary  seasons  twenty-five  years  later 
than  i^L\v  i.i  and  Clarke  ili'seended  it.  The  bateaux  (,f  the  lladson'.i  iJay  t'oia- 
]iaiiy  u.sed  to  run  the  narrows,  and  the  rapids  between,  but  only  after  e\a:n- 
iniiiu'  the  sta;:;e  of  the  water.  An<l  as  foi-  the  river,  Sir  (!eor;,'e  Siniiison  f-ay  s 
iu  his  .foiirtmi/  Itoiiml  th".  World,  '  We  reached  Les  Chntos,  \vliere  v>e  male  n 
portage,  after  havuig  run  nearly  four  humlred  miles  without  even  li.;!ileni;i-; 
our  ei'aft.'  In  seasons  of  liigli  Mater,  uteauiers  are  sonietiiiies  run  eonipleUly 
over  all  the  dangerous  jdaccs,  to  (.,'elilo,  at  tin-  mouth  u(  the  I  Us  Chutes 

'•"At  tlie  navi'owest  part  of  the  i>assa;.j'e  the  water  in  bonie  sea.-iond  reaehea 
one  humlred  feet. 

'-''Afniall  village  of  these  same  Indians  still  marks  this  spot,  though  a 
railroad  passes  within  a  few  yards  of  it. 


11 


I    ! 


u 


EXTEDITIOX  DOWN  THE  COLUMMA. 


Lewis  and  Clarke  improved  the  occasion  presented 
b}^  the  visits  of  tliese  natives  to  convince  them  ol'  the 
evils  of  warfiire  and  the  blessings  of  peace,  and  urgini^ 
t]i(!m  to  mal^e  fi-iends  with  tlic  Nez  Perces  chiefs. 
This  after  some  hesitation  they  consented  to  do,  and 
amicable  relations  were  established,  which  have  con- 
tiniu'd  to  the  present  time.  Tliese  Indians  were  called 
by  the  ex])lorers  Echeloots."''' 

This  village  ])Osscsscd  ten  thousand  pounds  of  diie;l 
iish,  some  of  which  was  purchased  by  the  exjiloring 
party.  To  the  chief  was  presented  a  medal  denoting 
his  rank. 

On  the  morning  of  the  25th,  the  Ncz  IV'rce  ciiiefs 
took  leave  of  Lewis  and  his  followers,  who  now  pio- 
pared  to  pass  those  long  narrows  ti'rmed  subsequently 
by  the  Canadian  ^•oyagcurs  the  Dalles."'" 

"'Different  ■writci's  rn<l  trnvolltTS  have  used  ilifTercnt  nainc^  for  t'lo  saino 
pc'0]iU\  wliiili  jirc  givi'ii  \vit!i  their  iiimihuts  ami  customs  in  Malice  Jiaca,  i, 
6l'^''2'\     'i'o  luoilt'Di  \\  ritt'is  tlic'so  Iinlians  arc  known  as  AVa.scos. 

^"'I'lif!  uonl  il  if,  or  (/«//,  or  (/"//'',  in  the  ^i;^'iii;ii'atioii  of  troii;_''i  or  gutter, 
is  sijiiiLV.hat  ohsoli'tc,  ami  is  not  fouml  in  many  moiKra  ilictioiiaiic.-i.  Vet  ib 
it  Hot  ill  this  connection  wlidliy  < 'anailian  or  ]):ituis.  The  i)n:iint  ]iopii!;;r 
rvanin','  of  ilallo  it  a  stono  jiiwcmcnt,  suclias  i-s  frci[Mcntly  fonnil  in  c-itlnilral.t. 
JJat  it  was  lilicwisi!  early  a|iiilicil  to  slices  of  Iish,  instcail  of  tiio  iiicno  siiitalilo 
Word  (!i:ni'.  It  wa )  anciently  emi.loycil  as  a  ti'chnic;il  inarino  tcrai  f..rtIio 
(';:twartl  wooden  covcrin  ;  of  a  metal  p'pc;  ami  aL':iin  as  watcr-ci'mtiutir.s 
iiiinid  roof-!.  In  the  Arabic  we  lind  ilidln,  »,  conductor  of  water;  in  tho 
<  Icnnan  ((■  hi,  gut'cr ;  in  the  Spanis'.i  ilitUn,  tuhu  do  c ohre  jmr  el  cit.d  ]i;i-;a  el 
nzucar  dcsdc  la  caldera  de  reiinar  a  la  (.le  iriccr;  and  in  the  I'rencli  ilnUr,  tin 
jiiljcsi,  troughs,  water-ways,  or  canals.  Tho  llrst  vtna'^enr.s  on  their  way 
down  the  great  rivci-of  tin;  west,  found  many  little  dalli  .•<,  but  tlii)  was  a.j 
tli.y  Kaid,  Lo  tirand  dall  de  la  t'olnmliia.  McKmi  in  the  DdlU-t  MomilnhiK'r, 
:JS'/i,  Me;/,  I'C).  Wliat  a  happy  way  a  certain  class  of  writers,  tourists 
liarticulaily,  Irivo  of  dis)iosini,'  of  knotty  'lucstious  !  It  is  so  easy  to  <las]i  oil' 
a;i  origin,  a  legend,  or  tho  ,'iigniiicatiou  of  the  nanu's  of  jilaccs  as  o'o  wliiils 
by  tlu.'in  on  the  train;  for  inst.uice,  lila;  the  meaningof  tho  word  l)al'es  given 
by  .foiiu  (,'oiluian,  one  of  the  many  wise  men  of  t'le  cast,  who  in  his  It'-m,,  I 
Trip,  |,")2,  coolly  tells  us  that  'dalles  is  an  Indinn  word,  nignifying  a  deup, 
li.irrow,  racing,  roariu,',  boiling,  swirlin  r,  seething,  leaping'  rusli  nf  \\iiters.' 
The  rudii  uidette'rcd  west  must  be  glad  to  know  its  meaning,  and  to  know  it 
iiic.ins  so  nnuh ;  for  it  is  neldotn  we  liml  Indian  words,  even  in  l-'renci 
dictionaries,  m  itii  .s  )  Inoad  a  signilicance.  We  are  grateful,  likewise,  to  t'.io 
1' trued  Jnhn  ( 'odman  fur  not  leaving  ns  in  darkness  as  to  t Ik;  reason  of  eni- 
l  I  ying  this  foreign!  wonl  in  preference  to  an  I'atglisli  one,  whicli  was  becaus-o 
'i;  ini;st  be  a  nn'ri^  cNpicssivo  word  tlian  is  aiiordi  d  by  our  language,  aiid  ib 
ii  M'isely  n  tinned.'  The  nativts  called  the  place  U'i,ii/ii(i/f,  txud  the  idiud 
bcliw  the  rapids  Kiip,iul,:-t.  The  Wascos — signifying  litei;dly  horndiasiu — 
Vere  the  aboi  ijriual  owui  rs  of  this  country,  and  at  tiieir  chief  vilhige  of  \\  in- 
fjiKitt  periodically  asscmblrd  foi'piu'poses  of  lishingand  trailicwith  the  tribes 
cuJitiguoiis.    Uu  tlio  north  bank  below  the  i'alla  btuod  the  viiltvge  cf  W'i.ihkam. 


il 


DRT.RS  RIVEPwS. 


:scntc(l 

of  tho 

ur.i;'iiK^ 

"4 

chu.'t's. 

;: 

do,  aiul 

J 

:c   CDii- 

c  called 

'i 

if  dried 

i^ 

.ploriii.ij 

eiiutiug 

j  el  lie!::! 

,""^ 

(AV  pre- 

's^ 

(|ueiitly 

^f 

ii-  t'lo  Piimo 

a-  l!u  '•"■,  i. 

1 

1  or  gutti'v, 
cs.     Y'l'tic 

as', 

i 

•lit  pi'  iiil;'.r 

iri!  suitiililo 

•i-iiif..i'tlu' 

ei'llilllftiil'd 

.;•;  ill  tho 

U:  1  y\<^  1  I 

1  ,/.('/.•,  till 

tluir  Av;.y 

c 

111 )  was  !H 

lHlltttitll  <'l\ 

s,  t'lurisls 

t  .  .laslioir 

u!'o  whirU 

il'ux  jU'ivi'll 

lii.s  ll"iiii  I 

■S,  il  (Icuj), 

,'f   wnto's.' 

(>  know  it 

11    Froiie.i 

-c,  to  t'.io 

<ia  (if  fin- 

is lii'L'ausa 

jc,  ami  it 

lie  i>liu<l 

■u-l»asiii — 

0  of  Win- 

t'lir  trIlicM 

\i.^liUaiii. 

After  cxaniinritlon,tIio  lueu  who  could  not  swl'.n  were 
sent  hy  land  v.-ith  tlie  goods  a  distance  of  from  three  to 
four  miles,  when  the  canoes  came  through  very  wull, 
only  two  as  before  taking  in  any  water.  Five  miles 
below  the  river  became  smooth,  and  widened  to  half 
a  milc\  Camp  was  established  under  a  point  of  rock 
near  tho  uKnitli  of  a  small  creek,"^  Avherc  the  explori':  a 
remained  until  the  28tli,  drying  the  wet  baggage,  pu'-- 
cha^ing  lish,  roots,  and  dogs,  cultivating  the  good-will 
of  llie  natives,  and  taking  observations,  ^[ount  1  loo;!, 
in  all  its  grandeur  and  beauty,  now  appeared  in  full 
view. 

On  the  28th  they  proceeded,  making  frequent  land- 
ings at  the  villages  and  huts  of  tho  natives,  and  })ur- 
chasiug  food  whenever  opportunity  i)resented  itseli'. 
European  goods  were  more  common  upon  tho  li)wer 
Columbia  than  among  the  natives  above,  the  trading- 
ships  supplying  British  nuiskets,  cutlasses,  teakettles, 
blankets,  etc. 

On  the  'JOth  a  stream  was  passed  wliich  they  termed 
Cataract  Iliver,"'  and  on  the  same  day  an  island  on 
whicli  was  conferred  the  title  of  Sepulchre  Island''* 
from  the  Indian  graves  ujwn  it.  Thirteen  miles  be- 
low they  discovered  a  liver  on  the  left^*  comin''"  down 
from  !Mount  Hood,  which  ncnv  appeared  no  more  than 
five  miles  distant,  and  to  which  they  gave  the  name 
oC  l^;i  Hi  ('he  from  one  of  the  men.  A  mile  be\-oiid 
Mas  another  stream,"^  called  Canoo  Ixiver  from  tho 
number  of  canoes  lvini>'  tliere,  the  owners  of  whieli 
Were  t'Ugaged  in  fishing.  They  were  now  amon'>'  the 
niountams,  whoso  foot-hills  rose  gradually  from  their 
i'am]>  at  the  narrows.  Some  of  the  highest  ridu'es 
Avere  cos-ered  Mith  snow;  beautiful  cascades  precipi- 
tated tliemselves  from  mighty  dills;  all  nature  was 
luxuriant  with  verdure;  tall  trees  clothed  the  hills; 

"  Mill  (^ock,  wliioli  traverses  tlie  to%niship  of  Dulles. 
s-Klik.tMt  J;iv,T. 

•'■' M  '1111 'lose   I'^Iand,  an  aiirieiit  Imrial-placo  of  the  Kliketuts,  called  by 
tlinn  Mcmcldso  illiliie,  or  Land  of  Shades. 
^■IlMn,lj;iver. 
»•'  \\  hite  Sulmou  lUvcr. 


4» 


EXPEDITION  DO^^'X  THE  COLUZ^ICIA. 


all  was  in  clianiiing  and  powerful  contrast  with  the 
country  thuy  had  i-eccntly  passed  over,  and  the  local 
inlluencc  of  the  mountains  manifested  itself  in  the 
weather,  which  became  cool  and  rainy. 

In  the  afternoon  of  the  30th  the  expedition  arrived 
at  the  lower  falls  of  the  Columbia,'"^  and  encamped 
on  an  island  at  the  head  of  the  rapids.  The  river 
here  was  a  mile  wide.  To  a  stream  on  the  rij,dit,  and 
two  and  a  half  miles  above  the  rapids,  "was  given  the 
name  of  Cruzatte  River,  in  honor  of  one  of  the  crew. 

Clarke  set  out  to  examine  the  river  below  the  island 
and  determine  its  character.  After  ffoincf  three  miles 
he  returned  to  camp,  continuing  his  reconnoissanco 
next  morning,  when  he  found  the  stream  compressed 
between  rocks  a  hundred  and  fifty  yards  apart,  with 
high  mountains  on  the  left,  and  on  the  light  a  hill 
rising  from  the  water's  cdije. 

For  the  first  four  hundred  yards  the  river  rushed 
sv.iftly  ov(>r  sunken  rocks  with  a  fall  of  twenty  feet, 
al'ter  which  its  width  increased  by  about  fift}'  yards, 
and  for  a  mile  and  a  half  its  current  became  less  i'a[)id. 
l^clow  this  again  was  another  bad  place,  the  stream 
(kishing  over  and  amidst  lar^je  rocks,  both  above  and 
below  the  surface.  Having  now  discovered  the  place 
where  the  Indians  made  their  portage,  Lewis  de- 
spatched his  chief  boatman  to  ascertain  whether  the 
canoes  could  make  the  descent,  or  would  have  to  be 
landed  and  dragged  over  by  hand. 

Keeping  along  the  liver  bank  he  found,  a  mile  below 
the  [)ortage,  that  the  hills  on  the  right  receded,  leaving 
an  open  level  between  them  and  the  river.  Five  miles 
below  this  spot  was  the  last  rapid.  Passing  some  de- 
serted huts  and  a  burial-place,  he  returned  with  this 
intelligence,  and  found  active  preparations  in  progress 
for  making  the  portage.  This  proved  extremely  la- 
borious on  account  of  the  hiijh  rocks  to  be  climbed, 

•  •  • 

and  the  state  of  the  weather,  which  continued  rainy. 
The  baggage  and  the  li<>htest  canoe  had  to  be  carried 

•*^  Popularly  kuo»vn  as  the  Cascades. 


THE  CASCADES. 


47 


over  the  portage,  a  distance  of  four  miles,  while  tlio 
other  canoes  were  floated  dcnvii  iu  side  channels  and 
!-hoved  over  the  rocks  with  poles,  sustaining  so  much 
injury  in  ti'ansit  that  it  was  found  necessary  to  halt 
and  rei)air  them.  At  the  first  attempt  oidy  two  boats 
came  through,  the  remainder  being  managed  in  the 
same  way  on  the  following  day,  November  I  st.  Xext 
(lay  tlie  last  ra})id  was  overcome  by  a  partial  portage, 
and  the  party  halted  for  breakfast  on  a  small  isluiid, 
called  from  the  abundance  of  that  fruit,  Strawberry 
Island. 


T]ie  explorers  had  now  reached  tide-water.  Eeem- 
Ijarking  and  descending  l)etween  grassy  meadows  and 
narrow  lowlands  at  the  base  of  lii<>h  mountains  down 
whose  declivities  rushed  frequent  cataracts,  tluy'  soon 
])assed  on  their  right  hand  a  perpendicular  rock,  eight 
InnidnMl  feet  in  height,  and  rising  abruptly  out  of 
sandy  Hats,  to  which  they  gave  the  name  of  Beacon 
]iock."'^  IJelow  this  the  river  grew  consideral)ly 
wider.  Two  miles  lower  they  passed  another  rock,"'** 
i'isin<j-  fi'om  the  middle  of  the  stream  to  the  heiuht 
of  one  hundred  feet;  six  miles  beyond  they  encamped 
at  tlie  loot  of  another  hii^h  rock.""* 

The  ir  departure  on  the  morning  of  the  Od  was  de- 
layed by  a  dense  fog.  By  ten  o'clock,  however,  thoy 
were  ailoat,  passing  low  meadow-lands  and  islands,  and 
were  now  well  out  of  the  mountains.  About  noou  they 
ai)[)roaehed  a  stream  on  the  left,  which  being  shallow 
tlie  men  attempted  to  wade,  but  were  prevented  by 
till!  <]uieksands.  Examining  the  stream  for  a  mile  and 
a  half  above  its  mouth,  it  was  found  to  be  one  hundred 
and  twentv  vards  wide  at  its  narrowest  i^art,  and  to 
contam  numerous  small  islands.  The  force  of  tho 
water  had  shifted  the  quicksands  until  in  the  middle 
of  its  mouth  a  largo  island  w^as  formed,  three  Uiiles 

^'  Xow  Castle  RoLk. 
'"licMwU'i-  Itock. 

^'•'(  iasd  lucutioiia  the  existence  of  one  I'ock  which  he  describes  us  'resembling 
a  tower.' 


48 


EXPEDITIOX  DOWN  THE  COLOIBIA. 


long  and  a  niilo  and  a  lialf  wide,  wliicli  extending  into 
tlio  Columbia  greatly  reduced  the  width  of  the  latler 
stream.  The  name  of  Quicksand  llivei'^'^  was  be- 
f  tmved  upon  this  new  discovery,  and  one  ilowing  in 
(/U  the  oit})osIte  side  was  called  Seal  lliver'^  from  tlie 
•'-icat  number  of  seals  in  its  vicinity.  Here  aiiain 
Blount  Hood  came  in  view,  beini''  recot^nlzed  from 
A'ancouver's  description. 

The  river  now  ilowed  tliroucrh  low  jDf round  on  either 
luuid,  and  was  dotted  with  numerous  islets,  fringed 
generally  with  willow,  cottcmwood,  and  ash,  and  gen- 
erally containing  pools  of  water  tenanted  by  Hocks  of 
water-fowl.  Jluts  antl  villages  were  freipient,  and 
fiom  one  of  the  natives  was  uleaned  the  intelli'^nce 
that  three  vessels  had  lately  been  lying  at  the  mouth 
of  the  liver.  They  encamped  on  the  high  ground  of 
the  north  bank  opjjosito  the  upper  mouth  of  the  Wil- 
lamette, which  on  account  of  the  number  of  islands  in 
the  Columbia  escaped  their  notice  at  this  timo.''^ 

On  the  morning  of  the  4th  the  canoes  landed  at  a 
village  on  the  left  side  of  tlie  liver,  'where  a  licet  of 
upward  of  fifty  canoes  was  drawn  up  on  shore.  ]Iero 
they  found  the  wapato  root  in  great  aljundanco,  from 
vhieh  circumstance  they  called  this  the  AVa})ato  A'al- 
ley,  and  an  island  seven  miles  below  AVapato  Island.^' 
l^'oeeedin'4  on  their  voya<j:e  they  halted  at  noon  on 
the  north  side  of  the  river  at  a  long  narrow  island 
which  masked  the  embouchure  of  a  small  river.*'  From 
a  larn'e  canoe  ornamented  on  stem  and  stern  with 
carvings  it  Avas   nonsensically  named   Image  Canoe 

*''Xo\v  Sandy  Itivcr. 

■"  Waslioiiuiil  JJivcr. 

^-Wliili!  liiMO  tlicy  received  ,i  visit  frnm  n  family  havincf  •with  them  a 
Voiuaii  saiil  til  lio  (if  the  Shoshmio  nation,  but  \\  lii>  was  fnund  to  ho  uiialilo  to 
ciiiiviisc  \*  ith  tin  ir  interiirotcis  wile,  who  liail  tiavelloil  vilh  tlain  tlii<ingli 
tliat  country,  of  wliich  .she  was  an  nndoulited  native.  From  tlie  desciijitions 
ci£  these  natives  the  explorers  make  the  Multnomah  rise  in  the  Jloiky  .^loun- 
tains,  a  little  south  of  the  head-wateis  of  the  Snake  liiver,  and  lepri'sent  it  us 
flowii.j,'  through  the  (.'aseade  Mountains  ahontthe  4;)d  parallel.  'J'iiis  error  is 
partly  due  to  the  incorrectness  of  the  information,  and  partly,  also,  to  their 
own  misjipprehension  of  the  tennsiised  by  the  Indians. 

'^Sauvo  Island.     See  y7(><.  U/-.,  i.  43,  this  series. 

*'Laku  Uiver. 


THE  OCEAX. 


49 


lliii;'  into 
lie  lutler 
was  be- 
)\ving  ill 


(Voui  the 
re  again 
'.ed  IVom 


m  citlier 
1,  fringed 
and  gen- 
llocks  oi" 
lent,  and 
diligence 
le  nioutli 
round  of 
'  the  Wil- 
islands  in 
lie. 

ided  at  a 
I  lleet  of 
Hero 
lee,  lVt)ni 
Lito  A'al- 
I^land/^ 
loon  on 
w  island 
/'  From 
;ni  Avith 
Canoe 


itli  tlicm  a 

lO  Ullillilu  to 

(jin  tlir<>nj,'li 
ili'scriiitiiuis 
nky  Muiin- 
iicstut  it  ua 
liis  L'lTor  is 
so,  to  their 


Island/'    Camp  was  ])it('lied  this  evening  twenty-nine 
miles  beyond  that  of  the  prev" 


evcnii 
lous  day,  on 


the  I 


ow 


fronnd  between  the  Lewis  and  Cathlapootle  rivers 
and  tlu!  Columbia. 

On  tlu!  oth  the  ex])lorers  set  out  early  i»i  a  rain- 
storm, and  after  iMght  miles  came  to  l^eer  Island,  on 
whi<'h  was  a  }toi»ulous  native  village,  and  a  few  miles 
further  to  another  island  near  the  mouth  of  Kalama 
Creek.  Three  miles  below  this  eanip  was  ])itehed,  the 
moimtains  contimially  a])} 
d  the  C^ 


)eai'in!»' 


hiu-1 


ler  as 


tl 


le 


y  'M' 


preached  the  Coast  Kange. 

The  mouth  of  the  Cowlitz  Iliver  was  passed  early 
on  the  Gth,  when  they  observed  a  remarkable  knoll 
eighty  ieet  in  height,  rising  solitary  from  the  water's 
I'dge.'"'  This  night  they  encamped  on  the  margin  of 
the  river  where  the  tide  rose  four  feet,  and  space  for 
sleejjing  accommodations  was  restricted.  Indian  re- 
ports encouraged  them  to  expect  that  at  the  mouth 
of  the  river  they  would  meet  some  white  traders, 
llie  })rincipal  of  whom  was  called  by  the  natives 
Haley. 

Next  morning  they  coasted  along  a  channel  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  river,  between  an  island  and  the 
shore,  until  in  the  afternoon  the  fog  lilted,  and  be- 
tween the  two  capes  at  the  river's  mouth  they  beheld 
to  their  great  joy  the  horizon-line  of  the  Paciiic 
Ocean. 

The  main  purpose  of  the  expedition  was  now  over. 
Once  more  it  was  permitted  an  intrepid  band  of  ex- 
])lorers  to  o])en  a  new  way  throuoh  the  trackless  wil- 
derness,  to  (^pen  a  way  of  connnunication  overland 
between  the  United  States  and  the  eonmicrce  of  the 
Xorthwest  Coast.  The  vast  Pacific  was  once  more 
the  goal  of  lofty  endurance,  the  guertlon   of  noble 

*■'  It  was  (ibucrvjd  tli.'it  altliongli  the  Indians  along  the  lo\vc'i'(  "nhiniliia  w(!ro 
very  iiiinicious,  and  possessed  a  native  ojuilence  of  houses,  ch)thing,  and  pro- 
visions, tiiey  had  not  horses  like  those  ahovc,  l)ut  travelled  entiri'ly  in  cauoes, 
in  tlic  huihlinj,'  and  management  of  which  tlicy  were  very  expert. 

^"  Mount  Collin. 

IIisT.  N.W.  Coast,  Vol.  II.    i 


50 


EXPEDITIOX  DOWN  THE  COLUMBIA. 


cni))ris('.  Tliat  1)r()a(l  sea  wliosc  calm  smile  welcomed 
l^alhoa,  ^[a;,'ellan,  Cortes,  which  j^reeted  ^[ackeiizie 
more  coldly,  which  knew  not  kniu^ht  in  mail  from 
j)rosaic  trad'^r,  uiidei'  its  leaden  mists  now  wal't«'(l  as 
kindly  a  welcome  to  these  sim]>le  captains  and  theii* 
unromantic  i'ollowers,  who,  beckoned  hy  no  ilimsy 
i'altlt!  of  romaiicc!,  added  their  <|Uota  t(-)  the  world's 
knowledue  of  tlie  untrodden  west. 


CIIArTEn  TIT. 


LEWIS  AND  CL.UIKJ:S  KXl-KDITION-TIIE   PACIFIC   AND  THE 

KKTUUN  JOUUNEV. 

lSO,->- 180(5. 

Tin:  i;sTr.\UY  of  the  CourMniA — SionMs — Liavis  ANnCLAnur/s  Rkconn-ois- 
.sANfr.s  — (.'hi NOOKS — CitowsiNd  Tin;  Ivivr.i:  "^Vl^■•rl:u•Q^Al{Tl:lls— .S.m.t- 
JIAKINU  —  Ci.AiiKi':  Visits  the  Coast— White  'J'uaukus— Ci.atsoi-h^— 
A  Whale — The   Neah-IIoxie — Killamook   Heai> — Si'I(IN(i-time — 

rAKlAVl'.IJ,  TO  l''()UT  V '.ATSOl'  — Ul'.TiniN'    VV  THE  CoUMllIA— TlIE  WlI,I,A- 

mi:tte  — Wapato  Island— Snowy  iMoi-ntains— llcYiNti  Housios— The 
Wai.i.a  Wai.i.a — The  Torciun'— The  Cleahwateu — Nez  rEiicts  — 
lIoi:si;-sTi:Ai.iN(i— Inihan'  Diri.oMAtY— Adkhess  to  the  Nr.z  Peikks — 

IIlNTlNC     AND     I'lSHINl!     CA.MI"  —  TllE     Exi'ElHTlO.V     DlVIDES  —  J.EWIS' 

I'AKTY— IIei.l  Gate  River— Depautuue  of  the  Cviues-The  Wateh- 

SIIED  —  MaIUA    KlVEU  — TllE    MlNNETAUEES— A   Sk  IIIMISH    -  TlIE    MlS- 

worui  -Clakke's  I'AitTY— TheJei'i-euson  liivEii— The  Vr.i.i.ov.xm.Ni;  ■ 
Houses  Stolen— PojirEY's  riLL,\K— The  Uui  Houn— IIeuds  of  Uik- 
lALo — The  Missorui— ExrEDrnoNlJErNiTED— MANDANCor.NTiiY— l^xD 
01'  THE  .JoiKNEY— Colter  and  the  Indians— A  Race  fou  Life— Re- 
view OF  THE  Expedition— lIoNous  and  Rewards— Death  of  Lewis — 

SUDSEyfENT  CaUEEU  OF  CLAUKE— CONCLUSION. 

TiiK  ap[)utitc  for  discovery  thus  wlicttcd,  the  liard- 
sliij)  (if  passing  another  night  among  the  boulders  of 
the  stony  beach,  this  time  in  a  drenching  lain,  Mas 
liglitly  rated.  Xext  morning,  the  8th  of  November 
I  soj,  saw  all  hands  eager  i'or  a  closer  acquaintance  witli 
old  ocean.  Working  cautiously  alonij  the  northern 
shore  thev  reached  (Jrav  Bay,  and  found  it  impos- 
sible  to  get  further,  their  canoes  being  ill  adapted  to 
1  tattle  with  the  winds  and  waves  in  the  estuary  of 
the  Columbia.  Here  they  were  forced  to  remain  till 
the  10th,  short  of  provisions,  without  fresh- water, 
the  tide  llowing  up  to  their  camp,  and  immense  logs 
being  cast  up  on  the  beach  to  the  imminent  peril  of 
their  canoes. 

(OX) 


68 


THE  PACIFIC  AND  THE  RETURN  JOURNEY. 


lill 


An  attciii[»t  was  then  made  to  reaeli  tlie  mouth 
of  tlie  liver,  hut  after  lijoino-  ten  miles  they  were 
foi'ced  to  put  haek  two  miles  to  tho  mouth  of  a  small 
stream,  and  unloatl  the  ha^ij^age  to  [)reserve  it  from 
the  high  tide,  flaking  a  fresh  start  at  low  water  the 
river  was  still  found  too  high,  and  the  hannau'e  was 
once  more  landed  and  jdaeed  ahove  high-water  mark, 
tlu'  men  eneam[)ing  on  some  drift-logs, 

Xext  day  the  storm  continued,  rocks  rolling  down 
the  hill-sidi's.  The  huntei'.s  endea\ored  to  hnd  some 
game,  hut  the  thickets  proved  impenetrahle.  On  the- 
day  following  it  was  found  necessary  to  sink  the 
caiKX's  with  stones  to  save  them  fi'(»m  heiiig  dasluMl 
upon  the  rocks.  On  the  loth,  C'a])tain  Clarke  with 
much  dilliculty  scaled  the  high  ridgt^  in  real-  of  the 
<aiiip  to  ohtain  a  view  of  t!io  surrounding  country,  and 
tiiid  if  possililc  a  way  out  of  their  present  dilemma, 
Ih'turniiig  with  no  cheering  intelligeiict',  u])«)ii  con- 
sultation the  commanders  di'termined  to  send  three 
men  in  tlie  Indian  canoe  to  learn  at  any  risk  whether 
it  w;is  possihle  to  douhle  the  point  helow  and  (ind 
son.e  safer  refuge.  "^I'o  the  great  relief  of  all,  the 
men  returned  next  day,  having  I'ound  at  no  givat  dis- 
tance a  tiiK^  sandv  heach  and  a  '''ood  harhor, 

Ca[)taiii  Lewis  immediately  set  out  to  e\})lore  tlu^ 
hay  in  the  direction  of  the  ocean,  and  ascm'tain  if  anv 
white  men  were  to  he  found  at  the  mouth  oi'  the 
river.  .Vecompanied  hy  four  picked  men  he  was  car- 
lied  r(»uiid  tlie  point  in  a  can«K',  and  there  landed  to 
]»roceed  on  i'not.  Tlu^  following  day  the  v;i\es  haxing 
ahated  the  whole  [>arty  remo\»'d  to  the  sandy  Iteach, 
A\  here  out  of  tlie  ruins  i>f  au  aiicitid  village  a  tem- 
jtornry  slielti'r  was  constructed  hy  soiik'  of  the  men, 


while  the  hunter 


s  w  ( 


■lit  in  search'  of  watti-fowl. 


licwis  returned  from  his  reconnoissaiice  -in  the  \  7th, 
having  heen  as  far  as  Cape  J  )isappointnient  at  tlu; 
mouth    of  the   river,  and   for   some   distanct;   u|>   tlu 


••o 


ist  without  discovering  any  white  j>eople,     Clarke 
.set  out   on   the    lollowinu"  day   with   ele\eii   men    to 


MORE  N AMINOS. 


r>3 


cxaiiiinc  tlic  country,  wlik-h  lie  did  as  I'ar  as  Bakrr 
JJav,  on  the  river,  and  alonuf  tlie  coast  as  far  as  Shoal- 
water  Bay,  riainin,ii4"  ^^^^'  l'',U'li  point  that  overlooks  it 
]*oint  Lewis.  From  the  toj)  of  C"a[)e  ])isa])[)ointnient 
Clarke  surveyed  the  ii\erand  its  surroundings,  learn- 
inn"  much  of  the  ^'eo^raphy  of  the  cnuntiy.  On  re- 
tuinini;'  he  lound  at  the  camp  two  Chinook  chiefs,  of 
whom  the  since  ^'ainous  Comcondy  was  one.  l^oth  had 
heou  decorated  with  medals,  Comct)ndy  having  heeu 
likewise  presented  with  a  Ha;^. 

The  se  ison  was  now  s(j  far  advanced  that  it  was  a 
matter  ef  innnediate  necessity  to  seh'ct  winter-<juar- 
tt  IS.  In  deciding  upon  a  location  the  ruling  eonsid- 
erali'iii  was  that  food  should  be  chca  )  and  plentifid. 
They  determined,  therefore,  after  corsulting  with  tlu; 
natives,  to  settle  upon  the  south  haidc  of  the  river, 
v,lu>re  thcri'  was  an  ahundanceof  e.k  whose  llesh  was 
considered  nmre  nutritious  than  .leor-meat.  Cp  the 
ri\er  'cer  would  he  plentil'ul  and  the  weather  better; 
but  tiny  wished  to  meet  v.ith  some  tradirig-vessi^'ls, 
and  also  to  make  some  salt. 

On  the  i.'.")th  then,  not  venturing  to  ci'oss  the  river 
under  the  lull  I'orce  of  the  ocean  winds,  tluy  headed 
thcii-  «\Tno(s  up  stream,  and  eni-amjied  that  night 
whtM'e  they  had  been  on  the  7th.  Xi-xtdaytluy  crossed 
the  ri\-er,  passing  between  low  marshy  islands  which 
they  called  Seal  Islands,  and  entered  a  channel  be- 
tween the  islands  and  the  southern  bank  of  the  river 
three  miles  below  a  j»oint  called  Sanmel.  Tui'iiing 
once  more  down  stream  they  descended  the  river 
ti\-e  miles  and  encamjied  near  a  native  \  illage  ( ietting 
under  way  on  the  'J7th  they  soon  passed  a  little  rivei- 
flowing  from  the  south-east,'  calKd  Kekemahke  by 
the  Indians,  and  shortly  afterward  a  remai'kabli'  point," 
which  tluy  nauied  AVilliam.  On  rounding  this  pro- 
jection the  water  became  too  rough  for  tiie  canoes, 
Ibrcing  the  party  to  land  ti[ion  the  narrow  neck  which 

'  .li'liii  I>(iy  KiviT, 
■  'I'tjiiiiuc  i'oint. 


i 


M 


THE  PACiFir  AND  THE  liKTURX  .Ti>rr>x:;v, 


coimoctod  it  with  the  iiiaiiilaiid.  Thciv  thov  roinaiiiod 
that  aitenioon  and  the  next  day,  ex[)()sed  to  ii  I'uiioiis 
.storiu. 

So  many  f>l*  tlie  men  Avero  ill  from  poor  food  and 
exposure,  that  on  tlic  l29th  J^ewis  determined  to  take 
the  Indian  canoe,  llie  only  one  it  wuh  tlioujj^ht  ])()s- 
sihle  covild  live  in  such  a  sea,  and  search  for  winterin'Lf 
(|'iarters,  wliile  the  hunters  looked  lor  elk.  ]  le  was 
ahsent  six  days,  at  the  end  of  which  time  he  returned 
v.itli  tile  inl'ormation  tliaf.  a  short  distance  below  h(3 
had  found  u  river  on  whicli  they  mi,LCht  establish  their 
Y\  inter  carap,  and  when;  there  was  plenty  of  mame;  in 
jtroof  of  which  huter  assertion  he  had  left  two  ol'  his 
rieii  to  !L;iiar<l  six  elk  and  five  deer  which  they  had 
killed,  'litis  discove!  V  was  made  none  too  soon.  It 
was  alreadv  a)cceml)er,  51  month  late  enouufh  e\e;i  v.i 
more  teniperati-  rc^-ions  to  <-nter  winter-quarters  with 
the  hoj)e  of  providing"  lor  a  larne  party.  All  were 
impatient  to  proceed,  but  aijain  ugale  from  the  .south- 
v\i'st  prevented  them. 

At  length,  on  the  7th  of  December,  the  woatlier 
im[)roved  suiMciiMitly  foi-  the  canoes  to  round  a  jioint 
two  miles  below  {\\c  camji  into  a  (k'e[)  inlet  of  the 
( \)lumbi-i;"'  to  v.'hich  was  jj^iven  t'le  name  of  Meri- 
wi'tluM"  ]>ay,  in  compliment  1o  Cajitain  Lewis,  who, 
they  doubti'd  not,  was  the  first  white  ma'i  to  survey 
it.*  The  river  enter! ii'l;'  the  head  of  this  inlet  retained 
its  Indian  apjK'llation  of  Killho\vaniakel,  but  the 
sacred  nani'^  of  Lewis  was  imposed  n))on  the  Xetul, 
the  small  liver  whither  he  was  conducting  them,  and 
where  thiT  an-ived  that  afternoon. 

Everyl»ody  was  low  busy,  cleai'i'.iL^  a  site  for  the 
f  trt,  liuiitin_L>;,  and  briuL'in;;'  in  the  game.     Although 

^  A'cuii.tj  I'.iy. 

*T*\i>  M'lilinn'iital  Mi.'IiO()l-;iirls  cdulil  scarcrl";  liavc  Jiiiplii-d  innrc  silly  iiaiiica 
than  ili'l  lliiso  two  captains.  Tluy  t'lHlcivurvl  in  |iim  in'tnali' tin;  naiiic'i  of 
t  iciiisi'lvi's  aii'l  all  tluir  iiicii.  '/iviti;,'  sniiu-  a  river,  jioiiit,  ami  liayajiiucr  ;  ami 
itt'ifr  c'.\li.insUiij^  tliiir  siirnaiins,  tlicy  t<Hik  up  tiie  C'liri.sfiaii  nanus.  Nor  aro 
tlioy  nidic  iiappy  in  apiilyiii,'  iianu's  sii;:>,os1<  cl  liy  f.omo  acriiUnt  nr  iiiciilcnt : 
f'lr  exam,!!!',  (JilUkillcci,  lluii.'iy,  uii'?  tlic  like.  If  tlic  names  nf  Lewis  anil 
^  liulio  art'  nut  forever  pi'rpiuiatcii  on  tliia  Western  eoiist  it  lias  been  tiirmiyli 
1:0  fault  (jf  theirs. 


FORT  CLATSOP. 


;jnialnc(l 
,  I'urioiis 

)()d  and 
to  take 

l^llt    ]I(>S- 

iiitcriivj;' 
]  le  was 
'oturned 

)l'l()\V  lio 

sh  tlioir 
;ainc>;  in 
()  ol'  ]\IA 
hoy  had 

()(!11.        Jt 

e\eu  ill 
ors  with 
Ml  Avc'i-;; 

Iwcatlicr 
a  Joint 

of  llio 

.Mri-i- 

is,  who, 

snrvoy 
I'Liihc'd 
)iit    th<^ 

Xctul, 

ni,  and 

i»r  Iho 
thoii'jfh 


illy  iiiiinca 

:  IIMIIK'')  iif 

liciT ;  aii<l 

Nor  iii'O 

iiu'iiU'iit : 

^.I'wis  ami 

It  tliri>ii''h 


for  tlie  most  part  tlio  men  wore  chccrrul,  their  liard- 
hi[)s  wi-ro  many  anil  great,  and  only  tlio  mildnt'ss  ot 


the  climate  saved  them  from  severe  sutferin 


It 


rained  almost  incessantly.  Though  elk  weiv  jtlenti- 
i'ul,  hunting  them  among  the  v.'ot  f  and  hogs  of  the 
( 'latsop  country  was  no  easy  matter.  When  killed., 
as  there  weie  no  horses,  it  was  severe  lahor  to  hiiiig 
the  meat  into  camp.  IMauy  of  the  men,  also,  were 
half  disahled  hy  "dysentery,  colds,  and  hoils."' 

j"'..o  spot  selected  ftrr  the  I'ort  was  a])out  two  lum- 
dred  yards  irom  the  hank  of  i^ewis  JJiver,  near  its 
entrance  into  the  bay.  JW  the  I'Jth  were  leady  for 
occU[)ation  three  cabins  built  of  logs,  the  crevices 
stopjivd  with  mud,  and  the  whole  roofed  with  cedar 
planks.  On  the  14th  seven  were  st)  far  comjileted  as 
to  be  habitable.  The  whole  was  then  enclosed  with 
stockades;  sentries  were  [)osted  on  guard,  and  the 
jilaee  was  named  Fort  Clatsop.'^ 

Clarke  immediately  visited  the  coast,  seven  miles 
distant,  to  inquire  concerning  trading-vessi-ls,  and  lo 
estal)l!sh  friendlv  relations  wilh  the  natives.  lie 
i'ouud  all  the  vessels  depaited,  not  to  return  for  three 
nionlhs  or  more.  The  Indians  gave  him  the  names 
of  a  number  of  whiti'  men,  chieily  traders,"  most  im- 
portant among  wlK)m  was  Haley,  a  fact  taken  advan- 
la-je  of  bv  ( 'larke  in  naming  the  bav  formed  bv  the 
('•ilumbia  at  its  mouth  Haley  JJay.  The  nativi-s  on 
the  Miuth  bank  of  tlu;  river,  about  its  mouth,  were 
called  ('latso[)s,  of  whom  Clarke  i'ouud  a  few  families 

■■III  Oi;t(il>i  r  ls:!(i,  Mr  Towiisrn  1,  tho  naturalist,  paid  a  vi.>it  to  Vou'i.; 
Ray  to  we  till'  ininrtcrs  ociuiiiiil  hy  tlu-  explorers.  Tli<'  1ol;s  were  foninl  still 
perleit  luit  tlie  Minis  jiail  (lisapiuarcil,  jirolialily  eariieil  oil'  l>y  the  liiiliaiis, 
ainl  the  yromiil  alimit  the  fort  was  '<)ver;j;rown  witli  tlrrii  ami  wild  eiirraiit 
hilsiies.'  7'iir/),v<  „(/",<  .\'/r/\,  •_'.■)():  I'rtiiir/x  r(  n  Xnr.,  Kit),  'i'lio  spot  is  now 
I'ovureil  liy  a  grovo  of  aiders  and  lirs.  In  later  times  eertain  niap-inak(  is 
lieeanie  eonfnsed  in  their  loeiition  of  Fort  Clatsop.  For  example,  on  .\/>'>■l'^ 
iiiii/i  of  t/ii'  Ciiiliil  Shili.i,  Tfrriloiii  iij  <h-i'jiiii,  '.  ish'iiKjI'iii,  ISIS,  in  //.  //'/>'. 
<''iiiiiii'i'trf  :h'h  <'"ii'j.,  0/  Scsx.,  \i>.  •!!,  -Astoria  l-.ealhd  Fort -Vstoria,  or  Chit- 
s'lp,  or  Fort  (Ieor;,'c.     Sen  ulso  llinifii  Mi  r.  .l/'f;/.,  vi.  .'(11. 

''The  traili  rs  were  Hali'y,  YiMuns,  Cdlalamet,  Sivipion,  M'Mire,  M.-tekey, 
W  ashiiiiiton,  Mesship,  .lackson,  lloKli,  and  Ski  lley.  |).i\id'<oii  e.in!e  only  to 
hunt  elk.  Tallamon  was  not  a  trader.  All  lame  in  three  masted  \e-.se!s, 
c.xccpl  Moore,  w  ituttu  uhi^i  hud  four  inusits.     All  tij^iuku  the  Fn^lish  lanj^uagu. 


50 


THE  PACIFIC  AND  THE  RETURN  JOURNEY. 


on  the  l)ca<.'li,  wliorct'oived  and  ontcrtaiiu'd  liiiii  in  the 
most  fiicndly  manner.  Tlity  s])()ke  a  few  wortls  of 
Enii'lisli,  (rliiuriv  nanu's  of  aitick-s  of  trade. 

As  soon  as  it  became  known  that  the  explorers  had 
estabhshed  tliemselves  in  winter-ijuarters,  thtsy  w- 
ceived  fre(jUi!nt  visits,  not  only  from  the  C'latsops,  hut 
from  tlie  Killamo(jk.s,  Cathlaniets,  and  Wakiakums, 
whose  <-hiefs  were  i)resented  with  the  customary 
medals  due  to  their  rank.'^  All  these  people  were 
friendly.  If  they  grew  presumini^',  or  were  •;uilty  of 
theft,  they  were  cpiickly  and  finnly  checked.  The 
Chinooks  were  most  annoyin*^  irom  their  thievish  pro- 
pensities, which  at  last  r(,'sulted  in  their  exclusion  Irom 
the  i'ort.  When  a  Clatsoj)  or  (\-ithlamet  approached 
lie  sto[)ped  a  little  way  off,  and  shouted,  "Xo  Chi- 
nook!" 

The  weather  up  to  the  Gth  of  Jaiuiary  continued 
so  I'ainy  that  nothiiii^*  was  attempti'd  in  tlie  way  of 
ex])loration,  anil  the  only  inl'ormation  obtained  was 
such  as  the  natives  could  furnish.  The  energies  of 
the  juen  were  devoted  to  procuring  provisions,  not 
only  for  tlie  ])resent  but  for  the  return  of  the  ex})e- 
dition  as  soon  as  sj)i'ing  should  ojten.  Tlie  absence 
of  vi'ssels  from  which  supplies  might  be  purchased 
renderi'd  this  coni'se  im[)erative.  Salt  tor  presei-ving 
elk-meat  was  manufacturetl  from  salt-water,  the  salt- 
maker's  camp  being  located  just  above  Killamook 
Head,  on  Clatsop  beach. 

It  was  already  \K\st  thi'  Xew  Year  when  an  interval 
of  bright  weather,  and  tlu;  m^w.s  that  a  large  whale 
had   been  stranded  on   the    beach   Ix-low    Killamook 

''One  of  Mr  lVriiu''H  iliiMnn  found,  n  few  ilayH  »inec  (Oct.  14,  l.s;](i), 
(I  lur;.'o  mIIvci'  iiioilal  wliicli  Iiail  hci'ii  liroiiirlit  licrc  liy  !ji'wi>i  aii<l  Clarice,  iiinl 
liail  proliahly  !>een  ])i\'seiiteil  to  moiuo  eliief,  wlio  lost  it.  On  oiu!  nidi;  waH  a 
liead  witll  tlic  liailio  "Tll.  JeHei-^oii,  riesidciit  of  the  I'llited  Stiltes,  ISOI.' 
On  tlie  other,  two  Itaiidi  interloekid,  siiniiomited  l>y  a  jii]ie  and  tomahawk; 
and  al)ove  the  words  "  I'eaco  ami  Krieiid-shii). "  '  Tini-iin,  inl'i^  A'"r.,  "J.'iti.  In 
/inliiiii  Ajlairn,  Ji</mrf  IS'i'i,  ".'•Jl,  mention  is  niado  of  the  nied;d  foiiiid:  and 
<;ilil>s,  in  C  iS'.  fiVi/;/.  Siiri'..  Pmnll,  Llknil.,  i.  "JliS,  s|ieak:<  of  Indian  reeollec- 
tions  of  Lewis  ami  Clarke  Ub  late  jus  ISOO.  See  hirtlier  Matthkii'n  Iti  l'n<jff, 
M.S.,  !.->,  10. 


'■■m 


KILLAMOOK  BAY. 


87 


ill!  in  the 
^voi'cls  of 

)rtrs  had 
they  re-- 
sops,  but 
kiakums, 

LlstDllUll'V 

iplo  weri! 
onilty  of 
ed.  The 
jvish  pi'o- 
sion  iroiu 
)i)ro;K-he(l 
'X..  Chi- 


contiiuicd 
u)  way  of 
iriiied  was 
u'ri>;ies  of 
ions,  not 
the  cxpe- 
e  al)St'n('t! 
jiu'chascd 
itsc'ivin,i4' 
the  sak- 
illaniook 

\i  interval 
iv(>  wlialf 
.illaniook 

let.  n,  isaii). 

Cl.irlvi'.  mill 

ttiitcs,  ISDI.  ' 

toiiiiilmwk  ; 

(r.,'J."><i.     In 

fiimid;  ami 

lliaii  rroDlk'c- 

r  «',s    lilj'lt'Jt", 


Head,  determined  Clarke  to  visit  that  part  of  the 
eoa.st  with  the  double  purpose  of  learn  inn'  soniethiiii;' 
about  it,  and  of  securing  jsonie  of  the  blul)ber  of  the 
whale. 

Takinn"  with  him  twelve  men  he  proe(>edod  down 
Lewis  liiver  to  Youni^  Bay,  intendinu;'  to  i>-o  to  the 
nearest  ( 'latsop  village,  whieh  was  situated  about  three 
miles  below  that  river  and  four  miles  south-east  of 
I'oiiit  Adams — the  CAabo  Frondoso  of  the  Spaniards, 
and  the  Cajt  llond  of  the  French. 

Finding  it  too  rough  for  the  canoes,  he  put  in 
to  Skip[>anon  Creek  without  a  guide.  About  three 
miles  up  the  creek  he  came  upon  some  high  ground 
and  an  open  road  where  he  left  the  <*anoes,  and  f  >1- 
lowing  the  path  across  some  marshes  reached  tlu; 
Xeali-lToxie  near  where  it  makes  a  sudden  bend  to 
tlie  south,  eiossing  it  in  a  canoe  found  under  the  bank. 
Klk  signs  being  seen,  they  hunted  until  night,  camping 
at  the  f  >i'k  of  the  Neah-Hoxie. 

On  the  morning  of  the  7th  the  party  proceeded  up 
the  south  branch,  crossing  it  on  a  fallen  tree,  and  found 
a  sand\'  rid^e  on  the  other  side  separatin«>'  the  stream 
from  the  ocean  b}^  only  three  quarters  of  a  mile. 
Three  miles  down  the  beach  the}'  came  to  the  mouth 
of  '"a  beautiful  river,  with  a  bold  rapid  current,  e'gldy- 
live  yards  wide,  and  three  feet  dee[)  in  its  shallowest 
crossings,"  which  was  named  Clatsop  liiver."  Two 
miles  bi'low  this  was  the  camp  of  the  salt-makers,  who 
Avere  piodncing  a1)out  four  quarts  a  day. 

Securing  a  young  Indian  guide,  (  Marke  and  his  men 
began  the  ascent  of  the  head,  which,  projecting  into 
the  sea  more  than  two  miles,  and  rising  to  a  height  of 
1  welve  hundred  feet,  presented  an  almost  insu[)erable 
barrier  to  travel  up  and  down  the  coast.  At  great  peril 
from  landslides  owing  to  the  stee[iness  of  the  trail, 

'■'I'liis  was  till!  inmttli  of  tho  ?»<'iili-l{()xii',  which  well  dcsir.  cm  tlio  apiicllii- 
tiuu  of  licautit'til  river.  It  doulilcs  u|ioii  itself  hu  as  to  lie  ruiiiiing  directly 
iinith  and  .south  at  the  same  time,  tho  two  [lor*"  'lis  heiii,;,'  si'iiaratcd  liy  a  iiaf- 
I'ow  liilge,  and  tho  whole  lonyth  of  tho  streuiu  'uoiiig  Ixndcnd  liy  overhanging 
trues. 


08  TIIK  rACIFIC  AXT)  THE  RETT'nX  JOUllXEV. 

and  from  its  narnnvness  avIktc  it  led  aloii'^^  the  cdn^o 
of  tlu'  c-liU's,  tliL'V  iviiclied  tlit!  top  in  two  ]i(»uis.  Fi-oni 
this  oniinont-o  Clarke  behehl  tlie  (hiU  oi)aqne  misty 
ocean,  rolHnL,^  in  from  the  west  its  all-couipelhiiL'- 
waves,  as  far  as  Cape  Disappointment  on  the  nortli, 
and  soutli  as  I'ar  as  the  eve  eould  follow  the  outline 
of  the  coast.  Alter  gazin'H"  upon  the  scene  lor  some 
time,  and  remarkiu'H'  upon  the  grandeur  of  the  forest 
that  <-rowned  the  mountain,  his  thou-^lits  reverted  to 
himself;  and  ho  tj^avc  to  this  promontory  the  name  of 
Clarke  Point  of  View.  Cam])  was  j^itched  on  the  top 
of  tlie  mount  lin.  On  tlie  following  day,  after  a  dilh- 
cult  desc(>nt  on  the  south  sidi-  tlun'  came  again  to  a 
level  heacli,  and  aftei'  a  two  miles'  marcli  reached  a 
creek  eighty  yaids  wide,  just  beycmd  which  was  the 
.skeleton  of  a  whale  one  hundred  and  live  feet  in  length. 
Tlie  name  of  Kscola,  or  Whale,  was  given  to  this  creek. 

Clarke's  ])rincipal  object,  the  securing  of  whale- 
bluhher,  was  but  in  a  small  measure  attained,  three 
hundred  pounds  being  all  tliat  the  Indians  could  be 
jtrevailed  on  to  part  with.  l>efore  leaving,  next  day, 
he  procured  a  di'liiu'ation  of  the  coast  to  the  south  as 
i'ar  as  Xillamook  \hy,  which  he  understood  to  be  a 
rivej',''  and  named  f  )r  the  ti'ibe  living  upon  its  l)anks. 
The  high  jioint  at  the  south  side  of  KilLunook  ]>ay 
he  called  Cape  Ijookout.^" 

On  the  !)th  the  ])arty  returned  as  far  as  the  camp 
of  tlu!  salt-makers,  and  the  next  dav  I'cached  Fort 
Clatsop.     That  night  they  were  unlbrtunate  enough 

•<'liiiki'  says  tlinttlio  KillamookH  pnssrcl  up  tlu'irrivcr  to  tlioShocatiluuin, 
or  ('iiliiiiil)iii,  ti)  trailer  for  \vai>:it(>  roots.  This  is  iiimtliir  iiiis:i]n>ri'li('ii 'ion  of 
till!  IiiiliMii  iiii'aiiiii;,',  Vfiy  iiatiiriil  M  itii  so  liiiiiti'il  u  kiiowK'il^'o  of  tli<  ir  laii- 
giiiigc,  tilriun.  or  iiioro  ])r(ipir!y,  t'llii-inn,  lu'iiii;  tlic  woril  <lciiotinf^  ]i(i'son  — 
iiiiy  |n'isoii.  l'rolial)Iy  tlicy  wjie  tt'liiii;,'  liiiii  that  tluy  wiiit  over  into  tlio 
^\  illuimtto  N'allt'V  to  traliic  with  tho  pfoido  tlicn^  for  wapatos;  t!  •'  !;iiallo\v- 
lakes  ill  w  hicii  this  root  grows  iK'ing  comiMoii  in  tho  lower  end  of  the;  valley. 

'"  '  ( 'hirke,  of  Clarke  and  Lewis'  expedition,  when  aliout  live  miles  i^outli  of 
Tillamook  Head,  spoke  of  "  Killaimiek  iiiiy"  as  twenty  miles  fiiither  south, 
into  wiiieli  liowed  tho  Nicleo  (N'ehaloiii).  Ho  made  liis  distanees  too  gre;it; 
ludiieiiig  tile  twenty  to  thirteen  miles,  the  "Niolee"  would  be  in  tho  propel" 
position  of  the  Xelialem — whenee  the  Indians  make  !i  poi'tage,  as  Clarke 
states,  to  the  Multnomah.  Clarkcs  deserii>tion  of  the  )>ay  at  the  mouth  of 
tiic  Xelialein  was  obtained  from  tlie  Indians,  and  was  really  Tilliunouk  liiiy, 
but  located  iu  tho  wrong  place.'  Davidson' a  t'uunl  I'ilvt,  14i. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


no 


ho  ('(1!j:o 
From 
0  misty 
iilK'Hin;^ 
i  north, 
outrmu 
or  some 
10  ioicst 
ortud  to 
namo  of 
tho  top 
V  a  (lilH- 
>'ai!i  to  a 
,>a('ho(l  a 
was  tho 
iloiiLJ^th. 
lis  crook, 
f  whalo- 
,'(1,  tinvo 
could  1)0 
^cxt  (lay, 
outh  as 
to  1)0  a 
hanks. 
l)ok  P>!iy 


ic  cam]) 
a  Fort 
cnou^;■h 

liooatiloum, 

lifnuDii  of 

tin  ir  liiii- 

■^  ])(  rson  — 

■!•  into  tlio 

1  ;■  t:|lilll"\V' 

the  valley. 

IcM.'^llUtll   <lf 

th(  r  suutli, 

s  tiMt  i^rtMt; 

tlio  imiiKT 

n-i  «  larko 

I'   liiolltll  of 

iiiiook  Uiiy, 


to  liavo  tlioir  canoo  carriod  away  b}^  the  tide.  This 
loss  was  suhsequontly  made  j^ootl  by  the  i)urchaso  t>f 
one  tVoHi  the  Clatsops,  and  tho  seizure  of  another 
ill  reprisal  for  some  articles  stolen  hy  that  tribe. 

It  had  been  the  intention  of  Lewis  and  Clarke  to 
I'oniain  at  Fort  Clatsop  until  April,  in  the  hope  of 
meeting  with  some  foreign  trailers''  from  whom,  by 
moans  of  their  letters  of  credit,  they  might  recruit 
tlieir  stores,  whicli  wore  so  <liminishod  that  they  might 
'  all  haVi-  been  tied  in  two  handkerchiefs,  tliev  said. 

They  wore  obliged,  however,  to  depart  on  the  2.">d 
of  Marcli,  for  tho  elk,  their  chic>f  (h'pondonco  for  food, 
having  retreated  to  tho  mountains  they  won;  in  dan- 
ger of  fuuine.  Having  jilonty  of  anununition  and 
good  guns,  it  was  thought  best  to  proceed  slowly  up 
the  river,  depending  on  such  game  as  could  be  found 
in  tile  woods  along  the  Columbia. 

It  would  not  hav(i  been  consistent  with  tlK^'r  in- 
sti'uctions,  or  thi- design  of  the  expedition,  to  (piitthe 
c(>unirv  witliout  in  some  way  adv»Mtising  to  the  world 
the  fact  that  thev  had  boon  thort',  in  tlio  service  of  the 
United  States;  therefore,  in  addition  to  the  usual 
leave-taking,  thi'V  issued  to  the  most  prominent  chiefs 
of  the  ('lat.>o[)s  and  Chinooks  cortilicates  of  kindness 
and  attention  received  from  them,  which  they  well 
understood  would  be  exhibited  to  as  much  of  tho  world 
as  evei'  came  to  the  mouth  of  the  Colund)ia.  In  ad- 
dition to  tliese  the  follov^ing  notice  was  posted  u})  iu 
the  fort:  "The  object  of  this  last  is,  that  throrigh  the 
medium  of  some  civilized  person,  who  may  see  the 
same,  it  may  bo  made  known  to  the  world,  that  the 
j)aity  consisting  of  the;  persons  whose  names  are  here- 
unto amiexod,  and  who  wore  sent  out  by  the  govern- 
ment of  the  I'nitod  States  to  exj>loro  tlio  int(>rior  of 
the  continent   of  North  America,  did  penetrate  the 

"  'In  ISOli,  soon  after  Lewis  and  Cliirko  k-fttli'  ir  cncanipnicnt  on  tlu-ir  re- 
turn to  tlic  I'nitt'il  States,  the  .ship  i'riii'-unirr,  JJidwn,  niastn-,  entirid  tiio 
river.  Laviiij,'  Iuth  «.nt  out  liy  Thomas  Lyman,  of  Boston,  in  expectation  of 
meeting' them.  O'ray'a  JJint.  Or.,  lo. 


60 


TIIR  PACIFIC  A\D  THE  lETL'RN  JOURXEV. 


sumo  l>y  the  way  of  tliu  Missouri  and  Coliiinhia  rivers, 
t()-tliL'  (lisc-hai'^c  of  the  latter  into  the  I'ueitic  Oeean, 
where  they  arrived  on  the  14th  (lav  of  November 
1>S();>,  and  dei)arted  the  '2:)d  day  of  ^lareli  I  HOC),  on 
their  return  to  the  United  States,  hy  tlie  same  route 
by  whieli  they  had  eonie  out."  Upon  the  haek  of 
this  paper  was  drawn  a  sketeh  of  their  I'outr^  across 
the  eoutinent.  That  same  year  it  fell  into  the  hands 
of  an  American  caj)tain,^"  who  carried  it  to  (*anton, 
and  thence  to  tlie  irnited  States,  Still  furtlier  to  se- 
cure the  friendly  otticesof  Chief  ('omowool,  thc^  cabins 
and  furniture  of  the  tort  were  [»resented  to  him. 

At  one  o'clock  on  the  afternoon  of  the  2;ld  the 
exj)edition  left  Fort  Clatsop  for  the  return  voya'L;e  n[> 
the  Columbia.  Proceedin'>'  slowlv  they  noted  the 
stream  that  comes  in  a  short  distance  below  the  [nvs- 
I'ut  site  of  Cathlamet,  an  island  opposite  Oak  ]N)int''' 
named  Fanny  Island,  the  niouth  and  valley  of  the 
Cowlitz,  the  Cathlapootk  <;r  Lewis  Kiver,  and  linally 
arrived  on  the  .'Ust  at  the  mouth  (tf  Seal  Ixiver,  when' 
thiy  encamped  to  remain  while  the  hunters  collected 
meat  enough  to  supply  the  party  until  the  tishiny  sea- 
son should  begin,  in  ^fay. 

While  in  camj)  at  this  })lace,  opposite  Quicksanil 
River,  they  obst-rved  that  there  was  a  great  extent 
of  country  betwet'u  that  stream  and  the  coast,  which 
indicated  the  existence  of  s(>me  large  river,  by  which 
and  its  tiibutaries  the  country  should  be  watered. 
Upon  examination  they  were  satislied  that  (Quick- 
sand liiver  was  not  that  imjiortant  sti-eam,  and  upon 
exjilaining  their  doubts  to  the  nativi's  and  making 
in<|uiries,  the}'  tirst  learned  of  the  river,"  called  by 

'-(Viptaiii  Hill,  of  the  ln-ij^  T.>i(1iii. 

'•''I'lic  ((iij,'iii:il  ();ik  I'nint,  si'ttli'il  in  ISIO,  was  on  tin;  soiitli  siili- t)f  llic 
river,  ni'iir  wiicrf  Fanny  l-iland  nuist  liavo  lici'n. 

"Tiu!  Willanu'tti!  IJiviT.  'l'\w  spfllin,!,'  "f  tlii'  name  has  (HM'Msiont'd  nearly 
as  mueli  er)nti'i)Ver.Hy  as  tlie  (>ri),'iii  of  tlio  word  Oreyim.  Tlie  journal  of  Lewis 
anil  Clarke  makes  no  mention  of  it,  they  having  seen  only  that  part  of  the 
river  ealled  Multnomah  hy  the  Indians,  that  is,  the  iMU-tion  helow  the  falls. 
I'drki  /•".•(  Kr/if(iriii'j  Tour.,  171 ;  Jtiiiilij'.i  //int. Or.,  MS,,  7.S.  In  Irvin)^'"s.lwA)//i(, 
Wollamut  U  thu  spelling  utiCil;  uud  in  his  UoHitcfllk'n  Adr.,  \\\ilhniiuf — the 


THE  \villa:mettk. 


01 


ilieiu  ^[ultiiouiali/'  a  name  applied  also  to  one  of  the 
vill.'iLJCcs. 

On  Ajiril  '2d  Clarke  started  with  a  o'uide  to  ex[)lore 
the  waters  beyond  the  "three  small  islands"  that  con- 
cealetl  iVoiii  view  the  nioutli  of  the  unknown  I'ivei-, 
Hf  fiiuiid.  on  penetrating^  the  islets  and  roundinL;'  the 
head  of  Wapato  Island,  a  stream  '*ai)pearinu;  t«t  [)(>s- 
sess  water  ent»u_L;'h  for  the  largest  slii[),"  up  which  he 
continued,  conversing  witli  the  people  on  tlie  sliore,  to 
a  place  not  far  from  tlie  present  site  of  l*oi"tland, 
where  lie  found  it  tive  hundretl  vards  in  witltli,  and 
for  half  the  distance  across  be^'ond  the  ea[)acity  of 
his  sounding  line  of  iive  fathoms. 

From  this  point  he  returned,  having  enjoyed  at  one 
\  iiw  the  sight  of  five  snowy  peaks,"*  one  of  wlii<-h  ho 
named  after  the  president,  Mount  Jeti'erson.     1  le  had 


[\\  siilo  of   the. 


srciiiid  liriiii;  ]iriilial)ly  a  correctidii  of  tlii'  first.  In  FraiiflK  re's  X'lrrnlirc. 
lilt'  won  I  is  .-.jK  llcil  \\\{\\  fithuraii  i  or  an  ii.  in  tlio  lir.st  .sylltililcanil  n  ore  in  tlio 
list.  Ill  otiici'  I'rciirli  I),  piilis  (if  aiiiMrly(l:it('  \\i^  liiul  ";/  ill  It  mill  in\A>  liui'lunn  I. 
(  liirf  I'aitur  McLou^'hliii  alwavM  wrote  Wnlliinii  lti\  w  liiili  a]i|Kais  to  li;i\ilici  u 
\\w.  istalilisiiuil  till  ni  (low  n  to  tliu  purioil  of  tlii;  Amcrit-an  iiuiiii^'i-atioii.  I'drlii  s 
IJarilay,  \\  lio  wiiit  to  ()i(';,'on  in  ISST,  ami  in  his  eapai-ity  of  surp'ou  jind 
jihysii -Mil  \\a«  olilii^'cil  to  iminirc  into  ami  rciiort  ii[>on  ail  f;u'ts  ooiiocrniii!^ 
]i  iliiilalinn,  anil  the  nanus  of  tiilies  ami  jilacrs,  Niiil  in  answer  to  an  ininiiry 
nil  the  Mil'jt  et  that  till'  Inilians  nn  (he  west  liank  of  the  river  fruiii  the  ( 'la'U- 
aiim.i  liajiiils  to  the  falls  were  ealled  Wiilhiiintts.  JJlanehit  favors  tlies|ielling 
iilojitiil  liy -MeLoiiuhlin  -  ir((//((///(^/( .  'J'olinii',  however,  says  tliat  its  truu 
|iiiiiiunriatiiin  is  Wiiliiiml,  or  more  ])ro[)erly  Wnluinl.  J'tujil  Sniini/,  MS.,  7. 
I'loiii  the  usual  waniil  of  liiclian  wonls  in  Oregon,  tiiis  last  ajijieais  to  he  the 
lieaie>t  a]iiiioaeh  to  the  trui  orthoi,'iaiihy;  hoth  the  /  in  the  tir.-t  syllalile.  aiel 
t!ie.  teriiiiiiatiou  </'('  lieing  l'"reiieh  innovations  introilueeil  hy  the  ( 'aiiailiaiis. 
The  early  Anieriean  settlers  ailopteil  the  Wiilliimilh'  siK'HiiiLT,  with  tlie  W'lilhi- 
»m/ liidiiiiiuiatioii,  the  aeeent  heing  on  the  seeoml  isyllatile,  ami  the  lirst  'i 
liavimr  a  liroail  soniul.  Tlu'  wonl  has  umlergono  «everal  transitions,  cmliiig 
in  the  now  eiistninary  sjielling  of  WHIniiiilli',  as  resdlveil  in  tlii'  h  gislativc 
jiroceeiliiigs  of  !s71,  to  lie  the  orthograiiliy  for  all  laws  and  reeords.  Or.  llniKr. 
Jtiiir.  1S74,  !K>,'>-1.  'i'liis  is  several  removes  from  the  original  Indian  word, 
and  will  ultimately  lend  to  an  entirely  dillerent  iirontineiatiim,  thnngh  tho 
early  settlers  istill  |iriiiiininee  it  as  of  yfitv  -Wiilliiinil.  tiins  sullieii  nlly  aiiirli- 
ei;^in;V  the  wurtl  witiiout  materially  ehaiiging  its  tine  sotind.  Wnli-lu-iiii  I.  'I'ho 
eontioveriialists  on  tlii  ulijeet  are  numerous,  'j'he  most  proinim  nt  liavo 
iii'ii  I'atlii  r  JManehet,  .1.  (juinn  'J'liorton,  Wm.  Strong,  Mrs  \'i<-tor,  .las. 
Strong.  an<l  .Matthew  1'.  Deady.  tiie  latter  having  written  a  iiaiii|ih!et  entitle  d 
W'lilliiiiii  t  ur  W'llliiiiiiiti .  eiiiitaining  sisty-six  ]>ages,  v>iili  an  i  .\liap.slive  eom- 
liari.son  of  authorities,  and  whieh  ineliah's  all  theri^  is  to  say  eoneerning  tho 
Word.  See  also />Yro-<7,w",v  iaili.  C/nur/i  in  dr.,  M  -I;  y/./nV  nr.  J/iM.,  !M; 
Jt'ii  /iiirilstiii's  Mi.-<.-t..  ,'!!IS. 

'' Snlisei|nent  travellers  discovered  that  Multnomah  was  a  name  used  to 
distinguish  that  ]«art  of  the  Willamette  lielow  the  fall.s,  and  that  it  «as  de- 
rived  fi(  ni  a  family  or  trihe  of  that  name  living  along  its  banks. 

'"l;..inier,  St  Ilelun,  Adams,  Hood,  uiulJeilcrsoii. 


G2 


THE  PACIFIC  AND  THE  RETURN  JOURNEY. 


also  licard  of  a  river  forty  miles  altovc  the  mouth  of 
the  ]\Iiiltiiomah,  liaviiiL;'  its  source  in  ^NTount  Jetl'erson, 
ou  whieli  lived  a  tril)e  (-ailed  tlu;  Claekauias,  and  iu 
returninuf  he  noticed  an  iiih^t  of  the  C.'olumhia,"  hack 
of  Wapato  Island,  which  ho  named  Wa|)ato  Inlet. 
The  ishuid  is  (leserii)e(l  as  hcing  twenty  miles  hn)'^,  and 
from  live  to  ten  miles  wide,  the  laud  hi^h  and  lertile, 
and  alto'^ether  "the  most  important  spot"  in  the 
country  thereal)outs.  He  had  also  learned  tl»at  the 
i'alls  of  the  Multnomah  were  twenty  miles  beyond  the 
entrance  of  the  Clackamas  lliver,  or  .sixtv  miles  from 
the  Cokunbia,  and  that  two  tribes  of  Indians,  called 
the  (-'ushooks  and  tlie  Chalieowahs,  resided  there  for 
the  convenieiice  of  lishin^",  and  of  "trading*  across  the 
mountains  and  down  Killamook  Ilivcr  with  the  nation 
of  Killamooks."  The  I'alls  were  said  to  be  occasioned 
bv  tlie  passa!jre  of  a  hii»']i  ran-je  of  mountains  ""bevond 
M'hich  the  country  stretclies  intt)  a  vast  level  plain, 
wholly  destitute  of  timber,"  inhabited  by  a  nation 
called  the  Calapooyas,  who  mimbei-ed  forty  villages. 
lie  recorded  the  width  of  Wapato  Inlet  three 
hundred  yards,  which  is  not  far  Irom  its  actual  meas- 
urement, and  further  describes  it  as  extendin;^^  ten  or 
twelve  miles  to  the  south,  where  it  receives  the  watei's 
of  a  small  creek,  whoso  sources  are  not  far  from  those 
of  the  Killamook  liiver,  and  below  tliat  to  the  Colum- 
bia of  an  unknown  width. "^ 

''  It  \V!is  ,1  (rrave  error  of  C"l;irl;c  to  c:ill  that  portion  (jf  the  "Wi'.laiiu'tte  that 
flows ;;loii;.f  tliL-  lii;,'hl:iU(l.s  iiii  iiih't  of  th'.:  Cohiiiibia,  when  eoiainiiii  oh^eTvatiou 
rt'Veal.i  the  tniih.  1'ho  Willaliiettu  water  is  so  dillereut  in  e  ;lui'  (hninLJ  the 
•I  luii;  rise  as  to  make  jieree]itil)le  a  lino  of  deiuarcation  for  some  disiancc  below 
tlic  lower  iiiil  ui  .''aiive  island. 

'"'J'he  niunhei-of  errors  eontaineil  in  any  dcscnption  of  the  e<,>ii!itiy  ol)- 
tained  from  the  Indiana  ix  not  infrequently  f;reater  than  the  tri;e  stalementj. 
In  tliu  ah;)Ve  two  i)ara;.'ra]>h:<  are  more  enoi-.i  than  fait.i.  'J'he  Talln  of  the 
Mnltnomali  (  r  Willamette  r.re  twenty-four  )niles  from  the  ujijier  iiiiuth  of  the 
liver,  the  only  one  reeognixed  hy  ( 'li'.lke  in  his  journal,  and  are  not  oeeasioiicd 
liy  passing  a  mountain  range:  the  Claekamas  River  eomes  in  just  lielow  the 
falls,  and  does  not  risc^  in  Mount  .lelVersen ;  there  is  no  stream  eoininginto 
the  lower  Willamette  where  it  runs  Ix'hind  Sanve  Island,  whose  soareesare 
further  liaek  than  the  Willamette  highlands  hordering  the  rivei-,  or  within 
from  a  (juartir  <f  a  mile  to  live  miles  away  ;  the  island  is  nowhere  ten  miles 
wide;  nor  is  the  Willamette  ^'alley  ahove  the  falls  a  vast  level  plain  wholly 
without  timber.  Had  Captain  Clarke  learned  the  true  jiosition  of  the  falls, 
lie  would  probably  have  visited  them  and  luive  found  dense  masses  of  timber 
lor  forty  miles  above  them. 


rmif'HASE  OF  IIORSKS. 


63 


lOllth  of 

ctU'Vi^on, 
;,  uiid  ill 
II,"  I  Kick 
to  Inlet, 
oiijjf,  ami 
(I  ri'i'lile, 
"   ill  till' 
that  the 
voiul  tlie 
'ilcs  iVoiu 
ns,  called 
there  for 
Lci'oss  the 
he  nation 
iccasioiied 
i  "ht'voiul 
vel  plain, 
a  nation 
^'  \illages. 
\vt   three 
ual  nieas- 
u;v  ten  or 
ho  waters 
■oni  those 
lit!  Coluin- 


kllunu'ttc  tliiit 
111  uli;vjrviitiiiii 
lir  (luiinii  tho 
list;iiicu  bolow 

cousiti-y  ('U- 

I.ilU)  of  the 
|iir)>it'i<>f  tlio 

list  lllluW  ilio 

c'Diiiiiij,'  iuli> 
u  f:(>;ii'i-'i;.-i  iiri- 
■iT,  <ir  witliiu 
Iro  ten  miles 
llilaiii  wholly 
,jf  tho  fulls, 
Les  of  timbtii' 


On  the  0th  of  April  they  moved  tho  rain[>  a  few 
miles  ui»  the  river,  to  the  sonth  side,  to  aceoininodatu 
the  hunters.  There  they  were  dotaincil  hy  liio-h 
winds  until  the  9th,  wlun  they  crossed  the  rivrr  attain 
and  proceeded  as  far  as  an  liKUaii  village  near  Castle 
Kock.  JOvcrywhere  on  tlie  liver  the  liKhans  liad 
oone  or  weie  just  going  to  the  fisheries  on  tho  Coluin- 
l»la  and  AViliainette. 

I'poii  examining  the  rocks  for  water-marks,  ;ind 
comparing  them  witli  their  notes  taken  in  Xovemher, 
they  fouiul  the  rivor  twelve  feet  higher  near  the  Cas- 
cades than  wlieii  tliey  passed  down.  Not  heing  al>l(! 
to  get  tho  canoi's  througli  tlie  main  cliannel  at  tho 
lower  rai)id,  they  took  tliem  tlirougli  that  wliich  runs 
to  the  soutii  of  an  island  whicli  they  called  Jh'ant 
Island,  and  which  was  narrower  and  less  rough,  cross- 
ing again  to  the  north  hank  ahovo  tho  island. 

Tlie  second  pas-age  of  tho  rapids  was  hy  no  means 
easiei-  than  the  first,  and  to  add  to  the  annoyances  of 
hard  lahor  and  rainy  weather  which  they  encountered 
in  the  heart  of  the  mountains,  tho  Indians  proved  im- 
]>ertinent;  l)ut  hy  their  characteristic  prudence  and 
lirnuiess  the  exi)lorers  avoided  serious  trouhle. 

in  three  davs  onlv  sevt'ii  miles  were  accomi»li>hed, 
one  of  tho  canoes  l>eing  lost  in  tho  passagt-;  l>ut.  two 
smaller  ones  were;  ])urchased  at  tho  hoa<l  of  tho  rai)ids, 
and  the  expedition  was  cnahled  to  proceed.  On  tho 
14th  White  Salmon  IJiver  was  reai-hed,  where  were; 
seen  the  tii'st  horses  sincc^  leaving  that  iieighhorhood 
six  months  carlii'i-,  and  these  had  been  ca[)tured  in 
'•a  warlike  excursion,  which  was  lately  made  against 
the  Towanahiooks,  a  part  of  the  Snake  nation  li\  ing 
in  the  ujjper  |)art  of  the  ^[ultnonuih,  to  tlu.-  south- 
east of  this  place."''-* 

Wishing  to  save  the  labor  of  taking  the  canoes 
again  through  the  narrows,  Lewis  and  Clarke,  when 
they  arrived   at    the    Dalles,   began    to    bargain    for 

'"  More  iiiisunderstaniling  of  Indian  names,  or  an  cQort  to  conform  an  In- 
dian story  to  a  preconceived  and  i'also  o])iuiou. 


I 


M  Tin;  PACIFIC  AXI»  TIIK  nKTL'IlN  JOlTvXKY. 

Iioi'sus,  l)ut  roiiiiil  the  Indians  iiiori;  (llHicult  to  deal 
\vit!i  than  nn  tlnii-  iirst  visit.  For  u  wtvk  tlu-y  con- 
tiiini'fl  tiadJML;".  tlu'  wliilc  Iiavini,'  tlicii'  hai-Lifains  re- 
scinded (ir  their  new  pureliases  stolen,  and  losin;^ 
otlier  |iro|teity  l\v  thel't.  At  lengtii,  however,  tlic 
]»arty  was  once  nion-  ]»re|)arod  to  start,  with  iiini; 
paek-hoises  and  two  eaiioes,  tlio  others  havin<^  been 
Id'oken  U|»  r<>i'  iii'ewood. 

AhoNc  the  ra]iids  and  tails  of  the  Dalles,  the  I'iver 
Avas  t'oinid  easiei-  of  naviL;ation  than  in  the  ant  nmn, 
the  water  heini,^  hinh  enough  to  eovt'i'  the  locks  and 
shoals.  On  the  'J  tlh  they  hud  |)iireliased  hoi'ses  sulli- 
eieiit  to  traiispoit  all  Ihe  haLi^^a^'e,  and  to  eiiahle  theiii 
to  <|uit  the  canoes  altoL,^ether.  "^Ihey  wvw  also  i'ortii- 
iiate'  enoM^h  to  secure  a  Nez  Perec  f^iiide,  who  with 
the  t'aithl'uhiess  of  his  people  conducted  them  alon;^ 
the  south  side  of  the  Cohunhia  to  the  Younialolani 
Kivei','"  and   thence,  still   alon,'^'   the  ( 'olunihia  ahout 


foi'tv  miles,  to  a  villa-'V  of  the  Walla  ^\  all 


IS. 


T\ 


lere 


tliey  wwr   met  hy  an   old  i-.'-fpiaintance,  to  whom  u 
medal  had  heeu  presented  the  juvvious  Octoher,  and 


v.lio  1)1  )W  insis 


ted 


»»n  eiitevtaininu  tlu'iu 


fortl 


iri'c  or 


four    days.       {''indiiiL;'    thai    the    jiarty  lacked   ridin 


((• 


loises,  lie    U'eliel'oUsJV   Itl'ese 


1 
(lark 


1* 

e,  receiving"  in  return  a  swore 


•nted  a  line  white  one  to 


I  and 


some  animu- 


iiition.      So    cordial   was    the    feeliir''    manifested   \n 


> 


^'elK'pt,  the  Walla  AValla  chief,  that  it  was  with  dif- 
ticulty  the  party  could  ^et  leave  to  de|)art.  He  was 
at  length  persiiadi'd  to  t'urnish  tlu-m  canoes  for  traiis- 
])ortiii;j,-  tluir  ha^-^am'  o\er  the  Walia  Walla  ]>i\'er. 


w 


hich  heinn"  accomplished  on  the  2'.)th,  they  ]>itched 
cMmj)  on  the  north  sidi;  ahout  a  mile  from  the  mouth. 
]t   was   a    heautiful   stream   ahout    iiftv   yards    wide. 


ith  clear  waters  runniiii>-  over  a  uravellv  i)e<l. 


w 


sources. 


It- 


like    th 


ose    o 


f  the   Towahuahiooks,   lianau'e. 


Youmalolam,-'  ami  A\'ollawollah,  come,  as  the  Jiuliaiis 
iiii'orm  us,  irom  the  north  side  of  a  rau<re  of  uiouutaiiis 


'■"'I'liiatillii  I'.iviT. 

'-'  Dcs  (  liutcs,  .Icilin  Dnv,  ami  Umatilla  rivers. 


mvKRs  rjvF.ns. 


to  (1(  ;»1 

(V   t'Oll- 

J 

liiis  vc- 

J 

losiii.i,' 

rv,  tlic 

th  nine 

' 

i<f  bet'U 

•i 

lie  rivrr 

; 

mliiiiui, 

J 

cks  and 

SOS  sutH- 

»!(' tlu-iu 

so  iol'tu- 

i 

klio  with 

in  liVnv^ 

nialoliini 

»i;l    ;il)()Ut 

.     Tlioro 
whom  a 

1 

St" 

)1hi-,  and 

f^^ 

tliri'i'  or 

•d   ridiu.LC 

t-  one  to 

t>  amiiui- 

Tj 

L'stt'd   I'V 

Iwith  dit- 

1  111'  was 

lor  ti-aus- 

■^ 

la  IJiver, 

. 

1  |)itclu'd 

l>  mouth. 

Bis   wi do, 

ll.      "Its 

BiiapaL-o, 

H  liuHans 

Houiitaiiis 

v.lilch  wo  si'c  to  the  cast  and  ,soiitli-<'ast,  and  wliidi, 
oonnniiiciny"  t;»  tho  south  of  Mount  Jlood,  sti'i-tch  in 
ii  iiMi'tli-oasti'in  diri'clion  to  tlu'  iK'iL;lil)t>rIiood  o|'  a 
.soullicin  hiMUi-h  of"  Lc'.is'  Kivor,  at  soinr  distanco 
IVoni  till'  JJocky  Moinitaiiis.  'I'wo  princiiial  hrandu-s, 
liowivd',  ol"  tlio  Towalinahiooks,  take  tlioir  riso  v.i 
r.Iount   JoH'crson   and    Mount    Hood,   which    in   l"aot 


.-^z 


•■■j 

/ 

J 


1/ 


Lr.wis  AMI  ('!.Al;l;I;'^^  .Map. 

a])jH'ar  to  so|)arato  the  watci's  of  the  Multnoniali  ajid 
Ihf  ('((hunhia.  They  arc  now  al)out  sixty-iivo  or 
sevnity  niik's  from  this  jdacc,  and  althouuh  covered 
with  snow,  do  not  seem  Jii^h.  'I'o  the  >outh  cf  thesi; 
mountains  the  Inchan  ])i'isoner  says  tliere  is  a  liver, 
riuminn"  towards  tho  north-west,  as  lar^a^  as  tlu; 
Cohunhia  at  this  pkict^  which  is  nearly  a  mile.    This 

IIlsT.  N.  W.  Coasx,  Vt'L.  II.    5 


01 


THE  PACiric  AND  Tiir.  hi:turx  journey. 


account  may  bo  exag'^erateil,  but  it  sorves  to  .show 
that  the  Multuouuili  must  bo  a  vory  largo  rivor,  au<l 
tluit,  with  tlio  asfsi.staiico  of  a  south-oastoni  branch 
of  Jjowis'  Iviver,  passing  round  the  eastern  o\- 
troniity  of  that  chain  of  mountains  in  which  ^lounts 
Hood  and  Jv.trerson  are  so  conspie-uous,  waters  the 
vast  tract  of  country  to  tlio  south,  till  its  remote 
sources  a[)proach  those  of  the  iMissouri  and  llio  del 
iNorde.    - 

Tlio  road  followed  by  the  expedition  led  tliem  to 
the  Touchet,  a  bold  deej)  stream,  ton  yards  wide,  \,'ith 
nari'ow  bottoms  covereJ  with  Cottonwood,  birch,  and 
V,  illow  trees,  and  many  shrubs,  and  rose-l>ushes.  Tlio 
valley  of  this  stream  is  now  known  as  the  most  fertile 
ol'  tl;e  many  productive  valleys  of  the  north-west. 
Ascending  the  Touchet,  ]!ast  its  junction  with  ^he 
Coppie,  near  where  Waitsburg  is  now  situated,  they 
crossed  a  high  [)lain  to  the  Kimmooenim  or  Tucannon,"'' 
and  ascended  a  branch'-'  (»f  the  latter  stream  clexeu 
miles,  when  they  wore  met  by  a  Xez  Perce  chief,  wh'» 
had  come  with  ten  of  his  warriors  to  escort  them  to 
Ms  villag(!  on  the  Clearwater.  Ai'ter  camping  su[)- 
jiorless,  liaving  eaten  the  last  of  their  dried  meat  for 
<!lmier,  iluy  next  <lay  reached  a  small  streanr'  whicli 
was  followed  along  its  course  through  a  ra\  ine  to  its 


5-  T<''«  is  .Tjtd  riitrke  luivo  so  ropi\  icntod  tlip  MultiKniirili,  or  Willimictli',  en 
tllt'ii'  iiiii|i.  It  iiniic!)  I'.iiii  tlu!  Mdii Ji-iast  until  uilliiu  ;il>iiiit  nixty  miles  of 
till'  (  ulllllllii:!,  wlli'li!  till'  fiiil.-t  llic  ,"ll|i[.o,si  il  Id  1m',  mul  tllcU  t  11  lis  (llU'ctly 
iioi'tli.  lis  \\liul(,' liii.'tli  wasiu-i  oi'tK'vm  lnuulriil  iiiili  m.  Mmint  1Lm.iI  wiis,  in 
liht,  out'  1 1  mil  I  ICC  I  aii'l  Itft  y  lulli's  ili-iiaiit,  unit  Mount  .li  llir.^oii  .still  tM'tliir  oil'. 
'I  iio  iiiiMiii^.iii.s  wliirli  tliiv  Miw  loinmiiiriiij^  til  tlio  .s.mtli  ip|  Mount  IIimmI,  iti',, 
Wi'W,  till)  I'lhii!  Mi.uiit.iiiis.  iii\Niiii|i  tilt!  rivers  n.-inuil  ahovo  tiiUu  tluir  risi-, 
till'  liiiiuiitiiiiis  111  in'4  '.lie  wati'i-hlieil  lietwi'eii  the  Coluniliia  Jlivii'oi)  tlie  iioilli 
ami  the  Khiiiiatli  Ua-in  on  the  unutii.  'I'lii;  J)(S  Clmtcs,  tlio  lar;.est  nf  tlu; 
rivers  wliirli  llow  from  tin-  Houtli  ami  run  iiuu  the  Coluniliia,  i.s  not  more  than 
ahiiul  Olio  humlreil  ami  lilly  miles  lon;^  fiiuii  it.^  most  wiiuht'ily  heiul-walers. 
Tlie  liver  refv'rri'il  to  by  the  Tmli.in  [irisoni  !■  was  the  Snake,  with  il'c  extent 
I't'  Nvliieh  tlio  exiiloieis  W'ri;  l>ii*  little  ai  i|U:iiii(;eil. 

-'  Tile  ioii';e  tolloueil  by  Lewis  iiiil  (laiko  from  the  Dalles  t'^tlio  Uiii,  tiilk 
mill  \Viilla  Walla  is  that  eoimnoiuy  foiloweil,  but  from  tho  inoiilh  of  the 
Walla  Walla  to  their  la.-it  eanni  on  ''*'  Toiuliet  they  neeiUessly  leiiglheiieii 
tiieir  route  by  ki  I'liiii;.;  on  the  iioith  bunk,  wiicicua  thu  ^ircsunt  roaU  cro.^.sv 
all  th"  biauehes  of  the  Wallii  WalLi. 

•M'ataha  Creek. 

•'■' Al]icn\.ili  lUvcr, 


KATR'n  DLTLICITY. 


vcv,  a  IK  I 

branch 

eru    t'.N.- 

^loiint.i 

toi'S  the 

rciuoto 

llio  del 

them  to 
klo,  v.ltli 
iivli,  and 
iL-s.    Tho 
)st  fertile 
rill -west, 
with  Uio 
tod,  thcv 
.icanni>n,"'' 
in  eleven 
•liief,  Nvh'» 
them  to 
[ling  tsnp- 
nieat  (or 
ir'  which 
ine  to  iti 


:in;mirtl.\<'n 

[.ixty  mill's  uf 

niis  (Imtctly 

111 I  wilt,  ill 

til  tMvtlu'roll'. 
It  lIoiMJ,  lie, 

lUo  lli«ii-  ris\ 

[■(III  till'  IMIIlll 

In  L.i'i't  of  iIk! 
li)t  iiioi'i^  than 
llii'nil-wiitfrs. 
Ill   tl'o  i\Uiit 

Itho  Utu.  tilU 

Voiitli   <lf   till' 
ll'llgtllllU-il 

I  road  i;ro.:\»<.-' 


'4? 


junction  with  tho  S'l.-ike,  or  Lewis  River,  seven  miles 
h.  I..\v  till.!  mouth  of  tho  Clearwater.'""^ 

Followin^a  trail  alonL,M  he  liankof  tho  Snake  forthree 
miles,  they  arri^■ed  at  tlu;  house  of  oiu^  of  the  chief-i 
who  had  areompanied  them  to  the  falls  of  the  C'o- 
linnhia,  and  at  that  of  their  old  pilot  do\in  the  river. 
])V  their  advice  the  party  crossed  tlui  Snake  at  thi  ^ 
jiitiiit,  and  encamped,  next  day  roacliinn'  ( "olter  Cieik. 
Anionic  tho  Indians  who  ^•atliered  ahoiit  them  her  ; 
wiie  thive  of  a  nation  who  lived  at  the  ihll  i  ol"  a  laru;''; 
river  emptvinLT  itself  into  the  (^olumhia  on  the  iiorlli 
side,  and  who  informed  Ijowis  and  ( "larke  that  this 
river  had  its  rise  from  a  lar^'e  lake  in  the  mountains  at 
no  great  distance  from  the  falls  where  they  lived.  Aft(  ;• 
thus  talking  with  the.se  Indians,  the  name  of  (^lark-t 
River  was  bestowed  upon  this  groat  northern  branch, 
wliieh  on  their  first  view  of  it  had  been  liaih d  a-,  the 
Cohmihia.'^ 

On  May  Dtli  the  expedition  arrived  near  Twi  -ted- 
hair's  village,  the  chief  M'ith  whom  their  hor.ses  had 
been  left  the  previous  autumn,  and  encam])eil  on  a 
small  creek  on  tlie  south  side  of  the  Clearwater. 

There  now  occurred  one  of  those  iiicidiiits  whieli 
make  dealing  with  Indians  alwa.ys  douhtthl,  if  not  dnti- 
gcious.  Notwithstanding  the  I'riendly  profesj^ions  of 
tile  Xe/,  IVrces,  when  i!>e  white  men  ri'tiinn  I  t  i 
claim  tlieir  horses  it  v.as  lound  that  Twistedhair  ii  • 
loiigrr  had  them  in  jiossession.  This  cireum>tanc.' 
he  ixj)laiiied  by  stating  that  some  of  the  ciric!'-; 
who  had  been  al»scnt  dnriiig  the  Ni'^It  of  L<-wi< 
and   Clarke,  h;u|  on  their  leturn  gro\Mi  jealous  ;iiid 

•"!,(•«  in  says  ill  liis  joiiniiil,  scvovi  iiiiloMiilinvo  tlir  tnontlmf  tin'  (  li'iii  wah'r, 
Avlli(    ;  is  liiitlicc  ill  iKCDlchiiHO  «!lli  his  nun  iiiii|>  lior  the  liu'ts.       Ill  tin:   llfXt 

pjiri  .'ni(ili  I..1  spiaks  of  liiiiii;  on  the  mc  t  .'ich'ot  tlio  livtr,  which  Imi'  nii.i 
t'a.s'  ami  west,  ji  carrlcssnr.sM  i  ntinly  incvfn.N.iMr  in  an  iNjilnnr. 

'  In  tliis  <iinn"i'tioii  [,rwis  says  in  his  joiiinal:  'To  this  river,  nn.rro\(r, 
wl  I'll  ye  haw  liiljnrtc)  i-alltii  Clark. 's  lavtr,  which  rises  in  tho  .-ioiitli-Wi -t 
Jii>  ntaiiis,  wo  rostorixl  tin'  nnnio  of  'J'uwalinaliiouku;'  nii'anin;,'  tho  th  a 
Chiitts;  Imt  tluii.  U  no  pi-cvious  mention  of  thtk  huviiii^  ciiiiugcl  tiio  namo 
before  rustorinj,'  it. 


f.S 


TIIK  PAriKir  AM)  TIIK  RHTniX  jornxKV. 


.Miin'rv  ill  tlif  j»articiil;ir  I'uvnv  sliowii  to  liiiii,  and  liaii 
takiii  the  lioist's  away.  Wlicllu'i'  this  was  a  jiiccc 
of  Jiidiaii  diplomacy  to  obtain  |iay  for  rt'turiiiiiiL;'  tlu* 
j'i-o|t(rty,  it  \va>  iiupossiMc  to  know;  hut  with  that 
irniaikaltlo  afhoitncss  wliich  charactcrizi'd  those  fx- 
plorois  in  nianat;inj4  the  nati\t's,  thoy  snppivsscd 
(  ntiivly  any  c-xjUission  of  suspicion,  appoarinn'  t(» 
t;d<c  foi' 'Liran ted  all  that  had  hoon  told  them,  and  con- 
.''cntini;' to  vi.'^it  those  discontented  chii'fs,  only  takiiij^' 
car(;  to  impress  upon  them  tlu,'  eonlidence  with  which 
t!)ey  e\pi,'cted  the  lestoi'ation  of  the  horses,  and  theii' 
v<  illiji^-ness  to  pay  tlie  price  anix-ed  upon  foi-  tlu'  care  of 
l!iem.  This  snaxity  put  all  the  chiefs  in  i^ood-hunioi", 
•ind  the  pronii.'C  of  hi>iral  pay,  two  ^nns,  and  annnii- 
nili(»n,  procui'ed  s))i-edy  action  on  tlnir  jiait,  with  a 
|i|-olferof  two  ni  ft -horses  and  other  suppliis.  Jtturne<l 
out,  however,  that  many  of  the  hoi-ses  retuined  had 
heen  hadly  u>ri\  Ity  the  youu'^  Indians,  and  \\\vv  jioor, 
V.  ith  sore  hack.>i;  and  that  altout  half  the  saddles 
caclied  had  hei-n  st<»l(  ii.  Ihit  as  this  could  not  now 
he  lielped,  and  as  the  cjiiefs  seemed  disposed  to 
iiiak*'  amends  with  presents  of  fat  hoises  lor  food,  the 
olfence  W  as  o\  eriooked. 

A  nundtei- of  chiefs  heiuL'-  asseml)led  on  the  I  |(h, 
it  was  thoui^ht  a  favmalile  nmnient  to  explain  to 
thom  the  design  of  the  I'nittd  States  in  st  ndiuLj 
an  i'Xploi'im^'  txpr  litioii  into  their  country,  'i'his 
was  <lone  hv  (Irawiii'''  a  map  of  the  territorx'  owned 
l)\-  the  government,  its  nlati<»n  to  their  tcrriioi-y 
Ik  in;.;'  pointed  <iut,  and  the  intention  announcetl  of 
estahliNhin'4  tradinn-|»osts  amon^;"  them  to  supjily  such 
articles  as  th^y  doin  d.  All  this  \\;is  inN  rj'rcleil 
thioun'h  the  intdium  of  sevi-ral  lan'^uaLies;  one  of  the 
men  riudcrin'4'  it  into  I-'rciicli  for  a  l''renchman;  he 
into  Minndaifc  for  his  Indian  w  il'o;  she  into, Slio.-^hone 
lor  one  of  that  nation,  who  tiiially  exi'lained  it  to  the 
No/.  I*cr<-esin  (li<ii-own  ton'^ue.  .\11  seemed  ])leasi-d 
with  the  prospect  of  havini,'  tradiui^'  estahlishnients 
MUon^•  them   except    the  WoUien,  s  'hie  of   whom    cried 


li 


IN  THE  rLKAIlWATr.n  rocxTiiv 


and  liiid 

a  jt'u'cc 

iin_<4'  the 

illi  that 

lu'Sl'   «'\- 

jtpi'i'sscd 
ai'mi;"  *•> 
ami  con- 
ly  takinii; 
(h  which 
;iu(l  tlu-ir 

u-  c.ll'i'of 

(l-huinor, 
(I  aiiiniu- 
■i,  with  a 
It  iunii'd 
iii<  d  IwmI 
,vvv  |M»()r, 
('    sadtlK'S 

not  now 
j)ost'd    t.> 

loud,  tho 

h.>    I  1th, 

jilaill     lo 

M  iitrni'j;' 

^.      This 

A     oWllfd 

j(i  ri'ilory 

llllH'cd    ol 
ijil_\   sUrh 

1  ij-rrlcd 
III'  ol'  lh<' 
|iii;in;   he 

||(i.-dioiir 

lit   to  the 

I  j)h'asi'd 

linit'iits 

III  ciii'd 


IN  THE  rLKAiiwATr.n  rofXTiiv.  n 

and  wnniLj  thrir  liands.  A  Irast  w:is  tlim  ht-hh  tho 
trratv  of  iVicnd.ship  ratifunl,  and  filial  jn'cscnls  wcio 
(•\r]ian;j,'(d.''^ 


trv  top  thirty  niilrs  to  llio  1  t)nunaiian!ah,  thonro  dov.  ji 
thai  ri\(  r  twi'nty  miles  to  a  lisliory  no  *j;yvi\i  distance 
aho\e  its  niouth.  This  rivir  was  jlcsci-ilied  as  oip' 
),  iidred  an<l  lit'ly  yai'ds  wide,  with  a  succession  of 
.•.;]>ids  walled  in  i>y  hi,i;h  pcrpendicnlar  rocks. 

( )ii  tlie  I  01  h  of  .huio,  iish  not  yet  a|i]»e;ii'inn-  in  t!i,> 
CK'ai-watt'r,  the  cani|)  was  traiislriTed  to  the  (Jiianuish 
Fhits,'"'  east  of  ( 'liojinnnish  IJivir,  the  stream  on 
which    the    lil'st    Xe/    l*erc('    AillaL^i'S    Weir    IoUIkI    the 

|iivcediiin' ( )ctoh('r,  and  here  the  hnnters  were  oiicc^ 
iiiurc  set  to  work.  ( )n  the  I  (»th.  so  ini|ialieiit  weiv* 
tlic  coiiiniamKis  to  '  .;  on  the  hoiiH'ward  nuiich, 
althonuli  the  snow  was  two  or  thret'  feet  deep  ill 
the    hollows    and    ve^'etation    very    hackwai'd.    that 

'•■' rjiikcr  j.'iv's  nil  iiitcn'stiiii,' aiiri'lntc  nf  tlic  \>  /  rci-cc-*,  wliicli  pruli-ililv 
rcffi^t  t">  L«  \\  is  ami  « ■|iiikt''«  »A|iiiliiinii.  It  wa-i  lolil  to  liiiii  "t  unc  ni'  ilm 
rliii-f.s  iif  It  N"'/  r<  III'  frilir.  'llc'saiil  tlu'  lirsl  wliiir  iniin  lir  saw  was  when 
lie  \vaM  yiniiii.'.  It  was  HiiniiiH'r.  Jtcsaiil:  ••'riiisc  arc  a  iii'W  |ir"i|i|(.,  flii\  \<<..k 
I'dM.  till  ir  lai'L's  air  w  liitt^  ami  ri'il ;  ^'u  nuikr  a  larj,'('  liii',  aiiil  I  w  ill  a-k  tin m 
to  i'liiiic  ami  wai'iii  llitiii.  "  In  a  iilinrt  tiiiit-  his  |ii'<i|il(^  IwhI  iiiailc  a  tiit'  aii<l 
l'riiiii.'|it  mw  liiillalo-rulicM.  'I'lu'  wliid'  iiirii  caiiii'  into  lii'.  loiliji',  ami  he 
\M'a|>|H'il  tJK'iii  ill  (111-  ioImm.  ainl  ncatiil  tlnin  liy  Uu'  liro  that  tiny  nii.'lit  1  !• 
warm.      Tin'  rohcs  Hli|ili(i|  nil';    lie  n|ilar<.|  Ihclii.      Simui  till'  \\  liifi'  liu'ii  liiaili- 

hi^'iis  to  Kiiiolvi'  tliiii'  pijir.   'I'lii'iliict'  tliiiii;;lit  tiicy  aNki'il  for  ) I,  ami  liioii:.lit. 

tlii'iii  iiirat.  Tilt'  wliili  iiicii  ^avc  liilii  till'  |<i|ii'.  ami  tliry  Miiiokiil;  ami  litter 
this  lliiy  lovi'il  stiiokr,  ami  tiny  lovnl  tin.'  wliiti'  imii,  tiny  .-iuitl  tiny  wim 

giMiii.'  ./(."/•.  A'r.  Toll,:,  ;{o;i. 

■•"Salhioii  liivrr,  calliil  liy  tliciii  'roiinii:iiiaiiiali. 
'"Camusa  I'rairii', 


70 


Tin:  TACIFIC  ANT)  THE  RHTURX  JOUIJXrA*. 


they  tletcruiinccl  to  proceed,  uiid  reached  IIuiiL»Ty 
Creek  tliat  at'teiiiooii.  On  .i^^oing  forward  over  a  ]ii:j;h 
r'u\'^i)  next  morning,  tliey  found  the  Avhole  country 
heyond  so  enveloped  in  deej)  snow  as  to  he  wholly 
nni'eeo_i;nizable,  rendering  it  impracticable  to  proceed 
without  guides,  even  if  the  horses  and  men  could  be 
j  rovisloiied.  Accordingly,  after  placing  the  important 
part  of  the  ])aggnge  on  scaffoldings,  and  securing  it 
I'rom  tlie  weather,  they  returned  to  Hungry  Creek. 

On  the  'JGth,  luuing  procured  guides,  they  renewed 
their  attempt  to  cross  the  Clearwater  Mountains,  and 
the  snow  having  settled  about  lour  feet,  with  a  smooth 
but  not  sli|ipety  surface,  they  found  travelling  much 
<  ahit  r  ihan  it  had  been  in  the  autumn,  reaching  Travel- 
ler's lu'st  Creek'"'  in  three  days,  and  the  .Litter  Root 
on  the  day  following.  At  this  point  it  was  determined 
1o  divide  the  party  and  take  se[)arate  routes.  Lewis 
^>  ith  nine  men  was  to  proceed  by  the  most  dii'cctway 
to  tlie  lulls  ol'  the  ^Missouri;  there  to  leave  three  of 
them  to  pre[)are  vehicles  for  the  portage  around 
the  falls,  while  he,  with  the  remaining  six,  ascended 
]\Tarla  Liver,  to  ascertain  if  any  bram-h  of  it  reached 
north  t(j  the  50th  ])arallel.  Clarke  was  to  re-turn  to 
.rdlerson  ]ii\er,  where  the  canoes  and  other  articles 
wi're  deposited,  and  there  detach  Sergeant  Ordway 
vith  nine  men  to  descend  with  them  to  the  falls.  His 
own  jiarly  would  then  be  reduced  to  ten,  with  whom 
he  jiroposed  to  proceed  to  the  Yellowstone,  at  its 
nearest  ap[)roach  to  the  three  branches  of  the  ^[is- 
;  ouri,  wliere  he  woidd  make  canoes  and  [)roceed  to  the 
moulh  of  the  Yellowstone  to  wait  ibr  the  rest  of  the 
J 'arty. 

On  the  ;>d  of  July,  Lewis  set  out  with  his  nine  men, 
accom|»anied  by  li\-e  Jndians,  antl crossing  to  the  north 
side  of  Trawllers  Lest,  ke})t  along  the  west  side  of 
('larke  Liver  for  two  and  a  half  miles  to  wheie  a 
branch""'-  came  in  on  the  same  side.     At  the  distance 


"  Loiilon  fork  of  the  Bitter  lloot. 
'•  Misaciulu  liivt-r. 


A  NEW  ROUTE. 


71 


f  Olio  iiiilo  l)ol(nv  this,  a  small  stronni  was  nljs.orvcd 


f) 


coiniiiu' 


in  i'roiii  tlu;  ri<'lit,  and  a  mile  hi-yoiid  tlio  ca- 


irn biiUK-h,""'  a  turl)id  stivani,  discluirgod  tlu'DUi^'li  two 
clianntis.  At  this  point  Claikc  River  was  i'ound  ouv 
liundivd  and  fifty  yards  wide,  I'unninL?  tlironL;-]!  an  ex- 
tensive  i)lain,  dotted  with  pine-trees,  and  skirtrd  with 
liills  covered  with  in,  pine,  and  lareh.  The  ei-ossin^-  of 
the  river  Ix'inu^  two  miles  Ijelow,  they  were  sjiown  to 
it  hy  their  IncHan  friends,  who  also  eoiulueted  tliem 
to  camp  on  a  small  creek"'  three  mil<'s  np  tiu;  eastern 
liiancli,  where,  after  [)ointin<^  out  the  trail  to  l^ewis, 
they  took  linal  leave  of  the  white  men,  win*  were 
now  without  any  irnide.^'" 

Traversini^  tlie  })lains  on  the  north  of  the  Jlell^vixte, 
tluv  crossed  another  small  creck,"'^  and  entered  thc^ 
niumitains  hy  a  defile  two  miles  in  L'n<;th,  which  led 
them  to  a  larLi'e  ]»rairie.  Soon  they  came  upon  a 
hranch  llowini^-  in  irom  the  east,-'"  descrii>ed  to  theni 
liy  the  Indians  as  the  Cokalahishkit,  or  "  ri\er  of  thi^ 
road  to  ihe  hnifalo  country,"  up  which  they  tui'i.rd 
anions;' hiL;"h, wooded  hills.  Having'  crossed  two  streams 
li»  which  the  names  Werner  Creek  and  Seaman 
Crci  k  were  t,dven,  they  struck  the  noi'th  hi-anch  ol' 
the  Cokalahi^^hkit,  and  entered  the  spurs  IVom  tlie 
l)lackfoot  and  J)(;arl)orn  divide;.  ]  [c're  the  road  lav 
aleiiM-  narrow  tind)or-lu)ttoms,  to  tho  south-east  of 
hich  was  a  plain   covered  with   sniall   kiiolls,  which 


w 


i'(cei\-ed  the  ap]>t'llation  of  the  Prairie  of  thi-  l\.n<>l 
The  most  northerly  I'ork  of  the  river  was  still  followed 
up  into  the  mountains,  until  it  l)ecame  a  small  creek, 
when   Lewis  (piitted  it,  and  [)ursuin^■  a   course  lirst 


''ITdlsatc  River. 

''  HiLTuMiis  ("iffk,  iicei-irdinf;  to  Alitllini's  iiinp  fif  tlic  military  ro/nl. 

'  <  'aptjii)!  I^cwis  niiiiirks  that  ("nun  (lie  riiiMHist;in.  r  ut  tlii'  liiili.iiis,  v  Iki 


Wire  ;:(Mii,i,'  some  (li.shiiicf  to  the  simtli,  iiiti'iidiiii;  to  ntmu  li\-  tli 


tlicviiail  t"av( 


lit. 


.1  trimi  tiifXi'/  I 


ti.il 


11(1  i)iiss  tliroiiirh  the  iiiuiiiitiiiii.s  liy 


I  rncMliil 


tiiat  "lie. 

ami  tni  ijm 
liL'vas   id 

="'Ol,sr 

May  o 


t  (■ 


trv.li 
J 


IS  satisliiil  tli.'ii'  was 
I 


itKi'  Jvivir  Ko  iicar  nor  ni  h.mmI  as 


'J"lui'f  ciTtaiiily  was  imni!  luan  i  ;  Imt  a  few  yc.iiN  latir  ti'»-  imiitiis 
ITS  fdiind  oiR'  lumh  bc'ttcr,«ulnu;st  directly  west  frunillic  s):ot  wlaro 

;  to  this  OolKlllsioll. 

r\atory  (.Vt<  k. 
iJii/  IJliickfmit  liivcr. 


(lis 

J 

orJii ' 


72  Tin:  rAcTric  axd  tiik  ri:tita*  .lornxEV. 

ivjiili  jrinl  lluii  c'st  l»r()u;.',1it  liis  ]);n'ty  to  (he  f'lot  of 
.•I  Jnomiiiiiii,  wliidi  they  cictsscd  hy  a  low  !4;i[)  runniiii^ 
iiortb-i;ist,  fiinliiii^'  it  to  thcij'  ^rr.-it  sMtislJiction  the 
ilivi(liii;4'  ri(iv;r  iK'twrcu  tlic  jillliiciits  of  tlu-  ]\fis>oiiri 
.•i:h!  tlio  ( 'olu!ul)i;i.  That.  cvtiiiii'L;',  .luly  ~,  I  SOCt,  iluir 
camii  was  in  <>\\v  ol'  the  lati-ral  vallcvs  ot"  tlic  I'lcat 
watti'-slud.  Xi\t  (lay  tlicy  n-itsscd  tlic  l)t'arl)oi!i, 
autl  followed  J^lk  fork  to  AEi'diciiic  IJivri".  l''rom 
this  |ioiiit  the  jKiity  ])Usht.'d  on  ra[)idly,  thnniM-h  a 
country  well  stocked  with  .i^.'Une,  t(^  their  old  station 
on  White  iJear  Island,  at  the  head  of  the  falls.  There! 
l^cwis  reniaiiied  four  days,  giviuLj  instructions  to  tlu^ 
i;ieU  vvjio  \\rre  to  make  the  pol'tan'e  with  the  hauL;an'(! 
cached  at  the  island,  and  niakiii'^'  sketches  of  the  falls. 
lie  tlun  lefi,  hehiiid  thl'ce  of  the  men  who  Weic  to 
hav"  accom[»anied  him  to  ^[aria  llivcr,  to  assist  those 
at  the  porta^'c,  and  set  out  himself  with  only  three 
<-omj)anio;is. 

Ti-avellin^'' al)out  duo  nortli,  he  crossed  the  Tansy 
liiver,^'^  and  reachiuLij  a  small  strt-am,  to  which  was 
j^iven  the  name  of  Hullalo  ("reek,  from  the  (quantity 
of  thosi'  animals  in  si^ht,  ho  i'ollowed  its  courso 
in  the  direction  oi'  Alalia  Kiver,  on  \\hich  he  en- 
cam])ed  on  tl;.'  I8th,  Si^ns  of  In<lians,  supposi  d  to 
he  Miniu  tarees,  who  observed,  and  a  sharp  lookout 
was  therei'ore  kept. 

Coiixinced  from  the  appearance  of  the  country  that 
he  was  now  al)(»\i'  the  [)o'int  to  whi'h  he  had  ascended 
in  ISO."),  ('a]»tain  Lewis,  feariuL.  to  inis>  some  luanch 
llowinuf  in  tVom  the  north,  siiit  two  lumters  down 
sti'eam  a  distance  of  six  miles  to  look  for  <  ue.  He.-,!  inn' 
of  noiu'  lie  ascended  the  river,  |>assinii^  several  ciciks 
from  the  north  and  south,  until  rcachinLT  tin'  forks, 
wlu-n  ]\o  kejjt  on  up  the  northern  hranch  until,  four 
<lays  after  iirst  striking-  ^laria  Itiver,  he  ioun<l  an 
ekivation  froui  which  the  course  of  the  river  ami 
its  atllueiits  (■  aid  he  traced.  Li-wis  was  then  ahle 
to  detei'mine   that  no  hranch  of  Maria   Kivt-r  coultl 

''Tflon  llivor. 


ADVENTURES  OF  LEWIS. 


78 


pos.-ilily  extend  to  tlic  50tli  panillcl.  As  It  was 
usclrss  to  }»i'ii(t'('(l  lartlK'r,  lie  rcsolvi'd  to  ivniain  in 
(•aiii[)  two  (lavs,  takiiiuf  ohsci'vatioiis  and  restiii'^  thi! 
Jiorsfs.  On  the  I'ollouing  day  one  of  tlu-  nim  was 
M'nt  to  f\|»l(»re  the  river  above,  wlio  lound  that  it 
issut'tl  tVoin  the  mountains  within  a,  distance  dt"  ten 


nnirs.  .• 


I) 


id  tliat  its  licad-waters  could  not  Ik*  far  ofK 


IJaiiiy  wi'aihor  settiuLC  in,  he  was  disappointed  in 
ini;.  hciiiLi"  aide  to  take  the  loui^'itudc  of  this  camp, 
wliicli  he  intc'udcd  to  make  a  })oint  of  obsci-vation,  and 
at'ttf  ri'iiiainini;"  until  the  2(»tli  with  no  channc  lor  the 
better,  he  sot  out  to  return.  At  a  distance  of  twelve 
miles  he  ri-achcd  a  brancli  of  the  livcr  cominu;'  in 
iVoui  the  west,  and  ke».'}»ini;"  aloni;'  its  southern  -^ide  fer 
two  miKs  further  met  anctther  from  the  sotit h-west  of 
coiisidi-rabh;  size,  which  united  with  the  foriiK  r.  and 
whicli  lie  determined  to  Ibllow  down  to  its  jnn<  tion 
willi  the  northern  foi-k,  and  thenc(^  strik*^  across  the 
country  obli(|Uely  to  the  "^ransy,  which  he  would  follow- 
to  its  junction  with  ]\[aria  liiver,  near  the  Mis.-^ouri. 

When  he  had  reached  a  point  a  mile  below  the 
junction,  he  ascended  the  liills  that  border  the  main 
river.  No  sooner  had  this  liiL>li  ground  l>een  reaclie<l, 
than  lie  discovered,  a  mile  away  on  the  left,  a  (roo[» 
<»f  horses,  tliirtv  in  numlx  r,  half  of  whicli  wei(^ 
saddled.  Their  owners  soon  showed  themselves,  ei^ht 
of  them  iiiountiui;'  and  apj»roacliini4'  lii'wis,  who  had 
with  lilin  only  two  men,  the  third  li.txiiiL!;"  i^'oue  down 
the  ri\er  to  'uuit.  Tlu^  usual  cautious  a])i)!oacIies 
l)eini4'  niade  ]^cwis  rcoi>ived  them  .tiincably,  and  soon 
discoviied  lh.it  tlic\- Were  the  dr<a(led  Miniietai-ees. 
( )ii  askiiiy"  fi'r  their  chii't*,  three  were  pointed  out,  t<> 
two  of  whom  presents  Were  nixen.and  a  medal  to  the 
third,  with  which  tluy  were  appai'enlly  \\\\\  jileascd. 
That  night  the  Indians  encamped  with  their  white 
biv.thei's,  ].e\iis  treating  them  co  dially,  telling  tin  in 
he  h.id  come  a  long  way  to  visit  them,  an<l  iii'ging 
them  to  live  in  peace  with  the  other  tribes,  with 
whom,  ay   well  as  themselvt-,  bis  people  wished   to 


74 


THK  rACIFIC  AND  TRK  RKTUKN  .I(;U1JX1:Y. 


trade  ns  soon  as  posts  wero  estaMislu'd  in  that  countrv. 
'I'o  all  this  II If V  assented.  At  a  late  hour,  the  talk 
l)einu;  liiided,  the  Indians  slei)t,and  Lewis  idaciiiLf  two 
of  jiis  men  on  guard  at  the  tent-door,  lay  ilown  with 
the  third. 

Karly  in  the  mornin'n'  thi'  Indians  nroso  and  crowded 
ahtiut  the  lire,  near  which  tlu;  sin^lt'  i)erson  now  on 
j^uaitl  had  carelessly  laid  down  his  rille,  his  comrade 
sleepin;^  near.  One  <»!'  the  savaijjes,  ever  on  th(!  alert, 
snatched  not  only  the  rille  of  the  gnai'd,  hut  that  of 
his  slee}>in<^  coni]»anion,  while  another  sei/e<l  those 
of  T^ewis  and  his  man  JJrewyer.  The  latter  hiinj^ 
awake,  sj>ranj;'  up  and  rijcovered  his  i^'un.  The  oilier 
men,  their  attention  havinj^  been  attracted  hy  the 
^trunuK',  pursued  the  retreatinnj;'  Indian,  and  in  the 
li^ht  for  possi'ssion  the  savage  was  stahhed  through 
the  heart.  Lewis  heiiig  now  aroused,  drew  a  pistol 
and  chased  the  one  who  had  his  giui,  ordering  him 
to  lay  it  down,  which  iie  did,  as  two  of  the  men  had 
now  overtaken  liim,  and  were  prepared  to  tjorve  him 
as  tliey  had  served  tlu;  other  thief. 

I'll!'  Indians  were  now  all  out  of  the  teiii  i\\u\ 
nuAing  au.'iy,  which  lliey  would  ha\(^  lieen  allowed 
to  do  withotit  molestation  had  they  not  attempted  to 
drivi-  with  tliem  the  horses.  They  were  pursuecl,  and 
j>ressed  so  closely  that  twelve  of  the  horses  were  cap- 
tur<'d.  In  the  chase  an  Indian  was  shot,  who  in  re- 
turning the  tire  came  so  near  hitting  Lewis  that  Ik; 
felt  the  wind  made  trenudous  ))y  the  passing  hall. 
This  cuntretcmps  caused  the  abandonment  of  any  plans 
for  I'Xploring  Afaiia  Iviver. 

Taking  a  south-west  course,  the  party  struck  across 
th(>  ])lains,  c<»ming  in  eight  miles  u[)on  a  sti-eam  forty 
yards  wide,  lunning  toward  the  river  which  they 
crossed,  naming  it  I^attle  lliver.  At  three  o'clock 
sixty-three  miles  liad  been  travelled  on  the  fi'esli 
Indian  horses,  an<l  alter  a  halt  of  an  hour  and  a 
half  seventeen  miles  further,  when  another  halt  of 
two  hours  was  made,  and  another  march  of  twenty 


M 


ON  THE  EASTERN  SLOPE. 


w 


rountrv. 
the  talk 
•in;;'  two 
wii  with 

crowded 
ni»\v  on 
coiurado 
lie  idi'i't, 
;  tliat  tit' 
■d  tlioso 
vv  l)('in,<^ 
lie  other 
I  hy  the 
d  ill  tlu" 
thi-(iiiL;li 
a  pistol 
ring  liiiii 
nun  liad 
jrve  him 

(III  Mild 
allowed 
i|iled  lo 
ud,  and 
(.re  caji- 
o  ill  I'e- 
that  ho 
iipj;  hall, 
ly  plans 

us  across 

|iii  i'orty 

I'll   Ihey 

o'cloek 

10  I'resh 

and  a 

Ihalt  ot" 

Itwenly 


milts,  then  at  two  in  the  niorniiiLf  a  halt  until  day- 
light. Tweiity-livo  miles  further  l>rt)nght  Lewis  to 
ilie  nioutli  of  -Nlaria  River,  havini,'  ridden  one  hundred 
and  twi'iity  miles  in  thirty  hours.  The  ohjeet  of  this 
liable  was  to  ^nve  warnini^  to  tho  party  at  tho  falls, 
who  it  wa.s  feared  mi'^ht  bo  attacked  by  the  Indians. 
()!i  arriviiiLf  at  tho  jMissouri  they  wiro  found  to  be 
safe,  and  to  have  been  joined  by  SerL';eant  Ordway 
and  his  nine  men,  who  had  come  down  JelK;rson  ]tive!* 
as  agreed,  with  the  canoes  and  otlier  artieles  cached 
1  lure,  and  had  reached  tho  falls  of  tho  ^lissouri  on  tho 
J  nth,  two  days  after  tho  departure  of  J^ewis, 

( )n  the  l!'.)th,  Lewis,  with  tho  reunited  l>arty  of 
t  ii;htecn  men,  set  out  in  tho  canoes  to  descend  tho 
Missouri  to  the  mouth  of  tho  Yellowstone,  where  ho 
v.as  to  meet  Clarke.  Tho  current  being  rapid  they 
travelled  fast,  and  all  reached  the  rendezvous  on  tho 
7th  tif  August,  except  two  hunters,  who  were  behind 
in  a  small  canoe. 

U[)oii  examination  it  was  found  that  Clarke  had 
been  there  some  da3's  before,  and  had  gone,  leaving 
only  a  few  words  traced  in  the  sand,  telling  them 
that  he  was  a  few  miles  l)elow,  on  the  right  side. 
JjcaNing  a  nt)te  lor  the  two  huntei's,  the  party  jiro- 
et'eded,  making  a  hundred  miles  that  day  witiiout 
ov(  itaking  Clarke.  Several  times  in  tho  course  of 
the  next  three  days  tiny  jiasscd  his  camp,  but  saw 
nothing  of  him.  On  the  lltli,  sto])ping  t<>  hunt. 
Lew  is  was  accidentally  shot  through  the  hi})s  by  ( 'ru- 
zatte,  who  mistook  him  for  an  elk,  as  ho  was  dressed 
in  brown  leather.  Fortunately  neither  boiu!  nor 
artery  was  touched  by  tho  ball,  though  he  suircnil 
from  fever  and  soreness.  On  the  PJth,  tiny  nut  two 
traders  named  Dickson  and  Ifancock,  avIu)  inlormed 
L-c'wis  they  had  seen  Clarke  tin;  day  belon'.  While 
halting  for  this  interview  tlu3  hunters  overtook  them, 
and  all  proceeding,  came  up  with  Clarke  that  ioixi- 
noon. 


70 


THK  rACIFIC  ANT)  THE  RKTURN'  JOUnXF.Y, 


On  (jMittiiiL,^  Traveller's  l\vM,  July  ild,  Clai'ki!  |>ro- 
c'l'cdcd  up  the  Jjitter  Jvottt  N'allcv,  1)V  milch  the  saiiu; 
rdiit.t;  jmrsiu'd  in  his  journey  down  it,  to  the  ridi^-e 
se|>arat  inn;  the  heiid- waters  of  that  river  iVoiu  tho.se  of 
Wisdom  lliver,  and  keeping;  aloULf  tlio  wi'st  side  ol"  the 
latter  stream  l't>r  some  (hstance  crossed  to  Willard 
Cri'ck,  which  he  descended  to  where  it  enters  the 
mountains,  and  turning-  a  little  oast  of  south,  sixti'cn 
miles  hi'oui^ht  the  party  to  the  west  hraiich''''*  of  .Fef- 
ferson  lliver,  turniii!"'  down  which  thev  came  in  nine 
miles  to  the  foi'ks  where  the  canoes  had  been  de- 
})osited. 

On  the  10th,*' Clarke  passed  ''the  hi.i^h  point  of 
land  on  the  left,  to  which  J  Beaverhead  Valley  owes  its 
name,"  passed  IMiilaiithropy  iiiver  late  in  the  after- 
noon, and  encampi'd  at  tlie  mouth  of  Wisdom  Kiver. 
J''indin;4  there  a  canoe  that  had  heeii  al)andoned  (»u 
the  jouriRy  Uj)  detferson  liiver,  the  nu'U  conv(.'rted  its 
sides  into  paddles,  of  which  they  were  in  need,  and 
Icinim;'  one  of  the  canoes,  proceeded  past  I'anther  and 
J^'ield  creeks  to  an  encampment  not  far  below  that 
of  .Fulv  'list  of  the  i)i'(>vious  vear. 

JJy  noon  of  the  I  .'Jth  the  canoe  party  had  reached 
the  junction  of  the  Jefferson  and  ^Madison,  where  the 
l)artv  with  horsi's  had  arrived  the  same  morning.  The 
horses  were  drixeii  across  the  ^Eadison  and  Gallatin 
rivt'i's,  while  the  canoes  were  nnloaded  at  the  mouth 
of  the  latter,  the  merchandise  being  i)acke(l  on  the 
animals.  From  this  i)oint,  while  ( )rdway  proceeded 
M  ith  the  canoes  to  the  falls  of  tlu;  ^Missouri,  C'larke 
A\  ith  ten  men,  besides  his  interpreter's  wife  and  child, 

=«noi-so]'lniii(Vcck. 

■"''I'liu  (■i)iii]);iiiy  was  divided  as  already  agreed  tipon,  Sergeant  Ordwiiy  and 
iii.io  nun  to  liiin.i,'  the  canoes  and  bajrga^u'e  (iowndfUcrson  lliver,  wliiU' (  laike 
jiroeeedcd  liy  land  to  tlic  Yellowstone.  Travellini;  on  tlie  eastern  side  of  tlio 
.lell'erson,  lie  jiasseil  through  a  small  plain,  ealli'd  Sevviei-  X'alky,  and  over  the 
Jiattlesnakt!  .Slountain  into  a  lieautitul  eonntiy  ealleil  Ivy  the  Indians  I'naver- 
liead  N'alley,  titty  miles  long  and  from  ten  to  lit'teen  wide.  At  a  ilistaiiee  of 
tifteen  miles  he  halted  to  dine,  and  seeing  tiiat  tiie  eanoes  eouM  advance  fa.ster 
tlian  tile  horsi's,  and  .Sergeant  Ordway  heing  still  in  his  eonijiany,  he  di'ter- 
niined  to  give  the  horses  into  tlu^  charge  ot'  the  sergeant  and  six  men,  while 
he  endiarked  in  a  canoe.  'J'liat  night  he  encamped  on  the  east  .side  of  the 
river,  opposite  Three  Thousand  Mile  Island. 


vows  TIIK  MOUNTAINS. 


ai'ko  ]iro- 
the  saiiu! 
ho  ii(lj4(! 
1  tlioso  of 
ido  oi"  tlio 
»  Willanl 
liters  tluj 
I,  sixteen 
l'^'-'  of  Jef- 
10  in  nino 
boon  do- 
point  of 
Y  owes  its 
the  ai'ter- 
•ni  Itivor. 
idoned  on 
vt.'i'tod  its 
need,  and 
nthoi'  an<l 
_'lo\v  tiiat 

reached 
hero  the 

iiu^.  Tlio 
Gallatin 

u!  month 
on  the 

proceeded 
1,  Clarke 
nd  ohlld, 

OnUviiy  iiml 
,vliiU'(  larlii' 

sill.'  >'(  tlie 

mil  over  tl'o 

iMiis  I'navcr- 

ilistamt'  of 
Ivaiiuu  tahtur 

f,  he  ilt.'tcr- 
[iiicn,  while 

side  of  the 


!-( 


and  fifty  horses,  sot  out  late  in  the  afternoon  in  a 
course  idiiHot  dui'  east  from  tlu;  forks  of  the  Mis- 
niri,  cam] •ill,'-;'  Jit  a  distanci'  from  them  of  four  miles, 
un  the  hank  (tf  the  (lalkitin. 

I *r< )(•(•»  diii^-  on  the  I4th,  their  I'outo  lay  across  sov- 
ci'al  forks  and  channels  of  the  rivei-,  tlu-  j^i'oiind  alon;^' 
which  was  found  upturned  and  hroken  hythe  inaveis. 
Thev encamped  at  the  onti'aiico  to  a  j^ap  in  the  moun- 
tains throiii^h  which  their  I'oad  passed.  Six  miles  on 
the  lath  hrou^ht  them  to  the  top  of  the  dividing'  lid^o 
hetweeii  the  wators  «)f  the  Yellowsti»ne  and  the  Mis- 
!-i)UrI,and  nine  miles  fuitherto  the Yollowstone  itself, 
a  mile  and  a  hall"  IVom  wliero  it  leaves  the  mountains. 
Jt  was  ascertained  hy  this  route  that  the  distance  from 
the  folks  of  the  Missouri  to  the  Yellowstoiio  was  only 
fortv-eiL;ht  miles,  over  a  n'ood  road. 

Nine  miles  down  tlie  hitter  river  from  the  ))laco 
V.  here  tluy  had  reached  it,  a  stream  was  passed  eoining 
in  iVom  tiio  north-west,  whi(  h  they  called  Shields 
L'iver,  alti-r  one  of  the  nun.  Cro.ssiiii,^  a  hi^h  rocky 
hill,  three  miles  further  l)roUij;ht  them  to  cami)  in  the 
low  ground  adjaciiit  to  a  small  creek.  ( )n  the  Kith, 
till  kee[)in_i4-  aloiii;-  the  north  bank  of  the  Yellowston 


which  was  now  tjuito  witlo  am 


I  straight,  with  many 


i.-lands,  they  ])assod  a  stream  from  the  south,  and  en- 
(  aniped  aftir  twenty-six  miles  at  the  mouth  of  another 
11    stream  on   the  north  side.     From  the   stonv 


j^ma 
nature  o 


f  th 


e    coll 


nti'V   the    hoi 


ses 


loot   had   becoim 


sore,  and  ( "larke  desired  to  make  canoes  in  ^vllich  to 
linish  the  journey  to  the  !^[issouri,  but  was  not  able 
U)  lind  trees  of  sulHciont  si/e. 

On  the  17th,  he  crossed  a  hiL;h  ri(lg(\  and  cominuf 
into  a  meadow  lowland  six  and  a  half  miles  iVoni 
<ani[),  whore  a  stream  fell  into  the  Yellowstone  from 
each  side,  ho  gave  tlu'in  tli(>  collective  name  of  liiveis- 
across.  Tor  iiul  a  half  miles  further  brounht  him  to 
another  largo  creek,  which  was  named  Otter  IJiver, 
and  nearly  o]t])osito  on  the  south  side  one  which  ho 
called  Ueaver  liiver,  the  waters  of    both  of    which 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


— 


2.5 


m  1112.2 


IMO 


2.0 


1.8 


1.25     1.4 

i^ 

1.6 

6"     — 

► 

Photograpblc 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


4i.s 


«r„ 


78 


THE  rACITIC  Am)  THE  RETURN  JOURXEY. 


were  of  a  milky  color.  Passing  a  portion  of  the 
river  where  the  hills  came  down  very  close  to  the 
water,  he  encamped,  after  a  ride  of  thirty  miles,  on  a 
piece  of  lowland: 

Next  day,  finding  that  the  hids  excluded  him  from 
following  the  river,  which  was,  besides,  very  crooked, 
Clarke  struck  across  the  ridges,  which  were  two  hun- 
dred feet  high,  keeping  the  river  in  sight,  however. 

On  the  lOtli,  they  passed  a  stream  flowing  in  from 
the  south-cast,  which  Clarke  named  the  Rose  River. 
The  party  presently  stopped  on  account  of  an  injury 
received  by  one  of  the  men  to  his  thigh,  which  had 
become  so  painful  that  he  could  not  proceed.  The 
rest  of  the  day  was  spent  in  search  of  timber  largo 
enough  to  make  a  canoe,  but  the  search  was  with- 
out success,  and  after  journeying  nine  miles  further 
down  the  river  Clarke  halted  and  sent  back  for  the 
W'Ounded  man. 

Next  day  the  construction  of  two  small  canoes  -was 
begun,  which  lashed  together  should  convey  part  of 
the  company  down  the  river,  wdiile  the  rest  led  the 
horses  to  the  Mandan  country.  But  on  the  21st 
tw'ont}  -four  of  the  horses  were  missing,  and  on  search 
beini'  made  it  w^as  found  that  tl  ad  been  driven  oif 
by  Indians.  The  party  remaii  in  camp  two  days 
longer,  until  the  canoes  were  ready;  then  they  sepa- 
rated, Sergeant  Pryor  to  proceed  by  land  with  the 
horses  to  the  mouth  of  the  Big  Horn  River,  which 
Clarke  believed  to  be  not  far  distant,  and  where  the 
land  party  was  to  be  ferried  across  the  Yellowstone. 
Twcnt^'-nine  miles  down  the  river  Clarke  came  upon 
the  bi'anch  which  lie  had  believed  to  be  the  Dig  Horn, 
but  which,  when  the  real  Big  Horn  was  reached,  he 
called  Clarke  Fork,  being  about  the  twentieth  time 
one  or  other  of  the  leaders  had  applied  his  name  to 
their  discoveries.  This  stream  was  about  one  hundred 
and  lifty  5'ards  wide  at  the  confluence,  but  narrower 
above.  Six  miles  beyond  was  a  large  island,  where  he 
halted  for  Pryor  and  the  horses,  but  seeing  nothing 


MANY  Rrv^ERS. 


TO 


n  of  the 
e  to  the 
lies,  on  a 

lim  from 
crooked, 
two  huu- 
howcvcr. 
nr  Ml  from 
se  River, 
an  injury 
'hich  had 
>cd.    The 
iber  hirgo 
,vas  with- 
es further 
k  for  the 

anocs  was 
ly  part  of 
t  led  the 
the   21st 
on  search 
driven  olf 
two  days 
liey  sepa- 
with  the 
er,  which 
here  the 
llowstono. 
me  upo!i 
gliorn, 
iched,  he 
oth  time 
name  to 
hundred 
narrower 
^vhere  he 
nothing 


of  them  he  went  on  to  the  mouth  of  a  small  creek, 
which  he  called  Horse  Creek,  just  below  which  the  ser- 
geant joined  him  again.  Here  the  land  contingent  was 
ferried  across  to  the  south  bank,  to  proceed  to  the 
]\Iandan  nation,  while  the  others  continued  on  their 
way  to  the  mouth  of  the  Yellowstone.  Toward  even- 
ing a  creek  thirty-five  yards  wude  was  passed,  ami 
named  Pryor  Creek,  half  a  mile  below  which  they 
encamped  after  a  day's  travel  of  sixty -nine  miles. 
Fiftv  miles  below  Clarke  halted  to  examine  an  iso- 
lated rock  on  the  south  bank,  two  hundred  feet  high, 
and  accessible  on  one  side  only,  to  which  he  gave  the 
name  of  Pompey's  Pillar. 

Passing  next  day  four  small  streams,  two  from  eacli 
side  of  the  river,  he  arrived,  after  sixty-two  miles  cf 
travel,  at  the  entrance  of  the  real  Big  Plorn  River, 
ascending  which  for  half  a  mile,  he  encamped,  and 
walked  up  its  south-western  bank  seven  miles  to  the 
cf)niiucnce  of  a  creek  coming  in  from  the  north-east, 
which  ho  called  the  Muddy,  and  a  few  niiles  further 
to  a  bend  in  the  Big  Horn,  from  which  point  ho 
]'eturned.  He  found  this  branch  of  the  Yellowstone 
to  be  of  about  equal  breadth  with  the  main  river, 
each  being  from  two  hundred  to  two  hundred  and 
twenty  yards  in  extent,  though  the  Yellowstone  con- 
tained more  water.  From  his  observations,  Clarke  was 
satisfied  that  the  Big  Horn  was  the  river  descril)e(l 
l»y  the  Indians  as  rising  in  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
near  the  sources  of  the  Platte  and  the  Yellowstone. 

Talcing  a  last  look  at  the  Rocky  Mountains,  on  the 
'27th  Clarke  proceeded  fifteen  miles  to  a  dry  creek  ou 
the  left,  which  he  named  ]Clk  Creek,  and  three  miles 
more  to  another  wide  and  nearly  dry  creek,  which  ho 
called  Windsor  River,  and  thirty  miles  further  to  a 
third  large  river-bed  with  little  water  in  it,  to  which 
he  gave  the  name  of  La  Biche  River.  After  passing 
several  more  dry  creek-beds,  he  encamped  eighty  miles 
from  the  Big  Horn  on  a  large  island. 

Proceeding  on  the  28th,  and  passing  frequent  dry 


80 


THE  PACIFIC  AND  THE  RETURN  JOURNEY. 


creeks,  he  came  in  .six  miles  to  one  comin<:^  in  from 
tlie  noitli,  eighty  yards  wide,  which  lie  called  Little 
Woll"  liiver,  and  twenty-nine  miles  Ijelow  it  to  an- 
other from  the  south,  having  a  num1)er  of  Hat  inf»mids 
in  the  ])lain  near  it,  which  he  called  Table  Creek. 
]^\)nr  niilL'S  below  the  last  was  a  considerable  stream 
of  muddy  water,  entei'ing  from  the  south,  which  he 
supposed  to  bo  the  Little  Big  Horn  of  the  Indians.^* 
Seventy-three  miles  from  the  last  camp  brought  him  to 
another  stream  i'rom  the  south,  called  bv  the  Indians 
jMashaska[),  opposite  to  which  he  halted  for  the  night. 
The  I'ivrr  at  tliis  ]iart  was  often  confined  l)et\veon 
th(jse  cliii's  of  yellowish  rock,  fi'om  which  its  name  of 
Itochejaune,  or  Yellowstone,  is  derived. 

Pursuiny'  the  vovago  on  the  29th,  the  river  l)einor 
from  five  hundred  yards  to  half  a  mile  in  widtli,  forty- 
one  miles  bi'ouglit  him  to  '^fongue  liiver,  called  by 
the  Indinns  Lazeka,  where  camp  was  pitched  o[)positc 
its  mouth.  This  river  Clarke  recorded  as  risiuLj  in 
the  Black  Hills,"  near  the  sources  of  the  Cheyemie 
Ixiver,  and  judged  from  the  warmth  of  the  milky 
Avliitc  water  that  it  flowed  throuu'li  an  open  countrv. 

On  the  following  day  at  a  distance  of  fourteen  miles 
from  camp,  and  alter  jiassing  a  stream  nearly  dry  a 
hundred  yards  in  Midth,  he  came  to  a  succession  of 
shoals  extending  for  six  miles,  of  which  the  last  was  the 
worst,  and  called  Buffalo  Shoal,  from  the  presence  of 
one  of  those  animals  at  this  ])lace.  Twenty  miles  below 
Avas  a  i'aj)id,  and  on  the  cliffs  above  it  a  bear,  from 
which  circumstance  the  place  was  called  Bear  llapid. 
Here  was  a  stream  coming  in  from  the  north  now  a 
tiny  rivulet,  though  it  had  evidently  been  a  quarter  of 
a  mile  wide  only  a  short  time  before.  This  veisatile 
sti'eam  was  named  York  Biver,  in  honor  of  Clarke's 
negro.     Camp  was   made    seven   miles    below,  after 

^'  Tliis  river  is  put  down  on  recent  maps  as  Rosebud  River,  and  the  Little 
]lig  Horu  as  a  liraucli  of  tlie  large  river  of  that  uaiiio.  Clarko'.s  distances  hei'o 
do  not  agree  with  those  on  the  later  maps,  though  his  may  be  more  correct 
than  these,  vliieh  are  not  made  up  from  actual  .surveys. 

'-it  rises  further  to  the  west,  in  tlie  Big  Horn  Mountains. 


i. 

n^  in  from 
led  Little 
it  to  au- 
it  inouiids 
Ic  Creek, 
tic  stream 
which  ho 
Indians." 
;-ht  him  to 
IC  Indians 
the  ni'''ht. 
[  between 
s  name  of 

ivcr  l)eing 
dtli,  forty- 
called  hy 
d  o[)positc 
;  risin«]j  in 
Cheyemie 
he  milky 
conntrv. 
een  miles 
rlydry  a 
ession  of 
t  was  the 
escnce  of 
les  below 
ear,  from 
ir  liapid. 
h  now  a 
luarter  of 
versatile 
Clai-ke's 
1)W,   after 

jid  tlio  Little 
Istanuos  hero 
liioie  correct 


DOWN  BY  THE  YELLOWSTONE. 


81 


a* 


passing  a  stream  a  hundred  yards  wide,  even  in  the 
dry  season,  containing  a  great  many  red  stones  that 
gave  it  the  name  of  Redstone  River  or  Wahasah, 
which  in  the  Indian  tongue  has  the  same  signification. 
On  the  01st,  eighteen  miles  brought  the  canoes  to  a 
sliallow  nuiddy  stream  on  the  north,  a  hundred  yards 
wide,  which  was  supposed  to  be  the  one  bearing  the 
Indian  name  Saasha,  and  five  miles  below  another  on 
the  south  side,  with  coal  seams  showing  in  the  banks, 
from  which  it  was  called  Coal  River.  Eighteen  miles 
further  brought  them  to  the  mouth  of  a  stream  on 
the  light,  which  was  named  Gibson  River,  and  twenty- 
five  miles  more  to  camp.  August  1st  and  2d  were 
marked  only  by  encountering  herds  of  buft'alo  so  im- 
mense that  the  party  was  obliged  to  halt  for  an  hour  to 
let  them  pass,  or  run  the  danger  of  getting  between  two 
lierds  crossing  the  river.  One  hundred  and  twenty- 
nine  miles  were  made  in  two  days.  On  the  3d,  after 
passing  Fields  Creek,  two  miles  below  cam]i,  they 
came,  at  two  o'clock,  to  the  junction  of  the  Yellow- 
stone with  the  Missouri,  encamping  on  the  spot  where 
they  had  been  April  2G,  1805.  So  great  was  tlie  an- 
noyance from  mosquitoes  at  this  place,  that  without 
waiting  for  the  party  coming  by  land  the  eanoes  kept 
on  down  the  jSIissouri  one  day's  journey  below  White 
Earth  River,  where  on  the  8tli  they  were  joined  by 
Sergeant  Pryor,  but  without  the  horses.  The  animals 
had  been  stolen  the  second  night  after  leaving  the 
Big  Horn  River,  and  the  men  in  charge  had  been 
compelled  to  carry  the  baggage  upon  their  backs  to 
the  nearest  point  on  the  Yellowstone,  wliich  proved 
to  be  Pompey's  Pillar,  where  they  made  two  hide 
canoes,  and  descended  in  safety  to  the  point  where 
they  overtook  their  commander.  Passing  the  mouth 
of  the  Yellowstone,  and  supposing  that  Lewis  had 
passed  before  him,  Pryor  removed  a  note  left  there 
on  a  pole  for  him  by  Clarke,  and  but  for  the  tracing 
the  latter  had  left  in  the  sand,  Lewis  would  not  have 
known  that  he  had  preceded  him. 

Hist.  N.W.  Coast,  Vol.  II.    6  . 


S9 


THE  PACIFIC  AXD  THE  RETURN  J0URX1:Y. 


On  tlio  12th,  tlio  Avholo  ])art3',  buiiig  reunited,  pro- 
ceeded to  the  Mandan  village,  and  after  holding  a 
coiineil  Avitl)  those  people  and  the  neighboring  tribes, 
Avho  promised  friendship  to  American  traders,  left  the 
Indian  country  finally,  and  arrived  at  St  Louis  on  tlio 
23d  of  September,  having  accomplished  their  journey 
of  nine  thousand  miles,  through  a  wilderness  much  of 
vhich  had  never  been  trodden  by  white  men,  and 
])roviding  themselves  food  chiefly  by  means  of  the 
rifle.  They  had  lost  but  one  uian/^  and  had  met  with 
Ijut  few  accidents. 


Before  parting  company  with  the  explorers  I  will 
give  an  incident  in  the  subsequent  life  of  one  of  the  men. 
While  at  the  chief  village  of  the  ]Minnetarees,  below 
the  mouth  of  the  Little  Missouri,  during  the  return 
journey,  one  of  the  party,  John  Colter,  requested  to  be 
discharged  fi"om  further  service.  He  was  no  longer 
recpiired,  and  if  permitted  to  do  so  could  make  a  pr(jf- 
itable  engagement  with  some  trappers.  As  he  was 
a  good  man,  and  his  help  could  now  bo  spared,  the 
commanders  reluctantly  consented,  with  a  proviso  that 
none  of  the  other  men  should  ask  a  similar  favor.  It 
was  a  life  of  adventure,  truly,  that  to  which  he  now 
committed  liimself  While  trapping  in  the  Blackfoot 
country.  Colter  and  a  companion  named  Potts  were  in 
a  canoe  on  one  of  tlie  streams  which  form  the  head- 
waters of  the  ISIissouri,  when  they  were  attacked  by 
several  hundred  Indians.  Potts  was  almost  instantly 
killed;  Colter,  by  a  fate  one  remove  less  unhappy,  was 
made  prisoner.  Having  stripped  him,  the  chief  asked 
if  he  could  run  fast.  Knowing  the  custom,  and  that 
he  was  doomed  to  the  trial  of  the  gauntlet  for  his  life, 
Colter  replied  that  he  was  a  very  poor  runner  ;  where- 
upon the  chief  gave  him  a  start  of  three  or  four  hun- 
dred yards. 

The  terrible  whoop  of  a  hundred  savages  rang  in 

"  Sergeant  Floyd  died  of  bilious  colic,  Augnst  20,  1804,  at  a  camp  on  the 
MiBsouri,  ubout  one  hundred  miles  above  Council  BluiTs. 


A  RACE  FOR  LIFE.  88 

his  cars  as  lie  darted  away  with  a  speed  no  less  sur- 
l)risiiii^  to  himself  than  to  his  pursuers.  Never  a 
thouL^lit  prompted  him  to  look  behind  until  he  was  half 
way  across  a  plain  six  miles  in  extent,  and  bristling 
with  prickly-pears  that  pierced  his  bare  feet  at  every 
stride.  When  he  did  turn  his  eyes,  however,  he  saw 
close  upon  him  an  Indian  armed  with  a  spear.  To 
outrun  this  savage  he  redoubled  his  efforts,  while  tlie 
blood  gushed  from  his  nostrils  and  coursed  down  his 
breast.  Glancing  back  once  more  he  saw  his  foe  nearly 
upon  him,  while  the  river  was  yet  a  mile  distant. 
AVJifii  the  savage  was  within  a  few  paces  a  sudden 
impulse  forced  him  to  turn  quickly  about  and  spread 
out  his  arms.  Tliis  action,  coupled  with  his  wild 
appearance,  seemed  to  surprise  the  red  man,  who  at- 
tem[)ted  to  stay  his  own  headlong  pursuit,  but  stumbled 
and  fell  from  exhaustion,  breaking  his  spear  in  the 
act  of  throwing  it.  Colter  instantly  seized  the  spear- 
head, and  pinned  his  man  to  the  earth  before  contin- 
uing his  breathless  race.  A  few  seconds  were  gained 
while  the  pursuing  savages  were  halting  over  their 
dead  C(^mrade;  and  presently  their  yell  of  vengeance 
fell  dull  on  Colter's  ears  as  the  friendly  river  closed 
over  him.  IMaking  for  a  raft  of  drift-wood  lodixed 
against  an  island,  and  diving  under  it  he  found  a  spot 
where  lie  could  obtain  air  through  an  opening.  There 
he  remained  until  night,  the  savages  in  search  of  him 
many  times  passing  above  his  hiding-place.  When  it 
became  quite  dark  ho  swam  some  distance  down  the 
stream  to  leave  no  trail,  and  then  landing  travelled 
for  seven  days,  naked,  and  with  nothing  to  cat  but 
roots,  when  he  reached  the  trading-post  of  Manuel 
Lisa  on  the  Big  Horn  River. 

The  expedition  carried  out  under  the  command  of 
Captains  Lewis  and  Clarke  was  characterized  by  a 
degree  of  humanity,  courage,  perseverance,  and  justice 
honorable  alike  to  officer  and  soldier.  The  prudence 
and  wisdom  manifested  in  all  their  intercourse  with 


Si 


THE  TACIFIC  AND  THE  RETURN  JOURNEY. 


the  natives  liavc  never  been  excelled,  even  by  tlio 
most  experienced  of  the  British  fur  conii)anies.  No 
dastardly  act  blots  their  record.  Without  achievinj^ 
anytliing  very  admirable;  without  enduring  sacrifices 
as  great  as  those  of  many  emigrants  ;  without  enlist- 
ing the  sympathy  or  admiration  drawn  from  us  by 
many  of  the  women  of  1842  and  subsequent  emigra- 
tions, they  yet  accomplished  an  important  and  difficult 
task.  In  reading  their  narrative  we  can  but  feel  them 
to  be  men  above  small  thinsfs.  But  for  thrillinuc  ex- 
periences,  for  deeds  of  great  daring,  for  heart-rending 
sufl'ering,  for  romantic  adventure  we  must  look  else- 
where. 

It  would,  indeed,  have  endowed  them  with  a  greater 
distinction,  and  reflected  more  credit  upon  the  gov- 
ernment, had  the  expedition  been  furnished  with  sev- 
eral scientific  attaches,  who  would  have  reported  more 
at  large  upon  the  country  explored,  in  which  case 
another  year  at  least  would  have  been  required  for 
observations.  Yet  for  them  to  have  done  more  than 
they  did  under  the  circumstances  could  scarcely  have 
been  expected,  and  there  is  no  reason  to  believe  that 
they  failed  to  fulfil  the  hopes  of  President  Jefterson 


a 


Tlio  journal  of  Lewis  and  Clarke  was  not  published 
until  1814,  though  the  news  of  their  return  and  all 
that  their  explorations  and  successes  implied  was 
known  much  earlier.  It  was  February  1807  before 
they  reached  Washington.  Congress  then  being  in 
session  made  grants  of  land  to  each  member  of  the 
expedition.    Clarke  became  a   general  of  militia  in 

** '  The  report  which  they  made  of  their  expedition  to  the  United  St.itca 
government  created  a  lively  sensation.'  Franchere's  Knr.,  19.  'Tlic  explora- 
tions of  Lewis  and  Clarke  made  known  the  two  great  rivers  across  the  conti- 
nent, the  Missouri  and  tlio  Columbia,  and  the  general  character  of  the  country.' 
Stefena'  Northwest,  3.  'Tho  happy  termination  of  Lewis  and  Clarke's  expedi- 
tion surprised  and  delighted.  The  humblest  had  been  interested  in  the  re- 
sult, and  looked  impatiently  for  the  news  it  would  bring.  Anxiety  had  been 
heightened  from  time  to  time  by  ugly,  vague  ruinors,  uncontradicted,  from 
their  leaving  the  Mandan  towns  to  tlieir  return  to  St  Louis.  Tlie  cour.tge, 
perseTcraucc,  and  discretion  of  the  heads,  and  the  fidelity  and  obedience  of 
the  men,  drew  general  approbation,  and  favorable  notice  by  government.' 
.Buljincli's  Or.,  and  El  Dorado,  2ol-2o2. 


LAST  DAYS  OF  LEWIS  AND  CL.UIKE. 


10 


by  tlio 

OS.       No 

diioving 
sacrifices 
it  enlist- 
Ill  us  by 
/  eiiiigra- 
l  difficult 
ieel  tlicm 
illing  ex- 
t-rending 
ook  else- 

a  src-ater 
the  gov- 
witli  sev- 
*ted  more 
bid  I  case 
[uired  for 
lore  than 
cely  have 
ieve  that 
tforson/* 

)ublished 

ii  and  all 

lliod   was 

)7  before 

Ibeing  in 

r  of  the 

lilitia  in 

Initcd  Statc3 
I'lio  t'xplora- 
Iss  the  conti- 
l;he  country.' 
[•ke's  expeiU- 
B<1  in  the  re- 
|ty  had  been 
llicted,  from 
The  courage, 
bbedience  of 
loverniueut. ' 


Louisiana,  and  Lewis  governor  of  the  same  teri'itoiy, 
whose  capital  was  St  Louis. 

On  returning  to  this  frontier  to  assume  the  duties 
of  his  office,  he  found  affairs  in  a  distracted  state  fj-oni 
the  animosities  and  contentions  of  officials  and  their 
partisans.  Having  settled  these  disturbances  and  re- 
stoi'ctl  liarmony,  l^ewis  began  to  suffer  from  attacks 
of  a  hereditary  hypochondiia  which  developed  itself 
alarniinu'lv  in  a  short  time,  and  wliicli  was  i)robablv 
aivnientiMl  l)y  ivaction  from  the  severe  sti-ain  of 
physical  and  mental  })o\vcrs  caused  by  the  fatigue, 
liunger,  heat,  cold,  and  danger  endured  in  the  three 
years  of  cx}»loration.  Having  occasion  to  go  to 
Wasliingtoii  in  the  autumn  of  1801),  he  had  reached 
the  C'liickasaw  l)lufls  wlien  he  was  met  by  Mr  Xeely, 
aijfent  for  the  Chickasaw  Indians,  who  noticiuL^  liis  dis- 
turijcd  condition  accompanied  hnn  to  look  after  his 
health.  At  an  encampment  one  day's  journey  east  of 
tlie  Tennessee  Kiver,  two  of  their  h;)rses  were  lost,  and 
]\Ir  Xeelv  was  obliired  to  return  for  them.  On  partinuf 
they  agreed  to  meet  at  the  first  white  settlement  on 
the  road,  where  Governor  Lewis  was  to  wait  until  his 
friend  came  up.  On  arriving  at  this  [dace,  the  house 
of  a  Mr  Grinder,  such  was  the  excitability  of  Lewis, 
that,  to  soothe  him,  he  was  ])erniitte{l  to  occupy  the 
house  alone  at  niglit,  the  family  and  his  own  servants 
i-etirinj;]^  to  anotlier  buildino:.  This  was  a  fatal  error, 
for  when  morning  came  they  found  him  dead  by  his 
own  hand,  at  the  age  of  thirty-five.^^  Thus  to  the 
great  grief  of  the  public  and  his  friends,  ended  a  career 
that,  if  not  brilliant,  was  in  every  way  useful  and 
honorable. 

Clarke,  who  was  associated  with  Lewis  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Louisiana,  as  he  had  been  in  its  explora- 

*5  Clarke's  negro  scr\-ant,  York,  mysteriously  becomes  Lewis,  rajitain  To)n 
Lewis  ho  called  himself,  if  we  may  believe  thc'antliorities,  which  say  that  ho 
was  found  on  the  road,  frozen  to  death,  in  Albemarle  ( 'ounty,  Vir;:iuia,  within 
about  a  mile  of  his  own  home,  in  the  latter  part  of  December,  1878.  He  was 
nearly  ninety  years  old.  Charlotte.iv'illc,  1  «.,  Chronicle,  Jan.  3,  1S70,  in  -S'. 
F.  Bulletin,  Jan.  13,  1S7D;  S.  F.  Chronicle,  Feb.  0,  ISi'J. 


80 


THE  TACIFIC  ASD  THE  RETURN  JOURNEY. 


tion,  was  appointed  governor  of  Missouri  Territory, 
by  President  Madison,  in  1813,  and  remained  in  that 
olKee  until  it  became  a  state,  in  1821.  The  following 
year  Presiilcnt  Monroe  appointed  him  su})erintcndont 
of  Inchan  affairs,  for  wliieh  lie  was  eminently  fitted, 
and  whicli  post  he  held  till  his  death,  which  occurred 
at  St  Louis  in  1 8.^)8.  The  results  of  the  united  labors 
of  J^ewis  and  Clarke  M'ere  important,  as  they  o])ened 
to  the  citizens  of  the  United  States  a  brt)ad  field  for 
enterprise,  which  soon  became  occupied  by  fur-hunters, 
fbll(jwed  by  other  commercial  ventures,  and  finally  by 
permanent  settlement. 


^rritory, 
ill  lluit 
jllowing 
itendont 
y  iitted, 
occurred 
;d  labors 
(  opened 
field  for 
■hunters, 
inally  by 


CHAPTER  IV. 

SIMON  FllASEll  AND  JOUN  STUAUT. 
1797-1800. 

3.\s\vA  FiNLAY  Ascr.N-iw  Teace  ravKii— Ilr.  Oivks  iiih  Namk  to  its  TTppeti 
Watkks— Ja.mks  McDoigall  ri;xF.TKATi;s  TO  McLr.oi)  Laki: — 1'KAsi.ii'a 
FmsT  Expedition— Hi3  Ciiahactkii— MANrscuiPT  Joitrxals  of  Stuakt 
ANi>  FuASKii— The  Noktiiwkst  Company  Prsii  Westwarb— Stvakt  at 

TiU;  IIOCKY  ilorXTAIN  House— FllASEU.sJolUNAL—l'llEl'AnATION.S  i-OIl 
the  JoCUNEY— FiLVSEK  and  STUAUT  ExPLOUE  WeSTWAUD — AliKIVAE  .w 
FlNLAY   KlVEU— FuASEK's  TiKADE  AGAINST    MACKENZIE— TlIKY  RlacII 

TuoiT  Lake— And  Follow  Mackenzie's  Tuack  ux»  Bad  PwIVEi; — Ciios.i 
TO  THE  Fii.\sEii — Descend  to  Stuart  River. 

James  Finlay  ascended  Peace  Piver  in  1707,  and 
examined  the  branch  to  which  ho  gave  his  lanie,  and 
which  indeed  is  no  branch,  but  the  main  stream,  con- 
tinuing' as  it  docs  nearer  the  course  of  the  liver  below 
than  Parsiu[)  Piver,  which  comes  in  from  tlio  south- 
Avard,  besides  beiiif^  larger  antl  longer.^  Thence  ^Mr 
Finlay  turned  up  Parsnip  Piver,  keeping  to  tlio  lel't 
on  reaching  the  branch  which  leads  to  ]\IcLeod  Lake, 
and  ascended  that  stream  to  near  its  source,  making 
an  extended  tour  of  general  observation." 

In  the  spring  of  1805  James  ]McD(nigall  made  an 
expedition  u])  Peace  and  Parsnip  rivers  to  what  was 
then  first  called  McLcod  Lake.  At  the  northern  end 
of  the  lake  a  fort  was  soon  built,  which  afterward 

'  'It  i.3  nearly  three  ImnJrcd  miles  in  Icn.'jtli,  or  at  least  its  souroo  is,  I 
cstinnitc,  iibout  that  ilistanco  liy  rivcr-coursc  from  the  pass.'  ilcL^od'n  Ptnn'. 
JUar,  <>(J. 

■^  l'iif>u  tho  hank  of  the  stream,  says  ^IrFrascr  nine  yearaafter,  'wj  found 
tlie  old  IJarlmo  in  the  very  identical  spot  ho  was  found  liy  Mr  Finlay  in  tlie 
f^umnicr  of  171)7.'  FinUni's  Jottniiil,  MS.,  108.  Mr  Finlay  iliL-d  at  Spokauo 
ill  May  1S2S.     Work's  Journal,  MS.,  228. 

(87) 


88 


SIMON  FRASER  ^VND  JOHN  STUART. 


went  1)y  several  iiaiiics,  as  Trout  Lake  House,  Fort 
!MeJ)ou,!jjall,  La  ]\[alice  Fort,  and  later  Fort  ^TeLeod. 
^[el)ou,t;iill  eontinued  his  iuvestii^atioiis  as  i'ai'  as  tlic 
jjrreat  I'ork  of  the  Frasor,  and  beyond  to  the  Carriers 
Lake;  so  that  at  least  two  ex])lorers  navigated  this 
stream  hef'ore  him  whose  name  it  hears.  At  this  time 
tliere  was  no  Lake  JNIcLcod,  but  the  rej^ion  thereabout 
went  l)y  the  name  ol'  Trout  Lake,  whieh  term  is  now 
a|»plied  to  the  small  sheet  of  water  iminediatel}'  north 
of  MeLeod  Lake.     La  Malice  was  a  Freneh  Cana- 


fort JaliKS  *'     '"■' 

c7 


FmscrTt. 


McLeod  Lake  Rei  os. 

dian  who  spent  a  portion  of  uio  winter  of  1805-G 
at  the  Trout  Lake  station,  durino"  which  time  it  was 
called  La  Malice  Fort.  This  was  the  first  fort  erected 
by  British- American  fur-hunters  west  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  the  first  establishment  of  the  kind  in  New 
Caledonia,  or  in  the  Oregon  Country.^ 

^Anderson,  Korthvrd  Const,  MS.,  ]4,  states  that  McLcod  Fort  was  built 
on  Ml'LooiI  Lake,  by  Fraser  and  Stuart,  in  LSOO,  and  that  it 'served  a8  an 
entrepot  of  eoniniunication  between  the  posts  lying  eastward  of  the  mountains 
and  tlio  western  posts.'  Mr  Anderson  ii  elearly  in  error  as  to  the  date,  and  I 
iiui  inclined  to  think  clso  in  regjird  to  the  builder.  Compare  McK'nihiifs  Xar., 
?1.S.,  7.  Stuart  in  his  autognijih notes,  An<ler.son''ti  Norlhxnst  t'oiii<f,  MS.,  'J3.j, 
states  distinetly  that  the  fort  on  ^leLeod  Lake  was  founded  in  180r».  Stuart 
or  Fraser  may  have  ordered  the  work  done,  but  I  believe  Jauiea  McDougall 


CHARACTER  OF  FRASER. 


80 


ISO,  Fort 

ir  as  tlie 
CanitTS 
iti3(l  this 
this  tiuio 
ercahout 
m  is  now 
cly  iioi'tli 
.4i  Caiia- 


1805-G 
10  it  Mas 
■t  crcctod 

0  Rocky 

1  ill  Now 


brt  was  Iniilfc 

tervLHl  lis  au 

\c  mountains 

;  (late,  and  I 

illluif'!  X(l>'-, 

It,  MS.,  23.->, 

T-iO,').     Stuart 

McDougall 


Siiiioii  Fmsor's  first  expoiUtion  into  the  ivujioii  wostof 
tlio  Jjocky  >[()untains  was  in  the  autumn  of  lS():),Honio 
tiiMo  alter  .lames  ]\[c])ougall  had  visited  ^fcLeod  Lake, 
v.hcn  he  ascended  Parsnip  Kiver,  following  the  tracks 
of  Mr  J'Mnlay,  and  after  a  supertieial  survey,  returned 
to  tlic  Hocky  ^lountain  i)ortage,  and  there  at  its 
eastern  extremity  l)egan  the  erection  of  the  ]^)cky 
.Mountain  ] louse.  Fraser  was  an  illiterate,  ill-hred, 
Mckeiing,  fault-Hndiny  man,  of  jealous  dis[)osition, 
ainhitious,  energetic,  with  considerable  conscience, 
and  in  the  main  holding  to  honest  intentions.  IJut 
11(3  man  can  be  truly  honest  who  is  not  just,  and 
no  man  can  bo  strictly  just  who  is  blinded  by  p^  oiudice, 
and  no  man  can  be  free  from  prejudice  M'ho  Ivvcs  to 
distraction  himself,  and  hates  all  other  men.* 

Entering  this  region  of  Titanic  irreguln  ties,  \v'horo 
scarpcfl  and  lioarv  mountains  rising  bald-headed  iato 
the  cloud  play  I'antastic  tricks  with  worried  iMvers, 
and  mJioso  blue  lakes  lai)ped  by  pine-ciad  steeps 
fHnijfin'^  huufc  bowlders  from  craggy  fronts  intf)  tho 

built  it.  Tlio  lake  and  fort  wcro  named  in  honor  of  Archibald  Norman  Mc- 
1a  od,  of  the  XorthM'cst  Couipanj',  a  man  of  high  repute  for  energy  an(l 
rlliciency.  After  retiring  from  tho  .service  of  the  company  he  held  tho 
a]iix)intnient  of  barrack-master  at  Belfast,  Ireland.  Creeuhow,  Or,  ami  C'dl.y 
'JJO-1,  becomes  hero  quite  confused  iu  liis  statements.  He  says  that  tlio 
Xortlnvest  Company  were  pushing  westward  in  order  to  anticipate  Lewis 
ami  Clarke,  of  which  there  is  no  proof;  and  he  goes  on  to  tfilk  about  a  party 
under  Laroclic,  which  in  1S03  ascended  the  Missiniri  as  far  as  the  Maudaii 
village,  .saying  not  a  word  of  the  doings  on  I'eacc  lliver  this  year,  and  calling 
the  establishment  on  Fraser  Lake  iu  ISOG,  'the  lirst  settlement  or  fort  of 
any  kind  made  by  liriiish  subjects  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.'  r  or  iuci- 
dents  (if  life  at  Fort  I\IcLeod,  see  W/V  Kew  L'liledi'iiia,  M.S.,  'JO  et  ,seq. 

*Tliougl)  quarrelsome,  Fraser  was  a  man  of  courage.  Ho  had  been  for 
many  years  a  prominent  partner  in  the  Northwest  Companj'.  Ho  acted  a  for- 
A\ard  part  iu  the  memorable  lied  liiver  light,  the  Ititli  of  June  ISIG,  when 
the  Hudson  Lay  men,  under  Governor  iSemple,  met  their  inglorious  defeat. 
After  retiring  from  the  country,  he  settled  at  Lachine  House,  and,  according 
to  Anderson,  Xor/hwe-H  Const,  ^IS.,  14-1.'),  was  there  in  1831.  But  this  cotdd 
not  bo  if  what  Cox,  Adv.,  vol.  ii.  "I'M,  says,  is  true,  namely,  that  Fraser  lost 
his  life  at  Paris,  in  a  quarrel  with  Mr  Warren,  in  1S'_'!).  Warren  was  tried, 
and  sentenced  to  eighteen  months'  impriscmment.  Harmon  met  I'^raser  in 
company  with  James  AIcDougall  at  Dunvegan,  ui  ^lay  1809.  JlurmoiC.-i  Jour- 
vnl,  178-9.  The  author  of  Jir'dhh  North  Am.,  '274,  is  iu  error  in  making 
Fraser  a  trad(!r  of  the  Hudson's  Biiy  Company  who  established  I'ort  Fraser ; 
the  fact  is  the  Hudson's  ]jay  Company  at  this  time  had  scarcely  dreamed  of 
the  forts  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  They  wci'o  then  too  much  iu  the 
habit  of  waiting  for  their  Northwest  Company  r-  -als  to  open  the  way  for 
them,  when  they  would  slip  in  and,  if  possible,  snatch  the  beuefita. 


90 


SIMON  FRASER  AXD  JOHN  STU^IRT. 


valleys  bclcAv  call  to  mind  the  lochs  and  bens  of  their 
boyhood,  naturally  enough  they  call  this  far  north- 
west mountain  land  New  Caledonia,  and  love  to  com- 
pare these  heights  with  their  own  Scotch  highlands, 
and  so  fancy  themselves  not  so  very  far  from  homo 
after  all.'^ 

Amjiiig  the  most  important  records  of  the  early 
history  of  British  Columbia  are  the  manuscript  jour- 
nals and  letters  of  John  Stuart  and  Simon  Fraser." 
Yet  notwithstanding  the  intrinsic  value  of  fort  rec- 
ords and  the  journals  of  fur-traders,  containing  as  tliey 
oftentimes  do  all  the  information  extant  concerning 
particular  times  and  places,  probably  no  class  of 
material  with  which  the  historian  has  to  do  is  in  its 
crude  state  drier  or  more  difficult  of  reduction  to 
I'eadable  narrative/ 

Stuart  dates  his  journal  "at  the  Rocky  Mountains," 
which,  but  for  the  fact  we  already  know,  namely, 
that  the  partners  of  the  Northwest  Company  are 
about  this  time  pushing  their  business  westward  from 
Fort  Cliipewyan,  and  extending  their  cordon  through 

''  The  limits  of  what  waa  at  first  called  New  Caledonia  were  on  tlio  south 
Soda  Crock,  emptying  into  the  rrascr  iu  liititnde  ol"  '20',  I'caoo  liiwr  ami  the 
I'acilic  bcin[^  tlio  eastern  and  the  western  Ixmndaries.  This,  nccording  to 
Anderson,  Northwe-d  Coast,  IMS.,  3.  'The  lino  of  demarcation  botwceu 
Thompson  diitrict  and  Xew  Caledonia  was  near  to  Lillooet.'  Flnlaijsoii'ii  Hist. 
V.  I.,  MS.,  80. 

^Journal  of  John  Sttmrt  from  December  SO,  ISOo,  to  Fihruary  QP^,  ISOG, 
^IS. ;  F'lrt^t  Jiiii.ni'd  of  Siinoii  Frascr  from  April  IJ  to  Jiihj  IS,  l!JUG,  MS.; 
LcUerK  from  the  Tiocty  dloiintatn-i,  from  Au'jit.-t  1,  ISOtt,  to  Fhrvary  10, 
lSiJ7,  h>i  Simon  Fraser,  MS.;  Second  Journal  of  Simon  Fraser,from  Man  30  '"^ 
June  10,  ISUS,  MS. 

'  In  comparing  these  two  persons  I  should  call  Stuart  the  nobler,  the 
more  di[;niiicd  man,  but  one  wliose  broad,  cabn  intellect  had  rceiivcd  no  moru 
culture  than  Frascr's.  Stuart's  conra'jo  and  powers  of  cnduranco  v.-ei'c  crpial 
in  every  respect  to  those  of  his  collcarjue,  and  while  in  temper,  tongue,  ideas, 
and  bodily  motion  ho  was  less  hasty,  witliin  a  given  time  he  would  r.ccomplish 
as  much  or  more  than  Frascr,  and  do  it  better,  lloth  were  cxccedin'^ly  ceccn- 
trie,  ono  quietly  bo,  the  other  in  a  more  demonstrative  way;  but  it  liap- 
lioncd  that  the  angularities  of  one  so  dovetailed  with  tlioso  of  the  other  that 
cooperation,  harmony,  and  good-fcUuwsliip  characterized  rll  their  intercourse. 
Stuart  was  one  of  the  senior  partners  in  tlie  Xorthwcst  Company,  and  for  a, 
time  was  in  charge  of  the  Athaljasca  department.  As  his  territory  on  tho 
west  was  boundless,  he  deemed  it  his  duty  to  extend  tho  limits  of  his  opera- 
tions. Twice  ho  traversed  the  continent,  beside  nmltitudes  of  r.iinor  excur- 
sions. In  fact,  ho  was  almost  always  on  the  move.  On  retiring  from  tho 
service  he  settled  at  Torres,  Scotland,  where  he  died  in  1S4G.  Anderson's  North' 
weatCooht,  MS.,  2,  lo,  55-^0;  Franhlin'a  Nar.,  i.  210-11. 


rOCKY  MOUXTAIX  HOUSE. 


01 


of  their 
lf  iiortli- 
)  to  com- 
Icuhlands,    • 
>m  liorao 

lie  early 
■ipt  jour- 

Frascr." 

fort  rec- 

g  as  tlicy 

)uccrning 

class  of 
3  is  ill  its 
Lictioii  to 

mntains," 
,  iiaiuely, 
pany  aro 
varcl  from 
1  through 

on  tlio  Bonth 
r  mid  tlio 
according  to 
ion  between 
iijsoii's  Wist. 

n)  ;.'.'?,  ISOC, 

'l:;uG,  MS.; 

>\brv.anj  10, 

•m  Man  SO  to 

nol)lcr,  tlio 

vcd  no  uioiu 

:;  v;crc  v([m\ 

in^uc,  ideas, 

Ir.ccaniplisli 

in';ly  eccen- 

but'it  liap- 

Ic  olhcr  that 

lintcrcoursc. 

ly,  and  for  a 

I'tory  on  tlio 

If  Ilia  opcra- 

linor  cxcur- 

|ig  from  tlio 

Iso/t'a  North' 


Peace  River  Pass,  might  mean  any  point  on  the  con- 
tinental range  from  Alaska  to  jNIexieo.  Further  than 
this  we  know  of  the  carrying-place  at  the  principal 
bend  of  Peace  River,  that  it  was  called  the  Rocky 
Mountain  Portage,  and  the  post  at  the  eastern  end  of 
it,  now  known  as  Hudson  Hope,  was  once  denomi- 
nated the  Rocky  Mountain  House,  and  again  Old 
Fort.*  Putting  these  facts  together,  and  considering 
their  connection  with  Mr  Stuart's  opening  entry,  we 
may  safely  infer  that  this  journal  was  begun  at  the 
Rocky  jMountain  House,  then  not  only  the  west- 
ernmost (hstributing  depot  of  the  Northwest  Com- 
pany, but,  if  we  except  La  Malice  Fort  at  Trout 
Lake,  the  most  westerly  post  of  any  kind.  It  was 
moreover  the  last  station  before  crossing  the  mount- 
aiiis  in  coming  from  the  east.  Wo  know,  furtliermore, 
that  on  the  20tli  of  December  1805  that  post  was  in 
progress  of  construction;  for  we  find  on  that  day  that 
j\Ir  Frasor  accompanied  by  Mr  McDougall  dropped 
down  tiie  river  to  Fort  l)unvegan,  which  for  many 
years  past  had  been  tlie  chef-liea  of  the  Peace  River 
district,  and  where  ]ie  had  business,  leaving  instruc- 
tions with  Stuart  "to  get  a  chimnev  built  in  his 
bedroom,  likewise  to  get  wood  sawed  for  a  table  and 
cu[)boai'd."  Conse(]ueiitly,  after  the  departure  of 
Frascr,  who  it  would  S(;em  had  cliarge  of  the  post  at 
that  time,  the  men  Avcre  set  to  work  gatliering  stones 
for  the  chimney,  and  cutting  wooil,  not  only  for  boards, 
but  for  sledges  and  snow-slioes. 

Next  day  the  Indian  hunters  brought  in  a  few 
beaver-skin;-;  and  some  grease,  which  went  toward  the 
liquidation  of  an  account.  A  vast  amount  of  petty 
detail  then  follows,  wliicli,  however  interesting  to 
tliose  whoso  lives  and  fortunes  are  made  or  marred 
by  such  means,  is  of  little  value  to  the  reader  of  liis- 
tory.     For  example,  on  the  night  of  the  2 1st  of  l)e- 

*  Mackenzie  places  on  his  map  in  this  vicinity  the  old  establishment  and  new 
establi.shiiiunt,  but  the  river  is  tiaced  no  inaccurately  that  it  is  iinpossiblo  to 
locate  from  it  these  posts.  See  MvKinUaj's  Xiir.,  MS.,  7. 


92 


SI-MOX  FRASER  AND  JOHX  STUART. 


comber,  certain  Indians  sing  and  dance  until  they  drop 
exhausted;  four  men  the  same  day  visit  the  cache 
made  by  Mr  McDougall  while  last  out  among  the 
natives,  and  bring  away  the  goods;  some  Indian 
women  fall  into  the  river,  and  are  nearly  frozen  to 
deatli;  a  small  axe  is  given  "on  credit  to  the  lius- 
1>and  of  the  woman  with  sore  eyes."  Thus  day  by 
day  are  written  down  these  little  incidents,  which  in- 
deed comprise  the  histor}^  of  the  country  at  the  time 
of  its  first  occupation  by  white  men.  The  remainder 
of  the  month  is  occupied  in  finishing  the  chinniey, 
making  snow-shoes,  and  securing  the  meat  of  some  red 
deer  killed  by  the  hunters.  On  new  year's  day  an 
extra  pint  of  rum  is  given  to  each  of  the  men,  accord- 
ing to  Eraser's  instructions. 

The  month  of  January  180G  was  employed  at  the 
Rocky  Mountain  House,  bringing  in  the  deer  which 
the  natives  killed,  and  in  dealing  out  powder,  balls, 
and  other  articles  to  the  Indians.  On  the  15tli  it 
is  recorded  that  "Gaiynon  is  washincf  Mr  Fraser's 
dirty  chjthes."  "As  Farcier  has  frozen  his  toe,  I 
have  kept  him  home  to  make  mortar  to  plaster  the 
house." 

Fraser  and  McDoujjfall  returned  the  18th.  The 
weather  was  extremely  cold,  and  the  men  at  the  in- 
completed fort  suffered  from  ex})osui'e. 

The  28th  of  this  month  McDougall,  with  two 
Canadians  and  an  Indian,  set  out  on  a  second  expedi- 
tion to  McLeod  Lake,  or,  as  it  was  then  called,  to 
Trout  Lalve,  and  into  the  Carrier  country,  taking  with 
him  a  small  store  of  tobacco,  beads,  and  annnunition, 
yet  the  provisions  necessary  for  him  to  carry  so  im- 
peded his  progress  that  he  was  two  days  or  UKire  in 
crossing  the  jiortage.  From  this  station  there  arrived 
the  first  of  Februaiy  two  men  wlit)  had  been  tliirteen 
ikiA^s  -^n  the  iournev,  and  wlio  were  nearly  dead  with 
cold  and  luni<'er  Nvlien  Mr  ^[cDouLcall  relieved  them. 
From  tlie  Rocky  Mountain  Hoit-j  two  men,  about 
this  time,  were  sent  into  the  territory  of  the  Beaver 


STUART'S  JOURXAL.  06 

Indians  in  order  to  stimulate  the  natives  to  Imnt,  and 
also  to  gain  a  knowledge  of  the  country. 

On  the  9th  of  February,  Mr  Stuart  sent  two 
men,  Farcier  and  Varin,  to  La  Malice  at  Trout  Lake, 
with  axes,  knives,  and  other  articles  of  which  the 
pe()[)le  there  were  in  need.  The  last  journey  of  Mc- 
l)()Ugall  to  that  region  had  been  both  painful  and 
unprofitable.  The  cold  was  intense;  his  hunter  had 
been  unable  to  bring  down  deer,  having  fired  thirty- 
four  consecutive  shots  without  killing,  and  after  a 
fortni-'ht's  struggle  with  the  snow  he  and  his  men 
had  arrived  at  La  Malice  only  to  find  the  house  de- 
serted. In  the  house  was  a  considerable  amount  of 
property,  consisting  of  fur  and  trading  articles,  among 
wliicli,  fortunately,  were  fifty  pounds  of  flour  which 
kejjt  the  men  alive  until  they  could  return  to  the 
liocky  Mountain  House.  And  now  on  the  24th  of 
February  we  find  La  Malice  himself  turning  up  at  the 
same  place.  It  then  came  out  why  he  had  al^andoned 
his  station  at  Trout  Lake.  His  men,  he  said,  would 
not  do  their  duty.  They  idled  about  tlie  fort,  or  if 
sent  to  liunt  they  ate  what  they  killed,  and  brought 
little  back,  particularly  one  Le  Maire,  who  not  only  be- 
haved ill  himself  but  influenced  the  others  to  do  badly. 
From  Trout  Lake  La  Malice  went  to  Bear  liiver,  to 
the  south  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  House.  Beaver 
were  plenty,  and  he  could  have  done  exceedingly  well 
had  his  servants  been  faithful.  Here  ends  the  jour- 
nal of  John  Stuart. 

The  first  journal  of  Simon  Fraser,  who  was  the 
superior  of  John  Stuart  in  position,  takes  up  affairs 
some  six  weeks  after  the  journal  of  the  latter  drops 
them."     Fraser's  writings  are  most  important,  giving 


"Stuart's  Journal  is  very  badly  written,  by  far  the  worst  specimen  of 
literary  composition  by  a  fur-hunter  I  have  ever  seen,  unless  it  Ijo  that  of 
Fraser,  who  follows  nim.  His  conceptions  are  crude,  his  expressions  irregu- 
lar and  uugrannnatical,  and  the  general  tenor  of  his  effort,  in  which  he  is  not 

ritings. 
sub- 


i.ji  .iim  i.iij;i.iiiiiimi.icui,  una  inc  general  tenor  oi  nis  enort,  in  whicn  ne  is 
alone,  seems  to  be  to  convey  as  little  knowledge  as  possible  in  his  writii 
The  journal  of  Mr  Fraser,  in  regard  to  style,  is  no  better,  although  in  8 


94 


SIMOX  FRiVSER  AND  JOHN  STUART. 


US  as  tlioy  do,  except  the  narrow  lines  mavlicd  by 
Mackenzie's  travels,  the  first  account  of  the  dis- 
cover}^ of  New  Caledonia,  and  the  first  establishing  of 
fur-trading  posts  west  of  the  Rocky  JNIountains.  By 
his  enterprise  and  daring  a  vast  unknown  region  was 
opened  to  the  world,  and  the  beginning  was  made  of 
tliat  civilized  occupation  which  will  end  only  with  the 
ending  of  the  present  order  of  things  on  this  planet. 

Frasor's  journal  would  seem  to  bo  a  continuation 
of  Stuart's.  It  opens  abruptly — all  the  writings  of 
the  fur-traders  are  abrupt — at  the  Rocky  IMountain 
Housc,^"  whence  at  midnight  he  despatches  three  men 
to  Fort  Dunvegan,  sending  tliein  at  that  unreason- 
able hour  because  of  their  inability  to  travel  all  day 
on  account  of  its  snowing  so  much. 

It  was  now  April  180G,  and  Fraser  was  laj^ing 
plans  for  an  expedition  westward,  as  soon  as  tho 
weather  should  permit;  but  the  season  was  baclcward, 
and  tho  patience  of  Mr  Fraser  was  well  nigh  ex- 
hausted waiting  for  the  snow  to  melt  and  the  ice 
covering  of  tho  river  to  break  up.  McLeod  was 
stationed  at  a  post  below;  Stuart  was  to  accompany 
Fras  r.  Five  bales  of  goods  were  made  up,  and  sent 
over  the  portage  to  the  western  end,  and  there  cached 
until  the  expedition  should  be  ready  to  start. 

There  was  a  famous  chief  in  those  parts  called 
Little  Head,  who  liked  the  good  things  the  white  men 
brought  to  his  forest  better  then  he  liked  to  work  for 
them.  Work  proper,  an  Indian  will  none  of;  manual 
labor  is  for  women.  It  was  not  his  lordly  nature, 
however,  to  hunt  beaver  for  whiskey.  In  savaue 
society   gentle  Avoman's   sphere  is   neither   fighting, 

stance  it  is  more  valuable.  His  avra  criticism  of  liis  writings  is  nearer  tlio 
tmth  than  authors  under  like  circumstances  iisually  indulge  in ;  and  for  this 
honesty  ho  is  entitled  to  our  respect.  Writing  to  Stuart  of  his  journal,  ha 
says :  '  It  is  exceedingly  ill  wrote,  worse  worded,  and  not  well  spelt. ' 

'"  This  I  gather,  after  perusal  of  half  t!io  manuscript,  from  internal  and 
incidental  evidence,  for  the  writer  never  once  mentions  where  he  is ;  and  when 
after  a  nniltitudeof  carefully  recorded  tribulations  he  sets  out  on  his  journey, 
ho  does  not  state  cither  his  destination  or  his  object.  The  latter,  however,  tho 
reader  may  readily  infer,  as  tnivel  in  those  regions  iu  thosq  days  by  a  fur- 
trader  could  have  but  one  object. 


■^- 


usually  decline  a  fiery  po?attn  7^^^'"^  "'"^  ''«•'  not 
so  Fraser  sent  John  K°  ^'"'o  Head  was  lazy- 
)'«.;t  Wer  and  bring  tt^i^i'  H  ^f  '""^  "P^o 
^•«-hann:e  then,  for  arrielos  on  v  , W  ,,'"  '^"^' '''"''  «>'='■« 
'■ake  .„..  ],u„,,,,d  cent  profi    "t  '.f  "'''^'■''  ""•.?'>' 

J.'d.ans  as  they  were  caHod'AS';  ^°  ^^"^  Mo-'io"' 
•^^■"t,  and  after  inducing  then,  t  7"!:  ""''"'  «>«-«fo>-o 
I'o   neai'ly  perished   i„    JI        ^°  ^'^r'  "Pon  a  hunt 

-\ft-  io4,l  hi^eif  "anf  l"jf;i;.;f  to  '•oVw\S: 

the  snow  wthout  foorl   j'^/P^/^'^".?  several  cJavs  in 
t;'«>ofort.    These  hard  Lt":iT  ^°"»''  '-  -»Xc k 
h,,„st  every-day  ineidente  ;„    ,  "f"','^'''"?''^  ^^--o 
v.ln.-I,  was  too  often  teri^iin.fi  1 1    "  '^^'-''"nter's  life 
So,ne  fifty  manuscrirt  pa  lot  7  "^T  ?"«  "^  th™ 
of  n,.s,,f„,Kcant  matters'abS  the7   f"'^,  "''"'  detail 
'oady  lor  the  contemplate,!  e!      ,^?'  '''''"°  ■"■''kin.r 

M  hat  we  can  glean  fro  „  tJ„,„  '  °'°''''  '•emarked 

cansoMt  is  theory  cor™  r^^tZV,''?"' ""l'°rtant,  ^ 
«I"oh  alone  is  histo,-,    t         °-''""-^*o'ylicro.    fw 
too  apt  to  take  fo  ta nte^thr'"';  °^  '"'■'  ^'^o-'i  i'       ■ 

Among  tJ,o  n,o,?t  Sn^    ■'''''7'^"°^^«»li«'>ou 
-Moimtain    House  are    «  i  °    T""*''  "'  «'o  Roe  v 

to  tile  fort  ,s  stripped  nf  I,:  '  '"■''  ow.i  accord 

«>o  place,  while  tS  woml  ^ft'!''''!''  ■""''  'I"™"  C, 
*"■■  a  t,„,e  finally  eS    ,  "^""'ff  I'old  j,risoner 

oomes  to  the  fort  and  driulfi  T""'     ^'"lo  «"•,<[ 
■""«  are  chastised  for   [     i    r""'^';  '•"«'  certain  sav 
^i'Wl  so,ne  Inchl.,"^   f ^'^  On  thoTscUf 

'•oport  that  that  stream'  1^  '.",  ^  '"'".1'  R"'er  vh„ 
-"««  of  rapids  as  ha  r  bee^  "°  n  "^^^T  !*^  -"-«  "a 
♦lio  exception  of  some  norfn  ''•*'"''  ''"*  "'at  with 
.•^••'nocs  to  its  source,  wher'ilF'  '*  ''   n»vigable 

'"'--ilodBear^itriknS;'^"''^^" 

^^  salmon  conic  up, 


9» 


SmON  FRASER  AND  JOHN  STUART. 


and  from  there  is  a  river  that  falls  into  another  much 
larger,  according  to  their  report,  than  ever  the  Peace 
River  that  glides  in  a  north-west  direction.  In  that 
lake  they  say  there  are  plenty  of  fish,  and  that  the 
salmon  are  innumerable,  with  plenty  of  bears  and  ani- 
mals of  the  fur  kind  thereabout,  but  no  large  animals 
of  any  kind.  It  is  from  that  quarter  they  get  their 
iron  works  and  ornaments,  but  they  represent  the 
navigation  beyond  that  lake  as  impracticable,  and  say 
there  are  no  other  Indians  excepting  a  few  of  their 
relations  that  never  saw  white  people  thereabout, 
and  to  get  iron  works  they  must  go  far  beyond  it, 
which  they  perform  in  long  journeys  on  foot.  We 
cannot  imagine  what  river  this  is ;  by  their  descrip- 
tion and  tJie  course  it  runs  it  cannot  be  the  Columbia, 
and  I  know  of  no  other  excepting  Cook's;  but  what- 
ever river  it  is,  and  wherever  they  get  those,  their 
iron  works  and  ornaments  are  such  as  I  have  seen 
with  the  Cassuss.  Indeed,  the  Indians  of  Xakazloh 
talk  of  Bear  Lake,  and  their  account  of  the  river 
tliat  flows  from  it  is  conformable  with  that  of  the 
Meadow  Indians."" 

Moose  and  red  deer  furnished  the  occupants  of  the 
Rocky  Mountain  House  with  food  not  only  for  im- 
mediate purposes,  but  for  drying  and  for  making  into 
pcmican  for  the  coming  expedition.  It  w^as  the  fash- 
ion in  this  locality  when  an  Indian  shot  a  deer  to 
leave  it  where  it  fell,  and  to  report  at  the  station, 
where  he  would  receive  his  pay  immediately,  the  fur- 
traders  sending  for  the  carcass  at  their  convenience. 
They  could  not  let  it  lie  long  however,  lest  it  should 
be  devoured  by  wolves. 


Th 


ere  was  a  growm 


(T 


and  Stuart  as  they  recr 


interest  in  the  minds  of  Fraser 
ed  men,  ofathered  bark  and 


''   is 


"  It  is  Tkibinc  Lake  here  referred  to.  Mv  Ilannon  in  his  map  lays  down  a 
sheet  of  water  immediately  north-west  of  Stuart  and  Fraser  lakes,  with  the 
latitude  of  55°,  and  west  of  the  r25th  meridian,  as  large  in  area  as  Queen 
Cliarlotte  Island,  wldnh  he  calls  Great  Bear  Lake.  It  is  represented  to  be  at 
least  ten  times  as  large  as  Babine  Lake,  and  extends  much  farther  to  the  west- 
ward. Even  in  Mr  Harmon's  time,  which  was  from  iive  to  twelve  years  later, 
this  lake  had  not  been  explored. 


TROUT  LAKE. 


07 


gum  f(ir  canoes,  and  laid  in  stores  for  tlie  expedition, 
concerning  this  unknown  river.  This  may  have  been 
the  Skeena,  or  tlic  Salmon,  or  the  Ballacoola;  dii- 
fercnt  natives  may  have  referred  to  dill'erent  streams; 
none  of  them  could  reasonably  have  referred  to  the 
Frascr,  Other  natives  arriving  on  the  2r)tli,  "repre- 
sent it  as  different  fnmi  the  Columbia,  but  say  it  is 
from  that  quarter  they  get  most  part  of  their  goods, 
and  the  only  [)lace  from  where  they  get  guns  and  am- 
nnmition.  From  Nakazleh  there  is  a  water  communi- 
cation with  the  exception  of  three  portages,  and  they 
positively  affirm  that  white  peo[)le  came  there  in  course 
of  tlie  sunnner,  but  as  they  came  on  discfnery  they  had 
little  goods.  I  have  seen  a  pistol,"  continues  Fraser, 
"brass-mounted,  with  powder  and  ball,  which  they 
say  they  liad  from  them." 

A.  ]\lcGillivray  arrived  at  the  Rocky  ^Mountain 
House  the  27th,  to  take  charge  of  that  post  during 
Fraser's  absence.  The  ice  which  was  "amazing  strong 
and  thiclv"  began  to  break  up  the  5th  of  jMay,  but  it 
soon  stopjjcd  moving,  whereupon  the  river  iunnediately 
rose  some  ten  feet.  The  next  day  La  llanunc,  Sau- 
cier, and  Tercien  arrived  from  Beaver  J^ake,  wliei-e 
they  had  been  unsuccessful  in  fishing.  "  ]^y  what  we 
could  learn  from  the  Indians  at  different  times,"  writes 
Frascr,  "  an  establishnuuit  would  be  well  placed  on 
the  big  river^'-  that  falls  into  the  main  branch  of  the 
Peace  lliver  about  half-way  between  this  and  the 
Beaver  lliver."  Early  in  the  spring  McDougall  again 
took  his  station  at  Trout  Ltdve.  A  letter  was  received 
fnMu  him  on  the  14th.  La  Malice  was  then  with  him. 
The  messenger  reported  that  the  ice  in  many  ])laces 
above  the  portage  had  not  3'et  broken.  ]\Ic Doug. ill 
liad  visited  the  Carriers'  land,  three  and  a  half  days' 

"  Parsnip  Hivcr,  or  south  branch,  on  some  maps  is  called  Peace  River,  wliilo 
Finliiy  River  is  put  clown  as  a  bnincli,  whereas  the  fuct  i.s  tlio  reverse.  Ro- 
^'ardiii^L;  these  streams  Frascr  says:  'This  river  at  its  eoiilhieiice  with  tlio 
J'eaet-  liiver  is  large,  and  appears  to  contain  a  large  quantity  of  water,  and 
the  Indians  say  it  is  navi<;able  a  considerable  way  up,  and  that  !)ea\er,  bear, 
and  largo  animals  of  all  kind  are  amazing  numerous.'  Fiulaj's  Journal,  MS., 
26-30. 

asT.  N.  W.  Coast,  Vol,  II.    7 


08 


SIMON  FRASER  AND  JOHN  STUART. 


march  from  Trout  Lake,  and  reported  that  on  the 
borders  of  a  lake  which  "  empties  its  waters  into  the 
Cohimhia  hy  a  small  river  which  is  ivportod  to  bo 
naviLJfablc,"  he  saw^  fifty  men,  and  that  the  journey  to 
this  lake  bv  water  was  lonjj  and  intricate. 

La  ]\Ialico  came  down  from  Trout  Lake,  arriving 
at  the  Rocky  Mountain  House  the  17th.  lie  brought 
with  him  an  Indian  woman  for  wliom  he  had  ])aid 
three  hundred  livres.  Ho  was  to  have;  accom])anied 
the  expedition,  but  when  Fraser  refused  to  take  tho 
woman  he  refused  to  go.  Fraser  became  indignant, 
and  told  him  he  might  join  the  expedition  t)r  go  to 
ISIontreal  as  he  pleased,  which  latter  signified  a  ter- 
mination of  his  services.  Filially  La  ^lalice  con- 
sented to  go  with  the  expedition,  wliereat  Fraser 
relented,  and  told  him  he  might  take  the  woman. 

At  last,  earl}'-  in  the  morning  of  the  20th  of  ^tay, 
Fraser  tocjk  an  account  of  all  the  property  at  the 
Rocky  Mountain  House,  closed  the  transactions  of 
the  year,  and  turned  the  command  over  to  Mc- 
Gillivray.  Then,  after  writing  some  letters,  every- 
thing being  prepared  for  his  departure,  in  com- 
pany with  Stuart  he  crossed  the  river,  and  after 
a  jouriuiy  of  fifteen  miles,  over  a  very  bail  road, 
reached  the  upper  end  of  the  portage  tliat  night  at 
ten  o'clock. 

Arousing  all  hands  long  before  daybreak  next  morn- 
ing,  the  supplies  were  brought  from  cache,  and  two 
canoes  loaded,  when  it  was  found  that  a  third  boat 
would  be  necessary.  Fraser  and  Stuart  sot  forward 
with  the  two  canoes  first  filled,  leaving  La  Malice  to 
follow  next  day  in  the  third.  He  was  not  long  in 
overtaking  them.  All  three  boats  were  poorly  con- 
structed, especially  Stuart's,  Avhicli  had  been  built 
untler  the  superintendence  of  McDougall,  who  seemed 
to  find  little  favor  in  Fraser's  eyes  about  this  time. 
A  canoe  had  been  built  at  Trout  Lake  by  La  Malice, 
but  with  such  lack  of  skill  that  it  was  scarcely 
safe.     Before  the  end  of  the  first  day,  and  frequently 


I 


FRASER  OX  MACKENZIE. 


W 


after  that,  it  was  fouiul  necessary  to  encamp,  unload, 
antl  rcjiair  and  gum  the  boats. 

The  first  night,  the  [)arty  encamped  at  the  first 
point;  the  second  day  they  made  but  seven  miles. 
The  fourth  day  they  reached  a  rapid,  up  which  they 
towed  their  boats,  and  the  next  day  another.  Prog- 
ress was  very  slow  on  account  of  having  to  stop  t<» 
gum  the  leaky  boats  so  frequently.  On  the  2Gth  the 
travellers  overtook  a  band  of  Meadow  Indians  on 
their  way  to  the  Beaver  country.  Mr  Fraser  was 
astonished  at  the  wonderful  skill  displayed  by  them  iu 
chasing  the  mountain-sheep  as  they  leaped  from  crag 
to  crajx,  or  dashed  along  the  mountain-side. 

The  '27th  saw  the  party  at  the  rapid  near  Finlay 
River.  Stuart  took  the  courses  and  made  a  chart 
of  the  river.  His  first  week's  memoranda,  however, 
were  lost  in  the  river.  Next  day  they  came  upon 
two  natives  who  had  never  seen  white  men.  They 
were  exceedingly  well  dressed,  and  had  guns  which 
they  obtained  from  their  relatives,  the  Meadow  Ind- 
ians. Former  information  about  Finlay  River,  tlie 
stream  that  flows  into  it,  and  tlie  country  beyond, 
was  confirmed. 

Fraser  now  breaks  into  a  tirade  against  Mackenzie, 
who,  he  says,  cither  designedly  or  otherwise  mis- 
represents, having  affirmetl  that  the  river  was  bad 
between  the  Rocky  Mountain  portage  and  the  fork, 
and  that  he  wished  to  make  out  that  he  ascended  tho 
river  to  its  source,  when  in  order  to  do  that  he  must 
have  taken  the  Finlay  branch.  Fraser's  criticisms 
seem  to  me  not  only  unjust  but  childish. ^^ 

About  eleven  o'chjck  this  same  day,  the  28th  of 
May,  the  party  turned  southward  into  the  south 
branch,  now  generally  designated  Parsnip  River. 
The  current  was  strong,  and  the  banks  overflowed; 

_  "  '  The  distance  does  not  appear  to  be  much  above  ninety  or  one  hundred 
miles  at  most,  and  a  canoe  well  manned  might  have  performed  it  in  threo 
days,'  Frawr'n  Firtt  Jouiuul,  MS.,  TA;  and  yet  Fraser  himself  occupietl  eight 
days  in  making  this  distance,  and  fills  more  pages  with  complaints  than  did 
Mackenzie  in  travelling  five  times  tho  distance. 


100 


SIMON  FRASER  AND  JOHN  STUART. 


1] 


tho  water  was  too  deep  for  poles,  wliich  had  boon 
used  with  advantaj^e  upon  the  lower  stream.  Tlio 
hanks  weie  thickly  matted  M'ith  trees  and  shriihs,  so 
that  huntini,'  was  impeded,  and  the  dril't-wood  hrou^^^ht 
down  by  the  current  rendered  navi«jfation  dangerous. 

Workinj^  their  way  slowly  up  the  stream,  heie 
fbrciii'j^  a  i)assa<io  amonirj  loys,  and  a<«ain  towiuLf  tlieir 
boats  up  the  swift  current,  or  carrying  cargoes  louiid 
i'api(ls,brcakiiig  their  boats  on  rocks,  limbs,  and  stum])s, 
and  Htop})ing  continually  to  mend  them,  to  say  the  least 
their  patience  was  severely  tried;  but  all  was  courage- 
ously met,  f(jr  such  was  tlieir  daily  and  yearly  routine. 

The  2(1  of  Juno,  Nation  liivor'*  was  passed,  where  one 
of  the  canoes  was  left,  its  men  and  caigo  being  divided 
between  the  other  two.  This  was  made  possible  by 
reason  of  tlie  consum{)tion  of  stores.  (3n  the  5th,  at 
six  o'clock,  tliey  encamped  two  miles  "up  tlio  river  that 
loads  to  Trout  Lake,"  having  left  part  of  their  cargoes 
below  on  account  of  tin;  swiltncss  of  the  curi'ent.  And 
hero  au^ain  Eraser  breaks  ibrtli  in  wrath  because  I\lac- 
kenzie  did  not  sec,  or  failed  to  mention,  certain  land- 
marks. The  present  explorer  docs  not  wish  to  detr-act 
from  the  merits  of  his  predecessor,  ho  says,  but  in 
his  opinion  Sir  Alexander  was  asleep  when  he  went 
through  that  country;  and  even  the  observations 
which  were  made  were  not  his  own,  but  those  of  the 
men  who  were  with  him.^'^    At  this  encampment  the 

'■• '  So  called  because  the  upper  part  of  it  is  iiihnbited  by  some  of  the  Big 
Men,  tliouijh  of  a  ditl'ereiit  family  from  those  at  'J'rout  Lake.'  Fraser'ti  Fird 
Journal,  ^1S.,  7>S. 

'■' Simon  Fraser  was  not  the  most  amiable  man  in  the  world,  as  wc  have 
seen  all  along  in  this  naiTative,  but  his  ill-temper  wc  might  endure  for  tho  bake 
of  his  honesty,  or  of  his  enterprise.  But  when  through  envy  he  attempts  to 
enlarge  himself  by  cheapening  the  more  brilliant  eil'orts  of  a  better  man,  he 
brings  upon  himself  only  contempt.  It  was  no  credit  for  him  to  say  of  one 
■who  had  so  recently  done  so  much  for  iiis  country  and  for  the  Northwest 
(Company  that  'I  can  account  for  many  otlicr  omissions,  in  no  other  manner 
tlian  his  )>eing  asleep  at  tlic  time  lie  pret<'nds  to  have  ))een  very  exact;'  and, 
again:  'lie  seldom  or  never  paid  the  attention  he  pretends  to  have  done.' 
Fraticr'ti  First  JouriKil,  MS.,  Sl-2.  Alexander  Mackenzie,  in  his  life  and 
works,  I  have  ever  found  honest,  courteous,  a  close  observer,  antl  a  eonect 
writer.  The  journal  of  Simon  Fraser  will  scarcely  justify  his  biograjiiier  in 
saying  as  much  for  him.  Nevertheless,  we  will  gatlier  in  all  the  good  con- 
cerning him  that  we  can  find,  without  attempting  to  bring  him  into  low  esteem, 
us  he  sought  to  do  with  regard  to  Mackenzie. 


TROUT  LAKE. 


101 


rest  of  tlic  cfoods,  oxccjtt  fsuch  us  wore  clestiiKMl  for 
Trout  Lake,  were  plaeed  in  caclie,  heeiuise  the 
travellers  iuteii'letl  soon  to  return  this  way,  and  to 
follow  the  course  of  the  east  l>i'aneh  or  main  eliannel 
of  the  I'iver  into  the  eountry  of  the  (.'arrieis.      .More 


than  this,  the  boats  were  so  shattered  as  to  he  uusaft 


md  new  ones 


had  I 


K!Cou)e  a  neeess 


ity.   8 


onie  o 


ftl 


le  nieu 


were  left  at  the  cache  to  wateh  the  property  there. 

('oniinuin,!^'  their  journey  they  crossed  a  small  lake, 
whi<li  was  Trout  Ijake  })i'o[H'r  as  known  to-day,  and 
ascended  a  smaller  and  swifter  stream  than  any  hillier- 
to  encountered,  and  encamped  within  two  miles  of  th(^ 
fort.  Xext  mornini,^  fli<^'.y  ]>roceeded  to  the  house,  ;ind 
I'ound  ]\rel)ougall,  who  had  been  anxiously  expecting" 
them  lor  several  days.  First  C)f  all  they  stt  tlieir 
nets  for  iish  to  satisfy  their  hunger  while  tliev  could 
huiM  some  new  boats.  Then  they  sent  lor  some  of  the 
goods  which  had  been  placed  in  caclie,  leaving  there 
one  man,  I^a  Garde,  to  watch  the  rest.  After  that 
th(y  sent  out  word  for  the  natives  tt)  come  in  and 
bring  Iish  and  furs.  The  canoes  finished,  and  haA  ing 
selected  to  accompany  them  two  out  of  the  natives 
who  came  to  i.ae  fort,  one  of  them  a  brotlu'r-in-law 
of  Little  Kead,  on  the  20(1  of  June  they  returned  to 
the  encampment  where  the  goods  had  been  caelied. 

At  the  fort  ^IcDougall  v/as  left  alone,  the  only 
man,  Saucier,  who  was  to  remain  with  him  haxing  ac- 
companied the  Fraser  party  tt)  the  cache  encampment 
in  order  to  bring  back  st)me  iron  utensils  and  such 
other  gooils  as  were  needed  at  the  post.  Ariived  at 
the  cache,  they  i'ound  the  goods  all  safe  Vvilh  J^a 
Garde  in  attendance.  All  this  time  the  man  had 
lived  well  on  what  he  could  sho(it  without  t.uicliiiig 
tlie  allowance  left  him  of  dried  iood.  Ijoac'ing  the 
boats  next  morning  the  party  dro])[)e»l  down  the  little 
strt'am  that  leads  to  ^dcJ^eod  l^ake,  and  turning  into 
the  main  channel  beuan  its  ascent.^" 


""' I  woiiM  call  f^peciiil  .ittciition  to  this  cncampiiioiit  {iiul  to  tlio  iiairativc  in 
this  cuiineL'tion.    Mr  I'rasur'n  i,';.act  woi'da  arc :  '  \Vc  pusht'd  oil  down  ihe  uur- 


• 


102 


RDION  FRASER  AND  JOHN  STUART. 


i  ">: 


I  '!:i' 


Ono  of  tlio  men  who  had  coinpluiiuMl  of  ilhicss  be- 
fore startiiiLf  now  <ravc  np,  and  wisla'd  to  roturn.  He 
was  iinniechately  st'iit  back  with  his  wife  and  bajj;'f^a;jfe, 
in  <'hari^e  of  six  invu,  to  the  caclic  encampment  of  the 
jirevious  nij^'ht,  and  there  left  to  Hnisli  a  pine  canoe 
which  Sau(;ier  was  makinj^'  in  whicli  to  take  the  ^oods 
to  the  fort,  and  Saucier  was  taken  in  liis  pUice.  Not 
more  than  two  hours  were  occu[)ied  in  makini,^  the 
excliani^e. 

That  day  and  the  next,  whidi  was  the  25tli,  j)ohn<( 
and  paddhnj:^  were  good,  and  lair  (Ustances  were  made. 
}jii  MaHce  was  now  seized  with  sickness,  became  de- 
biious,  and  caused  some  dehiy.  In  fact,  all  the  men 
com})lained  of  some  ailment,  or  at  least  Fraser  com- 
l)lained  of  all  except  Stuart.  The  boats  and  the 
stream  being  about  what  they  slumld  be  for  the  pur- 
poses of  navigation,  there  was  nothing  left  but  the 
men  to  find  fault  with,  and  if  these  were  so  much 
below  the  average  ]\tr  Fraser  sh<tidd  not  have  brouglit 
them.*^  Setting  out  at  an  early  hour  on  the  morning 
of  the  27th,  the  party  breakfasted  "at  a  considerable 
large  river  that  flows  into  the  main  on  the  left  side." 
Above  this  was  a  rapid  place  three  miles  in  length, 
then  a  slack  current  again.  "A  little  l)efore  sunscjt 
we  I'ound  four  young  men  of  the  liarbins  band  exactly 

rent  until  we  came  to  the  main  river,  and  then  I  steered  tip  a  strong  and  rapid- 
ous  stream.'  J'lrnt  Jourmil,  MS.,  lOl-'i.  It  has  been  taken  for  granted  by 
many  that  lM)th  Maekenzie  and  Fraser  in  passing  up  the  l*ar.snip  from  I'eaeo 
Kiver  to  the  Fraser  followecl  tl'.e  most  direet  course  past  Trout  Lake,  MeLeod 
Lake,  Summit  Lake,  and  over  (Jlscouie  portage,  wliereas  if  I  am  eorreet  in 
my  reckoning  it  was  up  tlie  main  eiiannel  of  Parsnip  L'iver,  past  the  branch 
that  comes  in  from  McLcod  Lake  to  the  upper  fork,  Avhere  taking  tlie  western 
l)ranch  tiiey  ascended  toitssonrce,  and  thence  cr<.ssed  to  the  Fraser.  Tlie  rea- 
sons l)y  whieli  1  arriv  at  tins  conehision  will  be  more  apparent  as  we  proc(H!d. 
ses  himself  by  saying  tliere  were  no  better  men  at  the 
;c,  but  if  that  was  true,  whose  fault  was  it  that  tlieio 
there?  We  may  be  sure  that  in  the  Xorthwest  Com- 
'ions  in  tlie  world,  good  masters  were  sure  to  liave  good 
'  them  something  was  the  matter,  he  says,  a  rupture, 
a  fever.  Indeed,  it  does  not  seem  to  have  occurred 
was  censuring  only  himself  for  being  so  poorly  pro- 
Now,  too,  lie  indulges  in  the  &trango  inconsistency 
some  object  mentioned  by  Mr  Mackenzie  in  IT'JIi, 
or  by  Mr  Finlay  in  171*7,  and  that  too  ou  a  route  which  a  short  time  previous 
he  doubted  they  had  ever  travelled. 


"  It  is  true  he  exi 
Rocky  Mountain  po'/i 
was  a  lack  of  good  i\\ 
pany,  of  all  other  as80> 
men.     With  every  one 
an  eruption,  a  sprain, 
to  him  that  in  all  this  i 
vided  for  his  expeditioi 
of  meeting  at  every  tui 


THE  SEVERAL  ROUTES. 


m 


wliort'  Sir  Alexander  ^Mackeiiziu  found  tin;  fiist  Indians 
li]H>n  liis  expedition  in  IT'J.'J."''^    There  they  encanijied. 

W'ry  early  next  day  they  passed  another  lai'^o 
Btreani  ilowing  in  from  the  east,  and  it  noon  still 
anotlu'r  on  the  same  side,  the  last  ojie  "as  lari^e  as 
the  one  we  navii^ated."  At  this  fork  they  came  upon 
an  old  ehief,  who  for  several  days  had  heeii  waitiiiLf 
their  arrival  at  this  jx^int,  which  was  tlu;  identical  spot 
uhere  Finlay  had  found  the  same  man  nine  years 
before.  With  him  were  several  natives  who  had  eomo 
a  lonn'  distance  to  see  white  peojkle,  and  who  now 
examined  them  with  great  interest  and  admiration. 

Early  in  the  mo'-iing  of  the  30th  they  j»assed 
another  stream  flowing  in  from  the  east,  near  the  place 
called  bv  Mackenzie  Beaver  Lodge.  A  half- mile 
hevond  thev  passed  another  small  stream,  this  time  on 
the  western  side.  Before  noon  they  turned  I'rom  the 
main  channel  into  a  branch  that  came  in  from  the 
west.*''  This  river  was  clear  and  deep,  but  not  very 
wide.  Soon  they  came  to  a  small  lake,  to  enter  which 
they  were  forced  to  open  a  })assage  through  drift- 
wood. One  and  a  half  miles  U})  this  lake  they  met 
an  Indian  who  drew  a  map  of  the  country  for  them, 
and  said,  were  they  at  Trout  Lake  he  could  show 
theui  a  shorter  and  better  route  to  the  Fraser  than 
that  they  were  on.'** 

'*  I  am  tliU3  particular  to  show,  first,  tliat  this  party  is  not  on  tlic  branch 
tliat  leads  to  McLuod'.s  Luke,  and  secondly,  that  Frasur  in  hero  following  tlio 
tiiuk  of  .Mackenzie. 

'"Here  is  a  specimen  of  Eraser's  grammar  and  temper;  'Sir  Alexander 
^Fackeiizie  represents  this  river  as  terminating  in  the  mountains  near  at  hand, 
Imt  if  the  Indians  he  allo\ve<l  to  know  liutter  than  him  it  is  not  .so,  for  they 
say  it  is  navigable  much  farther,  and  terminates  in  a  small  lake.'  /'(/><  Jouriud, 

MS.,  ii-_>-i:j. 

-" '  Thei'o  was  a  portage  of  n  mile  and  one  half  at  most  from  ono  of  the 
lakes  beyond  Trout  Lake  into  .a  line  navigable  river,  and  no  rai)ids,  tliat  flows 
into  the  ("ohimbia.'  llnlaif 8  Journal,  MS.,  114.  Writing  his  partners  ()f  the 
iiinte  spoken  of  bytho  Lxlian,  he  says:  'It  falls  in  a  little  behjwtlu  Jvnights' 
lir.st  encampment  on  the  Columbia.  It  is  a  line  navigable  river  with  no  great 
current,  and  report  says  that  there  is  only  a  carrying  phice  uf  about  a  couple 
of  miles  at  most  from  the  other  lakes  beyond  Trout  Lake  to  fall  into  it;  and 
Mr  McDougall  has  now  directions  to  ascertain  the  truth  of  it,  \\hich,  if  exact, 
Mill  not  only  shorten  the  pa.ssage,  but  render  it  perfectly  safe,  as  it  will  be  tho 
means  of  avoitling  the  Bad  River.'  Frascr's  Leflcru,  MS.,  4.  With  Mackenzie, 
1"  laser  at  this  time  supposed  Fraser  River  to  b«  the  Columbia. 


104 


flMOX  FRASER  AND  JOHX  STUART. 


1   ' 

(ill 


Tills  Ijidian  was  easily  prevailed  iii)on  to  accompany 
theiii  to  the  iicxt  lake,  a  short  distance  beyond,  wliich 
was  the  source  of  this  branch  of  Parsnip  liivoi".  Hero 
was  t!ie  IIeiL,dit  of  Land,  as  the  ridge  dividing  the  How 
of  waters  toward  the  east  and  toward  the  west  was 
called  by  the  lin'-liunters.  Mr  Fraser  thought  this 
not  a  bad  place  for  an  establishment.  There  were 
lakes  and  streams  on  every  side  abounding  in  fish, 
witli  far-ljearin<>'  animals  not  far  distant.  Seven  or 
eight  hundred  yards  beyond  this  lake,  over  this  low 
dividing  ridge,  was  another  lake  whose  waters  com- 
municated  with  Fraser  Eiver."^ 

Ijinbai'king'  on  this  little  sheet  c-f  water,  about  three 
miles  in  length,  the  travellers  found  themselves  at  last 
gliding  with  the  current  which  starting  never  stops 
until  it  caches  the  salt  Pacific."  Both  Mackenzie  and 
Fraser  were  here  troubled  A\'ith  drift-wood.  The  out- 
let to  this  lake  Avas  a  small  stream,  yet  lar<ve  enough 
to  iloat  a  (^anoe,  but  so  iilled  with  drift-wood  as  to  be 
iin})assable.  Jlence  liere  was  another  jwrtage  of  some 
one  hundred  and  sixty  or  seventy  yards  to  another 

'■"TIk^  oluifactc  r  of  thi:-i  portiijio  finil  the  sources  of  the  ftrcaina  on  citlicr 
pi'.lo  <if  it,  .'IS  we'll  ii.i  t'.ii!  uhiiiiiR'l  tiikeu  at  the  branch  which  kac^s  to  ^McLcoil 
L:ike  must  liiially  (ktcriiiiiie  the  course  takenhy  ^hlckcllziealull  Vascr.  ^.I;:c- 
kciizic,  I'di/in/r,  L'17,  says  :  '  WcihunU'ilaiid  unloaded,  vhere'wei'or.iida,  hcatca 
jiath  kadin;;  over  a  low  riil','c  of  laud  of  ('i;,dit  hundred  and  yevcntecii  p:;cc3 
ill  Icnglli  to  another  ^^'iiall  lake,  'i'lie  dist  ;nce  lietween  the  tv,o  iiuiuntaiu:!  i;t 
this  place  i.<  about  anuartcr  of  !i  nulc,  rocky  precijjices  jiresentin;^'  theinaclvc.l 
oil  both  «itle:-!.'  Frati.r  reniarks,  Jlivf,  Joiiriial,  MS.,  llo:  "Wo  eoutiuncd 
to  the  extremity  of  the  lake  about  thrt'u  miles,  and  there  unloaded  at  the 
Height  of  l^and,  Mliicli  is  one  of  the  iinc.st  portaiies  I  ever  saw,  between  six  iind 
seven  hundrt'l  yards  1  inir,  and  perhajis  the  shortest  interval  of  any  between 
the  waters  that  descend  into  the  northern  .ind  southern  oceans.'  'I'hcse  two 
fitatenients,  as  VicU  ;rs  those  which  follow  after  cml)arkini;  upon  the  so'ithern 
lidie,  are  easily  reconciled.  Tiiey  are  unquestionably  the  8a?iie.  Of  this  spot 
we  have  no  correct  maji.  but  turning  to  Mr  Sclwj^n'.s  G<''ilo;iirrt>  .Surrey  /'( • 
port  ls7.")-(i,  we  llud  an  exact  map  of  the  entire  branch  onv.liichis  situated 
McLeod  Ij.ike.  Hut  h(  ri;  the  portage  is  .seven  and  one  fourth  miles,  or  1_',7(>') 
paces,  which  in  no  wise  corresponds  with  the  distance  nientione(l  by  botli  ,"\Iac- 
ken/.ie  and  Fraser.  (liscome  portajje  likewise  ternnnntcs  on  tiie  bank  of  tho 
J'^-aser,  while  both  ^lackenzie  and  Fraser  speak  of  a  lake  and  sLrt'aui  which 
they  navigated  ))cfore  eoniiui,'  to  tho  Cobunbia,  as  they  supjiosed  the  lariro 
I'iver  to  be.  Finidiy,  although  not  much  reliance  for  exaetne-is  is  t  )  be  placed 
on  the  astronomical  obs(  rvations  of  the  early  explorers,  sucii  evidence  a.;  v.e 
have  of  tiiat  kind  is  in  favor  of  tho  eastern  ]iortage,  which  Mackenzie  makes 
in  latitude  nt'  "Jl'.  and  hmgitiule  I'.M  west  from  (ircenwich. 

'•'- '  1'iiis  lake  runs  in  the  .same  cour.ic  as  the  last,  but  is  rather  uaiTowcr, 
and  not  more  than  half  tho  leugth.'  MacLenuc'g  Voy.,  217. 


BAD  RR'ER. 


103 


(lU  citlicr 

;or.  Mac- 
ll;i.  boatea 
■( -.1  p:;cr.3 
Mlaiii;}  i:t 
u".i!'.;elvi.'.4 
uuiinnc'.l 
(1  iit  Iho 
n  six  Jiml 
l)it.\vcc;i 
lluso  two 

iBO-ltllM'U 

(hi.-i  itpot 

,Tr.7    /.',- 

sitiiiitcil 
A-  \-2,li,'.) 
>th  ?*Iac- 
lli  of  tho 
u  whii'li 
Jill.'  liir;,'o 

1.1'    il.i  V.'C 

iiiiikca 
lirrowcr, 


and  peiliaps  a  trifle  smaller  lalce."^  Here  they  on- 
eaniped,  and  set  their  net  for  tish.  Their  start  was 
late  next  day,  the  2d  of  July,  owing  to  tlie  ineleni- 
ency  of  tho  weatlier,  and  to  i'resh  troubles  witli  La 
^laliee,  wlio  was  unreasonable  and  petulant,  eonii)lain- 
iuLT  of  neii'leet  and  ill-treatment,  and  threatenin<j  to 
remain  behmd,  saying  lie  was  in  no  wise  obliged  to 
explore  Peace  River,  much  less  the  waters  that  de- 
scended to  the  Paciiic.  Fraser  would  not  aband(Mi  him, 
Iiowever,  although  he  sometimes  I'elt  that  the  man 
deserved  no  better  treatment.  Prom  the  second 
small  lake  alonjj;'  the  streamlet  to  tho  larijfe  river, 
though  tlie  distance  was  not  far,  the  time  occupied  in 
making  it  by  ]\rackenzie  was  iive  days,  and  by  Praser 
eight  days.  Xor  Vv'as  there  on  the  entire  i-out.^  a 
more  dillicult  or  hazardous  piece  of  travel.  The 
stream  was  aptly  called  Pad  Piver  by  these  hardy 
explorers.-' 

The  country  was  rugged,  and  tlie  river  rocky, 
stumpy,  full  of  fallen  trees  and  drill-wood,  Nvith  fre- 
(juent  r;ipids,  cascades,  aiul  sliallow  places.  Again 
and  again  tlie  canoes  were  broken  and  mended,  until 
they  were  little  else  than  patchwork.  Sometimes 
there  would  l)e  a  compk;te  wrecl;,  with  hall' the  l)oat 
sniaslied;  at  which  times  the  men  were  obliged  to 
l)kmge  into  the  icy  water  to  savi;  t!ie  cargo,  renuiining 
there  fiVHjUently  for  hours  until  benumbed  by  cold 
and  ready  to  drop  witli  fatigue.  Ovov  some  places 
tli(!  canoe  eoidd  carry  but  part  of  a  load,  when  sev- 
eral trips  v.'duld  b(.!  made;  portages  were  iVcipicut, 
SDHietimesover  bluils,  and  sometimes  through  jungles. 
Pxcessive  lab-.jr,  att(>nded  by  fre<pu!iit  exasjierating 
mishaps,   brought  discouragement   to   the    men,   who 

-^  )il;K'l;t'n::ii^  snys  this  scconrl  LiUi?  'i<  in  the  saiii'.'  coiii'so,  and  ;il)ont  tho 
Baini-  size  aa  that  which  wo  h:iv<i  just  Ifft.'  To  reach  it  lio  ]>assL'(l  over  'a 
licaten  |iath  of  only  one  hnnih-rd  iind  :  event y-iivc  j-aees  long. '  i'la.ser's  wonls 
ftic;  ' ']  ho  ilistanei!  is  KiO  yards  to  another  \.\kv  not  i(uite  so  lar;,'o  as  tho  las^ 
one.'  ,l/,i-/.r;r./V'.s'  ]',,;/.,  :217-1.S;  /Vrf.;(  ;■■ !  r.rxl  .Initniu'.  MS.,  IKJ. 

-'"  Xear  its  eunllnenoe  |mV|  it  divide.s  into  thn  e  ln-anelies,  all  of  whicl-.  [ 
siipjioso  to  ho  navii;al)le  Sut  tho  one  to  the  right  is  tho  best  route.'  I'niMr'n 
l'(i\st  Jountdl,  MS.,  13d. 


106 


SIMON  FRASER  AND  JOHN  STUART. 


more  than  once  threatened  to  abandon  the  enterprise 
and  return ;  but  by  sharing  with  them  both  danger  and 
hardshij),  their  loader  finally  prevailed  upon  them  to 
continue,  though  it  was  indeed  a  marvellous  feat  to 
make  this  passage  in  loaded  boats.-' 

On  emerging  from  Bad  River  the  first  thing  to  be 
done  was  to  encamp,  dry  the  goods,  and  mend  the 
boats.  Five  beaver  brought  in  by  the  hunters  were 
quickly  devoured  by  the  men.  Again  embarking,  so 
swift  was  the  current  of  the  Fraser  at  this  point  that 
twenty-one  miles  were  made  before  five  o'clock  next 
morning,  which  was  the  11th  of  July,  and  with  an 
early  start  and  a  fine  run  thej^  reached  the  mouth  of 

^•"I  will  give  the  words  of  both  Mackenzie  and  Fraser  on  reaching  Fraser 
River :  '  At  an  early  hour  of  the  morning  we  were  all  cmj>loyed  in  cutting  a 
passage  of  three  quarters  of  a  mile,  t'u'ongh  which  we  carried  our  canoe  and 
cargo,  when  we  put  her  into  tlie  water  witli  lier  lading,  hiit  in  a  very  short 
time  were  stop)ied  by  the  drift-wood,  and  were  ohligeil  to  land  and  carry.  In 
short,  we  jiursued  our  alternate  journies  by  land  and  water  till  noon,  when 
we  could  proceed  no  further,  from  the  vai'ious  small  uunavigable  channels 
into  which  the  river  branched  in  every  direction;  aiul  no  other  mode  of  get- 
ting forward  now  remained  for  lis  but  by  cutting  a  road  across  a  neck  of  land. 
I  accordingly  despatched  two  men  to  ascei-tain  the  exact  distance,  and  we 
employed  tlie  interval  of  their  absence  in  unloading  and  getting  the  canoe  out 
of  tlie  wattT.  It  was  eiglit  in  the  evening  when  we  arrived  at  the  bank  of 
the  great  river.  This  journey  was  three  (puirters  of  a  mile  east-nortli-east 
tlirough  a  continued  swamp,  where  in  many  places  we  waded  up  to  the  mid- 
dle of  our  thighs.  Our  course  in  the  small  river  was  about  soutli-eaat  by  east 
three  miles.  At  lengtli  we  enjoyed,  after  all  our  toil  and  anxiety,  the  inex- 
pressible satisfaction  of  linding  ourselves  on  tlie  bank  of  a  navigalile  river  on 
the  west  side  of  the  lirst  great  range  of  mountains.'  MackeuT.ie'x  I'o//.,  2'27-8. 
'  This  place  we  suppose  to  be  the  low  spot  where  Sir  Alexander  Mackenzie 
carried  acrows  tlie  neck  of  land  to  the  large  river.  He  was  misinformed  in 
Baying  it  terminated  in  various  branches.  Mr  Stuart,  who  was  down  yestiU'- 
day  at  the  lai'ge  river,  traced  this  river  for  some  time,  and  afterward  crossed 
it  ill  many  places,  is  of  opinion  that  we  will  be  able  to  get  to  its  confluence 
with  the  canoes,  and  the  ^lontagne  de  bauttes  [.<«']  account  of  it  agrees  with  his. 
Therefore  we  intend  to  continue  by  water  as  far  as  we  can.  All  the  goods 
are  entirely  wet,  and  the  provisions  arc  spoiling.  When  we  arrived  at  this 
place  the  canoes  were  no  more  able  to  i;oat,  tlieir  bottoms  being  entirely 
Bmashed,  and  after  getting  bark,  and  gathering  some  gum,  we  patched  them 
lip  for  tlie  present.  .  .Thur.sday,  10th  July.  After  the  camjes  were  gummed  a 
little  we  continued  on,  and  had  liettcr  going  than  we  had  reascm  to  expect. 
The  river — light  liranch — is  narrow,  but  plenty  of  water  to  bear  the  canoes, 
and  the  current  is  not  strong,  wliich  enabled  us  to  continue  on  with  Ijoth 
canoes  with  their  full  loads  on.  At  10  a.  ji.  wo  ari'ived  at  the  large  river 
opposite  an  island,  without  encountering  nny  other  ditliculty  than  cutting 
several  trees  that  laid  across  the  channel,  and  we  were  most  happy  at  having 
exempted  the  long  and  bad  carrying  place,  and  seeing  ourselves  once  more 
on  the  banks  of  a  line  and  uavigablo  river.'  Fraser'n  Firnt  Journal,  MS., 
132-3. 


FRASER  RIVER. 


CHAPTER  V. 


' 


111 


DESCENT  OF  FRA8ER  ItlVER— DISCOVERY  OF  TIIOMP.SOX  RIVER. 

ISOG-lSll. 

Ascent  of  Stfart  Riviiii— Fout  St  Jami:s  ForxDED— Tiir.v  Exrr.oTiK 
FiiASEii    Lake — Ani»    JJciij)    Fhaseii    Fdut — Fdut   (Ikuuci;   I^stah- 

].ISIIi:i)  -VoVAi^E  liOWN"  THE  FllASER  — Sl'OICANK  IforSE  —  FlATIIEAI) 
lIorsE    AND     I'OUT     KuoTENAIS    EsTAliLISlIED  —  DaVII)    TlIOMl'SON"    Al"- 

1'Eai;s  t\  \ew  Caleiiuma — DisC(jvi:us  Thu.mi-sun'  River — Deseiitiun^ 
or  IMS  JNIen — Winters  on  Canoe  River — Descends  the  Columbia 
TO  l'oi:T  Astoria. 

Thus  far  Stuai't  and  Eraser  Lad  discovered  but 
little  new  c(nnitry.  They  had  followed  Mackenzie's 
tracks  to  and  down  Fraser  River  as  iar  as  Stuart 
River;  but  I'roni  this  point  wo  follow  them  into  regions 
now  to  I']uropean  e3'es. 

Euterinsj:  Stuart  River,  the  travellers  had  to  eon- 
tend  with  a  strong'  and  in  parts  steady  cuiTent,  with 
frequent  ra})i(ls  and  cari-ying-])laces.  Fraser  vras  in- 
clined to  ascend  this  stream  by  what  had  been  told 
him  at  Trout  Lake  by  the  Carriers  who  had  crossed 
over  from  Stuart  Lake.  Re})resentations  were  made 
by  these  natives  concerning  the  resources  of  tlieir  coun- 
try, and  the  temper  of  their  pco})le,  which  full}-  corrob- 
orated the  observations  of  jMcDouii'all  made  during 
the  s})riMg  of  the  previous  year,  and  these  determined 
I'raser  to  visit  that  region  and  establish  posts  there 
before  descendinu;  the  ijreat  river  to  the  sea. 

On  tlicir  way  u|)  they  W(.'re  troubled  somewhat  ]jy 
grizzly  bears,  two  of  the  men  being  chased  by  them. 
One  man  was  caught  and  badly  torn,  the  dogs 
coming  up  just  in  time  to  save  his  life.     The  wife  of 

(108) 


STUART  RIVER. 


109 


one  of  the  hunters  escaped  a  horrible  death  by  throw- 
ing herself  flat  on  her  face,  the  enraged  brute  in  con- 
sequence passing  her  by  in  pursuit  of  her  flying 
husband.  In  one  place  they  were  obliged  to  cut  a 
road  three  hundred  yards  in  length  round  a  cascade 
which  dashed  down  between  perpendicular  rocks. 

No  natives  were  seen  until  half-way  up  the  river, 
when  on  the  bank  were  encountered  thirty  nien  arraved 
in  robes  of  beaver,  cat,  and  badger  skins.  The  south 
branch  which  comes  in  from  Fraser,  or  as  it  was  tlicn 
called,  Natla  Lake,*  was  jiassed  by  on  the  left,  and  on 
the  2Gth  of  July  1806  they  came  to  a  largo  fine  body 
of  water  which  they  called  at  first  Sturgeon  Lake,'^ 
but  afterward  Stuart  Lake,  and  the  river  they  had 
just  ascended,  Stuart  Riv^cr. 

Here  Fraser  has  no  little  fault  to  find  Avith  j\Ic- 
Dougall,  who,  ho  affirms,  pictured  the  country  in  all 
its  spring  glories,  with  an  abundance  of  fish  and  fowl, 
whereas  the  fifty  miserable  natives^  he  found  there  were 
starving,  and  the  travellers  themselves  would  have 
suflered  had  tliov  arrived  earlier,  the  water  beinfj  even 
then  so  high  that  they  could  catch  few  fish.  Inunedi- 
atcly  on  landing,  all  hands  set  to  work  building,  and 
soon  comfortable  quarters  were  secured,  which  in  time 
developed  into  the  formidable  establishment  of  Fort 
St  James.  The  site  chosen  was  a  peninsula,  thus 
giving  the  place  quite  a  maritime  air.*  La  ]\Ialice, 
who  had  fully  I'ecovered,  was  then  sent  with  letter.s 
to  McDougall  and  the  partners  below,  and  also  to 
meet  expected  supplies.® 

'  On  some  maps  Xatla;  Frascr  writes  it  Nalta,  and  sometimes  Natley. 

^Indian  name  Xaughalcliun. 

^  'Tlu'y  are  a  large,  intlulcnt,  thievish  set  of  vagabonds  of  a  mild  disposi- 
tion. Tlioy  arc  ania/.iiig  fond  of  goods,  whi(^h  circuuistanee  might  lead  to 
imagine  that  they  wouhl  work  weli  to  get  wiiat  they  seem  to  he  so  fond  of; 
Imt  tlKMi  they  are  independent  of  us,  as  they  get  tiieir  necessaries  fiom  their 
neighlxjrswhotradewiththenativesof  thesea-eoast.'  J'rn.iir'n  Lit  fern,  MS.  .(J-T. 

^'i'lie  ]iost  i)roved  pleasant  and  important;  so  much  so  that  in  I84S,  while 
in  eliargo  of  the  New  Caledonian  Department,  Chief  Factor  Ogden  made  his 
residence  there. 

^  '  La  Malice  is  the  bearer  of  this  who  I  send  down  to  meet  the  canoes 
which  probably  Mill  be  at  Fort  Cliipewyan  in  order  to  conduct  them  up  to 
Ti'out  Lake,  and  from  thence  we  will  be  able  to  get  the  goods  taken  acro.<<3 
laud  to  this  place  in  the  course  of  the  fall  and  winter.'  /Viiser's  LvUvi-n,  MS.,  8. 


Nil, 


ii ' : 


110 


DESCENT  OF  ERASER  RIVER. 


It  was  now  Mr  Frascr's  plan  to  continue  his  route 
down  the  Fraser  as  far  as  the  Atnah  Nation,  accom- 
panied by  Mr  Stuart  and  six  men,  leaving  the  rest  of 
his  company  at  Fort  St  J  iines.  If  Fraser  could  find 
a  suitable  place  to  winter,  then  Stuart  would  return 
to  Fort  St  James;  if  not,  both  would  return,  in  which 
case  one  of  them  would  go  over  to  the  other  lake 
westward,  that  is  to  say,  Fraser  Lake,  and  establish  a 
post  there.  The  failure  of  the  salmon  by  whose  ar- 
rival alone  the  winter  for  red  men  or  white  in  this 
region  is  made  comfortable,  greatly  retarded  his  move- 
ments. "  No  possible  exertion  of  ours  has  been  want- 
ing," Fraser  writes  his  partner  early  in  August  1806. 
**  We  have  established  the  post  beyond  the  mountains, 
and  will  establish  another  in  the  most  conventional 
place  we  can  find  before  the  fall,  where  people  can  live, 
and  this  I  believe  was  all  that  was  expected  this 
summer." 

The  necessarily  limited  supplies  brought  with  them 
were  being  daily  reduced,  and  new  countries  could  not 
be  explored  and  forts  established  without  cost;  so 
Fraser  said  while  askinsf  ff)r  further  men  and  means, 
nor  were  any  considerable  returns  expected  by  him  this 
year.  Yet,  if  a  number  of  stations  could  be  favorably 
planted  on  this  western  side  of  the  mountains,  he  did 
not  doubt  the  result  would  be  satisfactory  in  the  end. 

Meanwhile  neither  salmon  nor  supplies  arriving,  the 
last  of  August  saw  the  fort-builders  subsisting  on 
berries,  with  a  few  carp  which  they  could  catch,  and 
now  and  then  a  beaver.  And  yet,  although  so  near 
starvation,  Fraser  and  Stuart  felt  that  they  could 
delay  operations  no  longer.  So  on  the  28th,  Stuart, 
accompanied  by  two  men,  set  out  for  the  other  side 
of  the  mountain  which  intervenes  between  this  and 
Natla,  or  Fraser  Lake,  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining 
the  practicability  of  establishing  a  post  in  that  local- 
ity, and  to  choose  a  site.  He  was  to  meet  and  report 
to  Mr  Fraser  in  eight  days  at  the  junction  of  the 
two  streams  flowing  from  the  respective  lakes.     To 


UiA 


"m^Jf 


FRASER  LAKE. 


Ill 


this  end  Frascr  left  Stuart  Lake  the  3d  of  September, 
Blais  renmining  in  charge  until  Stuart  should  arrive, 
while  Fraser  was  to  continue  exploring  down  the  river. 
But  when  the  friends  met  at  the  junction  according  to 
aoTuement,  so  favorable  was  Stuart's  account  of  the 
district  he  had  just  visited  that  Fraser  determined  to 
])rocced  thither  at  once  and  build  a  house.  Besides, 
to  attempt  to  descend  the  great  river  without  pro- 
visions or  goods  would  be  the  height  of  folly.  During 
the  absence  of  the  partners  the  natives,  recognizing 
very  (juickly  the  difterence  between  masters  and  men, 
had  imposed  upon  Blais  and  his  comrades,  although 
no  damage  had  been  done.  McDougall,  to  the  infi- 
nite disgust  of  Fraser,  had  fallen  from  the  greatest 
of  expectations  for  the  season  to  begging  from  the 
starving  fort-builders  five  measures  of  powder  and  a 
man  to  hunt  for  him  to  keep  him  alive. 

According  to  his  purpose,  Frascr  proceeded  to 
Xatla,  that  is  to  say,  Fraser  Lake,  and  with  five  men 
began  to  erect  a  building  in  a  picturesque  position  at 
the  eastern  end  near  its  discharge  into  the  Nechacho 
Biver,  which  in  time  became  Fort  Fraser.  The  sal- 
mon now  began  to  come,  insuring  safety  from  starva- 
tion during  the  winter.  But  the  natives  of  this  lake 
being  no  less  indifferent  to  the  white  man's  merchandise 
than  those  of  the  other  lake,  the  fort-builders  were 
oltliged  to  leave  their  labors  and  to  do  their  own  fishing." 

Next,  Fraser  explored  the  lake,  and  found  in  the 
hands  of  the  natives  at  the  end  opposite  that  on 
which  he  was  building,  some  spoons  and  a  metal  pot. 
During  the  antunm  Stuart  crossed  over  to  Trout 
Lake,  hoping  to  obtain  some  goods;  but  as  no  canoes 
had  arrived  so  far,  all  hopes  were  abandoned  of  fur- 
ther operations  that  season.^     When  it  was  too  late 

*  '  I  assure  yovi  I  am  tired  of  living  on  fish,'  now  writes  Fraser,  v  ho  a  few 
ilaj's  before  was  fearful  lest  he  with  the  rest  should  starve  on  account  of  tlie 
non-arrival  of  the  salmon. 

'  '1  certainly  was  highly  disappointed  and  vexed,' writes  Fraser  to  Mc- 
I'ougall  the  '21st  of  December,  'that  no  canoes  arrived  at  this  quarter,  which 
is  a  considerable  loss  to  the  company,  and  a  severe  blow  to  our  discoveries.' 
Friuier'n  Letters,  MS.,  40. 


119 


DESCENT  OF  ERASER  RIVER. 


the  goods  came,  and  then  Frascr  hfted  u])  his  hiiiicn- 
tations  because  the  company  would  bo  displeased  in 
not  receiving  fair  returns  tor  them,  which  it  was  im[)os- 
sible  for  him  to  make. 

Quite  a  scandal  arose  this  winter  over  the  woman 
La  Malice  had  bought  at  Trout  Lake,  in  which  Mc- 
Dougall  was  mixed  up  to  his  detriment.  It  .seems  in 
the  purchase  of  this  w^oman  some  of  t)ie  company's 
goods  had  been  em[)loyed,  contrary  to  rule  or  prece- 
dent. Yet  all  this  did  not  prevent  both  Fraser  and 
!McDougall  from  i)icking  up  temporary  wives  for  tlie 
winter. 

Meanwhile  the  fort-building  went  forward  t(>  oom- 
foi'table  completion;  and  we  can  but  accord  these 
hardy  pioneers  the  highest  })raise  when  ve  remember 
that  these  establisjiments  have  stood  as  the  most  im- 
l)ortant  posts  of  all  that  I'egion  for  three  quarters  of 
a  century. 

It  was  the  earnest  desire  of  Mr  Fraser  to  continue 
his  explorations  down  the  river  at  the  earliest  possible 
moment  the  ensuing  spring.  He  even  thought  of 
getting  goods  over  on  the  ice,  so  as  to  be  ready  to 
start  as  soon  as  the  rivers  were  open.  But  in  this  he 
was  disappointed,  there  not  being  goods  enough  this 
side  of  the  mountains  to  supply  the  newly  constructed 
posts,  to  say  nothing  of  a  supply  for  exploring  pur- 
})oses.  Attention  was  therefore  given  the  following 
spring  more  to  fur-gathering  than  to  explorations. 


The  most  notable  event  in  this  locality  in  1807  was 
the  building  of  Fort  George  at  the  coniluence  of 
Stuart  and  i^Vaser  rivers.**  L^})on  the  lake  above  there 
were  two  establishments  i)lanted,  but  on  the  Great 
River  as  yet  there  was  none;  and  should  this  stream 
become  a  great  highway  between  the  eastern  ocean 

*Fort  George  was  placed  on  tho  right  bank  of  the  Eraser  near  the  junction 
of  tlie  Xecliaco,  on  a  K])ot  called  Tlileetleli.  One  would  hardly  suppose  tlioro 
couUl  be  such  poveity  of  fort  uonieucliiture  as  to  require  calling  Astoria 
Fort  George,  when  there  was  one  fort  already  on  the  ■\\esteru  slope  rejoicing 
ill  that  uuiue. 


FORT  GEORGE. 


113 


and  tlic  western;  should  it  prove  to  l)e  the  Cohunhia, 
as  Mackenzie  had  tlioughtjand  above  all  shonM  it  prove 
to  be  navii'-.iole,  as  from  appearances  thereabouts  there 
was  every  indication,  then  this  juxst  would  be  ^a-eatly 
needed.  At  all  events  it  was  at  Fort  George  that 
Fraser  now  gathered  his  forces  and  supplies,  and  it 
was  from  this  place  tliat  he  had  determined  to  take 
his  departure  on  a  voyage  of  discovery  down  this 
stream." 


Fkaser  River. 

In  the  summer  of  1808,  then,  in  company  with 
Stuart,  we  find  Mr  Fraser  swiftly  descendin<^  the 
stream  which  bears  his  name,  under  somewhat  more 
iavorable  circumstances  than  those  in  which  the  first 
part  of  his  journey  was  performed  two  years  previous. 
Yet  at  best  it  was  a  daring  feat,  and  he,  as  well  as  Sir 

•Seo  ToiVa  Kfw  Culedonla,  MS.,  .SO;  Anili>rson\'i  Xorthcent  Coast,  MS., 
1 .3-14, 29-30, and  98;  Stuart's  Aotci,  passim, '23.");  IVilhcs'Xia:  U.  S.  Ex.  Ex. , iv. 
479;  Scki't  Com.  llon»e  Commons  lUpt.,  307;  DWa  Speechen,  i.  40;  Britisit 
jVort/t  Am.,  274;  Martin's  II.  B.,  25. 
Hmt.  N.  W.  Coast,  Vol.  II.    B 


114 


DESCENT  OF  FRASER  RIVER. 


Geort(o  Simpson,  wlio  followed  liiiii  twenty  years  later, 
are  entitled  to  our  hearty  admiration. 

Tlie  ]>arty  emharked  at  Fort  (jreori^o  in  fine  condi- 
tion, about  the  middle  of  ^Tay.  At  the  beginnini^  of 
his  journey  ^[r  Fraser  occasionally  met  a  native  who 
had  seen  Sir  Alexander  Mackenzie  in  his  journey, 
l)ut  he  was  soon  amoni;^  those  who  had  never  beheld 
a  white  man.  Animals  were  reported  numerous,  and 
the  river  little  better  than  a  succession  of  danu^erous 
or  imj)assable  rapids  and  falls.  The  natives  told  him 
that  if  he  would  reach  the  sea  he  should  follow  the 
route  of  ^fackenzie,  which  some  of  them  well  remem- 
bered, but  Fraser  answered  them  that  whatever  the 
obstacles  he  should  follow  that  river  to  its  end. 

The  Indians  along  the  route  were  well  clad,  intelli- 
gent, and  peaceable.  The}-  had  often  heard  of  tire- 
arms,  but  few  had  ever  witnessed  their  discharge. 
Often  they  would  ask  to  have  them  tired,  and  on 
licaring  the  report  they  Avould  fall  Hat  on  their  faces. 
One  day,  while  tiring  his  swivel  for  their  edification, 
it  burst,  wounding  the  man  who  tired  it.  Mr  Fraser 
now  attempted  to  enter  in  his  journal  the  course  of 
the  river  after  the  manner  of  Mackenzie,  though  to 
little  purpose. 

A  notable  slave,  encountered  on  the  31st  of  ^lay, 
professed  to  have  ascended  the  whole  length  of  the 
stream,  and  attempted  to  delincote  its  course,  but 
failed.  An  Atnah  chief,  with  his  slave,  accompanied 
the  expedition  in  the  hope  that  IVaser  would  build 
a  fcjrt  on  his  land  when  he  returned.  This  chief's 
brother  bestowed  valuable  gifts  uj)on  Fraser,  and 
charged  him  to  take  cjood  care  of  his  kinsman. 

The  simplicity  and  coolness  with  which  the  fur- 
traders  speak  of  hardships  and  dangers,  I  have  re- 
marked upon  before,  but  I  am  sure  I  can  do  no  better 
here  than  to  let  Mr  Fraser  tell  how  he  passed  a  bad 
place  in  the  river  on  the  1st  of  June.  "Mr  Stuart, 
myself,  and  six  men  went  to  visit  the  rapid  again, 
while  the  other  remained  to  take  care  of  the  baggage 


TnPJLLINf}  ADVENTURES. 


115 


)t'  the 
but 

jaiiicd 
build 

iliief's 
and 

fur- 
"c  rc- 
)cttcr 

bad 
buart, 
lijaiii, 
luaije 

To     O 


and  canoos.  Wo  found  the  rapid  to  be  al)0ut  one  and 
a  lialt'  miles  lonuf,  and  the  roeks  on  both  sides  the 
liver  eontract  themselves  in  some  })laees  to  within 
thirty  or  ibrty  yards  of  one  another;  the  immense 
body  of  water  passes  through  them  in  a  zigzag  and 
turbulent  manner,  forming  numerous  gulfs  and  whirl- 
]>ools  of  great  depth.  However,  it  was  deemed  im- 
jiossible  to  carry  the  canoes;  it  was  the  gcnciral 
opinion  that  they  ought  to  be  run  down;  indeed,  there 
was  no  alternative  than  that  or  leaving  them  here. 
Stuart  remained  at  the  lower  end  with  La  Garde  and 
Waka  to  watch  the  natives,  while  the  others  were 
running  the  canoes  down;  though  they  appeared  to 
be  peaceable,  it  would  not  be  prudent  to  allow  the 
peo[)le  to  run  down  the  canoes  under  such  a  steej)  and 
rocky  bank  without  having  a  guard  above,  as  it  would 
be  in  the  Indians'  power  to  sink  them  all  to  the 
bottom  were  thev  ill  inclined;  and  I  returned  to  the 
upper  end  to  see  the  peo})le  embark.  Accordingly 
five  of  the  best  men  embarked  with  only  about 
eleven  or  twelve  pieces.  They  immediately  entered 
the  rapid,  but  the  whirlpools  below  the  first  cascade 
made  them  wheel  about,  and  they  remained  a  con- 
siderable time  without  being  able  to  move  one  way  or 
the  other,  and  every  moment  on  the  brink  of  eternity. 
However,  by  the  utmost  exertion,  they  went  down 
two  others,  till  between  the  third  and  fourth,  which 
is  the  most  turbulent,  the  eddies  and  whirlpools 
caught  hold  of  the  canoe,  and,  in  spite  of  them, 
brought  it  ashore  in  a  moment;  and  fortunately  it 
was  it  happened  so,  and  that  they  were  not  able  to 
get  out  again,  for  had  they  got  down  the  fourth  cas- 
cade, it  would  have  been  more  than  likely  they  would 
have  remained  there.  Seeing  it  impossible  to  go  any 
further,  they  unloaded  upon  a  small  point,  in  a  very 
steep  and  high  and  long  hill.  Upon  my  way  down 
to  see  what  had  become  of  the  people,  I  met  Stuart 
coming  up,  wdio  informed  me  of  their  situation,  he 
having  seen  them  from  the  lower  part  of  the  rapids. 


im 


DKsrKXT  OF  FUAsKii  iiivr.n. 


Wo  wont  down  ininiodiaioly  to  tho  jilact!  wluro  tlioy 
wor(!  thrown  uslioro,  whioli  wo  rojuliod  with  niiK  h 
(litlicultv  on  .accoinit  of  tho  stoopnoss  of  tho  Itiuiks. 
I  ofton  supportod  niv.solf  l)V  rnnniiiLT  n>v  da«'Ljor  into 
tho  gronnd  to  hold  niysolf  hy  it.  llapj)y  wo  woro  to 
lind  all  hands  safo  aftor  such  innninont  dani^or.  With 
imich  dllHoulty  a  road  was  duij;  into  tho  liill  M'ith  a 
lioo,  ahout  tho  l)roadth  of  one  loot,  and  a  lino  tiod  to 
tiio  bow  of  tho  oanoo,  and  brought  u\)  an  extraor- 
dinary had  and  long  bank.  Had  any  of  thoso  that 
carried  tho  canoo  missed  their  stop,  all  would  have 
tumbled  into  the  river  in  spito  of  those  that  hauled 
till!  line,  and  when  that  was  oftbeted,  the  baggage  was 
brought  up.""' 

Tho  natives  now  reiterated  their  assertions  that 
tho  navigation  of  tho  river  below  was  impossiI)le,  and 
tho  explorers  began  to  l)elieve  them.  But  when  the 
niiso[)histicated  red  men  were  asked  to  loan  or  sell 
some  of  their  horses  to  transport  tho  effects,  which 
they  disliked  extremely  to  do,  they  thought  the  river 
not  so  bad,  and  that  perhaps  it  would  bo  better  to 
take  the  canoe.  Fraser  would  avoid  such  hazardous 
risking  of  life  if  possible.  "  Tho  tremendous  gulphs 
and  whirlpools,"  ho  says,  "  ^A'hicll  are  peculiar  to  this 
river,  are  ready  every  moment  to  swallow  a  canoo 
with  all  its  contents,  and  the  people  on  board,  and  tho 
high  and  perpendicular  rocks  render  it  impossible  to 
stop  tho  canoo  or  get  on  shore  even  were  it  stopped; 
were  the  water  lower  it  would  be  more  practicable." 

The  party  now  made  preparations  to  leave  two 
canoes,  cache  a  largo  part  of  their  baggage  and  pro- 
visions, and  follow  the  road  along  the  bank,  which  the 
natives  assured  them  w^as  good.  With  difficulty  they 
succeeded  in  obtaining  four  horses;  but  on  further 
consideration  they  detevvii'Med  to  make  another  at- 
tempt to  continue  in  boats.  So  shouldering  the  boats 
and  luggage  with  the  assistance  of  the  natives,  who 

'"  Frnser's  Second  Journal,  MS. ,  1 3-17.  Mr  Fraser  snys,  from  the  top  of  tho 
rocks  looking  over  into  the  abyss  the  rapids  do  not  look  as  dangerous  as  they 
in  reality  are. 


TKRRIBLE  .SCENERY. 


117 


M'crc  more  acfommoilatiiiL^  than  hospitablo,  tlioy  next 
«lay  tot)k  ii[)  their  march,  ciuljarkinL,^  on  tho  .stieain  at 
(-•Very  possible  o}i|toi'tnnity.  The  nativi'S  spoke  ot" 
liavinif  heard  of  white  people  who  had  descended  thi; 
first  \iiv*j;v  stream  th)\vin^'  in  IVom  the  left,  but  whether 
they  referred  to  Jjewis  and  Chirke,  ortu  the  Fort  des 
i'rairies  pef)pK.',  Fraser  could  not  tell. 

Cuttiiiij:  roads  and  oijtainin<;  uncertain  charts  of 
tho  river  from  the  natives  soon  became  tiresome,  and 
after  three  days  of  it  Fi'aser  aui'ain  determined  to  leave 
tho  (;anoes.  It  was  true  if  they  went  down  by  land 
they  would  have  to  return  in  the  same  maniiei'. 
"J  hit  to  proceed  is  my  present  object,"  said  Fraser, 
"anil  if  fortunate  enouu'h  in  that,  we  will  alwavs  tind 
our  way  back;  for  to  gain  that  every  })erson  will  be 
iiiteri,'sted,  which  perhaps  is  not  so  much  tho  case  at 
present,"  and  no  wonder  that  the  men  whoso  couraL;e 
and  obedienco  wore  remarkable,  thus  daily  and  hourly 
risking  their  lives  at  the  connnand  of  their  masters, 
as  a  matter  of  course,  should  not  be  spe(,'ially  eager 
to   ijlunu'c    into    those    death-dealing   charms,     'J'he 

I  o  n 

wild  i'a[)i(ls  tlu^y  ran  and  the  precipitous  [)ortag('s 
they  mtulo,  lifting  their  luggage  and  canoes  uj)  per- 
])endicular  banks  whore  a  single  misste[)  would  send 
them  all  headlong  to  death,  appear  to  us  almost  in- 
credible. 

On  the  fifth  day  tlioy  reached  a.  portage  where 
"  the  rocks  contract  themselves  to  within  thirty  yards 
of  one  another,  and  at  the  lower  end  is  a  rocky  island 
on  tho  left  shore.  It  is  terrible  to  behold  the  rapidity 
and  turbuloncy  of  tho  immense  body  of  water  that 
})asses  in  this  narrow  gut,  and  no  less  do  the  numer- 
ous gulphs  and  whirlpools  it  forms  constantly  striking 
from  one  rock  to  another.  The  rocks  are  amazing 
high  and  craggy,  particularly  on  the  right  side,  and 
tho  water  in  a  manner  seems  to  have  forced  a  i)as.>age 
under  them,  and  flows  out  here  and  there  in  numerous 
wh'.v]i)ools  and  eddies  that  surpass  anything  of  the 
kind  I  over  saw."     Lo  llapid  Convert,  as  they  called 


118 


DESCENT  OF  ERASER  RIVER. 


another  similar  place  below,  was,  if  anything,  still 
narrower  and  more  dangerous. 

There  was  another  serious  danger  attending  the 
navigation  of  a  wild  stream  like  this  for  the  first 
time,  whicli  was  not  to  be  apprehended  in  travelling 
known  routes.  Often  the  boats  were  caught  in  the 
current  and  carried  rapidly  forward,  when  at  any 
moment  the  navigators  might  come  upon  a  fall  over 
which  they  were  sure  to  go  to  their  destruction. 
AValking  on  shore,  (!ven  over  the  jJains,  was  as  <lis- 
agreeable  as  the  portages  were  difficult  and  the  rapids 
dangci'ous;  for  the  tliistles  which  })ierced  the  soles  of 
tlieir  feet  were  so  bad  that  a  pair  of  shoes  would  not 
last  a  whole  day. 

TIius  tliese  hardy  foresters  continued  tlieir  way,  the 
history  of  each  succeedinijj  day  vai-yint]^  but  little  in 
hazardous  detail  i'rom  that  of  its  })redec{;ssor.  At  every 
stej),  wliile  among  the  mountains,  Mr  Fraser  was  told 
by  tlie  natives  that  it  would  be  inapossible  to  continue 
in  canoes;  but  one  of  his  boats  was  named  the  Perse- 
verance, and,  says  jNIr  Fraser,  "as  it  is  my  object  to 
determine  the  practicability  of  tlic  navigation  (^f  tliis 
river,  tliougli  it  would  be  much  more  safe  and  expe- 
ditious to  go  by  land,  we  shall  not  leave  our  canoes  as 
long  as  there  will  be  any  })ossibility  of  taking  them 
down  liy  water  or  land."  So  the  brave  fellows  worked 
their  way  through,  and  were  iinally  rewarded  by  a  sail 
Uj)on  the  peaceful  waters  below.  After  examining 
the  i-ounti-y  thereabout  to  their  satisfaction,  mean- 
wliile  i-egarded  witli  thi'eatening  suspicion  by  the 
ii;iti\es,  they  retraced  their  ste])S,  and  returned  to 
Fort  (ieorge  on  the  Fi'aser.'^ 

"  It  wns  a  li'ii,:,'  tinu?  bcfdvo  T  could  iniike  up  luy  mind  wlict'.icr  l^'asor 
I'vor  roiii'lu'd  the  inoutli  of  tlio  riviT  or  not.  'J  lie  journal  lirenks  .snddi'nly  od", 
lca\in,L;  i\w  Jiaity  in  tlic  mid.it  of  tlieir  jouiiicy.  'J'hat,  liowcvur,  implies 
iintliinur.  Muvnuiu,  Jnunial,  \~'.\,  wlio  Maw  the  next  prominent  )iei'.:;>na;;u  on 
till!  ground  alter  Stuart  and  J'raser,  Ktat'-s  tliat  I'raser  vent  t;)  t!io  coast, 
M  hero  lie  rcceiv  mI  ill-treatnieiit  iVoiii  the  natives.  Tlieii  came  Siiiij)s;)n'ij  dcc- 
lai'ation,  .Imininl,  i.  IS'J:  VlMascr  iJiver  had  never  lieen  wholly  dcwc^iuled  liy 
V  iiites  previously  to  IfSl'S,  wjien,  in  order  to  explore  the  navi'^'atioii  all  tlio 
vay  to  t!ie  sea,  1  starteil  from  ^Uual•t"s  Lake  with  three  caiioe;^;'  and  think- 
ing HUiely  the  grciit  governor  knew  everyihiiiL;,  and  would  not  wiii'ully  de- 


DAVID  THOMPSOX. 


119 


iiig,  still 

JiiiGf  the 
the  first 
ravelling 
it  ill  the 
L  at  any 
fall  over 
truction. 
s  as  (lis- 
le rapids 
;  solus  of 
ould  not 

way,  the 

little  in 

At  every 

was  told 

continue 

iio  Pci'se- 

bjcct  to 

1  of  this 

\<\  expe- 

anoes  as 

ig  thein 

•  wcjrked 

)y  a  sail 

Hinining 

niean- 

iby  the 

•lied   to 


licr  I'^'asor 

JliU.'iily  oil', 

■t,  implies 

,jona;,'u  on 

Itlio  coaiit, 

^S()'.r;J  ill'C- 

Iciuk'd  by 

l)U  ill!  tlio 

\\\  thiiik- 

linilly  Ul'. 


Soon  after  the  return  to  Fort  George  on  tlie  Eraser 
of  the  exi>editioii  last  I'eeorded,  Simon  Fraser  pro- 
ceeded ea.jt  to  report  what  had  thus  far  been  aecoin- 
plished;  by  which  easy  and  pleasant  service  lie  secured 
for  the  pcr])etuatioii  of  his  name  the  second  largest 
river  in  this  region.  ^Meanwhile  John  Stuart  con- 
tinued to  look  about  him  for  advantageous  sites  upon 
which  to  plant  additional  establishments. 

Early  in  1810  rumors  were  alloat  that  John  Jacob 
./Vstor,  whose  o[)erations  in  the  then  nortji-western 
United  States  were  beginning  in  some  small  <legree 
to  rival  those  of  the  British  companies  across  the 
line,  coiitemj)lated  a  fur-trading  movement  on  the 
lower  Columbia,  for  the  jmrpose  at  once  of  securing 
to  liiniself  that  \irgin  field,  of  establishing  a  line  of 
Communication  across  the  eontineiit,  and  of  o])ening 
trade  direct  ])etween  the  Northwest  Coast  and  China. 
However  chimerical  might  be  sucli  })lans,  steps  were 
being  taken  to  carry  them  into  immediate  eifect.  In- 
deed, certain  of  the  disaffected  in  the  service  of  the 
Northwest  Com[)any  had  already  been  allured  to  his 
standard  by  the  oifer  of  laiger  interests  and  larger 
prospective  gains. 

Tiiese  reports,  which  culminated  in  June  of  this 
year  in  the  organization  of  the  Pacific  Fur  Company, 
stirred  tiie  Northwest  partners  to  yet  more  energetic 
action  in  their  new  north-west.  A  large  and  well 
appointed  ])arty  under  the  command  of  David  'l'hom[)- 
son,  surveyor  and  astronomer  of  the  Northwest  Coiii- 

I'civo,  I  lielcl  to  that  opiiiiiip  fnr  hovl  v:il  years,  mitil  finally  coiiiiiiL,'  upon  !i 
f^tateincnt  liy  John  Stna.rt  Lin>sulf,  v,  Iio  wa.s  one  of  tliu  jinrty,  and  hImuIiI 
k 


hiiwfar  ho  wont,  !  coiieludcd  that  tl 


Stuai-t'ii  words 


le  j^'overnor  was  m  uiror. 


Tl 


The  e^tahlishnient  on  MeLi'o<rs  Lak 


e  was 


fduniled  ill 


I  V 


1st)."),  tliosc  on  Stnai'c's  am 

1M>7, 

.lack 

niuiith,  in  latitude  4'.('  north    took  it>' 


lakes  in  l.sOO;  that  of  I'nrt  deor;'!'  in 


and  it  M^is  from  tht'c  that,  in   ISDS,  the  e\]>edition  tliat  traei'd  tlio 
init  (meaning  tlii^  Fraser)  Jiivir  of  Sir  Ahxamki'  Macken/.i"  dwu  n  to  its 


lepartiir( 


<l  lindin''  the  .laekanet, 


until  then  supposed  to  lie  i(h'i'.tieal  witli  the  ( 'ohunliia,  to  he  a.  distim  t  river, 


imeonneeted  with  the  Cohiniliia.'  ete.   Stiiiii 


■t'.-<  S<,/< 


Am/, 


X.r/A' 


('ii'ii<K  MS.,  'j;)."!.     Andei'son,  indeed,  is  yet  more  ilelinite.  sayiuL 
'  '    '  letation:  'In  I.SOS,  I'ra.'^er  and  Stnart  startid  with  hark  ea 


I' 


ir.  (-f 


to 


.1  the  I'raser.  and  with  gre-at  dillienlty  and  perseveranee  reaehed  a  point 


iii^ar  to  where  Xew  Westminster 


.5^  sinee  heen 


located.'    An<l 


iin  on  ]). 


tile  same  intelligent  author  sayd  they  '  ran  down  the  !■  Ub^.r  iu  \Shij  to  the  sea. 


120 


DESCENT  OF  ERASER  RIVER. 


pany,  was  despatched  to  the  western  side  during  the 
sunnncrof  1810,  with  instructions  to  l^uild  forts  wher- 
ever trade  sliould  seem  to  justify,  and  narrowly  to 
watcli  the  operations  of  the  new  l^acilic  Company. 

The  far  south-cast  from  Fort  Georcre  on  the  Fraser 
commanded  early  attention.  It  was  in  this  district 
that  parties  cro^5sing  the  mountains  by  way  of  the 


ivT     ii-.''i      I'.'s      li-t      iv;  w-j).    lai      iM      11.1      111  I  in       U'.      Hi      lu       ii;i 


A];uo\v.sMini"s  M.ir. 

Missouri  Elver  would  naturally  first  set  traps  and 
eiiijao'e  in  traflic,  and  the  wide-awake  Nortliwestei's 
intended  to  be  ready  for  them. 

Firman  ]\rcD(mald,  a  clerk  in  the  Northwest  Com- 
pany, was  sent  to  the  Spokane  lUvei',  where,  about 
tweiify  miles  from  its  mouth,  a  fort  was  ])lanted 
w  hicii  shortly  after  assumed  considerabl  ■  importance 
as  the  distributing  point  for  the  surrounding  posts. 


THE  urrER  Columbia. 


1&1 


X 


and 

l.stors 

'oiii- 
Ibollt 
lilted 

luK'e! 

)St!S. 


'<s\ 


It  was  from  tlic  Spokane  House  in  !May  1811  tliat 
wo  liud  a  letter  of  Firman  ]MeDonald  addressed  to 
John  Stuart  in  New  Caledonia,  intercepted  at  Fort 
Astoria,  the  letter  havinj^  been  sent  by  tw(j  native 
messen^'crs,  who  mistook  their  way  intentionally,  or 
otherwise,  and  finally  reached  the  mouth  of  the  Co- 
lunil)ia,  causini^  there  no  small  commotion,  further 
account  (jf  which  will  be  given  hereafter.^' 

There  wore  likewise  posts  established  about  this 
time  on  the  Flathead  or  Clarke  branch  of  the  Co- 
lumbia,^" and  on  the  McC illivray,  Flatbow,  or  Koote- 
nais  liiver/'  Fort  Sheppard  at  the  junction  of  the 
Flathead^'"'  and  the  Columbia,  Jasper  House,  or  as  it 
was  sometimes  called  the  Ilocky  Mountain  House, '^ 

'■■'Ross,  Far  Hunters,  i.  137,  rails  at  the  locition  of  this  post  fur  six  yoiuH 
or  moro  a.s  tlio  dupot  of  tliis  district.  lie  says  tliiit  gixjils  fur  the  iijipLr 
country  v.ero  c:inic(l  two  luuulrcd  iiiik's  out  of  their  vay  to  l)u  distrildilcil 
from  t\\\i  place,  and  all  by  reason  of  tho  force  of  liahit.  It  was  (j^nitc  ii  j^ay 
iila'ee  in  the  days  (jf  its  glory,  with  its  line  building's,  stockiidc,  and  solid 
bastions,  its  b:dlrconi  and  l)clles,  its  race-triick  and  line  liurscs;  fur  it  w;is 
lici'o  tho  Viintiring  parties  met  anil  tittcd  tmt,  and  a  little  fim  must  be  in- 
dtdLTed  in  on  such  occasions.  ]5ut  it  \\as  linally  f(iun<l  inaccessible;  aiKl  tliey 
talked  of  icnioval  liist  to  \Vall:i  Walhi,  and  linally  to  Kellle  I'alls,  m  Inch  was 
<litne  in  iS'Jii,  and  the  new  port  called  Colville.  Aiiilrriiiin's  Xurtlin-i .-t  ('aust, 
MS.,  G-7;  (Innj'ti  ll'txf.  Or.,  AW.  For  ;i  time,  as  was  once  tho  case  at  many  of 
these  cstablislnneuts,  there  were  two  posts  at  Spokane,  one  conduetecl  by  tlio 
Korthwest  (,'onij'any,  and  tho  other  by  the  i'acilio  (Junipany,  between  which 
there  was  always  lierce  rivalry.   /.Vi.sw'  Adv.,  'JOl-'J. 

'•■l-'kithciil  llousc  was  situated  about  one  hundred  and  seventy-five  miles 
cast  of  ( '  )lv.He,  Arroirsjiiilh'.-i  Mii/i.  'Situate<U)na  point  formed  by  t!ie  junction 
of  aboM  mountain  toiieiit  M'itli  tho  I'lathcad  liiver,  and  surrounded  on  all 
siiles  with  high  and  thickly  wooded  hills  covered  with  pine,  spruce,  larch, 
beach,  liinh,  and  cedar.'  Cu.c's  (.'olinnliia  llirir,  i.  'I'M.  McMillai  was  in 
(•[iu:'yc  of  Flathead  House  iu  ISII},  Prior  to  the  esUddishmeut  of  this  fort  at 
thi  >  I  lace  (Jo.x  and  Faruhani  hail  selected  a  site  forty  miles  west  of  the  point 
ujicn  wldch  tho  fort  was  actually  built.  See  also  Jloiist  Conunoitii'  Ii'vj>t. 
jl.  ■■>.  Co.,  ;]li7. 

"lort  Ivootcnaia  was  a  little  to  the  cast  of  north  from  Flathead  House, 
S'.ru,' i:::.t\  miles  distant.  Arroirmii'ilh's  Map.  South-east  of  Flatbow  Lake. 
.''mils'  fi'st.  Or.,  MS.,  1S7.  (iray,  Jlisf.  Or.,  4.'!,  ('rroiu;oii~:ly  places  it  at 
t .  ■  in  .ill  of  the  river.  See  also  JIoK.ir  Cuinmuii^i'  Hrjil.  II.  Jl.  t'u.,  ;iG7.  I'ho 
posi  v/aa  of  little  importance  save  as  ii  means  of  lioldin;^  the  comitry.  ,\s 
early  as  ISlli  there  were  two  establishments  there,  ^lolitour  bein;,'  in  charge  of 
that  of  the  Northwest  Company,  while  I'cUet  acted  for  the  I'acilie  ( 'iimpany. 

*'•  .\rrowsmith  places  this  post  at  the  junction  of  the  Koutcnais  and  tho 
t'ohuubia. 

'"'i'here  are  no  less  than  three  establishments  ]>y  this  name,  no  great  dis- 
tance apart,  laid  down  on  Arrowsmith's  map,  one  ou  I'eace  Li'er,  the  one 
now  mentioned  as  Jasper  House,  and  one  on  tho  Sas^katchewan.  Jasper 
.I'ouse  was  once  of  eoirsiderable    importance,  both  as   the   centre  of  ;i  fur- 

I reducing  e<nnitry,  and  as  an  imjiortant  post  on  the  ri';ulai'  line  of  travel 
el  Ween  Norway  llou.se  and  Edmonton  ou  the  east,  and  the  New  Caledouiuu 


19.2 


DESCENT  OF  ERASER  RR'ER. 


and  Henry  House,  in  Athabasca  Pass,  were  estab- 
lished later. 

Over  in  New  Caledonia,  at  the  confluence  of  the 
n(jrth  branch  of  Thompson  River  with  Tlionipson 
liiver  ])ropcr  was  erected  a  log-house,  at  first  known 
as  Fort  Thompson,  but  which  later  became  Fort 
Kaniloops.^^      Thompson   crossed   the   mountains   at 


TlIOMPSOX  RlVEK. 

and  Colnniljian  districts  on  the  •west.  Father  Pe  Smet,  Orrgon  Jfiysion.t, 
rJ7-.'3l),  ;ind  (Iraiit,  Ocean  to  Ocean,  2;V2,  nioutiou  Jas])cr  House  as  an  iiuix))-- 
tant  though  then  nearly  ahundoned  .station.  ]\ane,  \\'ini(l<  riniiXy  \XVA,  .says 
the  plaee  ^\  here  ho  .saw  and  made  a  wketeh  of  it  eon.sisted  'of  only  tliree  nii.s- 
cralile  luit;^,'  and  was  'only  kept  n|i  for  tlio  purpose  of  supplying  horses  to 
parties  ero.ssiiig  the  mountains.' 

"Some  time  after  there  were  two  post.s  at  this  point,  both  at  the  sontli- 
castei'n  (wtremity  of  Ivanilocips  L;die  near  the  euti'anee  of  Tii(im]>sou  Kiver 
and  the  junction  of  the  north  Inaneh.  On  'J'rntr/i'.i  Mop  Jl.  ('.,  l.sTl,  tiie  one 
on  the  ntiilh  and  tlu;  west  sides  of  the  main  and  nortli  braiielies  is  called  Old 
I'ort.  and  the  one  on  the  .south  bank  is  called  H.  .1'.  ('.  Fort.  A  post  was 
placed  here  in  hSi'J  hy  Alexaiulcr  Ross  for  the  I'aciiie  Fur  Company.  Jfn-s' 
Adr.,  '![)[  •!,  ]t  is  the  estahli.ihmeut  on  the  .south  bank  that  moie  ))ropirly 
takes  till'  luime  of  Fort  Kumlooiis.   (Jrai/s  Hist,  Or.  43j  Milton  and  thtudit'a 


SPECULATIONS. 


1^ 


some  point  south  of  Peace  River — probably  he  came 
til  rough  Yello^vhcad  Pass  to  Mount  Thompson — and 
after  a  preliminary  survey  of  his  surroundings  ho 
regarded  the  north  branch  of  Thompson  River  as  more 
likely  to  prove  an  important  tributary'  of  the  true 
Tacoutche  Tesse  of  Mackenzie  than  the  stream  to 
which  he  afterwards  gave  the  name  of  Canoe  River.^^ 
The  more  he  examined  this  stream  the  more  he  became 
satisfied,  from  the  description  given  by  Stuart  and 
Eraser,  that  this  was  not  the  river  descended  by  them. 
Xor  was  it  until  lie  had  reached  Kandoops  Lake,  and 
had  there  seen  all  the  tributaries  of  this  river  takin<»: 
their  decided  westward  course  in  one  large  body 
toward  the  lelile  where  he  knew  the  Eraser  to  be, 
tliat  he  became  convinced  "that  ho  had  not  been  navi- 
li'atinii;  the  Colum])ia. 

Now  the  conliu'uration  of  the  country  beci'an  to  as- 
sume  shape  in  his  mind.  Though  in  the  midst  of  a 
boundless  sea  of  mountains,  with  nothing  I'amiliar 
but  the  air  around  and  the  clouds  and  stars  above, 
yet  his  course  from  this  point  was  clear  enough, 
^[ackenzie  had  examined  the  region  north  of  him 
l)etween  Peace  River  and  the  Pacific;  Stuart  and 
Fraser  from  ]\Iackenzie's  westward  line  had  struck 
southward  and  traversed  the  intervening  space  be- 
tween his  newly  found  liver  of  Thompson  and  the 
sea;  plainly  the  one  direction  where  alone  he  might 
I'casonably  expect  to  find  the  object  of  his  search  was 
eastward.  So  retracing  his  steps  to  the  little  stream 
wliieh  sweeps  south-eastward  from  the  eastern  base 
of  ]\[ount  Thompson,  he  followed  it  downward  to  a 
])<)iiit  some  distance  above  its  mouth  where  he  deemed 
it  navigable  for  canoes,  and  there  encamped.^'^ 


"■The  upper  Fraser  and  tho  upper  CKliiiiil-.ia  rncli  have  a  stream  ncpiipy- 
ing  ^^iulih^•  po^itiniiH,  the  fornu'r  callcil  (Jii  Trutc'h's  Miip,  </aii<i(^  CrccU,  aiiil 
tho  oilier  Canoe  Kiver.  IJcforc  Fraiiehore  \\:v.i  tliere  in  isll,  Itc^'is  lliiujnier 
anil  other  lioatineu,  if  wo  may  believe  tiieni,  hail  ascendeil  ilie  Canoe  Kiver  of 
tile  Columbia  to  its  soui'ce,  though  their  duscriptioDS  ditier  entirely  from  tho 
map. 

''••  Fram  h(>re  recocmi/cd  the  spot  in  ISl 4,  nnd  indeed  found  there  a  sack  of 
peniieuu,  en  cache,  wLith  i>roved  extremely  serviceable. 


124 


DESCENT  OF  ERASER  RIVER. 


It  was  now  too  late  to  think  of  further  operations 
this  year,  1810.  Ice  was  ah'cady  forming  in  the 
streams,  and  the  men  were  becoming  exceedingly  dis- 
satisfied over  the  scientific  gyrations  of  their  com- 
mander. Indeed,  so  mutinous  became  his  people 
that  at  last  they  flatly  refused  to  accompany  him 
further,  or  even  to  winter  on  that  side  of  the  moun- 
tains. 

It  was  extremely  rare  that  the  servants  of  the 
Northwest  Company  balked  at  anything.  But  in 
Thompson's  party  there  were  some  raw  recruits, 
and  though  of  bad  character  and  distempered  minds, 
they  were  sufficiently  strong  to  carry  a  majority; 
so  that  out  of  his  large  painty  only  eight  of  his  men 
remained  faithful  to  him,  ^he  others  helping  them- 
selves to  whatever  they  fancied  from  the  general 
stores,  and  taking  their  way  backward  across  the 
mountains. 

The  little  p^irty  now  went  into  winter-quarters  and 
made  themselves  as  comfortable  as  might  be.  There 
was  in  reality  nothing  in  their  situation  or  pi'ospccts 
for  the  deserters  to  be  frightened  at. 

Early  in  the  spring  Thompson  was  again  astir. 
First  a  canoe  was  built,  from  which  circumstance  the 
stream  was  named  Canoe  lliver.  Then  placing  his 
su})erlluous  efi'ects  en  cache  he  raised  camp  and  em- 
barked. 

Descending  Canoe  River  to  its  mouth,  ho  came  in 
broad  view  of  the  main  northern  channel  of  the 
Columbia,  whose  gathered  waters,  brilliant  in  fro.sli 
beauty,  danced  downward  toward  the  sea.  Continu- 
ing his  course  from  Boat  Encampment  he  passed  the 
Little  Dalles  and  Arrow  lakes,  also  the  spot  where 
are  now  Colville  and  OJcanagan,  to  the  junction  of  the 
great  southern  branch,  being  the  first  European  to 
traverse  this  region  in  its  whole  extent.  From  Walla 
Walla  the  party  continued  down  the  Columbia  until 
they  came  upon  the  Pacific  Company's  people,  who 
had  anticipated  the  plans  of  Thompson  in  building 


SOMETHING  OF  THOMPSON'S  LIFE.  ,05 

Port  Astoria,  whore  ho  arrivod  tho   15th  of  July, 

f-atures,  cleep-«et  st.ulioua  e?es  hS'fnr  i  'l^^  ^omplcxion,  with  u'Z 
intelcctual  ^.as  well  set  «pon  ^iToV  i^^l  '  H?!'*,  "f  ,  ^'"""^  ^I'oi.l.lcrs  l^o 
l>i't..,l  as  those  of  some  of  the  othe.-s  Imfl;  +.  ''*'*'''^  ''■■^^''^  ""'cr  been  tnm  ? 
^o.:thwest  Company  no  man  pcrfomclrinoVv'r?  '"'"'^  explorations  of  Z 
aeJiievenienta  more  modestlv      TTr.i        ^""'.^  valiial>lc  serv  ce  or  estimate  1  I  ! 


0111- 


CHAPTER  VI. 


WILLIiVilS   IN   THE  ROCKY  MOUNTAINS,   HENRY  ON   SNAICE 
RIVER,  AND  WINSHIP  ON  THE  COLUMBIA. 

1S07-1812. 

Bio  White's  Visit  to  Wasiiint.ton — His  Escort  Hoaie — Ezekiel  Williams 
ON  THE  Yellowstone  and  Platte — His  Party  CrT  ix  Pieces  ry  the 
Savages — Two  of  the  Party  Reach  Los  Angeles — Alexander  Henry 
BriLBs  A  Fort  West  of  the  Mocntains — La  Salle's  Shipwreck  at 
False  Bay — IIis  Jocrney  from  the  Pacific  Ocean  to  the  Reu  IiIver 
OF  Louisiana — Project  of  the  Winship  Brothers— The  'Albatross' 
Sails  from  Boston  ani>  Enters  the  Colcmbia — Winship  and  Smith, 
HIS  ^L\te,  Survey  the  River — Choose  a  Site  for  Settlement  on  Oaic 
Point — Begin  Building  and  Pl^vnting — Their  Garden  Destroyed  by 
THE  Flood — Move  down  the  River — Hostile  Attitude  of  the 
Natives — Abandonment  of  the  Enterprise. 

As  in  the  north,  following  ^lackenzic's  track,  Scotch 
and  English  trappers  from  Canada  and  the  Canadian 
north-west  crossed  the  mountains  and  located  estab- 
lishments on  the  western  slope,  so  through  the  middle 
and  southern  passes,  after  Lewis  and  Clarke  had  told 
their  story,  reckless  hunters  from  the  United  States 
frontier  found  their  way,  and  made  the  first  move 
toward  sweeping  those  forests  of  their  primitive  in- 
habitants. 

Big  White,  chief  of  the  ^fandans,  on  the  return  of 
Captain  Lewis  from  the  Pacific,  promised  to  accom- 
pany him  with  his  wife  and  son  to  Washington,  only 
u[)on  a  sacred  promise  that  an  escort  should  see 
him  safely  home.  This  pledge  the  government  of  the 
United  States  did  not  fail  to  redeem.  Chosen  for 
this  purpose  were  twenty  hardy  Missourians,  who 
under  command  of  Ezekiel  Williams   set   out  from 


THE  efferve8Cp:nt  border  land. 


127 


St  Louis  on  the  25th  of  April  1807  with  a  two  years' 
(Hittit,  intcncllng  to  trap  on  the  upper  ]\lis>!ouri  ami 
])cvonfl  the  mountains.  Thoy  were  a  bold,  bravo  band, 
inured  to  hardships,  and  led  by  an  experienced  froji- 
tiersman  of  patient  and  unflinching  energy.  Of  the 
})arty  was  a  wild,  impetuous  youth,  constantly  losing 
himself  when  out  hunting,  and  running  into  every 
manner  of  damper,  not  having  sense  enouiih  to  know 
what  fear  was.  His  name  was  Carson,  not  Chris- 
topher, althougli  he  might  easily  have  been  taken  for 
his  brother.  On  reaching  the  Pla^^te,  William  Ham- 
ilton, of  the  company,  sickened  and  died  in  the  dcli- 
I'ium  of  fever,  his  mind  being  filled  with  home  and  the 
loved  ones  there. 

Bv  exercisiuLj  due  viijfilance  the  hostile  Sioux  were 
passed  in  safety;  and  great  was  the  joy  of  the  Man- 
dans  to  fintl  their  chief  restored  to  them.  Tlie  word 
of  the  white  man,  how  bright  and  strong  a  tiling  it 
was  with  these  savai^cs!  Would  it  miijht  always  have 
remained  so. 

After  a  week's  rest  Williams  and  his  party  left  the 
!^^andan  villa<:jc,  ascended  the  Yellowstone  until  thev 
reached  the  country  of  the  Blackfoot  where  beaver 
were  plenty,  ?nd  there  set  traps.  j\Iost  unfortunate 
was  it,  indeed,  the  killinnj  of  one  of  these  savacres  bv 
Lewis  and  Clarke,  for  a  half  century  of  bloodshed 
followed  it.  Unluckily,  also,  a  prowling  redskin  one 
day  was  caught  in  a  beaver-trap,  and  although  he 
easily  made  his  escape  the  accident  tended  in  no  wise 
to  allav  the  hate  already  raufiu'*'.  Shortly  after,  while 
making  the  rounds  of  their  traps,  the  white  men  were 
sur[)rise(l  by  over  a  hundred  mounted  ]olackfoot  and 
five  of  their  number  killed,  the  savaij^es  losinLf  l)ut  one 
man.  That  night  the  survivors  esca[)ed  int»  the  Crow 
country.  Captivated  by  the  Crow  maidens,  and  by 
the  thought  of  establifdiing  there  a  harem,  one  of  the 
party  named  Rose  concluded  to  remain.  Rose  was  a 
des[jerado  of  the  most  villainous  type.  With  robbery 
and  nnirder  he  was  on  familiar  terms,  having  indulged 


128      EXPEDITIONS  OF  WILLIAMS,  HENRY,  AND  WINSITIP. 

in  piracy  on  tlic  islands  of  the  Mississippi  as  a  ]>ro- 
fbssion.  By  such  an  one  was  Eiiroi)oan  civilization 
destined  to  be  first  represented  among  the  friendly 
Crows. 

Leaving  there  the  renegade  Ilosc,  the  party  pro- 
ceeded to  the  head-waters  of  the  Platte  where  they 
M'ere  again  attacked  by  the  savages,  and  five  more 
hilled.  Caching  their  furs  they  set  out  to  leave  the 
country,  but  on  reaching  the  Arkansas,  all  but  three, 
Williams,  Woi-knian,  and  Spencer,  were  cut  oif  by  the 
Comanches.  Not  knowing  where  they  were,  a  dilfer- 
ence  of  ()])inion  arose  as  to  the  best  course  to  pursue, 
whereupon  they  separated,  Williams  descending  what 
he  sup[)osed  to  be  lied  River,  while  the  two  others 
ascended  it,  hoping  to  reach  the  Spanish  country. 
After  many  adventures,  Williams  reached  Cooper's 
Fort,  on  the  Missouri,  where  he  procured  aid  and  re- 
turned for  his  cached  furs.  Workman  and  Spencer 
on  reachinsj:  the  Rocky  Mountains  crossed  to  the 
Colorado,  which  they  descended  until  coming  to  a 
well  travelled  trail  leading  them  away  to  the  east- 
ward. Shortly  afterward  they  met  a  Mexican  cara- 
van, consisting  of  forty  men  or  more,  on  their  way 
from  Santa  Fe  to  Los  Angeles  in  California.  Accom- 
panying them  they  wintered  there,  1809-10.  With 
their  Mexican  friends  they  went  to  Santa  ¥6  the  fol- 
lowing summer,  where  they  remained  fifteen  years 
before  returning  to  the  United  States.^ 

At  St  Louis,  in  1808,  as  already  mentioned  in  the 
chapter  on  the  United  States  fur-trad'  in  the  preced- 
ing volume  of  this  series,  was  formed  the  INlissouri 
Fur  Company^  with  a  capital  of  forty  thousand  dollars. 

'  David  H.  Coyner,  The  Lost  Trappers,  tells  this  and  much  more  in  a 
homely  but  truthful  and  direct  way  w  hich  commands  the  rea(Jcr"s  respect  and 
confidence.  Besides  the  adventures  of  these  trappers  about  the  sources  of  the 
Platte  and  Colorado,  he  has  much  to  say  of  California,  and  of  the  Santa  F6 
trade.  Mrs  Victor,  Jiiver  of  the  West,  37-8,  places  en'oneously  the  number 
of  men  killed  at  twenty-seven,  and  all  at  the  hands  of  Blackfoot. 

'The  chief  partners  at  this  time  were  Manuel  Lisa,  Pierre  Chouteau  Sr., 
William  Clark,  Sylvester  Labadie,  Pierre  Menard,  and  Auguste  P.  Chouteau. . 


FOnT  HENRY. 


120 


Ainoiio'  tlieir  first  movements  was  to  send  an  expedi- 
tion t(»  tile  ii[)[)er  ^rissoiiri  and  the  Yellowstone  under 
Alexander  Henry,  who  was  not  only  to  establish  posts 
on  those  streams,  hut  was  to  cross  the  Koeky  ^loun- 
tains  and  open  trafHe  with  the  nations  of  the  western 
slo])e.  Erectij)ijf  an  establishment  at  the  forks  of  the 
^lissouri,  Mr  l^lem-y  there  made  his  head- (punters, 
hut  heinijf  tlislo(I<a!d  hv  the  l^laekfoot  the  followiuLf 
year,  Ik;  [)assed  over  the  great  divide,  and  built  a 
house  on  the  north,  or  ]Ienry  branch,  of  Snake  River, 
one  day's  journey  al)ove  its  junction  with  the  south  or 
]jewis  branch.  This  cabin,  called  Henry  Foi-t,  built 
in  I  S(J9,  was  the  first  establishment  erected  in  this 
latituile  west  of  the  liocky  Mountains.''' 

^lention  is  made  of  one  La  Salle,  said  to  have 
been  wre<'ked  in  1809,  in  the  ship  Sea  Otter,  at  a  place 
called  False  Bay,  one  hundred  miles  south  of  the 
entrance  to  the  (\)lumbia  lliver,  and  who  journeyed 
thence  (tverland  to  the  source  of  the  lied  lliver  of 
Louisiana ;  but  so  vag-ue  and  introherent  is  the  state- 
ment that  nothinof  can  be  made  of  it.* 

The  story  of  the  Winship  brothers  has  already  been 


'Tliis  from  an  address  by  Thomas  Allen  at  an  anniversary  celebration,  in 
Feliniiiry  IS47,  of  the  founding  of  St  Louis,  ])riuted  in  /V  lioif't  /iiilim- 
trail  JuMiKii-c^,  iii.,  itlCt.  Mv  Allen's  statements  are  loosely  made,  it  l)ei:i;^ 
iini)ossil)k!  to  determine  the  meaning  of  some  of  them,  or  the  dates  of  his  in- 
cidents. SiK-h,  however,  of  his  data  as  can  he  dated  and  lixed,  constitutes 
the  lii'zhest  authority  as  material  for  history.  Waldo,  ('ril!i/iii',<i,  MS.,  says  ho 
knew  ill!  about  these  jieoplc.  Irving,  Ai^loriii,  140,  ((noting  without  credit  from 
I'l-aii'://!  ir'n  Xcir.,  \hi,  gives  l.SIO  as  the  date  of  establishing  Fort  Henry, 
lireenliow.  Or.  tiinl  (d/.,  "JO^,  states  that  the  ])()st  (m  tlie  branch  of  Lewi.s 
lliver  Was  abandoned  by  ilr  Henry  in  ISIO.  Hunt  fo\inil  the  fort  vacant  in 
ISll.  'ilio  Missouri  Fur  (Jonipan}'  being  dissolved  in  ISI'2,  two  years  Liter 
we  find  Mr  Henry  iu  charge  of  a  post  in  the  Willamette  ^'alley,  engaged  in 
curing  venison  for  the  Xortliwcst  Company  at  Fort  Astoria,  and  finally  a  proni- 
i!ieiit]Kirtner  in  the  Northwest  (,'ompany.  He  was  drowned  in  eompanv  ''th 
I'onald  McTavisli,  shortly  after  tlie  arrival  of  tlie  /xiinr  Todd  at  '»■  I'j  ia. 
See  J'ruiiilK'rc'n  X>ir.,  '22\-3,  and  h'mii.i'  llisl.  Or.,  MS.,  S7.  , 

'  Tlie  story  lies  between  Henry  11.  Schoolcraft  and  ( Jeorge  <")ibbs,  the  former 
having  oI)taine<l  it  from  some  siiip's  log.  La  Salle  describes  certain  eartli- 
works  on  a  river  called  Onalaskala,  an(l  the  natives  inhabiting  tlic  country 
the  ()iialas,wliich  names  smack  strongly  of  the  extreme  north,  though  School- 
craft thinks  tlie  word  'denotes  the  Mollala  of  the  Willamette,'  whicli  is  absurd. 
^  ee  Orcjnii  Slati'onaii,  Jan.  J,  1S5J.  There  is  Cape  Foulweather  (m  the  coast 
one  hundred  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia,  but  no  False  Capo. 
Hist.  N.  W.  Coast,  Vol.  II.    9 


lao     Kxri:r)iTi()X;-<  ofwilliams,  iikxry,  and  wixsiiip. 

told;  it  only  iviiiaiiis  for  mc  to  add  liere  a  i'cw  pai'tlc- 
ulars  I'cuardiiiL;'  tlu'lr  atteiujitcd  scttlciiK'nt." 

Ill  the  carl}-  part  of  iKOl),  in  the  couiitliii^-room  of 
AI>I('l  AViiiship,  one  of  tlio  .solid  iiicii  of  JJostoii,  was 
])i'ojcc't(;i[  tlio  iirst  attempt  to  ostaMish  a  st'ttloiiicnt 
on  the  Columbia,  l^artners  in  the  project  wore  Al>iel 
Winshijt,  Jonathan  Winship  who  commanded  the 
(/On'ji  in  tlic  I'aciiic  trade,  Nathan  Winship,  and 
]J(!njamin  i*.  Homer,  one  or  two  others  liavin:^  smaller 
interests. 

Particulars  were  discussed  and  determined.  The 
old  weather-beaten  Init  still  stanch  ship  .[Jhatntsx 
was  chosen  for  the  adventure,  with  Xathan  Winship 
as  captain,  and  William  Smith"  as  chief  mate.  J'^very- 
thing  iK^cessary  for  Ijuildinrj,  plantinj^,  and  ti'adin,^ 
was  included  in  the  outtit,  the  [)roniinent  idea  hein^' 
permanent  settlement.  With  a  crew  of  twiMity-two 
men  tlu^  vessel  was  to  proceed  round  Cajjc  J  lorn  to 
the  Ct)luml)ia,  an<l  ascend  that  stream  some  thirty 
miles,  when  the  captain  was  to  select  a  site  for  set- 


•''  Till!  fiiily  full  and  uutlicntic  account  of  this  most  iniport.nnt  event  in  >.nvcp 
in  the  niiuin-ic!i]>t  wliirli  I  h;iv(!  often  nientioneil  eaUcil  lin.^tnii  in  tlic  Xor'h 
vrft,  mIkjso  uiithi)!'  liiiil  liefore  liiiii  .it  the  time  he  wrote  l)esiih's  the  shi]i' 
]o_',  the  niiistci's  jouriKil  iind  the  w  hoh;  j)!an  and  iiartienhn-M  of  t!ie  )  fdji'et. 
The  a<lventnre  (if  tlie  \\'inships  is  here  jnosontid  f;iiin  an  inside  viru  which 
Mitli  iiianyother  hitherto  oli.scnro  points  are  7iow  niadeeleai'.  Kvans,  //i.it.  Or., 
MS.,  !S7,  HavH  tiiat  .lonatiian  AVinsiiii),  of  ]>rii;hton,  jirojeuted  thi;  enteriirise. 

•"Tins  mate  was  ii  remarkable  man,  and  hut  little  less  eons])iiiions  as  it 
Xorthwest  (  oast  navii,'ator  than  Winship  himself.  Sniitli  was  horn  in  Vii'- 
ginia  in  ITtiS,  went  to  Boston  in  17!)0,  and  dnrinij;  the  next  thirty  years  mailo 
eight  voyai^es  i-(i\nid  the  worM,  hesido  one  voyage  to  China  and  li'  k.  Sec 
Boston  J)(ii'!/  Ai/rriiisi-r,  Lit  Aiuiiist  1S..'0 ;  Xilcs'  WkUii  ]'<  ijlitir,  1  .'Ih  AtujnM. 
JS.Jf).  ])ininL!  this  voyage  of  which  I  am  now  speaking,  and  wiiieh  histed 
eight  years.  Smith  was  in  eomniand  of  the  AHia/roxs,  four  j  ears  of  wliieh  time 
the  vessid  was  eniployeil  in  carrying  sandal-wood  for  William  II.  Davis  and 
•lonathan  Winship  from  the  Hawaiian  Islands  ti>  Canton.  Wliile  luniting 
seals  on  tlie  ( 'alifornian  coast  he  was  canght  hy  the  Spaniards,  and  lield  jjris- 
oncr  for  two  months.  On  the  4th  of  August  1812  the  Alhutroisx  ciinie  sailing 
boldly  across  thi;  dreaded  bar  of  the  CoUunhia,  greatly  to  the  surprise  of  the 
Astorians.  AN'Ikmi  Captain  Smith  informed  them,  Fniiich' re's  Xnr..  177  f<, 
that  he  had  lu'en  there  in  the  same  vessel  in  KSIO,  they  umlerstood  how  he 
was  able  to  brave  tlie  bar.  From  this  circnmstance,  Greenhow,  Or.  atid  ( 'rtl., 
'2'.)'2,  received  the  impression,  wholly  erroneous,  that  Sinitii  was  commander 
of  the  ship  and  post  at  Oak  Point  in  1810,  and  subsecpient  writci's,  ff)!l()wing 
(ircenhow,  gave  the  credit  of  this  attempt  to  Smith  instead  of  to  Winship. 
The  case  is  ably  presented  by  Evans,  Hist.  Ur.,  MS.,  80-90.  See  also  .John 
S.  Tyler  and  Timothy  Dodd  iu  Port  Towimend  M<:iidaije,Jau'!J  0,  1608;  Sicun'n 
t^criq}  Bookj  ii.  30. 


ADVKXTUIIKS  (»F  THK  'ALI'.ATHO.SS.' 


181 


tloiiiont.  It  must  l»o  rcinciulu'ivd  tiiat  at  this  iiinc 
the  lower  ('oluial)i.i  had  hetu  rxplcccd  l>v  no  while 
man  save;  the  ])aity  of  Lewis  and  ("larki',  (Ji'ay,  and 
Ih-oimlitoii.  The  land  was  to  l)e  purchased  from  the 
natives,  and  a  lar^e  two-story  lot;'-house,  or  tort  less, 
was  to  bo  erected,  witli  h)o[>-holes  tor  cannon  and  nms- 
ketry,  and  all  the  conveni(;nccs  tor  deleiici'.  On  the 
•second  lloor  were  to  hejtlaceil  all  the  arms  and  annnu- 
nition,  and  to  this  part  of  the  buildini;-  no  native  Wii>5 
ever  to  l>e  admitted.  Entrance  to  the  upjier  story 
should  ho  hy  a  sinj^'lo  trap-door,  and  the  ladder  shouh' 
he  alwavsdi'awn  ui)  after  ascendin''".  Land  was  to  hi* 
cleared  and  cultivated  under  protection  of  the  guns, 
and  not  less  than  half  tin.'  men  were  to  he  always  on 
H'uard.  Written  instructions,  emhodyin,L;"  full  (k'tails, 
wei'o  <4'iven  the  captain  on  sailing;',  ^V  joui'iial  of  tli<> 
expedition  was  kejit  hy  William  A.  (Jale,  cajitain'.f 
assistant.'^  Meanwhile,  Jonathan  Winship  would  lie 
on  the  coast  of  California,  and  wo  ild  lend  his  aid  if 
ni'cessary. 

T\\c  A/ l)atrosiiSci  sail  in  Julvl809,and  durinu'tlie  sev- 
ei'al  years  of  her  adventures  in  the  l*aeilie  civated  (juite 
a  conuuotlon,  heinti,'  s(*i/,ed  on  the  Calii'ornian  coast  at 
one  time,  and  l)lo(;kaded  l)y  the  British  at  the  Jlawal- 
iaii  inlands  during  the  war.  She  was  so  slow  a  sailer 
that  the  grass  had  ample  time  to  grow  on  her  uncop- 
pered  bottom;  but  she  was  manned  by  humane  officer  < 
and  a  good  crew,  and  at  her  first  anchorau'e,  which 
was  the  JCaster  Islands,  two  hundred  days  out,  there 
was  not  a  single  case  of  scurv}'  or  other  sickness  (-u 
board.**  After  several  other  stoppages,  for  wood  and 
water,  during  one  of  which  ten  natives  were  emjtloyt d 
to  dive  and  scrajie  the  shi[)'s  ])ottom  of  its  barnacle.-;, 
A\'ins]iip  reached  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  where  ho 
found  a  letter  from  his  brother  of  the  (li'Cdiu  advising 
him   to  hasten  to  the  Cohnnbia  to  cut  off  the  llus- 

'Tliis  journal  was  before  the  author  of  Boston  in  tlw  Xortltur.^f,  at  tlio 
tiiiic  i)f  his  writing. 

*'' Then?  are  better  shipa  nowadays,  but  no  better  seauieu.'  Bvston  in  the 
Xorthwcst,  MS.,  31. 


'/SI 


1S2      EXPEDITION?.  OF  WILLIAMS,  HENRY,  AND  WINSHIP. 

slans,  ^v]l<)  sccuicd  to  have  a  covetous  eye  upon  those 
parts." 

Further  su,^ij^estions  were  hkewise  made  as  to  con- 
ducting the  projtosed  settlement  and  as  to  subse(|ueiit 
joint  operations  of  the  brothers.  Taking  on  board 
some  hogs  and  goats  and  twenty- live  Kanakas  for 
laborers,  the  AUmtross  sailed  fri>ni  the  Islands  the  l.'Jth 
of  April  l.S  10,  entered  the  Columbia  the  '2Gth  of  May, 
and  })assing  the  Chinook  village,  anchored  about  three 
miles  above  it.'"  Five  days  were  then  spent  in  sound- 
ing the  channel,  which  was  found  to  be  intricate,  and 
the  current  strong,  the  shi[>  meanwhile  slowly  fol- 
lowing the  surveying  boats  u[)  the  stream. 

The  1st  of  June,  Winshij)  and  Smith  set  out  in  the 
whale-boats  in  search  of  a  site  on  which  to  })lant  the 
jtrojiosed  estal)lishnient.  Ascending  five  miles  from 
their  last  anchoiage,  they  came  to  where  the  river  is 
suddenly  narrowed  l)y  a  proji'ction  of  the  south  bank, 
f«»rty  miles  from  tlie  sea."  On  this  projection  ^rii\y 
oak-trees,  the  first  found  after  entiningtlu!  river, which 
fact  gave  it  the  name  of  Oak  Point.'^  It  was  a  i»retty 
piece  of  fertile  lowland,  and  they  thought  it  just  the 
place  for  their  purj)ose.  Therefore  they  returncfl, 
reachinijf  the  shii)  at  seven  o'clock  that  ovenino:.  Head- 
v.inds  and  a  strong  current  prevented  the  ship  from 
reaching  the  station  before  the  4th. 

Preparations  were  immediately  made,  and  building 

"The  point  I'l'coinmciKloil  in  this  letter  as  most  suitable  wjis  'a  spot  about 
thirty  nillos  i\lio\c  (ii;iy"-i  Harbor.'  meaning  Oray  Bayou  the  north  side  of 
tin'  Coliimliia  about  littccn  miles  above  its  moutii. 

'"The  Chi-iook  village  stoinl  on  the  north  side  of  the  river  about  six  miles 
nbive  ("ape  i)isapi)ointnient,  so  that  the  lirst  anchorage  was  about  opposite 
Knapton,  some  nine  miles  from  the  ocean. 

"  'On  the  south  side  of  the  river  there  isan  indentation  in  the  mountain  to 
the  south,  and  a  bend  in  the  rivertothe  i!;.iiii,  which  forms  a  body  of  bottom- 
laiul  several  miles  in  width  and  some  ten  or  twelve  miles  Ion;.',  the  greater 
ji.irt  of  which,  except  a  strip  varying  from  a  ([uarter  to  a  half  a  mile  in  widtli 
next  to  the  river,  is  ilooded  during  high-tide.  This  strip  is  covered  with 
wiiitc-oak  ando- >,tonwood  timber.'  Pitlmi  r'x  ,/oiir.,  110. 

'•''i'he  place  known  as  Oak  I'oint  to-day,  is  on  the  north  side  of  the  river 
opposite  the  original  Oak  I'oiut,  .so  that  Mr  J^vans,  l/i»t.  Or.,  MS.,  00,  is  in 
.I'ror  when  he  says,  "Thus  it  will  ajipear  that  the  lirst  American  settlement 
idtemjited  on  the  Cohnnbia  liiver  was  located  in  the  present  territorj-  of 
Washington,  at  Oak  I'omt,  the  site  of  the  mills  belonyiug  to  A.  S.  Abcructhy.' 


GALE'S  STATEMENT. 


beufun.  Ground  was  cleared,  loj^s  licwn,  a  jjfardeu-spot 
|)n'j)ared,  and  seeds  sown.  ]^ut  unfortunately  the  spot 
eliosen  lay  so  low  that  the  sunnner  freshets  covered  it 
with  water  to  the  depth  of  one  or  two  feet  hefore  the 
bnildiiiL;'  was  eonipleteil.  A  higlier  s[)ot  was  chosen 
a  (piarter  of  a  mile  below,  and  tlic  logs  iloated  down  to 
it;  hut  in  the  mean  time  the  natives  hi'ianje  so 
troublesome  that  Captain  Winship  determined  for  the 
present   to  witluh'aw.^"'     It  was  eviilent  the  savages 


'I  regard  tbcse  optn-ntifms  of  sufficient  iinportj)   <•  •  to  give  Mr  (Sale's  jour- 
it  was  written  from  day  today.      '  Juno  4tli   came  towi'.li 

•f  the  liaiik  w  lierc  tlio 

Hid 


Jial  eomiilete 

til;'  lust  1  lower  in  four  tathonis,  \\itliiii  l.">or'J(> 

scttbiiu-nt  is   to    lie  istalilisiied,    and   eairied  a    iiaw  h'I-  fi<iin    tlic  In 


made  fast  to  the  tri'c. 


I'art  of  th 


the 


ils.     T 


sland 


K'  ear]ieiitiv,  wi 


Ih  th 


■^t  of  the  iian< 


e  erew  .iiililiiveil   iii   uiihi  licliii;^ 
le  Saiiduirli 


ill  tl 


ers,  iin  sU'iri: 


fell! 


il  ln'W  iuLT  tri'es  fill'  tinilier  (irtiic  house.  .Iniie.'th 


.All   hands   eni)iloved   on  hoard   ami 


<iii   si  loll'  as  yes  eli 


('apt.    Wi 


'1> 


.1  tli(^  si'iond  ollieer  sii[ierintendinL;  the  work  on  seore,  Iniildinu'  the  lou'- 
lioiise,  felliiiLi;  and  hewiiiL''  youn'4  ti'ees,  and  eleariii;;  and  lii.'^i^'ini;  up  a  s]iiit  if 
land  to  ]ilant,  — (The  lirst  lireakinu  oi  sdil  hyawhin    man  in  ( )i-e';uii.)     'I'hc! 


titli 


rth   all   hand.s  eri|iloyed   on  shore  as  aliov 


'J'h 


le  sliii)  s    .ailor  .ifc 


wnik  iiiakin.!,'  eldtlies  for  the  (larty  who  wi'ie  to  In'  left  at  the  settleiiunt. 
.lune  .Sth  -Hands  eni|iloycd  in  falling  trees.  At  ni^lit,  heavy  rains.  'I'lie  fiil- 
lowiuL,'  morning  the  lain  eontinuing,  fmind  that  the  liver  had  risen  so  niinh 
(hat  the  lot  of  land  aiiimiiiriati-d  for  the  si'tth'nient  was  eoveri'dwith  from  one 

I  inches  in  depth. 


to  tuo  feet  of  water,  and  at  ihv  house  it  was  almnt  eiuhteei 


Tl 


lis  proved  a  very  unlneky  riieuinstaiiei',  as  the  liiuldin 


if  it  I 


eoiisiderahly,  heiiiy  alri'ady  raised  in  luijdit  ten  feet  w  ith  heavy 


lail  I  i'ii'_;ressei 


tiniln 


th< 


spot  ot  groun 


d  wh 


had  III 


leeii  eleareii  ami  diiL'  up,  in  w 


ihii'h 


dii'aih 


planted  the  seeils  of  .some  ^egetallU's,  was,  in  the  eoiirse  of  the  f 


oreliodii,  I'om- 


I'telv 


rl! 


overllowei 


1.     Tl 


le  whole  \vi 


II 


now 


have   to  lie    pulled   to   pii 


iiegiin  afresh  if  a  more  eon  veiiient  place  e;in  he  found.  Mr  Smith,  with  tin  w  hiile- 
lioat.  was  .sent  out  to  search  fur  cue.  .lime  0th-  .Mr  Smith  returned  to  the  .•<hip, 
and  it  was  deteiinini'il  hy  Ciptain  \Vinsliip  to  pall  to  jiieces  that  p;irt  of  the 
house  which  had  lieen  jiiit  up,  and  I'nat  the  In^s  alintit  a  cpiaiter  of  a  liiilu 
further  do\Mi-sti>'ani  mi  tlu   .sime  side,  where  the  land  is  somewhat  higlii  r. 


n    cull 


sci|iiciiee  of  the  aliove  determination,  the  gai 


shon 


insistiii''  iif 


tweiity-ei^lit  mi'U,  wi  ri'  emjiloyed  in  drawing  the  logs  to  the  wati'r  to  lluat 


tl 


iciii  ilown 


to  tl 


le  new 


J-; 


very  d.iy,  since  arrivinj 


in  th< 


th 


'1> 


iiad  hei'ii  visited  l>v  the   Indians,  in  their  canoes,  hriirjing  a  few  furs  and 


'.V 
snme  salmon  for  trade;  lint  tliev  did  imt  ciina^  in  laiL;e  niimliei 


d  had 


I'i'ii  troulilesoine.    June  lOtli     'J'lie  p.'ople  eii;p|i 


vesterda\ . 


Tl 


11.- 


Iiot 

ifter- 


iiiHin  sevi 


ral 


caniK's  a  in  veil 
ith  1 


from  (  hiii'iok 


111! 


(•hehcelee^ 


I'oiitaiiiiii''  man\ 


natives,  all  armed  with  Imws  and  arrows,  ur  niiiskets;  they  iiihuined  ii 


that 


the  ('ulaworth  tiilie,  who  lia'l  a  village  close  to  the  jil.ice  wheii'  wc  ;ii'e  liuild- 


the  h 


hail  killed  on<'  of  tli< 


•liicf 


s  aliout  ten  llinliths  since,  and  tli:it 


tlicy  had  iinw  come  ap  the  river  for  th  '  iniipusc  uf  jiuiiishiiig  them,  aiid   i; 


tc'ided  giv 


111''  tiicm 


hattli 


e  on  the  inorr  iw. 


.\t    J 


the  next  niiirniii.: 


the  shore  gang  was  sent  on  siiore  to  w  irk  as  usual,  which  tiny  ciinliiinij 


until  1 1  \.  M.,  when 


oliserviie' 


that   the 


i;idians,  wi 


th  tl 


leir  arms,  licjan  to 


i.i'.iier  where    the    people   were    at  work,   witli'.-v.t   any   ii]i]iar.  lit  ^|esign   <  f 
ittackiiiit  one  another,  it  was  strongly  suspceted  that  they  wfi'e  planning  to 


cut  oil' 
tiee,  tlu'i'e 


peopl 


e  on  snore 


in  w  hieh  case,  if  they 


lid 


lid   have  heeli,  with  the  fe\y  liaiids  li 


ave  put  it  111  jiri 
ling  on  hoard,  1ii;t 


134      EXPEDITIONS  OF  WILLIA:MS,  HENRY,  AND  WINSHIP. 


colli. 1  only  be  restrained  by  force,  and  liostilities  once 
declared,  an  intcrniinabL;  war  involving  destruction 

a  Iiai'o  possibility  of  escaping  with  the  ship.  Sonic  of  the  .slioie  party  vore 
tiii'ii't'ore  iniuiodiately  (inler(;il  on  hoard,  iind  tlie  otliers  Miiro  wnt  to  work 
oj)]i(isito  tr)  the  ship,  getting  some  logs  into  the  water.  Here  tliey  were 
under  cover  of  the  guns,  which,  from  apprehension  of  trouhle,  jsad  been 
loaded  with  grape  and  canister.  The  Indians  continued  to  muster  on  shoi-e, 
yet  declared  that  the  (juarrel  Mas  entirely  among  themselves,  which  wo 
very  laucli  doul)te<l,  as  they  were  all  mixed  togetlier,  or  wandering  singly 
about  \\ith<put  fear  of  each  other,  which  increased  our  suspicion.  One  thing 
is  certain,  the  Chiiiooks  are  strongly  set  against  our  coming  up  the 
river,  wisliing,  as  they  say,  the  house  should  bo  built  aiiKjiig  tlienisclvea 
iiiid  thy  lower  tribes,  and  on  another  account,  as  tiiey  aic  in  the  habit  of 
piircjiasing  skins  of  the  unper  trilies,  and  reselling  tiicni  to  the  sliips  which 
occasionally  arrive  at  the  river,  tiiej'  are  afraid,  and  certainly  with  reason, 
that  the  settlement  being  established  so  far  up  will  tenu  to  injuie  tlieir  own 
trade,  anil  they  aic no  doubt  determined  to  prevent  it  if  possible.  Their  intcr- 
trrcnce  serves  only  to  prevent  our  work  going  on  as  we  wish.  Tiicy  might 
tasily  1)0  bi'(jught  to  reason  by  the  use  of  force,  Imt  it  would  last  no  longer 
tlian  while  tlio  ship  Mas  here,  and  when  siic  left  the  river  those  left  behind 
mn-t  snil'er  fur  it.  Any  force  the  ship  could  leave  would  not  be  suliicient  to 
dctend  tlie  liouso  if  tlie  Indians  should  attack  tliem,  while  to  o]ieuiy  cultivate 
tlie  i^'ronud  would  give  the  natives  a  cliance  to  pick  them  off  easily.  June 
lllh — Again  the  men  were  sent  on  sliorc  to  resume  their  work,  wliicli  they 
continued  for  about  two  liours,  when  tiio  ludi'ns  gathering  arouml  them  in 
considerable  numbers,  aid  being  olisiu'veil  to  send  tlieir  ^\om('n  and  childii  n 
iiway,  with  other  suspicious  circumstances,  the  hands  declared  they  did  not 
feel  safe  to  lie  <m  shore  witiioiit  anus.  The  oliicer  therefore  imni'-diately 
came  on  board  with  them,  and  we  .soon  after  drop]X'd  the  ship  down  opporito 
the  new  ])lace,  intending  to  go  on  with  our  woik  in  the  morning.  \Vhilc 
moving  tlic  ship  the  natives  were  scatteied  about  among  the  t;  ves,  firing 
tli-'ir  muskits  and  shouting.  One  of  tiie  .savages  jiointed  a  musket  at 
Captain  ^^'inship  Mhile  lie  wa.s  sitting  on  the  tafl'rail,  liut  did  not  fir(\ 
During  the  night  we  got  the  waist-nettiiigs  up  and  loaded  all  tho 
luuski'ts,  intending  to  give  them  a  warm  reception  should  thcj-  make  an 
(dtenipt  on  the  ship.  AVe  sent  the  long-l.oat  on  shore  to  clear  away  some 
buslies  that  lined  the  bank,  but  these  rascals  gathered  round  with  hoslilo 
intent,  and  tho  party  were  called  on  board.  Shortly  after  three  chicl's  and 
^  line  otiicr  natives  came  alongside,  but  the  chiefs  were  not  allowed  on  board. 
W  lien  we  .spoke  to  them  concerning  their  enndtict,  all  we  could  get  in  ixply 
v.as  they  were  not  afraid  of  us,  but  they  wanted  us  to  return  down  the  viv;r. 
jMucli  to  our  chagrin,  wc  fiml  it  is  impossible  to  )irosecute  the  IniMiiess  as  wo 
intended,  and  we  liave  concluded  to  pas.s  farther  down.  On  ni;,king  this 
luiown  to  the  ( "henooks  they  appeared  tjuite  .satislied,  and  s(M  us  .Mine  furs. 
Jt  is  intended,  should  it  not  be  thought  jiropcr  to  leave  the  settlers  here,  if 
there  sliouM  occur  a  chance,  to  imnish  these  fellows  tor  their  insolence  as  it 
deserves.  .June  I'JtIi — The  ship  dropped  further  down  the  river,  ami  it  was 
now  determined  to  abandon  all  attemi'ts  to  force  a  .settlement.  We  have 
taken  (»fr  the  hogs  and  goats,  v  hicli  \v<'i;:  put  on  shon  for  the  use  of  the  sett'.e- 
mer.t,  and  thus  wo  have  to  abandon  the  business,  after  having,  willi  great 
dilliculty  and  labor,  got  about  lorty-ti\e  miles  above  Cape  Disapiiointnieut ; 
mid  with  great  trouble  began  to  clear  the  land  and  build  a  hou.si'  a  isec():'d 
time,  after  I'ut  ting  timber  enough  toliuish  nearly  oik'  half,  and  having  two  i^f  our 
haiuls  disabled  in  the  wiirk.  It  is  indeed  cutting  to  be  obliu'id  to  knuclJe 
to  liiose  wliom  you  have  not  the  hast  fear  of,  but  whom,  from  motives  of  pru- 
dence, you  are  obliged  to  treat  w  ith  I'orbi  arance.  What  can  ln'  nmre  ilisagn  e- 
able  than  to  sit  at  table  with  a  number  of  these  rascally  <!iiets,  w  ho,  while  they 
Mijiply  tlieir  greedy  mouths  fro:u  your  fond  with  one  hand,  theii-  bloocls  boil 
within  lliem  to  cut  your  throat  with  the  other,  without  the  least  provocation.' 


ABANDONMENT  OF  THE  PRO.TECT. 


135 


alike  to  trade  and  agriculture  would  be  tlie  result. 
Ill  tact,  on  droppin_f(  down  to  Gray  Bay  tlie  17tli  of 
June,  Winsliip  was  informed  by  the  native  pilot  tliat 
it  had  been  the  intention  of  the  Chinooks  to  capture 
his  vessel,  which  they  would  surely  have  acconi- 
jdislic'd  l)ut  for  his  vij^ilance.  After  roniainiiiLj  for  a 
time  at  Baker  Bay,  trading,  the  Albatross  sailed  away 
down  the  Californian  coast,  leaving  U]>on  ilw  bank  of 
the  Columbia  its  first  enibiyo  metropolis  with  all  its 
l)rilliant  collateral  conceptions  in  the  form  of  a  few 
hewn  logs.'*  Aster's  attempts  |)revented  the  Win- 
shii)S  from  further  efforts  the  following  year. 


'*  Franchore,  Nnrrat'ive,  178,  saw  traces  of  the  projected  estab'islimcnt  the 
year  following,'.  (Jraj%  IHM.  (Jr.,  15,  states  tliat  \Viuslu|)  'j'lvctfil  a  house;' 
vliic-li  was  luit  the  fact.  A  few  logs  were  laid  at  tlie  point  iirst  eleared,  i)iit 
aftti-  they  were  floated  down  to  tlie  suhseqiieutlj' seleeteil  siti'iio  hiiildingwas 
even  ))ej^un.  Oreeniiow,  Or.  and  CuL,  '2S)'2,  from  whonx  tiray  enpied,  also  incor- 
rectly says  that  a  house  was  huilt.  'If  Orej^on  is  annexed  to  the  union,  ("a])- 
taiii  Winsliip  is  certainly  entitled  to  a  claini  for  land  as  the  tiist  American 
settler  iip('ii  the  hanks  fif  the  L'ohnnhia.'  linstun  Cuiiricr,  (nioted  in  Vri;i<>ii 
Sjiictntiif,  April  ^[ith,  1S.}7;  sec  further  for  brief  accounts  //iiitf'n  Mir,  J/f;/., 
xiv.  '2i)'2;  John  S.  Tyhr  in  Scuion\i  Or.  T<r.,  MS.,  i'u  ;  Jin'^lon  <'tinriir,  l)rr. 
illst,  IS.'fJ;  Palmer's  Journal,  110;  JJtst.  Xortkwcjit  Coa.tt,  i.  3"J5-0,  this  series. 


CHAPTER  VII. 

FOUNDING  OF  FORT  ASTORIA. 

1810-1812. 

AsTon  Arp.ivks  tx  America — Exgaoes  ik  the  Ffr-trape — ^SriiEME  for 
MoNoi'oi.Y  West  ok  the  Rocky  MorNTAiN.s — The  'jtReat  ^Iakt  on  the 
CoLCMBiA — Rival  Compaxies— Partners  and  Servants— Tiie  'Ton- 

Qriv'   AND    IIEU  ('OMMANI)ER — QrARRELS   K\  VoYAOE — TllE   FALKLAND 

Isles — The  Hawauan  Islands — The  Coh.miha  Riveu  Fatal  At- 
tempts AT  Crossing  the  ]$ar — Baker  Bay — Choosinc  a  Site  ion  thk 
Fort — Fhienhlv  (,'iiinooks — ('omcomlv — Bpildinc;  of  the  Fokt  and 
Warehoise— Thi:  '  Tonkin  '  Boind  Northward — Kimsoue  of  the 
•Boston' — Jewitt  amoni;  the  SAVAtiES  of  Nootka  .Scund — Destri'o 

TION  of  the  'ToNljriN'  AND  MaSSACRE  OK  HER  CuEW—STKANOK.  IND- 
IANS— The  Xouthnvest  Company — David  Thompson — A  Fout  on  the 
Okana(;an— ExpEDiiioN  to  Okanaoan  Lake— The  Chinooks  at  As- 
toria— Threatened  Attack— The  'Small-pox  Chief' — Fxpeditiox 
UP  TJiE  Willamette — Chkistmas  Festivities,  1811-1812. 

Among  the  earliest  to  turn  tlitir  attention  to  tlio 
growing  fur-trade  of  the  United  States  was  a  young 
(Terinan  who  eanie  to  Anieriea  during  tlie  winter  of 
1783-4,  at  the  very  time  the  merehants  of  Montreal 
weie  organizing  the  Northwest  Company. 

Bringing  with  him  a  small  stoek  of  merchandise, 
the  result  of  early  brokery  among  the  hard  heads  of 
L(m(lon,  whei'e  he  first  indulged  his  juvenile  jno- 
j)ensity  for  tratHcking;  bringing  with  him  health, 
clearness  of  intellect,  and  energy;  bringing  with  him 
above  all  a  determination  to  become  rich,  so  strong 
as  to  assume  the  forms  of  jiremonition  and  mania, 
John  Jacob  Astor  seized  at  once  as  l>y  instinit  u[)on 
the  traffic  which  at  that  time  of  all  others  was  des- 
tined most  rapidly  to  develop   wealth.     Selling  his 

(130) 


JOHN  JACOB  ASTOR. 


137 


mercliandiso,  lie  bought  furs,  took  tliom  to  London, 
actjuirod  a  furtlier  knowledge  of  the  business;  and 
when  the  restrictions  of  Great  Britain  on  the  trade 
of  lier  colonies  were  removed  he  bouglit  furs  largely 
at  Montreal,  where  he  made  annual  visits,  and  shijtped 
them  to  Europe  and  to  China.  Thus  in  a  few  years 
he  became  very  rich;  the  eft'ect  of  which  on  such 
a  nature  was  only  to  increase  the  cravings  to  become 
still  more  wealthy. 

Early  in  his  career  Astor  saw  the  impotent  jealousy 
of  the  new  confederation  upon  the  invasion  of  her 
wilds  by  northern  trappers,  and  determined  to  profit 
by  it.  Without  expecting  matei'ial  assistance  from 
the  United  States  government,  without  indeed  de- 
siring to  hamper  his  shrewd  activity  by  tlie  sluggish 
jjutronage  of  [)ublic  sanction,  he  still  miglit  amass, 
private  gain.  So  he  became  a  citizen  of  the  young 
commonwealth;  and  for  its  jj^reater  comfort  he  wished 
it  distinctly  to  understand  that  thenceforward  his 
money-gettings  should  be  those  of  a  lawful  subject  of 
the  United  States.  Under  the  high-sounding  title  of 
the  American  Fur  Company,  chartei-ed  in  1809  by  the 
legislature  of  New  York,  incorporated  with  a  capital 
of  one  million  dollars,  all  furnished  l>y  t)ne  man,  witli 
a  nominal  board  of  directors,  yet  all  managed  by  one 
man,  Astor  succeeded  in  almost  monopoHzing  the 
United  States  fur-trade  south  of  Lakes  Huron  and 
Su[)eri(»r,  the  ]\Iackinaw  Company,  under  the  frowns 
of  his  adopted  government,  being  his  only  serious 
comjjetitors. 

Tliis,  hovever,  did  not  satisfy  him.  Why  should  he 
not  become  as  great  and  i)owerful  as  any  of  the  noith- 
ern  com])anies^  Beyon<l  the  proximate  fields  of  con- 
tention there  was  an  almost  untouciie<l  west.  Patrick 
Cass  had  just  desei'ibed  it;*  and  ciicunmavigatoj's 
had  told  how  sea-otters  swaiMued  on  tlie  nortli-west- 
(  rn  slioi'es,  and  what  a  price  their  skins  brouglit  in 
Cliina. 

Minss'  joiinial  wira  printed  in  1807,  wliile  tlie  official  report  by  Lewis  and 
C'lurlie  uti  we  have  seen  did  nut  appear  until  ltS14. 


n^ 


138 


FOTJXDIXG  OF  FORT  ASTORIA. 


Here  was  an  idea!  This  Nortliwcst  Coast  A\as 
near  to  China,  and  butwccn  it  and  the  cast  were  many 
beaver  and  other  vahiable  fur  animals,  all  within 
United  States  territory.  Now,  to  establish  a  line  of 
forts  across  the  continent,  with  head-cjuarters  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Columbia,  would  be  indeed  a  j^rand 
achievement,  and  nivc  the  <>reat  controller  of  them 
connnand  not  only  of  the  fur-trade  of  America,  but 
of  the  world. 

Examine  the  scheme  more  closely,  for  it  is  no 
ordinary  [»roject,  emanating  from  no  ordinary  mind. 
Whether  success  or  failure  waits  on  this  enterprise, 
already  John  Jacob  Astor  is  a  great  man.  Bold, 
keen,  grasping,  with  a  mind  no  less  fertile  than  saga- 
cious, he  is  great,  not  as  Newton,  Washington,  Lin- 
coln, and  Peabody;  but  like  Napoleon,  or  Vanderbilt, 
a  ijfreatness  not  to  be  admired  but  shunned." 

Thus  the  germ  unfolds — stations  along  the  track  of 
Lewis  and  Clarke,  up  the  Missouri  and  d(.)wn  the  Co- 
lumbia, or  south  of  the  old  Indian  trail  between  the 
Dearborn  and  the  Clearwater,  if  a  better  route  may 

'I  cannot  ngree  witli  Irving  in  his  estimate  of  Aster's  character.  There 
is  nothing  in  Astor "s  liistory  tliat  wouhl  imply  him  to  bo  more  tliun  a  respoc- 
tjihloan<i  woalthy  merchant,  of  conunon  lioncsty  and  uncommon  aljility,  tle- 
siroiis  (if  inci-c-asing  liis  voaltli  anil  respectability  by  every  legitimate  means 
ut  his  ciinimainl.  Had  this  scheme  been  based  on  self-sacrilice,  or  pecuniary 
loss  for  the  public  f.^)od,  or  the  promulgation  of  some  great  principle,  the 
eiirrent  of  iimpialilied  sycophancy,  trickery,  sentimentality,  and  maudlin 
praise  which  runs  through  yl.>.yo/v"n  might  bo  more  bearal)le.  That  Mr  Astor 
•was  an  alile  man  there  is  no  doubt;  that  he  was  .a  remarkably  patriotic  or 
noble-minded  man,  iictuated  by  higher  than  the  usual  selfish  and  nrcrcenary 
motives,  tiiere  is  not  the  sliglitest  evidence.  There  are  ■whole  pages  in  A--/  >• 
jvft  abstraeteil  almost  literally  from  Franchere.  rretcnding  to  draw  all  his 
infoiiuation  from  )private  sources,  the  author  makes  no  allusion  to  the  source 
to  which  he  is  most  indebted,  not  even  mentioning  Franchere 's  name  once  in 
his  whole  \\(irk.  Jt  is  with  exceeding  regret  that  in  Aslcria  I  liud  myself 
obligi'd  to  take  broad  exceptions  both  to  the  author's  integrity  of  purpose  and 
faithfulness  of  execution.  For  half  a  century  Irving  h.is  l>een  the  literary 
idol  of  American  readers;  and  fur  his  writings  no  one  has  greater  aihniration 
than  myself,  in  my  study  of  his  ( '(ihinilnix,  I  found  his  trratnient  of  the 
Spaniards,  and  their  doings  at  I'arieu,  for  tlie  most  ]iMi't  truthful  ainl  clear; 
and  u|)  to  this  time  the  imputation  that  he  had  received  money  from  >Mr  Astor 
for  writing  Ailoria  I  believeil  to  lie  utterly  falsi ,  and  unworthy  of  eonsiilera- 
tion.  ]>ut  in  closely  comi)aring  with  original  evidence  his  statements  concern- 
ing the  Xt'W  York  fiir-merchant  and  his  associates  tif  the  Northwest  Company, 
1  iind  tlu'in  so  at  variance  w  ith  truth  and  fairness  that  I  aau  otherwise  at  a 
loss  to  account  for  this  unusual  warp  of  judgment. 


THE  GRAXD  SCHEME. 


130 


1)C  found;  subordinate  posts  along  all  the  chief  tribu- 
taries of  the  two  <^rcat  streams;  the  chief  fort  As- 
toria, the  cliief  of  chiefs  Astor,  the  one  to  rival 
Fort  William,  or  later  even  nia_L;"uitlcent  ^loiitroal,  tlie 
other  to  know  no  peer  in  America,  or  beyond.  Tliere 
is  the  lonn'  line  of  seaboard  with  its  rivers,  bays,  and 
islands  shii-tinjjf  virgin  forests  broad  as  the  broad  east 
toLi'etlK'r,  a  land  as  i'ull  of  wealth  as  ever  the  far  north 
in  its  lusty  youth,  washed  l>y  the  self-same  waves 
that  beat  upon  the  shores  of  China  and  the  islands  of 
mid-ocean.  From  this  f^reat  mart,  seated  at  the  en- 
trance oi'  the  mighty  Iliver  of  the  West,  yielding  to 
none  in  wealth,  magnificence,  or  position,  and  impos- 
ing her  terms  upon  the  commerce  of  the  coast  and 
inland  tei'ritory,  from  this  vast  emporium  should  sail 
vessels  of"  every  build  and  burden,  making  regular 
voyages  to  north  and  south,  to  Asia,  to  Euro})e,  to 
])ost(»n,  New  York,  and  Philadelphia.  Furs  could  be 
taken  to  the  China  market  in  half  the  time  required 
iVoni  l!]urope,  and  sui)plies  could  bo  brijught  hither  by 
vessel  at  one  tenth  the  cost  of  carriage  ovei'land.  It 
would  indeed  be  a  smooth,  glittering,  golden  round, 
furs  from  Astoria  to  Canton,  teas  and  silks  and  rich 
Asiatic  merchandise  to  New  Y(jrk,  then  back  again 
to  the  Columbia  with  beads,  and  liolls,  and  blankets, 
guns,  knives,  tobacco,  and  rum.  As  the  Itussians 
were  indeed  the  only  formidable  power  in  these  parts, 
A^.tor  deemed  it  prudent  to  be  exceedingly  polite',  to 
ibi-ni  treaties  of  traflic  with  them,  (lelinlng  Ixnmdai'ies 
and  reuulatin'''  prices,  and  furnishing'  them  the  neces- 
sary  supplies  at  better  rates  than  they  had  I»een  ac- 
customed to  obtain,  and  so  drive  otf  United  Stat<s 
visiting  and  coasting  vessels  whose  transient  and  ii-reg- 
iilar  commerce  tempted  their  su|)ercargo(.'s  into  many 
([Uestionable  ])ractices  di'moralizing  to  the  nati\es 
and  to  the  fur-liunting  business.  All  this  would  lie 
gi'and  for  j\lr  Astor;  and  to  it  the  government  of 
the  ITnlted  States  made  no  objection:  so  with  this 
^  iew  he  despatched  in   180'J  the  J'J/ifcr^irisc,  Ca[»taiu 


140 


FOUNDING  OF  FORT  ASTORIA. 


Ehbetts,  to  the  Ilussiau  settlcuicnts  on  the  Xorth- 
M'est  ('oast.'' 

The  tiling  could  be  done,  and  should  he;  so  said 

'  Caiitniii  V.  A[.  (Jolovnin,  of  the  ]Ius.s!;iii  mnw-of-wiir  J)iinin,  in  liis  MS. 
I'l'poi't  contained  in  the  Sitka  archives  at  Wasliington,  writes  tliat  the  K^ilcr- 
jtri.if  was  at  Sitiiii  in  .Tiiiie-.Iiily,  ISIO,  and  he  jj;i\e.s  an  inteiesting  anec- 
dote ilhi.strative  of  Kl)lietts'  carelessness  in  liandini'  him  docnnients  wiiicli 
Astor  iiad  intendeil  for  his  eyes  alune.  ''I'he  ai-iival  of  American  vessels  in 
tlie  liar))or  gave  UH  an  opportunity  to  be  of  use  to  the  eomi)any.  Two  of 
tliese  vessels,  the  /.•<((/«'//((,  (.'ai>t!iin  Davis,  and  the  J.i/d'ai,  ('a|)tain  J>ro\vn, 
having  tmdeil  with  the  savages,  hud  come  to  Sitka  to  trade  with  Mi-  liaranof, 
('II  jKisiinif.  1'lie  third  was  a  very  large  shij)  sent  out  from  New  York  Iiy 
.Fojm  , Jacob  Astor,  the  Kiilcr/irisi,  Caiitain  .lohu  l'',bbetts,  vitli  a  cargo  of 
goods  for  our  colonies,  upon  the  ailvice  of  Mr  Dasldiof,  Itussian  con;;ui-gen- 
cral  at  I'hiladelphia.  He  brouglit  a  letter  from  l)ashkof  witii  projiosa'.s  to 
make  a  contract  with  Astor,  as  tlie  most  ailvaiitagi'ons  cnur.-^e  fur  the  lom- 
li:iny.  ami  stating  that  Captain  Kblictt.s  had  full  jtowers  to  airan;;e  m.-itteis 
bi'tween  them.  Another  letter,  written  l)y  Aotor  himself  t'>  ISaiiinof,  luado 
siu;ilar  proposals,  llatteriug  the  chief  manager  by  calling  him  ( lovernor, 
Count,  and  Your  Ivxcellency,  showing  that  e\en  the  free,  independent  re[iub- 
liiaus  know  how  to  bestow  titles  when  their  interest  rciniires  it.  1'lie  letter 
was  written  in  French,  but  as  Kbbetts  spoke  only  I'lnglish,  and  there  was  no 
iiitei'lircter  of  any  foiH'ign  language  in  the  colonies,  matters  were  at  a  stand- 
Hiill.  I  Note  of  author.  An  Anu'rican  sailor,  who  was  teacliiug  tlie  boys  at 
Ivadiak  Knglish  (Campbell)  without  understanding  llussian;  a  Prussian 
skipper  of  one  of  the  companvM  vessels,  and  a  relative  of  lJar:inof,  who  had 
jiicked  up  Ji  couple  of  hundred  Knglish  worils,  comprisi'd,  jirevious  to  ot'.r 
arrival,  tlie  diplomatic  corps  of  the  Russian-American  Company's  cnlonics  in 
Auu'rica.  J>ut  as  the  lirst  two  were  absent,  and  tlie  thiril  could  oidy  si)eak 
on  subjects  to  which  he  coulil  point  with  his  lingers,  ]>aiiiuof  could  not  loni- 
Juiniieate  with  the  foreigners. )  Kbbetts  had  already  concludeil  to  leave  with- 
out doing  anything,  but  when  he  heard  that  we  coidd  si)eak  both  Knglisli  e.nd 
Frencli,  lie  asked  our  eooi'eration,  which  we  freely  ]iromised,  I  and  Lieutenant 
Itiford  acting  as  interpreters.  We  translated  all  the  letters  and  <locununts, 
ami  drew  up  the  contracts,  bringing  the  negotiations  to  a  very  satisfactoiy 
ending.  We  then  concluded  another  kind  of  eouti'act  with  the  .\merican, 
Captain  J>avis,  to  take  some  Aleuts  on  his  shij),  and  hunt  .sea-otters  on  joint 
necount.  Among  other  things.  1  happened  to  di.seover  tliat  the  ])lau  of  Mr 
A:itorauil  Mr  Dashkof  was  not  (piite  as  fair  as  it  looked,  and  iLot  of  eipuil 
advantage  to  both  parties.  It  happenccl  in  this  way.  J'Ibbetts,  desiring  to 
lot  me  know  how  nuieli  it  cost  Astor  to  build  tlu^  slii])  and  lit  out  his  expedi- 
tion, gave  me  three  books  to  look  over.  Two  of  tliem  c(jntained  the  accounts 
nu'utioned,  but  the  third  was  e\  idently  given  me  by  mistake,  and  eoutaiued 
supplementary  instructions  to  I'^bbetts.  ]5y  the  document  he  was  directed 
to  call  at  certain  Spanish  ports  on  the  American  coast,  and  ti-ade  with  the 
inhabitants,  which  was  then  strictly  forbidden  by  th-  Spanish  government, 
and  if  he  succeeded,  to  go  to  Sitka  only  in  ballast  to  treat  with  IJar.inof ;  and 
ii'  the  latter  shoidd  ask  why  he  had  not  brought  any  goods,  he  should  make 
some  excuses,  that  he  had  heard  the  colonies  were  fully  supplied,  lie  was 
also  told  to  obtain  the  most  minute  details  of  trade  and  comliiion  of  colonies, 
tlieir  strength  and  means  of  protection,  the  actual  power  of  riar;i.iof,  tlie  re- 
lations between  the  comjiany  and  the  government.  In  brief,  Astor  wished 
to  ascertain  the  feasibility  of  a  seizure  of  these  colonies  by  tlu'  I'niteil  States, 
KJiould  such  a  course;  become  desirable.  I  returned  the  books  to  Klil)etts 
witiiout  .saying  anything,  but  innnediately  wiote  down  t!ie  gist  of  the  in- 
sti'uctions.  and  laid  them  before  IJjiranof,  who  thought  it  best  to  send  tlieni 
to  the  directors,  who,  with  their  wi'll-known  wi.sdom,  doubtless  in  course  of 
time  made  the  best  use  of  it  for  themselves.' 


THE  PACIFIC  FUR  COMPAN^i'. 


141 


tlio  autocrat.  Xow  in  all  tliat  rogioii  there  was  but 
one  power  tliat  A.stor  feared  a.s  an  enemy.  Tlie 
Unite«l  States  was  liis  friend.  With  Russians  or 
Spaniards  lie  was  satisfied  he  would  have  no  trouhle. 
The  slu«,'L,'ish  eiierufy  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company 
pive  him  little  innnediate  uneasiness  from  that  ({uar- 
ter,  but  the  young,  [)owerful,  and  ])rogressive  North- 
west ('(tmpany  it  were  well  to  mollify.  Already  two 
or  thre«-'  of  their  forts  had  been  [)lanted  in  the  direc- 
tion of  ^Tackcn/ie's  exploiations  west  of  the  Kocky 
^lountains,  and  the  extension  of  their  operations 
down  the  Frascr  and  down  the  Columbia  was  but  a 
(picstion  of  time.  One  great  disadvantage  the  Mon- 
treal mer«*liants  labored  un<ler;  they  could  not  ship 
furs  diiict  to  China,  that  trade  beloni^in*;  exclusivily 
to  the  great  Kast  India  Com|>any  mono[)oly.  More- 
over, for  a  time  at  least,  their  western  ])Osts  must  be 
sujiplied  like  their  eastern,  from  ^lontreal,  a  long  and 
tedious  freightage  to  the  westward  of  the  mountains, 
which  would  so  add  to  the  cost  of  supplies,  with 
the  b(_'fore-mentioned  disadvantage  of  lifreater  distance 
from  market,  as  to  render  successful  competition  seem- 
ingly impossible.  Then  with  their  powerful  rival,  the 
lludscm's  Bay  Company,  on  their  right,  able  to  crush 
tliem  bv  dead  Weight  alone  at  anytime  their  enerLHtis 
were  fairlv  aroused,  they  mii>ht  deem  it  advisable  to 
join  hands  with  the  rising  power  on  their  soutl\. 

Overtures  were  finally  made  them  with  the  proposal 
that  they  should  take  a  one  third  interest  in  the  new 
company.  The  agents  (tf  the  Xorthwest  (V.mpiMiy  at 
^Montreal  took  the  matter  under  advisement,  but  after 
consulting  with  their  inland  wintering  partners  the 
})roposition  was  <leclined.  Nor  was  this  all.  Not  only 
did  the  Northwest  Company  decline  partnership  with 
Astor,  but  they  resolved  that  neither  he  nor  any 
United  States  fur-trading  com[)any  should  evei-  gain 
a  Ibothold  on  the  N()rthwest  Coast,  and  took  innne- 
diate steps  to  sup[)lant  Astor  in  his  purpose  of  taking 
l)ossessioii  of  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  b^  building 


142 


FOUXDIXG  OF  FOPvT  ASTORIA. 


a  fort  there  before  liini;  and  for  this  purpose  they 
immediately  despatched  a  force  thither. 

Nothing  daunted,  Mr  Astor  proceeded  Avith  liis 
plans.  The  project  was  defined  and  the  money  ready — 
\vhere  were  the  men?  Experienced  fort-builders,  fur- 
hunters,  and  Indian  conciliators  were  necessary;  not 
oidy  men,  but  men  who  could  conunand  men.  Every- 
thing de[)ended  upon  the  agents  selected  for  the  un- 
dertaking. 

The  best  material  for  the  puqiose  was  undoubtedly 
in  the  Nortliwest  Company,  but  as  this  could  not  bo 
reached  in  the  mass,  might  not  some  of  its  nembers 
be  won  to  the  new  enterprise?  The  trick  was  worth 
trying.  Several  of  the  best  men  were  approached, 
and  successfully,  l)y  ofturs  of  high  position  and  largo 
interest,  and  many  minor  employes  were  enticed  by 
promises  of  liberal  pay  and  speedy  promotion.  Twenty- 
seven  out  of  thirty-three  who  went  by  water  were 
from  Canada,  and  twenty  of  the  twenty-sc\'en  were 
formerly  members,  clerks,  or  servants  of  the  Xorth- 
west  Company. 

Alexander  ^[eKay,  one  of  Mackenzie's  most  trusted 
men  during  his  journey  to  the  Pacific  in  17'J3, 
Duncan  McDougall,  David  Stuart,  Robert  Stuart, 
Donald  McKenzie  —  all  of  Canada — and  Wilson 
Price  Hunt  of  New  Jersey  were  m^de  partners 
in  the  new  company,  and  on  the  2;]d  of  Juno 
1810  these  and  others  associated  under  the  name  of 
the  Pacific  Fur  Company.  The  stock  consisted  of 
one  hundred  shares,  hulf  of  which  was  Astor's,  and 
half  divided  equally  among  the  others.  ^Iv  Astor 
was  to  be  chief;  he  was  to  attend  to  affair's  at  the 
cast,  and  furnisli  supplies  at  cost  up  to  the  value  of 
four  hundreil  thousand  ilolkirs.  At  the  Columbia 
liiver  the  associates  were  to  rule.  Annual  meetings 
should  be  hehl,  and  every  member,  either  in  person 
or  by  proxy,  should  have  the  right  to  vote  upon 
the  purposes  and  policy  of  the  company.  For  live 
years  Astor  was  to  bear  all  loss  and  yet  divide  the 


ORGANIZATION  OF  EXPKDITIONS. 


143 


])rofits;  after  that  the  association  mi^ht  l)o  coiitltiued 
lor  iil"toen  years,  or  if  unsiu'crssfal  it  mi,L,dit  Ik;  dis- 
solved at  any  time.  Mr  Hunt  was  apjjointed  at^ent 
for  the  first  five  years,  to  reside  at  the  company's 
liead-((iiarters  on  the  Pacific  coast. 

There  is  little  wonder  that  conditions  like  these, 
l)a(ked  hy  the  ability  to  carry  them  out,  should  entico 
f()ll(»\vers. 

In  brave  style  flic  Canadian  vova^'eurs,  who  had 
euL^ai^ed  to  embark  in  this  ent(;rprise,  presented  them- 
selves to  the  starinj^  bur^diers  of  New  York.  All 
the  way  from  ^[ontreal,  in  fact,  they  created  a  sensa- 
tion. Takinjjf  one  of  their  bark  canoes,  manned  by 
nine  Canadians,  with  Alexander  ^FcKay  as  com- 
mander  and  Gabriel  Francbere  as  clerk,  tliey  deco- 
rated it  ,nayly,  ornamentinuf  their  hats  with  juirti- 
colored  ribbons  and  feathers,  and  ilauntinjjj  their  l>est 
attire  proceeded  by  way  of  Lake  Champlain  and  the 
Ituilson  Kiver,  conveyinj^  the  canoe  over  the  land  at 
either  end  of  the  lake  in  wagons,  strikinjjf  up  their 
thrillinix  Canadian  boat-sou'jfs  as  thev  swept  over  the 
smooth  waters,  and  makiu'jf  the  hills  resound  with 
their  shrill  savage  mirth. 

It  was  arranged  that  two  expeditions  sliould  be  sent 
to  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  sinuiltaneously,  one  by 
water  from  New  York,  and  one  by  land  from  St 
Louis.  IVeparatory  to  the  dejxirture  of  the  latter, 
another  bark  canoe  was  cfjuipped,  and  a  crew  of  four- 
teen Canadian  boatmen,  under  Hunt  and  ^IcKenzie 
with  Perrault  as  clerk,  c(Miveyed  it  by  way  of  Macj;- 
iuaw  to  St  Louis  engau'inn'  more  men  for  the  enter- 
i>rise  on  their  way. 

For  the  ocean  expedition  a  stanch  shi}>  of  two 
hundred  and  ninety  tons  burden,  and  mounting  ten 
guns,  called  the  T'onquin,  Jonathan  Thoi-n  com- 
mander, had  been  provided,  which  was  to  take  out 
part  of  the  company  and  supplies.  Thorn  was  a  lieu- 
tenant in  the  United  States  navy,  having  obtained 


144 


F(H'XT)IXf}  OF  FORT  ASTORIA. 


li    I 


loavo  of  ahsciici'  fur  this  vovJiijfc.  Ifo  was  soloctcd 
by  Astor  n<>  less  I'or  liis  (•(uiiujjff  and  liaMts  of 
clisci|)liiH',  than  for  the  j>ivsti;,'o  a  ;,'ovc'rnnK'nt  otlictr 
would  is'ivv  to  the  advi'uturr.  It  was  Ids  husini'ss 
siinjdy  to  manaj^^'  the  ship;  with  affairs  on  shore  lio 
had  nothinti^  whatever  to  do. 

The  'r<>ii(/iiiii  sailed  iVoni  New  York  on  tlic  8th  of 
Si'ptendn  r  IS  10  witli  a  crew  of  twenty-ono  men 
and  thirty-tiiree  passenufers,  all  eonneeted  with  the 
l^ieific  l'\n-  ('onii>any.  Of  the  partni'is  weie  Dun- 
can McDoiinall,  aj)|>ointi'd  to  command  in  Hunt's  ah- 
Bcnce,  M(  Kay,  and  the  two  Stuarts.  KU-vi-n  eleiks, 
thirteen  hoatmi'ii,  and  tive  mechanics  completed  the 
passenger  list.*  Kheni'zer  1).  Fox  and  John  ^F.  Mum- 
lor<l  wei'e  tii'st  an<l  second  mates,  and  .lohn  Anders(»n 
boatswain.  On  boaid,  likewise,  was  James  Thorn, 
brother  of  tlu*  captain. 

Between  Astor  and  his  associates  the  utmost  con- 
fidence (hd  not  ap|>ear  to  exist.  It  was  an  ex[)eiiment 
on  l)oth  sides.  Not  without  reason  could  Astor  say, 
"These  men  have  li'ft  their  old  enjiaireinents  for  me; 
Avill  they  not  leave  me  the  moment  their  interests  so 
dictate!"'  Far-siijhted  as  Astor  was,  the  pohcy  may 
well  be  (juestioned  which  drew  fron,  his  njost  powerful 
rival,  partners,  clerks  and  servants,  all  foreigners  and 
extremely  clannish.  Indeed,  as  we  have  seen,  the 
Scotch  Canadians  specially  stipulated  that  Astor  foi* 
five  years  should  bear  all  the  risk,  and  if  the  venture 
proved  a  failure,  they  ]eserve<l  the  I'i^ht  at  any  time 
to  break  the  I'nt^ajjfement.  I>esides  these  precautions 
the  waiy  Scotchmen  consulted  with  Mr  Jackson, aj^'ent 
of  the  IJritish  (government  in  New  Y(-rk,as  to  the  line 
of  conduct  tlu'V  should  |)ursue  in  case  the  threatened 
war  between  the  Ignited  States  and  (h-eat  liiitain 
should  break   out.     The  reply  was,  that   in   such  an 

*Tlic  ii;inu's  of  the  clerks  were  ns  follows:  .Tames  lewis  of  New  York; 
Eussel  Faniiiniii  of  ^liisisaeliusetts;  William  ^V.  Mattliews  of  Xcw  York; 
Alexamkr  lioss,  l)oiiakl  MiCiillis,  Ovitle  1).  Moiitigiiy,  Fraiieis  15.  Pellet, 
Donald  McLeiiuan,  William  Wallace,  Thomas  McKay,  aiul  Gabriel  Franchere, 
Canadians. 


TUOnX  AXI)  HIS  I'ASSKNcr.nS. 


ii; 


ovoiit  tlicy  would  1)1'  rt'^anU'd  ;is  IJritisli  sulijocts,  ;nul 


their  rl;^]its  iis  trjukTs  ii'spcc 


•t.'.l. 


Kti 


lIHH' 


liaNiji''"  I'caclu'd  Asti)r  that  an  aniicd  hri'' 


jViiiii  llahfax'"'  was  waitiiiin'  outside  the  harhor  to  jni- 
jijvss  the  I)iitisli  sul)ji'cts  ou  lioard  the  'rmH/niii  foi- 
the  purpitsr  ot'dclayiiiLj  the  I'XiJL'ihtioM,  application  was 
iiiadr  to  th',:  "^ovrriuiiL-nt  tor  aiiaruicd  t-scort,  and  tin' 
jVit^att!  iJoiisf'itut'uHi  ac'(*(ndiii;rly  was  direc-ti-d  to  act 
as  <niai'd  until  the  vovaLCc  was  saf'elv  In'-'un.  With 
iinal  letters  to  the  partners,  exhoitiuL;'  them  to  har- 
mony, and  to  the  ca[>tain,  cautioning'  him  against 
Irustin;^^  the  Indians,  Astor  committed  his  \enture 
to  the  deep,  and  sat  down  to  muse  u[)on  the  protits. 


Tl 


11"  vovaLjo  was  m  no  way  rema 


rkaljl 


e.  unless  we 


recite  the  l)i(kerini,^s  hetween  the  ca|»tain  and  his  pas- 
.sen<4ers.  1'liounii  l)ra^■e  and  honest,  Thoi-n  was  surly, 
stifl'-necked,  .iiid  as  thoroughly  disa^^reeahle  a  Yankee 
as  e\er  crossi'd  the   path   of  Scotchmen.     Xot  only 


■It 


Wiis  iiiiliici  poor  111 


liitci'ial  for  the  I'liitt'd  Stfttes  gDvcriniiciit  to  placo 


flcpiink'iKi'  ii|in:i  111  sei'iinn 


''  a  I'ootholil  on  till'  I'jH'il 


% 


(  il'I'iniUl   MlK'Cllliltl 


<iii|>loys  J''ri  lull  mill  Scottli  < 'aiia(liaii.s  to  plant  fiir-trailiiii;  forts  iiiiilcf  tl 
Initiil  Stat<is  llai^  wi'stwanl  finiii  tlie  Mississippi.  In  all  tlic  association  llii  ro 
Mtif  lint  live  iiati\f-l)orn  I'itizciis  of  tlic  I'liituil  States,  anil  of  these  oik^  wan 
luaiiaL;'er,  tlifeij  were  eleiks,  ami  one  eooper.  Irviiij^  assorts  that  Astor 
'iii(iiii-eil  that  the  \oyaL;eurs,  as  they  were  ationt  to  enter  into  the  service 
iif  an  ^\ineiic,in  association,  ami  to  lesiilo  M'ithin  the  limits  of  the  I'liiti'l 
i^tati's,  shor.lil  tak"  tlie  oath  of  iiatuialization  as  American  citizens.      'I'o  tiii.H 


t 


R'V  reailliva''iieil 


ill  siiortly  al'terwanlsassiueil  him  that  tiiey  hail  actual! 


•  loiii'  so.  Jt  \v;is  not  niitil  after  they  luul  nailed  that  \w  discovereil  that 
they  hail  entirely  deceived  him  in  the  liiattt'i'.'  This  is  scarcely  credihle.  Tin; 
most  cliarita)>le  eonstrnetioii  to  he  placed  upon  the  stateliielit  is  that  .\stor's 


ltieii)or\  failed  liiiii.    These  Itontnien  wore  half  sava''es,  I 


knew  ami  ejuvi 


Inotl 


ahiMit  naturalization,  and  would  as  .soon  swear  to  one  thingas  another.  'J'liey 
Were  servants  in  the  strictest  old-fasliionod  Miise  of  the  tirm.  AN'oiild  not  a 
f^lirewd  Imsiiiess  man  like  Astor  have  rather  seciirod  liy  oath  the  fealty  of  tiieir 
masters,  the  managers?  With  a  liand  of  wild  foresters  ahoiit  to  visit  court  on 
iiupoi  tant  hnsiness  eonnocted  with  so  vast  an  enterprise,  a  New  \o\k  iiiercliant 
vould  iiatnially  have  .sent  a  clerk.  The  fact  is,  under  the  cinnmstances,  it 
Mould  have  liceii  next  to  imi-DSsiUe  for  these  lioatmeli  to  have  taken,  or  imt 


toll 


taken,  the  oath  without  Astor "s  kiiowinif  it.     Irvine;  and  Astor  lil 


th 


wise  pretended  that  the  visit  of  McKay  to  the   liritish  Consul  was 
lii>,'lie.-.t  ih'uree  dislionorahle,  when  l)y  theirown  sho\vin;;he  had  a  |ierfect  ri;,'ht 
to  do  so.      I  am  deeply  pained  to  sec  Mr  Irving  lend  liis  lirilliant  faculties  to 


]mipi 

rviiii;  s.i\': 


iind  without  the  .sliirhttst  foundation  for  such  an  as.sertiou. 


'  pioliahly  at  the  instigation  of  the  Northwest  ('oiiipaiiy.'  Anliu-'m,  ."id.  T!;e 
hias  ill  the  autlii.r"s  iiiiiid,  which  leads  to  constant  llin.'s  of  this  kind,  is  in  lids 
iii'-taiice  all  the  inori^  ajiparent  wlieii  we  reiiienil)er  that  it  was  liascd  on  mere 
iiior,  that  there  was  nu  brig  there  sent  l)y  the  Northwest  or  any  other  eoni- 


I'iiuy. 


Uisr.  X.  W.  Coast,  Vol.  U.    10 


140 


FOUXDIXf}  or  FORT  ASTORIA. 


uiiist  ship  routinol)0  .'U-bitnivily  sqtiart'd  to  n;ival  rules, 
but  coiiiroi't  or  considi'i'atiou  for  those  on  board  was 
lu'vcr  thoui'lit »»['.  ]f'  to  aiiv  one  Itcsidc  hinisclf  ho  was 
reHj)onsIhl(' it  was  to  Astor;  tlioso  Montreal  inon^Tels, 
many  of  whom  never  before  snielled  salt-water,  were  fit 
only  for  their  forest  associates. 

On  the  other  hand  paitncn's  in  a  larp^o  and  rosp(^ot- 
nhle  fur  eoni])any,  aeeustonied  to  l<<'ej>  their  ])osts  in 
stat«>,  with  retiiuies  of  servants,  and  ejerlcs,  and  ai^'ed 
otlicei's  at  their  eonunand,  were  not  inclir.ed  to  think 
lii^litly  of  themselves.  L(>ast  of  all  were  those  who 
had  held  hi'.;-h  positions  in  tlu^  Ilonorahle  Xortliwest 
(\>ni])aiiy  disj)osed  to  hrook  the  insults  of  a  sna[)pi'.li 
ship-captain  who  in  theii'  servit'c  would  scarcely  ha  u 
been  rati'<l  «i  iirst-class  servant. 

We  :\vc  therefore  not  sui'pri;H'd  to  find  ^TcDoui^-all 
find  'fhorn  assuniinijf  bi  lli'''er«'nt  attitudes.  To  all  the 
men  except  the  lour  partiiei's  and  two  of  the  clerks 
weri>  assiL,Mied  berths  in  the  sti'eraL,^e;  but  this  the  I'ur- 
hunters  did  not  mind;  tlu'V  W(>re  servants  at  best,  and 
\\sih\  to  ron',;hii!L,''  it,  and  further  they  wci-e  just  now 
more  intent  on  studvin*^  the  i)henomenon  of  sea-sicl.- 
ness,  than  in  fimlinn'  fault  with  their  (piarters.     The 


deck 


v.";;s 


crowded  with 


'  ••( )( >( 


Is,  all 


was  conlusion,  an< 


I 


till'    passeniii-ers    jj^eni'rally  uncomfortable.      Tin'  first 


ni'dit  out,  fcllowinur  his  naval  trainin- 


:',  which  he  an 


plit'd  mechanically  to  all  conditioiis  ;ind  einertj^encies 
of  life,  the  c.iptain  orden'd  all  liL;hts  out  at  eight 
o'clock.  \i»v/  it  hapjxiied  that  the  partners  wi're  not 
accust  >med  to  r:'tire  a.t  that  houi"   nor  were  thcN'  con- 


tent to  sit  the  Ion; 


••  eveiunu's  o 


f  th 


WW  i)assai, 


tl 


iron  nil 


in  total  darkness;  the  ship  with  all  it  contained  was 
theirs,   and    the   captain    was    in    ti'uth    tlK'ir  ai^'ont, 


nothu!'':    mc.re 


1'herefore    thev  Would   retain  tiii'ir 


lights,  and  put  them  out  when  they  no  longer  re(piire<i 
them.  ^riiorn  turned  scarlet,  tlu'U  grev,'  furious; 
finrdly  he  thi-eatened  to  put  the  partr.crs  in  irons. 

Now    Iheso    fur-hunters    were    of   varioiis   aspect. 
Some  of  them  were  tall  and  lank,  and  moved  slowly; 


■I'n^if    1 


AT  THK  FALKLAND  LSLES. 


147 


some  short  and  litlio,  and  <juick  of  nctioii.  ^TcDouufjill 
w;is  of  tliL'  latttT  easto.  All  wore  aeeiistoined  to  di'- 
fciid  themselves,  uoiio  of  them  were  afraid  of  wild 
hcast  or  Indian,  and  none  of  them  were  afraid  of 
( 'aptain  Thorn.  Drawing  his  pistol  !^[('J^ou^•all  in- 
ioniUMl  him  that  any  attempt  to  oairy  that  thivat  into 
uN.f<-ntion  would  assuredly  prove  disastrous  to  him. 
The  lights  were  not  extingnished  at  ei^'ht  o'eloek.  l\i 
a  word,  the  captain  hefore  settinj.^  sail  seems  to  have 
<  lotlu'd  himse'if  in  disi^ust,  and  never  afterward  to 
liave  liid  aside  his  raiment.'' 

Another  ineivlent  of  the  voyage  tends  to  illustrate 
the  charaeter  of  the  captain.      At  the  Falkland  Jsl 


t>s 


till'  vessel  put  ir.  ^or  watei\  Quait  -rs  on  hoard  were 
(  rampe>l;  i'or  a  time  all  had  been  on  shoi't  allowance, 
and  now  the  fori'strrs  wandered  (»ver  the  island  ami 
iTVi'Ued  for  a  moment  in  tlu'ir  old  freedom.  AVlu'U 
I'cadv  to  sail   a   ^un   was   f;r<"i,   hut   s 


ome 


Irom 


tl 


le 


i(>;  ring  of  the  sea  did  not  h  ar  it.  The  captain  afti'r 
w  .iting  the  usual  tinif  deliherately  woiglu'd  andior 
a.nd  was  oil*  k'avinu;'  ashore  with  one  of  the  ship's 
hoats,^reI)ougall,  David  Stuart, and  a  luunher  of  men, 
v>ho  as  soon  as  they  saw  the  vessel  was  gone  tln\'W 
tliemselves  into  the  boat  and  rowed  hai'd  after  it. 
I'or  three    and   a   half  honrs,  with   hin'hlv   wroui-ht 


W'A 


m 


tl 


lese  men  toilcc 


1,  tl 


le  vessL 


Ig; 


unni!''  on  iin'm 


th 


the  while;  and  had  not  llobert  Stuart,  who  was  on 
hoard,  j)laei'd  his  pistol  at  the  captain's  head,  !>'>d 
threat^'ued  to  blow  his  brains  out  if  he  did  not  in- 
stantlv  ln'avci  to  and  t:\kc  tiicm  on  boird,  he   most 


assuri'i 
islc.^ 


iiy 


won 


Id  1 


1  ive  abandontu 


I  tl 


lem  on 


that 


roc 


' '  Tlii^  lioiK'Icss  oonfusion  ami  Piicuinlionnnnt  of  tho  vcssoVs  di-ck,  tin'  >.'ri'at 
iiiiiiiIm  T  nf  str;iiiL;cr.-t  innon.'j;  \vli'.>iii  1  I' mini  iiivsilf,  tlic  linit.il  stvlv  wliiili  tin' 
iii]it;iiii  (Mill  \]\a  sultalterns  nsc(l  tDWaril  mir  yi'inii;  ( 'aiiinii.iiis ;  all,  in  ii  \M>ril, 
r:iiis|iii'ccl  ti»  iiiaUt"  iiif  aii;'iirii  voxatinii.s  aii<l  (liMiiL.'n't'alil('  voya^'i'-  ''i''  ■■•>ii"i'l 
Avill  ..Iidw  tliat  1  iliil  not  (Ici'civc  niy;<tlt  in  tliat.'   /'riimfii, ■!■'.■<  Xnr.,  .'U. 

•■  I  take  this  from  Kniiii'licn'.  \vlio  \\iin  ono  of  the  iiarty  l<'ft  on  tlu'  islaml. 
Iivin,'  ^iivi's  an  extract  of  ii  K'ttcr  of  'riioru  to  AKtor  wliicli  .spi-aks  for  it.Hi'lt : 
'lliiil  the  >vin(l  nnfortunati'ly  not  luiulcil  aln-ail  soon  al'tii-  Ii-avin.L'  the 
hurlior's  mouth,  I  should  jiositivcly  havt-  left  them;  and,  indi'rd.  I  cannot  hut 
think  H  an  unfortuiiiiti.'  Liiouuistuucf  for  yuu  that  it  so  liu|>i>encd,  lor  Ihc  liiyt 


UH 


FOUXDIXt;  OF  FORT  ASTORIA. 


T  (1(»  not  say  tliat  tlic  fur  www  were  eiitlre'ly  l)laine- 
Ivss.  Ill  a  (jiiaiTc'l  Sfldoin  is  citln.!!'  sidi-  wliolly  riglit 
<>!' wholly  wionijf.  Ca])tain  Tlioni  callfd  his  passoii- 
ocrs  till'  liaidcst  of  iiainos,  jiltliy  IuMhts,  whose  siiioU- 
iiio',  <r()s;sij)piiig,  and  siiiu;lii^'  wi-ro  no  less  disa^'irt'nhlo 
than  their  silcucc.  They  kept  many  jounuds,  wished- 
lo  stop  at  every  land  they  jiassed,  and  hitterly  coni- 
j;laiiied  if  they  could  not  have  at  once.'  and  in  unlim- 
ited (juantitii's  the  hest  to  eat  and  drinlv  that  tlu'  ship 
j'.fforded.  The  partners,  too,  M'ould  sonu'times  (juarrel 
iiiiioii^'  theniselve."  on  (piestioiis  of  jtrecedence,  and 
ahout  the  })lans  of  forts  which  they  would  draw,  hut 
like  children  they  would  make  U[> <|uickly  and  be  friends 
a^'ain. 

Touchinj^  :it  the  Hawaiian  Islands  the  12th  of 
l'\Itraary  hsl  I,  they  took  on  hoard,  beside  some  ho.ifs, 
sheep,  ])oultry,  and  vciretables,  twenty-lbur  nativi's, 
twelve  lor  land  service,  and  twelve  for  the  use  of  tlu; 
ship,  and  on  the  'JSth  sailed   for  the  Columbia    liiviT. 

The  ii'ate  caittain's  mala<ly  was  now  becominn'  a 
mania  with  him.  I\'rc<'i\in;4'  that  it  annoyed  him, 
the  frolicsome  Scotchmen  stmietimes  conseised  in 
(  hu>lio,  accompany in>L>-  spet'ch  with  mystt'rious  gestures 
vhich  a  suspicious  j)erson  mii;ht  easily  construe  into 


the   1: 


in<^uai;e  of  co!isj)iracy 


Oi 


ice,  indeeil 


th 


liers  WIS 


hed  t 


O     I)    )( 


n  a  bale  of 


Li'ood 


wliicli   iirocetH 


part- 
d- 


iiiH'  the  captain  opposinjj^,  the  Scolchiiien  made  him 
distinctly  understand    that    thev   were    the    stronu;er 

I        ' 


artv,  and   would    brook   no  intt  rference    from    him. 


Ph 


le  ca[>tam    jtrejiared  loi'  an  outhreak,  and    m   this 
unhappy  humor  he  reached  tlu-  mouth  of  the  Colnm- 


I 


la   th 


e    J.J.- 


() 


f    March.       A  h 


dl 


leaxy  s(piall   drove  tlie 


hi^h  waves  upon  the  bar  at  the  entrance  of  the  rivt-r 

I',)S8  in  tills  liistiinoc  woulil  In  my  ii|iinii)ii  have  ])ro\x'tl  tlio  Ix'st,  iih  tliey  seem 
t  1  li.uc  no  lilf.i  of  tlio  value  of  iiroiicrty,  nor  iiiiy  a|ii>ari'iit  iv;,'aiil  fol'  youi'  iii- 


(  rt'st,  altlioif_'li  iiitiTWovi'ii  \vi 


til  th 


li.'     Li'st  thf  charit.ilili'  historian 


n\iiUt  |ihtiill  this  down  to  lira^';;acliH'io.  ami  still  rct'usc  to  hcliovc  it  |io.s^il)lu 


im   olli 


if  till-   l'iii(;ccl   states    Navy  coiiM   lie  so  waiitonlv  iiiu 


•1,  t' 


I' 


liiniMlf  lieyoiiil  all  i|ii<stioii  a  villain,  sul'.-",'(|Ui'iitlv  at  the  llaw.iiian  Islands, 
Mtir  iinnuii  ifiilly  l.i'atinL;  with  his  own  hand  oin'  of  his  >  liip's  ciixx ,  he  piteheil 
li'in  iiveilioard,  leu\  ing  hiir  to  make  tin.'  shore  us  best  he  eoiild,  ami  sailed  a^^ay 
\mUili';L  him. 


nEARTLESSXKSS  AND  IXFAMY. 


149 


ill  of 
hogs, 
itives, 
1)1'  tlio 
IJivrr. 

hlin, 
in 
tiuvs 

into 
|»;irt- 
•I'l'd- 

liliu 

liiiii. 

this 

•luin- 

tlic 

livrl- 

■y  sii'iii 

|i)Ui'  ill- 

sturiun 

Ixis^ililu 

II  [lIMVO 

Ik1;iii<Is, 
|iiti'lii'<l 

III  iiWiiy 


in  a  ontnract.  offiiMiu.  So  fonuidalilt'  did  tlu-sc  brc;  k- 
eis  M|tj>'';n'  that  the  captain  <hn-st  not  ln-in^-  the  ship 
within  tlnve  h.'ag-iU'S  oK  tlu-in.  Tliorn  ordered  thti 
first  mute,  Fox,  to  lowt-r  a  hoat,  take  ^lartin,  a 
sail-maker,  and  tliree  (^ina(r,,>is,  with  arms  and  |iro- 


\isions,  so 


nnd   I'oi-  a   channel,  and   return  a 


s  soon  as 


nossihie.  \'\)K  liesitatcd.  }le  was  a  L;'ood  sailor  and 
a  l)ravo  man,  hut  the  hoat  was  old  and  l<'al<y,  and 
with  an  inc\[>erienct'd  ci't'W  tlie  mission  was  ahnost 
certain  death.  At  various  times  (hiriiii^  tlie  voyat^o 
the  captain  I'ad  nianit'ested  a  <hs]ike  for  this  man,  as 
indeed  li<'  had  for  almost  every  one  ahoai'd;  and  the* 
mate  could  not  help  tet'linuf  that  liis  lite  was  now  un- 
necessarily [»laci'd  in  jeopardy  through  spitt>.  I  [e 
heii'ufed  the  ca])tain  to  i>ive  him  sailois  onlv  I'or  his 


(  rew 


X 


o; 


ill  1 


le  me:i   were  wan 


ted 


on  i>oar( 


1  tl 
I 


ic 


shij).  Tie  then  a])pealed  to  the  ]»asseim'ers.  ''I  am 
not  afraid  to  die,"  he  said  to  them.  "My  uncle  lost 
his  lile  upon  this  har  not  lon<_r  a''(»,  and  1  will  <'ive 
mine  if  m-cessary." 

]\r(d^ouiiall  and  !McKav  remonstrated  uith  the 
ca]itain  U])on  the  imprudence  of  sendinijf  a  hoat  into 
such  a  sea,  hut  this  hy  no  means  hel|»ed  mattei's; 
nothini;"   could  shako   his   ohstinacv.      The    hoat    was 


made  readv 


f1 


\o  crew  im 


died  histilv  awav,  whih'  tin 


cra/.v  little  craft,  risiu"'-  and  sinkinir  ^vith  the  anu'iv 


sea,  lessened    Ul 


tl 


le  d 


>tan 


ce 


and 


tinall 


V  disaitpeaii 


PP 


1 


fi'Min  \  iew  amoni^  the  hreak'ers.  Xi-^ht  <-ame  on.  and 
day,  then  niLi'ht  aL;-ain,  and  no  tidini^rs  fi-om  the  heat. 
DuriiiLj  tlu'  iiderval  the  wind  onci^  moderat(>d  and  the 
ship  approached  Iho  entrance,  whi«"'h  still  presented 
an  almost  iinhroken  w.ill  of  watei"  then  toward  tli  • 
second  evcnini^  the  shij)  drew  hack  i'rom  the  dancer- 
ens  ]>assai:^'i',  hack  into  the  hroad  sea,  while  every  face 
was  sad,  not  even  excej)tin';'  the  ca})taiirs,  who  had 
much  I'cason  t<»  he  afflicted. 

That  nii;ht  the  wind  (piieted,  and  tin?  current  car- 
ried the  ship  near  the  shor(,'  north  of  ('ai»e  his.jp- 
l>'»intment,  where  she  anchored  in  fourteen  fathom.-j 


150 


FOUNDING  OF  FORT  ASTORIA. 


i 


of  water.  Yet  on  tlie  inoriiing  f)f  the  24tli  the  sea  still 
fluii!^  its  waves  with  violence  ujion  the  bar. 

It  now  became  necessary  to  ascertain  what  had  be- 
come of  the  boat,  and  to  take  further  ste[)S  toward 
entering  the  river.  Mumford,  the  second  mate,  was 
sent  to  fnid  a  passage,  but  he  returned  unsuccessful. 
]\[cKay  and  David  Stuart  then  went  in  search  of  Fox 
and  his  crew,  but  being  unable  to  land  they  likewise 
letui-ned  to  the  shi[).  •  A  breeze  fiom  the  west  now 
springing  up,  the  ca[)tain  determined  to  feel  for  a 
passage  with  the  ship;  but  when  within  a  league  of 
the  breakers,  he  was  frightened  at  their  aspect,  and 
I'etired.  One  of  the  best  remaining  seamen  »>n  board, 
Altkcn,  was  n(jw  directed  to  take  the  i)imiace,  and 
with  John  Coles,  sail-maker,  Stephen  Weeks,  ai-morer, 
and  two  Kanakas,  to  go  before  and  sound  a  passagx; 
v.hile  the  ship  should  ibllow.  Shortly  both  bo;it  and 
shiit  were  anioiin'  the  brealcers.  Aitken  was  siLTuallrd 
to  come  on  board,  but,  Avith  a  cry  <jf  despair,  he  was 
carried  so  swiftly  past  the  shi[)  1)}'  the  ebb-tide  that 
his  boat  was  soon  out  of  siiiht.  The  sky  hunix  low 
and  lowerini;,  and  niLirht  soon  closet!  in  darlcness  rojnd 
lliem.  The  ship  struck  several  times,  and  the  waves 
broke  o\"er  her.  The  situation  of  tliof-e  on  board  wa  •; 
becoming  exceedingly  precarious;  they  could  render 
Aitlcen  no  assistance.  Almost  miraculously,  as  tluy 
thouglit,  they  were  driven  into  ])aki'r  l>ay,  where 
thev  1  Hissed  the  ni'jfht  in  safety.  Xext  day  the  ;-ea 
was  still  tempestuous.  The  ludives  brouglit  beaver- 
skins,  l)ut  the  unhap[)y  company  were  in  no  Innnor 
for  trading.  ICagerly  but  fruitlessly  they  as!;e'd  tiie 
sa\ages  concerning  theii"  lost  conu'ades. 

.Ml  hands  not  otherwise  engaged  now  went  nsliore 
in  searcli  of  the  missing  men,  and  among  them  the 
captain.  Weri'  all  drowned,  or  were  all  or  part  saved  .' 
l*!esently  in  the  ilistance  they  perceived  one  of  lho;<e 
tliey  sought  in  a  strang(!  pr».'(licament.  Jt  was  AVeeks, 
stark  naked,  and  so  leeble  that  \\v  eoulil  scarcely  ^;tand 
or   speak.      Quickly  clothing  and    leeding    him    they 


OUT  OF  THE  DITTIIS. 


151 


•().1U(1 

il  wns 

I'IkIc'I' 
IIU'V 

.licro 

AW'V- 

n  tlii' 

■lived.'' 

tli<>;-o 

•land 
tluy 


llstcncd  to  Ills  sad  recital.  It  may  be  briery  told, 
(aught  in  tlie  r.ieetiii;^  of  the  wind-roll  with  the  ehh- 
title  their  bout  became  unmanageable,  and  liiudly  over- 
turned. Aitkcn  and  Coles  were  immediately  BWe})t 
away  never  again  to  be  seen.      Weeks  and  the  two 


Islanders  threw  oil*  their  doth 


es,  seizet 


1  tl 


le   eai)sizei 


I' 


d 


pinnace,  righted  it,  and  l)y  jerks  threw  out  part  of 
the  water.  One  man  then  got  into  the  boat  and 
bailed  out  the  rest  of  the  water  with  his  tv»(j  hands, 
after  which  the  others  entered.  One  o;ir  was  (buntl, 
and  with  that  they  attem[)ted  to  reach  land.     Xight 


•losed 


m  i-f)un( 


1  tl 


lem 


bl; 


icR  an( 


1  cold. 


V  eeks   Ul 


.,,1 


the  I.'-land'i-s  to  bestir  themselves,  to  tal;e  the  j)addl( 
and  v.'or]<  it  in   turn,  but  they  weie  benumbed  to  in- 
diU'eivnci'.      I'or  himself  Weeks  knew  that  he  must 


wo 


rk    or    <lie.     Toward    midnight    one    of   the    \ 


)oor 


Kanakas  died,  and  the  othei',  throv.ing  himself  U[)oii 
the  bo!!\-  refused  to  move.    xVt  last  the  liMi-rlble'  niuht 


wore  ai 
1 


i\y,  antl  when  the  davliLrht  canu-  Vreeks  1 


ounc 


nunsi 


■If 


nean 


■r  the  shore.    ]le  at  once  landed,  assisted 


ashore  the  Islander,   who  still  showed  signs  of  life, 

and  entered  tlu;  W(jods,  where  tluy  became  .sejiarated. 

]nnne(hately  search  was  made  Ibr  the  Islander,  but 

he  was  not  i'ound  until  next  dav,  and  then  more  dead 


tl 


lan 


live 


]I 


e  w 


as  finallv  restored.      The  dead  ]\a- 


]i;d;a  v/as  buried  by  his  countrymen  from  the  siu[) 
that  night.  T\\c  other  boat  was  never  heard  iVoui, 
allhoU"'h  dili'i'ent  search  was  made  for  it.  I'ox  was 
ridit  wlien  he  said  they  were  «;()in<^  to  their  death. 


Tod 


io(>si; 


t1ie  site  for  a  lort  was  \u>\v  the  next  tliiir'" 


ti>  be'  done,  v.liile  the  IniKH'hi  lav  in  sai'ety  in  I'aker 
Hay.  On  the  LTth  of  ^lardi  the  live-stock  from  the 
islands  was  sent  ashore  and  conilned  in  ])ens;  auvl  on 
the  uOth  the  cajttain,  with  McKay,  David  Stuart,  an<l 
f   the  clei'ks,   iinbar!;eil   in   the   lou''- 


two  or  tlnv"  o 
boat,  which  had  been  well  armed,  |irovisloned.  and 
manned  for  the  occasion,  to  sui'\  ey  the  ri\ei'  banks 
in  th(.;  vicinity. 

Five  (lays  were  thus  'w.^'Upied,  and   the  [»aily  ru- 


i.-.i: 


FOUXDINf}  OF  FORT  ASTORIA. 


turned  witliout  ]i;iviii<^  a_2;Ti'<'(l  upon  a  looafion.     Only 
tlic;  north  luiuk,  liuwever,  liad  \)vvn  cxploit'd;  coiise- 


nllv,  ^FcDouLi'idl  and  J)avid  Stuait  duLuiniincd  t 


qiK 

try  the  (south  bank. 

Embarlci?!::^  on  the  5tli  of  April,  thoy  ])roniise(l  to 
return  by  the  7th.  The  7tli  came,  but  not  the  jiart- 
Hers.  ^leanwhile  the  peevish  })atienee  of  the  eajttain 
had  become  exhausted,  and  he  swore  he  would  [)Ut  au 
end  to  the^e  sporting  excursions,  as  he  oalli-d  tlu'ni. 
On  the  very  day  the  partners  last  embarked  the  cap- 
tain had  b("nun  to  erect  sheds  on  shore'  for  tlie  ])ro- 
tectiou  of   the   carLTo,  which   he   thnuiteiied   to   land 


there   at   leaker   ]Jav.     ]McDouir:ill,  h 


owever,   wou 


1(1 


not  be  balki'd  in  his  })resent  purposes.  The  captain 
mi^^ht  be  supreme  upon  the  sea,  but  on  shore  he  was 
mastei".  At  all  events,  whatever  was  doui'  with  the 
<^n)ods,  he  would  build  no  fort  until  he  had  found  Avhat 
lie  rcL^arded  as  the  best  site.  Hence  the  partners 
jirociH'ded,  as  before  mentioned,  leaving'  tlu-  captain  to 
vent  his  spleen  in  whatever  tlirection  he  pleased. 
"J'lieir  failure  to  aj>pear  at  the  time  named  arose 


i 


rem   no  ne'diufenco  on 


tl 


leir 


pai't, 


as 


tl 


lev  narrow 


■Iv 


escai)ed   with   their  lives  in  their  endeavor  to  k 


•1' 


vee 


ihiir  word.  On  the  Hth,  certain  Chinooks  had  re- 
])orted  the  partner's  boat  capsized.  The  ca[)tain, 
liowi'ver,  who  was  not  prepared  deeply  to  mourn  such 


ai 


I  event,  took  no  mea> 


ures 


to  ascertain  the  truth  of 


the  statement  until  the  lOth,  when,  while  ]H'iparin!4' 
to  send  in  search  (»f  them,  two  lar^j^e  canot's  lilled  with 
natives  made  their  appearance,  bringing  with  them 
;^^cl)ougall  and  Stuart. 

It  ajipears  th'>  two  partners,  in  |)ursuanco  of  tlu-ir 
promise,  aftei'  having  exjdored  the  south  bank,  had 
starti'd  on  the  7th  to  i-etui-n,  thouuh  warned  bv  the 


n 


atives  of  the  daiiu'ei-  of  such  a  < 


ourse 


indeed,  iVoni 


their  first  ap[)earance  among  them,  the  Chinooks 
had  treated  these  tempest-tost  strangers  with  every 
kindness  and  consiiU'ration.  C'omcomly,  llieir  chief, 
vvho  though  having  but  one  eye  could  see  more  thuu 


BUILDIXC  OF  THE  VORT. 


103 


most  men  witli  two,  liad  iiu't  the  partners  on  tlir  l)ank, 
and  ,i;i\(ii   tlu'iH  rwvy  int'oiMiiatiou  in  liis  |)o\ver  rv- 


os- 


■iltrctiuu'  tilt'  coinitrv,  and  liad  i-nturtaincd  tlicni  li 
]»ital)ly  at  ]iis  villaye  dui'injjf  tlio  ni^lit.  Xay,  nion', 
when  lie  s;iw  tlicni  bent  (jn  what  lie  tlion^Iit  nuist 
.snroly  jn'ovo  tlicir  own  dostructi(jn,  this  trnly  nohh; 
sava^'c  followed  thcni  for  ii  mile  or  moi'e  in  his  liufht 
hark,  wliieh  skimmed  the  ronij^h  waves  like  a  sca-iowl ; 
and  when  tlnir  clumsier  cral't  was  struck  and  over- 
luiiied  hy  a  huge  wave,  and  the  white  men  ww.) 
struiru'linn"  for  their  lives,  Comcondy  was  at  hand  and 
saved  them.  But  for  him  McDougall,  at  least,  who 
Id  not  swim,  would  have  there  Ibund   a   waterv 


cou 


grave. 

Talviu'jc  them  back  to  land  the  sava'»'es  built  a  iirt^ 
and  dried  their  clothes;  after  which  they  conducted 
them  again  to  their  village,  and  used  eveiy  effort  to 
render  [ileasant  the  three  days  the  storm  detained 
them  there.  aVnd  now  the}'  had  brought  them  safely 
to  their  shij).  uVmidst  the  general  rejoicing  presents 
wei'e  freel}'  bestowed  upon  them.  Jhit  this  was  not 
all.  Comcomly's  kindness  ^[cDougall  never  f»rgot; 
and  not  long  cdlerward  he  took  to  wife  a  <lreaniy 
daughter  of  the  ( 'hinook  <'hief 

ThoULih  not  thorou-'hly  satisfied  with  their  last  sui'- 
vey,  it  l)ecame  necessary  to  tix  ujxm  some  spot,  and 
Point  (leoi'ge,  situated  on  the  south  side  of  the  lis'er, 
some  twelve  mih'S  from  the  I'utrance,  was  iinally 
selected,  "^flu're  irom  an  elevated  spot  within  a  small 
bay  the  f  )rest  was  cleared  and  the  fort  built  which 
was  called  Astoria.  A  piMut  which  projects  itself  into 
the  liver  a  short  distance  above,  tlu-y  called  Tongue 
Point.        ' 


It  was  like  Eden,"  exclaii 


ns  1  ranehere,  now 


lib- 


crated  from  the  discondbrts  and  dangers  of  a  long 
vovage  ;  "the  wild  forests  seennul  to  us  <lelightful 
groves,  and  the  leaves  transfornu'd  t')  biilliant  tioweis." 
'fwelve  men  lirst  went  over  from  Paker  Ikiy  in  tho 
launch,  with  pl■ovi^iions  and  tooU,  the   12th  of  A[tril, 


1S4 


FOUNDING  OF  FORT  ASTOIUA. 


and  l)c\!:^an  the  fort;  tlio  Tonijuin  followed,  thrcadliiLj 
the  ch;iiniel  at  coiiveiiieiuT,  and  ictiiriiiii'L;'  the  salute 
from  th(!  fort-builders  as  heartily  asniiglit  be  as  she 
uuchored  in  the  cove. 

Tradin;^^  now  begiiis,and  likewise  shipdjr.ilding.  Tho 
frame  timbers  for  several  coastiiiL;"  seliociiers  ready 
.shaped  for  the  [)urj)OSu  had  been  brouglit  In  the  Ton- 
(juiii,  imA  enough  I'or  one  were  nov\-  bror.i.,!!t  out,  and 
the  keel  of  a  ve;-.sel  of  thirty  tons  was  laid  by  John 
AYeeks  and  Johann  Koaster." 

Though  the  natives  came  forward  in  larg'e  nundjers, 
they  had  but  little  beside  a  few  land  and  sea  otter 


-        Prm,  A.ln.ns^'^Jorgue'pt,  ,.at|l'M,^,#} 


Kili,ini'„,k  Hf»df 


VV 


Fort  Astoria. 

skins  to  sell.  Curiosity  and  perhaps  some  slight  pil- 
fering habits  promi)ted  frequent  and  long  visits  to  the 
shi[),  on  whose  decks  those  glittering  trinkets  wdiieh 
fc;a\ages  love  were  temptingly  dis[)layed.  '^I'lie  eon- 
fusion  attending  this  tralBc,  and  the  petty  jidvantages 
derived  from  it,  kept  the  captain's  vviaLh  constantly 
aroused.     lie  openly  manifested  his  feelings  of  di- 

•  '  This  snlinoncr  vas  fouml  too  small  for  tlio  pnTimsc.  Astur  lind  no  iilen 
of  tile  (l;ui,','rrs  to  lie  iiit't  at  the  mouth  of  the  Coliiiiiliia,  or  Ik'  wouM  havo 
oi(h'iV(l  till"  fraiiio  of  a  vcssi'l  of  at  least  one  luiiulrnl  tuns.  1  lie  fraim  s 
shippeil  in  \ew  Voi'k  were  useil  in  the  constrnetion  of  tliis  one  on!y,  wliiili 
va.<  »'nipl>iye»l  solely  in  the  liver  trade.'  Fnuirlun's  AKr.,  117-1'*.  Fran- 
c'.ii".v.  wlio  was  one  of  the  jiaity,  says.  |(ll--_' ;  '  We  eniliarkcd  to  the  number 
of  twelve'    ii'viiig',  yi,  baya  there  were  sixteen. 


TIIORX  AT  NCOTKA. 


I.-kJ 


jjust  tor  Conif'oinly,  of  wlioiu  "McDou^ifall  iiiadc  so 
iiuk-h.  An^iy  altercations  I'ollowcd;  but  the  I'lir- 
liiiuturs  we-rc  iinallv  jilad  to  land  their  cfFcct.s  and 
li\c  on  shore,  i)reierrinj;'  the  discomforts  of  tlie  weather 
to  tlie*  cajjtain's  spleen. 

Finally  a  warehouse  twenty  by  sixty-two  feet  was 
completed;  a  portion  of  the  goods  wore  landed,  and 
tlie  re.->t  kept  on  board  for  tralllc  along  the  coa:>t  ac- 


cording   to   a    prearranged    progrannnc 


Th 


sn 


ip 


crossetl  uwr  to  Uaker  Ixiv  (Mi  the  1st  of  June,  and 
on   the   jth   put  to   sea   with  Alexander   ^IcKay  as 


h^uj)ercargo  and  James  i^ewri  lor  Ins  clerk.  J.luni- 
I'ord,  the  second  mate,  was  not  on  board  becaux*, 
•strange  to  say,  the  captain  did  not  like  him;  so  much 
tlie  better  fc^-  Mund'ord. 

Might  not  Lieutenant  Thorn,  our  most  stunly  cap- 
tain, now  shake  from  his  feet  tlie  dust  of  Scotch  fur- 
traders  and  lilthy  French  voyageurs,  and  on  tho 
jf"u//fy "/'//'.■,•  cleanly  scrubbed  deck  laugh  at  the  dis- 
cordant past,  laugh  as  with  his  own  crew  only  on 
Ixiard  she  ilew  before  the  breo;^e,  and  swept  liavlvinto 


tl 


le    coVes 


and    estuaries   oi'   the   admiii 


ni 


sa\  aii'cs 


i 


All 


IS, 


n<»;  v.i 


thl 


ns  evi 


1  temp 


jcr,  evd  tunes  iorever  at 


11 


tended  him.      })<><)med  to  destruction,  the  gods  hud 
long  since  made  him  mad. 

Ihe  Tuiiq'Uu  was  to  coast  northward  for  furs;  after 
which  she  was  to  return  to  Xew  York,  touching  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Columbia.  On  board  werd  twt-iity- 
nine  souls.  Passing  Gray  Harbor,  an  intelligent 
Chehalis  iircsented  himself  in  a  canoe  and  oii'retl  his 
services    as  interpreter,   statin<jf    that   he    had    tv.  i 


•I 


ce 


made  the  voyage  northward  in  that  capacity.  Tr.king 
hiia  <in  Ijoanl,  the  loiitjuiioiixWcd  dii'ect  for  Vancou\"er 
]sLind,  and  enterin-jf  Xootka  Sound  came  to  anchor 


bet 


ore 


1; 


U'L^O 


Ind 


lan  V 


ill; 


lire 


1) 


Tlic  fliclialis,  frnin  whom  aloiic  wo  Iiiivo  any  ilirr'ct  rolation,  (vills  tJiis 


villau't!    \o\vitv.  \iliicli  iiii.sliatls   liviii;;,    \.  Im,   vi;l\    I'rancliiri 


1h  ll 


liiii 


tir 


1^ 


ir  Hilly  jilaif  win  re  l^iiiiaiisi' s  iiaiiaUvo  li  j:iviii,  loosely 


I  ll.'S    t'lr  ll.llliof 


vh'ic  tlic 


1111/ 


till  aiicliorctl,  Nowi'L'tcu.     Mow  oil  all  tliis  islaixi  tln'ic  is  not 


auil  uevur  luu  Ux'U  a  place  culkil  by  uny  pco^jlo  'tlio  Laibot  ol  Isuwcuict;, 


II  Ij 


189 


FOrXDIXC  OF  FORT  Ai^TORIA 


Bef. 


re  1 


Jl'occMn 


liii'''  riirtlicr  with  the  (li-tails  of  th(3 


r!i|>tiin;  of  the    Tdii'/xiji,  \rt  us  n-fivsh  our  inonioiy 
(•Kiiccrniiit^    these    |)afls    IVom    .Jewilt's    adventures, 


ih'ead 


V  sMiiKeu  ol  111  this  worU 


At  Xoiilk.i  Sound,  a  spot  unioi'tunatu  to  early  fur- 
traders,  on  the  rjlh  of  ^farch  I80.1  a])j)eared  the 
iA\\\)  liosliHi,  John  Salter  master,  ha\inL^  on  l)oard,  as 
armorer,  one  John  W.  Jewllf,  who,  on  his  return  to 
civiU/ation  as  one  of  the  only  two  survivors  of  the 
<-rew,  after  aeautivitv  ainoiin'  the  savaLjcs  of  over  two 
3'i'ars,  puhli.shed  a  narrativi^  of  his   adventures  and 


^uller 


in'>'M. 


-lewitt  was  a  native  of  Hull,  En^'land,  where  ?.[assa- 
<*husetts  tradel'S  to  (lie  ^^Torthwi'st  Coast  Wert;  ac- 
customed to  obtain  n'oods  suitable  to  their  tralii  •. 
Youiil;',  ardent,  and  iuL^enuous,  he  was  easily  persuaded 
to  aecomj)any  ('attain  Salter.  Jewitt's  father  was  a 
Macksmith,  and  his  consent  heiiii;'  obtained,  he  erected 
i'or  his  son,  ujion  a  plan  of  his  own  invention,  an  iron 
foi'MH;  on  i\vvk,  for  whi<-h  he  subsecpieiilly  obtaine  I 
a  i)atent,  and  iitted  a  vise-bench  in  a  corner  of  thvj 
,steera;.(i',  where  he  ini^ht  woik  in  bad  weather.  The 
y>un!^-  man's  waij^es  were  thirty  d  illars  a  mouth,  an  I 


thc«i' 
h 


as   thi 
d 


wind   blttw   and   the   vessel    rolled,    he 
and   hatchets   fir   the 


laimnei'ed   awav  ui)on   kik\».'S 


.1' 
Indians,  and  |)ut  in  order  tlu;  muskets,  ot  which  there 

x.cre  some  three  thousand  on  board.     His  fatlu-r  also 

gave'  him  a  little  money  with  which  to  pui'chase  \'\\va 

u{)on  the  coast,  and  sell  them  in  CliiiKi,  whither  thi 

^hij)  was  bound  before  returning',  and  where  he  would 

invest  tile  ])roceeds  in  ^-oods  yielding  a  further  piiiiit 

in  l']ngland  or  .Viiicrica. 

In'sidc  muskets  and  fo\vling-]»ieees,  the  ship  took 

on  board  at  J  lull  cutlasses,  pistols,  and  a  large  (|uantity 

ofam  munition;  also  10iigiish(  lot  lis  and  Dutch  blankets, 

iKir  even  iiiiy  j>lii(o  on  tlic  coast  l)y  that  naino.  At  tho  ciitrani'i?  to  Qnci "i 
<  harlntto  Sdinid  flici'o  i.s  tlio  nation  of  Nt  witri's,  Imt  \vc  know  the  Tihii/Kiii- 
ni'.cr  iiailiiil  tliat  point.  In  tin'  ali.si'ni'c  of  (•(nuitti-cviili  m'l^  it  iti  Imt  l'airl> 
fall  tilt"  jiailior  Xootka  Sonnil  ami  tlif  village  Js'cwity  alter  Liimansc.  Soo 
^MUivc  Jiuit.i,  i.  ITi'i  iiutu  4l». 


JKWITT'S  XARKATIVI-: 


n«  well  ns  l;niv('s,  razors,  iH'ads,  and  louldu'^'-i^las^cs; 
j'roin  Ilitllaiul.  In  addition  to  tlu'.sliip's  stores,  Ihcic 
were  tut'iity  liuj^'shrails  (»r  rnni,  and  (juantiliosol' sn;4ar 
and  molasses. 

The  N  illai^c  of  Xootka,  whost,'  kinij.or  jj^cnoralissinio, 
Jrwitt calls  ^[a(|nilnla,  was  sitaatod  on  I'^rirndly  (.'ovo, 
live  niiU'S  alii  \c  which  tho  Pmstuii  canu'  to  anchoi",  at 
a  place  when;  the  ('a])tain  hoped  to  wood  and  wati'r 
the  s!ii[)  witliout  nioU'station. 

^^a:|niInla  was  a  man  of  mild  asjtect  and  din'iiified 
hcai  in<4',  six  feet  in  hei'^ht,  and  straiL^ht  id  well  j)i-o- 
jtoitioiied  as  a  lorest]»ine.  Instead  of  the  usual  wide- 
^;)^eadIn'L;■  llaccid  nostrils,  his  nose  was  roman,  and  his 
(lark.  c()|>[»ei'-colored  skin  was  eoverod  from  he-ad  to 
foot  with  I'ed  paint,  two  ci-eseeiits  like  new  moons 
hein.;"  ]»encilk'<l  over  Ilis  cjyt'S.     Arrayed  in  a  njai^niii- 


Cl 


iut  rol)e  of  sea-(»ttei',  extendinLT  to  his  kn 


ee 


Ijclted   with    native    cloth   of  divel's    col 


ors. 


his  1 


an< 

oil-', 


I 


likak,  well  oiled  hair  sprinkled  thickly  with  white 
down,  and  accompanied  hy  his  j)rincijial  suhoidlnates 
!^iniilarl\  attired,  ^[a(plilma  sexeral  times  \isited  the 
shiji.  and  dined  with  the  caj)tain.  'I'he  ciunni  >n  peoj)le 
had  likewise  come,  hrinn'in^'  with  them  fio.i  salmon, 
which  Were  very  acceptable.  Fron>  intcroourse  with 
I]nL;lish  and  American  tradinuf-vossels,  ^lacpiinna  and 
^■jvei'al  of  his  peo[)l(!  had  j)icked  np  a  lew  words  of 
I^n^lish,  which,  snj)plemente(l  with  their  gestures, 
rendered  them  fairly  understood. 

Captain  Salter  was  extrenu'ly  careful  to  avoid  sur- 
])rise,  re'piirini^  every  native  hefore  hoarding"  his  shi|) 
to  divest  himself  of  all  outward  clothing'  which  mi!4ht 
conceal  weaj»ons;  yet  the  suhtle  sa\'aLjes  at  len^'th 
succi'eded  in  throwing-  him  olf  his  j^uard.  An  unfoi- 
lunate  display  of  an^-er  on  the  \y,\\i  of  Captain  Salter 
i.iav  have  inlluencecl  the  natives  in  their  desii 


:\\. 


A 


iowi 


m^-]>ieci' 


ha<l 


I  >een   1  »rese 


•nted   to   the   chief,  wh; 


letnnied  it  next  day  hroken.  The  captain  in  a  lit  of 
an<_;-ei-  cursed  till'  chief  ior  his  stupidity,  and  threw 
the  gun  to  Jewitt  tu  be  meudod.     Mai^uinna  smoth- 


ir.s 


rou\DT:,r;  of  fort  astorta. 


i.Tod  liis  I'csoutmoiit  ii-;  hi-st  hv  ctdiM,  strokiiiLj  liis 
throat  to  kc'c'i)  his  cholcr  <lo\vn,  but  juiswfrcd  iicvti'  ;i 
^vol•(l. 

'^I'cu  (lay^^  had  passed  since  tlio  arrival  ofilio  vessel, 
Avlieii  ^ra([iilniia  asked,  "  Wiieii  you  sail.''"    "  To-nior- 


l-t  iw 


alter  rejihe* 


ou  love  salmon 


sai» 


I    ^[; 


quinu;!,  "  mucli  salmon  in  l'^'l(MidIy  ( 'ove;  wliy  not  _!i;o 
eateli  liiniT  The  pi'oposal  pleased  Saltei*,  who  sent 
the  diief  mate!  with  nine  men  in  the  yawl  and  iollv- 
l)oat  with  a  seiiu;  to  lidi,  Ma<piinna  and  his  ehiul!s  rc- 


luaunn''"  on  hoan 


d  tod 


imier, 


Tliis  was  the  2-il.  The  steward  had  heon  aslioro 
in  the  ]')n'^-hoat  to  wa-h  the  ca[»tain's  elotlie-*,  and  re- 
tui'iicd  ahntit  tliree  oV-loel;  in  the  al'tei'noon,  som  •  liltK; 
tim(>  after  tlie  iishiii'^'  |)arty  had  left  lor  FriiMidly  Cove. 

Ma(Hiinna  and  some  twenty  of  his  principal  men 


'i 


werc^    loiterin-jf    about    the    deck 


Ti 


ley    Avero    un- 


armc  I,  and  s  >  meek  lia  I  b(>en  tlioir  bearinjj,  and  so 
IViendly  their  conduct,  tliat  by  tliis  time  little  atten- 
tion was  [)aid  to  them. 


StU'roundni'if 


the 


sliii)  W('re 


()( 


^casional   canoes,  in   which    were  warrioi-.s   lisLlessly 


watchiirjf  tlio  movements  of  those  on  board. 


W 


Ule 


til'. 


I'emauiiii'jf  members  o 


.f   tl 


>c  crew  wevo- 


on-'-ajod  in  hoistiii'''  in  tho  lonuf-boat,  sucklenlv  the 
sav'i^^es,  seixiuLj  whatever  miplements  lay  nearest, 
s[)ran;.jj  upon  them,  beat  them  <lown,  and  wiih  tlie 
sailor's'  ov»n  knives  cut  tlieii'  throats.  Maquinna  him- 
self !.;-rappled  Salter  and  throw  him  overboard,  where 
h(>  was  despatched  by  those  in  the  canoes.  The  heads 
of  the  slaughtered  mariners,  to  tho  number  of  twent}'- 
live,  wovo  tluMi  cut  olf  and  ranLjed  in  a  row  on  tho 
(piarter-deck,  their  bt)dies  be-iuL*-  thrown  into  tho  sea. 
Those  who  had  jf^ono  iishiu!^  with  tlio  chief  mate  wero 
easily  disposed  of  by  the  warriors  at  Friendly  Cove. 

Jewitt  escai)ed  as  by  a  miracle.    At  tho  time  of  tho 
attack  ho  was  below,  cleaninLj  muskets.     Heai'iui;'  tho 

dad<l 
it  hii 


conmiotion  on  deck,  he  I'ushed  un  tho  stoerairc 


on 


lyt 


o  rocoivo  a 


strok 


itl 


or 


CO  witu  an  axe  w 


L'icl 


I   sol 


11 


back  senseless.     When  ho  reuaiiiod  consciousness  tho 


sKizrni:  of  tuk   I'.ostox.' 


liatrli  \v;is  dosed.     Tills  lijul  ln'cii  (Imikv  1u>  nrtcrward 


r;inic( 


1.1 


)V  oruri-  ol 


M 


«|Mllll).'l,  V.  Iio  \V 


hen  1 


K'  saw  liim 


«tnn'k  lnil):ul(!  iiis  iiR'ii  to  kill  liiiii,  pn  li'iTiii,:^'  t<>  r^ 


t,im  jis  ;i  ^  l;ivi'  u  iiiaii  so  uselul  in  mal;my;  lual  ri'j>air- 
iiiH'  '"■vcnpniis. 

I'rosoiilly  tlio  liatcli  was  i-aised,  and  ^ra(ji;iiiMa's 
voico  wtMi  lu'ard,  (Hilci'iii;^  .fcwitt  on  deck,  rdinded 
with  l)lood,  llu'  tit-nddiii'L''  armorer  a[i|)eari'd,  a;>siire(l 
tliai  lii ;  iiour  liad  conie,  and  helieviiii;'  liimself  span-d 
lliMs  far  only  to  nnd<'r;^:>  the  most  relined  r.nd  pro- 
lonij^ed  tortnrcs.  Upon  liis  faithlnl  juomisi!  of  ohe- 
dience  hi  ;  Hie  was  s])ared,  Matiuimia  then  commanded 
him  to  tulu!  (he  shi[»  to  J'^ricndly  ('(»ve,  a  l';;t  which 
was  aci'om[)lished  with  the  aid  ol'  the  savages,  who 
made,  however,  hut  sorry  sailors. 

Jt  was  then  ascertain»'d  that  th<'  sail-maker,  Thomp- 
son, was  in  i\\v.  hold  alive.  Him  .fewitt  savi-d  hy 
tei;.jnin'j"   him   to    he  his  lather,  and  reliisinii'  to  live 

til"  '  o 

unless  the  other's  life  was  preserved 

( Jreat  was  the  joy  of  the  victors  over  their  hrill- 
iaiit  achievement,  and  from  afar  their  frii'iids  ari'ived 
to  join  in  their  triumj>h.      They  stripjied  the  vi'ssel 


>f   her  rirfrinir  and  riiled  the  c 


u-i-'o,  ( 


leek 


lu: 


tl 


lenv 


Women  s 


i(I\ts  in  eouts,  cloths,  and  sacks,  men    in 

'Uioeks,  with  stockinjj^s  drawn  upon  their  heads,  and 


wo 


men  ornamented  with,  shot-ha-. 


1 


)0\ 


,(ler-l 


loi'ns,  or 


any  artich;  tlu-y  hapjtened  to  fancy. 

i^'our  days  after  tlu;  tra_!.^edy,  two  ships  were  de- 
scrie<l  standinix  in  to  the  liarhor.  The  •j-uiltv  savaijcs 
were  <.,n'eatly  frightened,  and  seizinuf  their  guns  I'an 
liitlu  r  and  tiiither  on  the  shore,  hooting  and  sliouting, 
with  many  extravagant  <lemonstrations.  The  vessels, 
Avhich  wen'  the  Man/  and  the  Jtoio  of  ]loston,  there- 
U|>on  stood  out  to  sea,  and  were  soon  out  of  sight.  l>e- 
foie  half  of  the  cargo  was  out  of  the  llnstun  she  was 
Ituiiied,  heing  accidentally  fiivd  hy  a  native  who  was 
tin  hoard  at  night  with  a  toi'ch  for  j)ilfering  j)Ui]»osi's. 

His  wounds  healed,  Jewitt,  with  a  stone  I'or  an 
anvil,  and  a  wood  lire  to  heat  his  uietal.  wa«  soon  at 


KiO 


rorxDTN'ci  OK  r»»r;T  astoiiia. 


f 


I 


Avork  inakliiLi,-  kiiivts  f'oi-  tlic  inni  ;iii(l  Uractkts  for  tlio 
Moiiioii,  wliicli  |»]-(>cur('(!  Iiiiii  ]\'\<j;\\  I'avor. 

'I'li(iui]is(tu  was  u  native  of  J*liiIa(l»I]>liia,  a,  jiowor- 
1';il,  luarliss,  vioKiit  sail«»r  (tf'alMHit  l'<»rty  _v<'ars  of'aL;r. 
]lv  .luwilt's  iiitcrcossioii  aloiir  ln'  twice  cscajx^d  tlif 
iiiiii'di  rolls  M'liM-caiUT  ol'liis  masti-i's  loi-  sliiKinu'  llieir 
tliildri'ii,  whom  lie  cordlMllv  hated.  While  at,  Xootka 
.)<  witt  kej)t  ii  journal  in  u  honk  whieh  he  loinid 
in  the  cajjtain's  rjihin.  l''or  ink  Thompson  ofleivd 
hlood  IVoin  his  anil,  hut  the  wj-iter's  jd-elei-'MJco 
l'r!l  upon  hoili'd  hlaekheriT-jniee.  Ma(|uinna  seeinu^ 
him  wiitiiiLf  one  day.  and  suspicious  K'st  he  should  he 
j<'cor(nnn'  the  atrocities  of  the  Xootkas,  threatened  to 
hum  his  hool;  if  he  e\er  caught  hiiii  writiiiLT  a-jiain. 

Whil' oil  a  lishiiiL;'  excui'sioii  with  tin-  N'oolkas  to 
a  place  tiny  called  Tashees,  a  hoojv  was  mi\-e!i  .lewitt 
ill  which  were  wi-itten  the  irinies  ot'  seven  sailors  who 
had  some  time  piv\  ioii^lv  (!■  sertecl  iVoni  the  shlj>  M<i.i- 
)  ficsfcr  of  J'hiladrhihia,  Jhiaii  master.  From  ^la- 
(|;iiiinM,  who  made  them  slaves,  six  attemp^'d  tlieir 
escajte,  hut  were  captured  and  cruelly  ])iit  to  death, 
'^riiis  was  told  .lewitt  as  a  warniiiL:".  that  he  should  not 
desei't  to  the  Wicaiiaiiidi  neieIil)or  ol'  the  Xootkas, 
mIio  was  eiideavoiIiiL;"  to  entice  him  away. 

Instead  of  u  isliiii;4'  t<r  1e;ive  him,  .lewit t  (  .\j)resse(I  a 
desire  to  le.irn  the  lanu'ua'^'e,  wiiicli  jtleased  ^h'Kjuinna 
jcreatly.  Tlieii  the  chief  hi'c.ime  cuiilideut ial,  and  re- 
cited to  his  c.iptive  ii,  cat'loL^ue  of  injii'ii's  as  the 
leasoii  why  he  had  seized  the  sliip.  ( )ne  TawniiiL,^ton, 
eajitain  of  ;i  schooner  whif'Ii  ha<l  wintered  ;it  l-'riendly 
(   oVe,  jirmed    Ins   crew    .'.nd  entered   llie   house   ot'   Ma- 


«|llllina    Willie    lie    v\;is 


ahsciit  at  the  W'icanaiil.-h  pro- 
ciiriiiin'  '■'  vvife,  and  cairie<l  away  I'oity  of  liis  hest  skins. 
I'our  of  hi>  chii'l's  wei'c  !\illcd  nhoni  the  same  time  hy 
.Martinez,  a    Spanish    c;i|itain.      Not    Ioiil;'    alter,   for 


tealiiiL;- a  chisel  from  the  car|»enter  of  tiie  ym  (iffrr 


II 


lima,  the  cnpi.iin.   tired  upon   then-  c;m<..'s.  Ixilhii; 


over  twinty  men,  of  wlioiii  s»'Vt  ral  were  ciiiel's,  Mj 
(juinna,  who  was  on   Imiird  at    the  time,  isia)  "ng  hy 


f 


SOUNDS  OF  DKLIVERANCI-: 


li.I 


li'jij'in^'  ovri'lxK.r*!  niul  swinniiiii'j^  sonu'  distanco  nndrr 
vatf)'  Those  oiitiii'j^cs  i-ecallcd  I)V  Salter's  insult, 
wcvr  kiiuiKvl  to  a  tlaiiic  hy  opportunity,  and  (piickly 
the  ilvL'd  V\as  done. 


As  tin 


tl 


nc  wore  on,  tno  coininon  people,  ospcei 


U 


allvtl 


lo 


Wieananisli  visitors,  Kecanie  very  impertinent  to  the 
liite  slaves,  and  on  Ji'witt's  complaint  to  Ma(piiinia 


^\ 


o 


r  their  hai'd  lot  the  kinij  I'eioined  that  thev  mi'iht 
kill  any  \vho  insulted  them.  This  [)rivilege  Thompson 
Mas  not  slow  to  avail  himself  of,  hrini^in^"  in  the  head 
(if  a  Wicananish  shortly  after,  at  which  Matpiinna 
was  highly  di'li^hted.  Thom})s  .i.  likewise  took  great 
pleasure  in  shiying  savages  while  out  with  ^raquinna' 


Mar 


H'tl 


es. 


Jew 


itt  was  I'orced  ta  take  a  wife  and 
adopt  Indian  costume,  which  he  did  as  gracefully  as 
os.sihle,   but   beiuir  seized  witli   illness  arisin-''   from 


1 


scanty  covermg,  Ma'[unHia  jtronounced  his  conversion 
a  failure,  and  permitt'.'d  him  to  divorct'  his  wife  aiitl 
resume  his  old  di'ess. 

Thus  two  summers  and  winters  had  now  come  and 
gone,  wlieii  one  day,  in  July  !S().'),  while  eugagi-d  in 
iorging  <laggers  lor  the  king,  the  revi-rberant  boom  of 


threi-  cannon  greeted  the  eai's  of  the  captive? 


Tl 


10 


thrill  that  thesi-  sounds  sent  to  the  heart  was  smoth- 
ei'ed  ere  it  rv'ached  tlu'  face.      They  had  almost  de- 


snau'ed  oi    (leiixeraiict 


ieli 


.b'witt  had  written  a   letter 


v.liich    his    Irii'iids   the  AVicananish   had  j)romised   to 
deliscr  to  some  passing  vessel,  but  th(»ugh  seven  ships 

the  shore  si;u\'  their  capture  ihmk; 


had 


ipjieared  v. 


had  eiiteied  Xootka  sound,  and  the  letter  was  nevi  r 
heard  <»f. 

The  I'osfd))  was  the  largest  and  best  e<|ui]tped  ves- 
sel hitherto  fitted  out  for  th<'  Northwest  ('•►a'-t  trade, 
and  til"  destruction  of  such  a  ship  witli  its  attendaist 
horrois  had  deterred  others  fi-om  ^■isiting  the  plac", 
although  there  was  not  th<.'  slightest  ilang<'r  provided 
pio|i(  r  care  was  exercised. 

Continuing  to  assume  indillerence  to  the  arrival 
of  the  shij),  Mai|uimia  was  thrown  oil'  his  guard,  and 

lilHl.  N.  W.  CojMt,  VuL,  II.     II 


t6S 


FOUXDIXO  OF  FORT  ASiOIlIA. 


v.'onM  n')t  allow  liis  pcdplr  to  kill  tlio  captlvos,  as 
tlii'V  (U'^-ired.  ITc;  c\[»ri'ssi(l  a  wish  to  ^o  on  jjoard 
the  ship.  Tfis  jH'ople  I'ciuoiistratcd,  hut  ho  assuii-d 
thcni  ]\v  was  not  ulVaid,and  that  ho  would  go.  JIu 
thereupon  ordered  .Jewitt  to  write  a  letter  to  the  cap- 
tain, which  he  did,  ini'oi'ininLf  him  that  the  hearer 
Avas  the  [)i'inci[»al  chief,  ^^a(plinna,  who  had  destroyed 
tlie  Iliistuii  and  killed  the  crew,  and  he!4;i^ini(  him  to 
liold  the  chief  ca[)tive  until  he  and  his  companion 
should  he  set  at  lihertv. 

I^inc!  hy  line  Jewitt  pretended  to  cx})lain  the  ejVistle 
to  Ma(piimia,  whose  shai'p  eyes  seemed  to  peni'trate 
the  armorer's  hopes  through  their  mask,  hut  the 
reading  was  quite  the  reverse  of  the  writing.  "John, 
you  no  lie?"  earneslly  demanded  the  chief.  It  was  a 
teri'ihle  ordeal  for  the  ca[)tive.  A  word,  a  gi-stun',  a 
Mush,  and  his  life  would  j)ay  the  foi'fcit.  (hithering 
strength  in  measure  witli  his  need,  .lewiit  preseiilly 
I'aised  his  <yes,  and  answered  cahnly  and  iirmly: 
"Ty  ee,  havi'  you  ev^'r  known  me  t>  lie'"  It  was 
cnonu'li-  '^I'lii'^  savai^e  possesseil  a  reallv  iiohle  natuiv. 
He  had  tnatecl  his  captives  well,  and  he  helieved 
them  firmly  attached  to  liim.  ^'et  the  lie  had  heeii 
well  told  which  should  serve  their  purpose  better  than 
th(^  truth. 

Scarcely  had  ^fatpiiniKi  set  his  foot  on  deck  when  he 
found  himself  in  ii'oi.s.  (Jreat  was  the  guilty  chief's 
terror,  and  great  the  consternation  of  his  jieople. 
Jewitt  and  Thom[ison  were  at  once  permitted  to  go 
on  hoard,  this  being  the  onlv  way  of  sa\ing  th(»  king's 
life.  The  cai)tain  wished  to  j)ut  .^^a<pIinna  to  death, 
but    Jewitt    j)ointed    out    the    Usek  ssiiess    ol'    such    a 


<*ourse 


'V\ 


IIS  was  a   sa\age 


J  Te  had  been   insulted, 


liis  men  nmrdered.     \\v  employed  such  means  of  le 


(iresM  i"s 


Clod 


gave  hun,  ivvenge 


In'sides,  hi!  had  more 


than  once  spared  the  lives  of  his  captives  when  his 
followers  demanded  their  blood.  So  Matjuimia  was 
released,  and  the  usual  butchery  omitted. 

The  .ship  proved  to  be  the  A^(//«f,  ( 'aptain   Sanuiel 


AND  XOW  THE   'TOXCUIX.* 


103 


irill,  fVoiii  P>()st(»ii.  All  tliat  was  Icftoftlio  Bosfnn  was 
si'ciiivd  l)clori'  Ma(|uiiiii.i's  (li'liv«ji'uii<-c.  Tlic  Li/iltd 
continued  hor  coiirsu  northward  for  four  months,  whtMi 
sIk'  returned,  and  I'nterinL?  the  (Jolunihia  for  spars,  as- 
cH-nded  the  ri\er  ten  miles  to  a  native  villaLC*'-  I'om 
whose  inhahitants  Jewitt  learned  of  the*  visit  of  Li'wis 
and  Clarke  a  fortni^^ht  In  fore,  in  proof  of  which  medals 
wei'e  shown.  Thenee  the  Li/di'i  aLi^ain  prod'edt-tl  to 
Xootha,  lo  trade'  with  Ma<|uinna,  who  received  his  ol<l 
IViends  with  ^^-latefnl  consideration. 

( 'untinuinL;'  northward  until  the;  11th  of  .Vui^ust 
HOC),  the  Lt/(li(i  then  sailed  for  (^hina,  where  .Jewitt 
met  a  fellow-townsman,  a  sea-caj»tain,  who;.iladly  sup- 
jilied  his  n<;cessities,  and  conveyed  to  his  l"ath<  r  tin; 
intiHigenceof  his  safety.  Jewitt  remained  in  the  Li/<lnt 
until  she  i-eaclied  1  Joston,  whi Ji  was  in  .June  Is07, 
where  l^'rancis  and  'I'homas  Amory,  owner.s  ol  the 
JJustuii,  treated  him  with  every  kindness. 

])efore  leavl;.^  _^7ew  York  (\iptaui  Thorn  had  \uH'n 
warned  hy  his  emi)lover  not  to  trust  the  natives  of 
the  coast  too  far.  "  All  accidents  which  ha\c  a-  yet 
lKi|»[u'ncd  there,"  wrote  Astor  in  his  parting"  injunc- 
tion, "  ai'ose  in  too  nuich  confidence  in  the  Jndians;" 
and  the  interpreter  now  hears  out  this  caution,  and 
notifies  him  of  the  tri'acherous  character  of  the.-i'  peo- 
i»le  in  particulai'.  Xevertheless,  n<tt  ouly  was  ne;^- 
leetod  the  usual  precaution  taken  hy  tradirs  alon^^ 
these  .shores  of  rii^^Inij  a  hoardinn'-nettinn'  round  tlie 
deck  so  as  to  picveiit  too  many  fiom  coming;' on  Itoaid 
at  once,  hut  thi'  cajttain  did  not  excn  take  the  tioui»h; 
to  intimidate  the  savaL;es  hy  appearing;'  hefoi-c.-  them 
projH'rly  aimed.  During-  the  afternoon  the  natives 
came  on  hoaid  tVeely,  and  hy  t'\enini^'  a|i|)ai'entiy  thu 
most  friendly  relations  had  ln'cn  estaidi-ind.  Mc- 
Kay was  coi'dially  invited  to  sj)end  the  jii^ht  on 
shiire,  which  he  <lid,  rep<isin!H"  lu\uriou.>>ly  in  the  chief- 
tain's house  on  a  IkmI  ol"  ot t»'r-skins. 

Kaily  next  Uiorninig',  while  Mclvay  was  yet  a.shorc, 


101 


fou::ding  or  fout  astoiua. 


hu'i^'c  «|nantitlc's  of  furs  wert'  brought  Uy  tlic  natives 
to  llic  ^liip  to  ti'iuk'.  Tlu'  o'ooils  were  ])}'o|)erly  ar- 
!;ui;4'r»l  upou  tlu'  deck,  and  prices  ii!i[)osL'd  by  J^iwis 
j.iid  C'aptalu  Tliorii.  Ikit  the  natives  were  captious 
i'.i  their  bary:aininu-s.  l?i'ici's  were  too  lii'-li,  and  the 
j;-oo(ls  were  n»»t  of  tlie  best  kind  or  ()uahty.  For 
twenty  years  ^reat  shii)s  luid  come  IVoni  over  tlio 
ocean  for  tlieir  furs,  and  they  knew  well  enough  the 
ways  of  M'liite  men.  There  was  one  (»ld  Shylock- 
fcaturetl  chief  that  made  liiniself  specially  odious  to 
( 'aptain  Thorn,  wh<>  held  all  savages  in  supreme  con- 
tcniiit.  j'his  fellow  seemed  to  direct  the  tlealiligs  of 
all  t!ie  rest;  and  when  the  ])rice  was  laid  down  for 
\heir  skins  he  would  treat  the  ofi'er  with  contem[>t, 
and  demand  twict^  as  niUch. 

Thorn  felt  his  choler  rising;  but  after  all,  it  would 
not  sound  well  in  polite  circles  to  havi;  it  said  that  a 
lieutenant  in  the  navy  sailed  a  ])eddling-shi[)  all  the 
way  round  Ca[)e  llorn,  and  then  thiaslied  the  sa\- 
ages  with  Jiis  own  hand  l>ecause  they  svi're  more  skil- 
led traders  than  he.  Ihit  the  old  chief  growing  more 
and  mole  insulting,  insomuch  that  all  trade  was 
I  lought  to  an  end,  and  Thorn's  wrath  waxing  hott(  r 
iiiid  hotter,  he  tinally  oitlered  the  chief  to  taki;  his 
traps  and  leave  the  ship.  Some  of  the  savages  pre- 
jiared  to  obey  tlu'  (»rder,  but  the  old  chief  stirred  not 
an  inch,  only  the  hitherto  eunning  leer  lel't  his  face, 
and  a  stnri'  <»f  stolid  indiH'erenci!  took  its  [)lace.      Hut 


hen 


'i'l 


lorn,  overcome  wi 


th  1 


ur' 


on  seeiiM 


.U-  1 


iims( 


•If 


thus  deiied  upon  his  own  ship's  deck,  seized  the  I'ellow 
by  tlu-  hair,  jerked  him  to  his  feet,  and  as  lu'  slioxid 
him  toward  the  ladder  struck  him  in  the  face  with  a 
loll  of  furs  brought  there  to  trade,  a  cloud  of  deadly 
I'.ati^  overspread  his  dusky  I'eatures,  while  his  lyes 
!  hot  tire.  On  tlu'  instant  the  deck  was  cleared  of 
hatives.  Not  a  man  of  them  was  to  be  si'en,  Tluv 
(juitted  the  ship  as  one  might  recoil  from  a  pestilence. 
.McKay  Mas  greatly  troubled  when  lu'  heard  of 
the  fracas.      A  luciati\  e  trailie  had  been  disgracefully 


OnXTLI^MAXI.V  r.KUTALrrv 


skil- 
nu)re 

was 


IMSCil 

■How 

l()\  I'll 
1th  a 


lives 

i\   of 

■IHI'. 


u 


iiy 


1»r()ki'ii  ll])  hy  tlif  cajjtain's  ii-nscihlc  iinj)rii{K'i!oc.  X<> 
t  nti'i'jirisr  (-((uld  he  succcssiul  iukK  r  suili  iiianai^'rrici.t. 
Till-  was  111)  way  to  treat  sa\ai;-es.  Of  what  avail  is 
(iiir  hoasted  (•i\"ili/:ati()ii  if  it  luiiiL;';  ii<t  j>t,w(  i-  nwv 
jiassidii,  if  it  (liK's  not  oivo  iis  an  iiicivase  of  tliat 
inti'lli'ctual  supcrioiity  \\hi(]i  distinj^uishcs  men  fVoin 
hiiiti's.'*  Staiidini;'  there  lace  to  face  npon  tliat  >l.i|»  s 
ilvck  the  hii^li-spiritt.'d  gallant  Tliorn  was  the  savai;(', 
and  th(!  Imekstei'iiii^  le-d.-kin  his  suhaltern. 

^fcKay  was  idso  alai'Uied.  1  to  knew  th**  Indian 
chaiaeter  well,  and  iVoni  what  he  had  seen  ashoiv  Ik- 
was  satisfied  that  these  wei-c  of  more  t!ian  ordinai-y 
intelli'^'eiK-e,  and  that  tliey  weic  no  less  \  indietive  and 
riiiel  than  they  wi-re  ennniiiL;'.  He  knew  that  thi-; 
lijow,  this  most  deadlv  insnlt  a  .sa\a''t'  ean  reecivr, 


W  (I 


nld  soonci"  or  latei-  I 


le  ;iVe!l 


'jnl      ( 


40 


Ml!'  at  once  t' 


the  captain  he  told  him  this,  explained  the  situation  i: 

lie   asliore,   thai 


e     i)C()') 


,..•,,[ 


V,  hi<li    they    now   stood    to    tl; 

luiicefortl;  they  Would  he  icL;;'rded  as  enemies,  that 
lilow  hein^' a  (h'claration  of  wai-  In  it:  most  insultin.;; 
tc:ms.  He  ui'j^fed  him  to  depart  from  llial  hay,  t  » 
1  "se  not  a  moment;  the  wind  v>a..  now  faveial'ie.  let 


hnn  set  sai 


lat 


once 


Thorn  laughed  at  him;  jiointed  to  his  t;'';iis.  and 
^tiutted  the  deck,  l^ausini^  ji  niom-nt  heforc  Mid\ay. 
villi  features  full  of  ^a\a•^■e  \  iiidicti\tMu-ss,  he  i  \- 
clainied;  "'Do  you  think  I  would  run  )>etore  a  1  >t  of 
iiakeil  redskins  so  Ioul;'  as  I  had  a  knife  or  a  haiul- 
1'o  the  inrerjtretei'  who  now  a]>j»roached  him 


niKe 


V  ith  fear  depicted  on  his  i\n-i\  warnin;.;'  him  a.;'ain.-t 
fmiher  intei'coui'se  with  people  arMore,  he  dei'.:iiid  no 
ah>\\ei'. 

Xothiii!^'  umisual  hapj>enid  <luiiii!;"  the  ri'st  of  the 
day, and  the  ni^'ht  jiassi-d  without  dist ur!)an<-i-.  \'cry 
early  next  niornine-,  with  faces  hrieht  as  the  sun.  ^  Mne 


twenty   natives    came    aloic^side   tjie   .>hip   m   a 


huV' 


p:roMM(.^  each  holdiiij.;  o\er  his  head  a  roll  of  fur-, 
ihns  sjonii'x  inii'  tliat  tlu'V  de><iri.'d  to  trad-.  A  littf' 
Miiile  iif  triumph  hr(»ke  over  the  captain's  faci',  a.^  he 


IfiG 


FOUXDINC;  OF  FORT  .VSTORIA. 


turned  to  ^fcKity  and  said,  "Yoti  see  liow  it  works. 
Treat  tliesc  I'cllows  t-in'^crlv,  and  tlicv  I'ido  over  voii; 
sliow  tlicni  tliat  voii  ai'e  not  alVaid  of  tlicni,  and  will 
not  put  u['  with  their  dauinod  impertinence,  and  they 


tl 


H'liave  tnonist'ives 


h 


Adnnttcd  at  once  to  tlio  deck,  they  di(^  indeed  con- 
(hu't  tlienisclvcs  in  a  most  circumspect  maimer,  l)ein;; 
vei'V  I'espectful  and  oj'deily,  and  makini^"  n(.t  the  sli;4lit- 
est  ol)jection8  to  tlio  prices  given  lor  their  skins. 
Anotliei-  ))oat  arrived  hringing  as  man}'  more  men,  all 
with  otter-skins,  and  of  the  l)est  ((Uality-  The  ca[)tain 
was  in  a  glorious  good-humor.  He  ]o\'ed  to  tiiumph, 
not  less  over  those  about  him,  than  owr  the  barba- 


rians aslior(^ 


M 


oreo\'er 


th 


IS     WOl 


Id 


eliahk 


bk 


lum    a 


to   tinish    this   l)usii 


less,    o 


f   Vvhich    hi 


11  tl 

was 


ic   sooner 


lieart 


11 V 


tired,  and  return.  Jn  like  manner  a  third  ])lrogiui 
came  ofK,  and  a  fourth,  and  a  tilth,  all  being  freely  ad- 
mitted, until  the  deck  was  cro\v«led. 


■\l 


eanwhilethe  iiiteipreter  and  the  sailors  on  watch 
iiad  Ixcome  alarmetl,  not  less  at  the  throng  of  savage 


ilmltted  on   board 


fll     hi( 


rs-.sr,  than  lliat   under  their 


sus'ticious  .scrutiny  they  had  observed  that  whiki 
y-nww  j)ackages  (»r  their  furs,  and  those  of  the  best, 
tluv  would  freelv  disijose  of,  other  i-olls  tliev  v/ould 
ke(>p  baek,  demanding  an  exorbitant  ])rice  for  them. 
Moi'eM\i  r,  the  women  kept  charge  of  (lie  canoes;  not 
one  (if  (hem   aj)peared    upon   the  deck.     'I'lle:  e   suspi- 

■aptaiii,  \\ho  now 
liidiai.s   a.s   if  bv 


cloii;;    were   ct 


tmmuiiicated    to   th 


li 


imsi 


■If  1 


)erame  al.irme( 


d;    f 


V   llu 


ac( 


■ideiit  had  rair-'ed  tliemselves  well  round  the  sh 


i;«. 


while   the  late  hapj)y  e\pre   -i  in   on  their  f 


U'e.-i   wa. 


cliaii 


W'S  t( 


O  one  ot    somlil'e  colieerii 


'I'Ik  1-e  was  no  mistaking  it;  and  what  mad"  it  wort 


still,  neithi-r  the  cajitain  nor  anv  of  the  ere 


w    Wer<' 


:rnie(l 


11. 


I'  would  awav  Irom  there  i\i  once,  and  as  li 


•oiul 


(he    resiilx'e 


fa\'>;'able   h 


^j)rar:g  up  which  woiiM  earry  them  out   tnu 


just   tl 
"Iv.     1 


en 


l\e 


sa.io 


IS  Were  ta'dered  aloft  (<•  u'llurl  tl 


le  sa; 


while  th. 


THE  M.\SSACRE. 


1G7 


rest    wore   ^vciglang   unchoi-   and   iiuikinjj^   ready   to 


(IC  » 


iirt. 


Tho  savii<;<s  were  loanlnj^  listlessly  about  the  shlj), 
ait})areiitly  uiiconoerned  in  what  was  goin<;  on,  yet  not 
a  movement  of  the  white  men  escaped  their  viL,^ilant 
(Ve.  The  c;i|>tain  now  ordered  them  to  their  hoats, 
as  the  sliij)  was  aljout  to  sail.  ]vieh  savaL;'e  tlien  rose, 
]iicke(l  u|»  liis  roll  of  otter-skins  and  thru.>t  liis  hand 
within  it,  wlien  at  a  j)reef)neerted  si_L,Mi;d  out  came 
knife  and  bludgeon,  antl  with  a  terrilie  yell  they  threw 
themselves  u[»on  the  captain  and  liis  crew.  Iji-wi.s 
w;is  ilrst  struck,  and  fell  uj)on  a  l)ale  of  blankets. 
^Pwo  sav.'i;^>;es  who  had  marked  ^bdvay  for  tlieir  <»wn, 
jiiid  liad  I'ollowed  him  stej)  by  step  since;  the  orch-r 
v,;is  lirst  giNen  to  sail,  now  fi'll  upon  him,  knocked  him 
senseless, ;ind  pitched  him  ovei'l)i>ard,  wheretlie  wonieu 
despatcluul  him  witli  theii-  padvlK.'s.  Another  set  en- 
«;aL;ed  the  (Mptnin,  wlio  drew  a  i-l  isj»-kiiife  and  for  a 
time  defended   himself,  l)ut  was  finally  cut  to  j>ieces. 

Meanwhile  the  butchery  about  the  ship  was  '^cn- 
eial.  !''oUi' of  llie  sailors  who  wci'e  alvtft  slipped  down 
111''  ri.u'.'^in'^,  :ind  drop])in,L;'  tIii*ou;;li  th'.;  steerai^e  hatrh- 
\.iiy,  secured  th<'nst'l\'es  below;  the  otlier  was  laid 
hf  less  by  a  stal)  in  tlie  back  as  lie  was  descending'. 


The  inter|.reter,  who  u[»  to  this  time  had  been 
seated  on  (lie  poop,  uow  made  signs  to  the  women  in 
llie  eanoes  that  he  surn-ndo'ed  himst-lf  a  sla\e,  and 
l1i<i'eupon  di-opjied  himself  into  the  water.  Taking 
liiiM    u[>   they    hi>l   him    under  some   mats,   and   eon- 


\eyni' 
two  \- 


him    to    the   si 


lore 


keiit  him   in  dniaiice  for 


1 


d 


leii  he  w.'is  raiisonu'" 


1  1 


i\'   Jus    li'ieut 


!>  of 


.'rav 


Harl 


lor, 


laru'**  of 


"Soon  ai'tci',"  said  he,  "  I  heard  the 
lire-arms,  immediately  upon  \'duih  tho 
India.ns  iled  tVom  the  >-ess  1.  and  pull«  <l  for  t!ie  shoie 
a>  fast  as  iios>il)le;  nor  did  tluv  \'«'nturo  to  i^o  alonii- 
sidv'  the  >hip  again  the  wliole  (»f  that  da\-." 

A  >  all  the  I'est  had  bee'i  mass;icj\'d,  that  is  to  say, 
if  lii'wis  was  not  y«'t  ahve.  and  we  have  iu>  reasnn 
]'oi-   apposing  tiiat  he  was,  undoubtedly  tlu;  fuing  wu.s 


lOS 


FOUXniNCJ  OF  FOIIT  ASTOIilA. 


(lone  l)y  llio  four  sailors,  who  (Ipopjicd  from  tlic  lij,'- 
</\U[!;  Ih'Iow,  broke  tliroULfli  into  tlif  cahin,  seized  arms, 
and  with  tiieni  cleared  tlie  shij).  This  shows  how 
easily  all  niijucht  have  heen  prevented  if  the  traders 
had   used  ordinary  caution,  and   had  siniiilv  carried 


it'i!'  ai'nis, 


'J'lu'  Indians  from  the  shore,  watchiniLC  the  shij)  an 
the  ti-'cr  watches  its  i>rev,  next  day  saw  four  nun 
lower  a  h(»at  and  make  for  the  soa.     Instantly  a  scoi'e 

hut  whether  those  men 
says  the  intei-pi'eter, 


ol   piroLTUes  Wert!  in  c 


lase 


Wcl'e  ovel 


tal 


<en  and  niurt 


rlered. 


or  gained  the  open  sea  and  j)erished   there,  1   never 


cou 


Id 


learn. 


Tl 


n 


y 


wei'e  never  atterward  liear( 


d  h 


d  of. 


And  now  all  was  silent  on  hoai'd  tlie  TiiiKjiiin.     1  ler 


Moodv  <lc<'k  was  strewn  with  the  hodies  of  those  wh 


o 


h;id  so  lati'lv  hc(  n  her  life;  and  there  siu'  1; 


del 


a  sejtulclirc;  UJ)on  t  ne  sea 


th 


w 


tl 


ly  s(  )U 


11 


ess. 


iriiv  tHe  savages   made; 


their  a])proacii,  as  to  a,  thiiiij^  living",  yet  di'ad.  llonnd 
her  they  swept  in  their  canoes,  hy  denrei's  narrowing' 
t!ie  circle  as  tla.'  ahsence  of  life  on  hoaid  stimulated 
their  courai^t', until  in  swarms  thev  tiathei'ecl  round  and 
(  lanihored  uj»on  hei'  deck.  She  was  now  the  connnon 
pri/e  of  all.  Huddled  on  hoard,  and  clin,nin_n'  to  lur 
(ides  were  five  liundred  men  an<l  women,  ea^^'ir  for 
ilundei".  Suddenly,  with  a  terrilile  hoom,  the  vessel 
>lew  up.  filling'  the  air  with  the  manj^led  and  dismem- 
bered bodies  of  the  savaiL^es,  two  hundred  of  whom 
wi>re   slain. '^     The   shi[)   inuMediately  sank,  and  tir.is 

"  '(""iiptaiiu  Smith  of  tlic  Allxth-oxK,  wlin  Imil  mcii  tlifi  wrci  k  nf  lln'  I'lui'/iiiii, 
ill  liK'nlidiiiiiL,' to  (IS  its  sMil  fate,  attiiliuttil  tlii'  riiiisc  uf  tin'  ili-astir  to  tlu) 
I'a.di  iiiiiiiiirl  (if  ( 'iiiitiiiii  Avii's,  of  no.>tnn.  'I'li.it  navJL'iitor  iiail  talv<ii  otl'tfii 
lira  dozen  iiati\rs  of  Nrwitty,  lis  liiiiitcis,  with  a  pioiuiM  (t  luiiijiiiii;  thi  iii 
hai'li  to  tiu'ir  <'oiiiitrv,  wliicii  inoiiiix'  \iv  iiiiniinaiily  lnolir  hy  lra\  iiiji,'  tlici.i 
nil  Hoiiiu  (h'scrli'c!  islaiid  in  Sir  iVaiicii  l*raiii'«  II;. y.  'I  In-  coniitiyiiuii  if 
tUvm;  liiifortiiiintcs,  imli^riiaiit  at  the  coiiihut  of  the  Aiiicricaii  taptaiii,  h.ul 
fiworn  to  iivrnp'  thcinn'lvts  on  thi;  lirst  whitt."  nun  wh>>  apixari'il  anion;; 
thc'iii.'   /'rdii'ln  ri'x  .\rir.,  \S~. 

'-'  ill  tliis  fatal  disaster  of  the  '/'nii'inhi,  nn  in  fvery  other  inattt'r  that  coinc.-i 
\.  ithin  my  Morli,  I  ha\e  end(avore<l  to  hU\U'  t!ie  v.n^.•lrni^h^•d  truth.  Hen- 
!'-i<e  |ieii:a|is  more  than  tiie  usual  dillii  iilties  in  distiiiL;iii.shiii'4  the  tiuo  from 
the  false,  owiliLf  to  the  fart  that  thi'  most  gia'/llii- aeroiiiits  and  tliose  whirh 
»!i.  u!d  lie  tile  most  lelialiK' ale  mi.shjidiiiLr.  Aieuiai  y  isi\  ery  «  liei*'  saiiilind 
t  I  vllect.     More   than   u.suai   if   [.o.s.sil)le   in   hi.s  •U.lor  rchitij'.i,  li'\in^'   heiu 


nUMOIlS  OF  IXTUUDKRS. 


ICD 


torinitiatcil  tin."  iiiaritiinc  iir.st  part  of  the  Astor 
j»r<»jcct. 

T<»  n.tuni  to  Fort  Astoria.  Prior  to  tlic  siiilitij:^  of 
tliL-  Toiu/uiii,  and  wliilc  l)uil(liii,Lf  was  still  in  jiroi^'i-t^ss, 
i-iunors  rcat'licil  thu  t'oi't  tliroiinh  tlu-  natives,  that  i! 
ronii>any  of  white  men  had  i;stahlished  tin 'nisi  Ives 
above  a  eertain  rapid.  There  \vas  not  a  doubt  tliat  it 
uas  the  XorlliWL'st  C»)nii>any,  whose  jiowcrlal  organ- 
ization the  Aslor  |iart\'  were  ealled  upon  to  eonihat 
thu.'^  rarly  in  their  oeeu})ation  of  the  Ci>hnnl)ia.  At 
all  evtiits  they  would  ascertain  the  nieanini^  of  it. 
Ileneo  on  tin-  "Jd  of  May  a  company,  of  win  mi  itolu'it 
Stuart,  Frandure,  MeKny,  and  ^lontiyny  uere  lead- 

f/ivoH  %vinL'H  to  liis  Jirillimit  iiiiaiMMiitiiin,  anil  jirnnits  it  ti>  ciirry  him  wliither- 
HiM-viT  it  w  ill.  While  jiikimw  h'd^iti;,' himsclt'  iiuhlitnl  lor  Ihc  iints  tn  the 
Kiliio  Or.iy  Kailmr  iiitci  pii'tcr,  w  hosi;  iiariati  v«;  I'laiichcin  iii)'iits  vrili-i- 
tiiii.  Ill' foUovvs  liiiii  only '-io  tar  as  HuitH  his  i  iiiii.'i>]itii>ii  of  wliat  a  ^imhI  Mtory 


•  m-'iit  l'>  Ih 


I'ii.-t  lu'  i 


riviiitH  uaiiu'S  f(»r  the  chid'  Imliaii  ihaivu  Ici-h;  tlio 


ilittiliri'tcr  Iif  calls   I.;iMia/ic,  wliirh   is   the   lilst   ('In  liali.s  wold  1  have  fvcr 
iiioiiiiiitertil  with  a  '/'  in   it.     TiicTt!  is  iinUiiiij,'  Npecially  <«h|citiiiiiai>lu  to 


\\  K-aiiaiii-li  ax  tht'  iialiu*  for 


iiirf,  Imt  Ncpdkaiiiis  and  Shiwisl 


>V  U  ilK  .1 


tiinis  he  tl<'hij.'iiat<-»  tin'  oM  almriLjiiial  Shylmk,  ami  the  iliii  f's  sun 


l..tti- 


r  suit  in-irv  Hoilthtrn  tiilits 


n 


l.s  a.stcpiil.'-hin 


if  tli(Mii<livi-liial  iiii'ImIk  IS  iif  a  liiui'I  nf  Mava^fts  ul  w 


^'.  tl 


lis  intiliiair 


M.SC   V1T\' 


liihal 


Willi  1 
iK-.l-! 

I 


hanii-  ail 


hahitat  he  it  iiitinly  i;.'nciraiit  I     'I'Ih'  stmics  of  Captain  'rhuin  kiukini,'  tho 
peltries,  the  whort  fnr  mantle.s  iiiicler  which  tl'c  wi\ii,m's" 


W  capiius  w  eic  coli- 


cealeil,  tin;  .■M-Uctin^' of  kiii\  cs  in  their  liaiter,  tin'  tindiiiL,' of  Lewis  ni<irt;i'ly 


"leil,  hut  not  ileail.  down  in  tiie  eali 


in,  etc 


are  |iiire  ruinancc. 


Oik 


•  II 


hut  adiiiiru  the  facility  with  which  this  charniiii;.;  author  ntiids  seven  nica 
into  the  ri;.:;;inf.'.  instiail  of  live,  in  order  that  he  may  ha\e  two  more  t'l 
p-aphically  kill,  and   keeps  the  iiiterpnler  on  the  ship  loii^r  after  he  It-ft.  s'> 


that  lie  mi 'lit  liiiish  his  Htor\ ,  and  wui  k  to  h 


■Idle   pitch    tiie   Hllatc] 


.leal! 


of  Lewi.H.  and  his  wholesale  ri'ven;,'e.  [iviiij,'"s  a.-^seitioii  that  the  four  men 
were  cautjht.  hroii^jht  liiuk,  and  tortnri'd,  and  that  the  intcipicter  hehl  con- 
Vci'satloii  with  tliein  in  u  hich  they  iiiforniecl  him  of  all  tiie  little  partlcnlar.i 
which  oceuiTed  after  his  dc]Mrtiire  from  the  shiji,  and  prior  to  the  explo^ion, 
lia\e  not  in  tlnin  all  a  word  of  truth,     lint  it 


as  tlioiv. 
fact.     I- 


;■  It  wi 

..r  tl 


lardly  wise  to  ciiticise  tictioii 
re  fact;   I  only  wish   to  estahlisii   what  is  liction,  ami   wiiat 


eh'L'aiit  and  philosoph 


iphii'  w  I  iter  of  II 


■Is  1 


lave  tiu'  nlo^t  p 


found  admiration:  hut  as  there  are  many  who  Iiunc  all  llieir  lives  re;;ardcil 


Ir 


A  "I 


•  ■ri'i  as  true 


histi 


<■(  its  most   hrilliaiit  (lassa^'es  are  ]iiii('  tii'ti 


ry.  It  IS  hut  my  duty  to  uitonn  them  that  mai.y 


I' 


It   will 


never  l>e  known  how  or  hv  vn 


loin  the  Idiiiiiiiii  was  hlown  up.     Some  preti'iu 


to  i^iiy  that  it  was  the  work  of  .lames  Lew  is,  hut  that  is  impos^iii 


lor  II 


pears  Irimi 


the  narrative  of  the  Imiiaii   that  h 


der«d      .It   li.i„'ht  also  h. 


i\  e  heeii  ace  ii 


hnta 


was  one  ot   the   lir>t   pel.-.oUS 


.Or, 


th 


l«fi 


ipiittiiiK  the  hliip  may  have  liulited  a  slow  train,  whiili  is  the  luo  t  likely 


supiHisitioii  < 


tl 


i  all.'     The  fact  that  I) 
d 


rviii;,'  iios.-essed  some  otlu'r  iuloiniation 


laii   I  rani  Ik  re.  dis-s  not  in  this  iiistaiici!  (airv  much  wii 

I   I' 


;ht.  h 


to  th 


catustioplie  ilitre  happens  to  he  hut  one   witness,  and    I'Vani  hen-  gives  Uvt 
iiaiiiiiivc  in  ttul.     .Svc  uLiu  Jii^t.  Aurthwivt  L'ounl,  i.  327 -t>i  tliiii  !<ciieii. 


170 


rouNDiNf;  OF  roiiT  astohia. 


I  I 


I 


II 


ci's,  was  (Ic.'jK'itched  nj>  llir  ilsrr.  On  lliiir  v/ny  tli(\V 
a.sc!'M(lc(l  (Ii(j  CDwlitz  lor  u  sliort  cli.staucr,  luaiiy  <»!' 
whose  iK.'ople  had  iicvci-  hi'lorc  scni  white  iulu.  I'hni 
]»roi'cc(liii;^  Uj)  the  ( 'ulimihiji  as  I'ar  as  tlie  Cascades 
vitliout  learning  anything  of  tlie  intrudiis  they  re- 
turned, ri'aehing  F(»rt  Astoria  on  llie  1  llh.  ^lean- 
while  tlie  huil(nng  a|>[iroac'hed  eoniiiletion.  A  div.clling 
and  [lowdei'-inaga/iiie  wi-re  j>nt  Uj>,  all  ol"  iiev.n  1 


C'lK 


losed. 


.1 


md  rooied  over  willi  cvan\ 


th 


1(  )LI"S 


harl; 


o    » 


On  the  IJth  of  .lunt!  IHII,  the  natives  l)roii;rht 


111 


two  strange  Indians  whose  di'ess  was  totdly  dili'erent 


IVoni  that  of  the  trihi-sof  the  ( 'ohnidda.hein '"oiMi 


\  'SSL'( 


I 


<li'ei'-skin,  I'ohe,  leggings,  and  ni 


oeea.sill 


lue 


th 


<  )se 


^\•orn  to  th*;  I'ast  of  the  Itoekv  ^^ouniai 


>N  either 


CO 


o- 


uM  they  understand  the  dialeets  of  th'-  lov.i  r  ( 
Imnhia,  hut  made  themselves  kucnvu  hy  moans  of  the 
Kni-teneaiix  tongue 

it  a[)i)eared  that  the  X(»rthwest  CVinipa'.iy  wero 
already  on  the  ground  with  a  determined  i*  rce,  that 
heside  the  eailv  fstablislunents  ahout  the  head-waters 


.f  1 


(•;;(•(' 


aiK 


I  !• 


rasei-  riviis  wIik 


•h  foil 


ov.c 


,1 


u!;eu- 


/ie'.'i  e\jiloration,  there  were  alrea<ly  at  leant  two  olliers 
farther  noi-th  and  west.  For  these  savages  sulvl  they 
had  heen  si-nt  uith  a,  letter,  whieh  they  ^;h owed,  writ- 


ten hy  l''irm.in  MeDoiiaM,  a  clerk  of  tlu 


ir  I  invest 


('onuKiiiy,  fiMiu  a  f(trt,  which  ha<l  heen  establi.Nlied  oil 
the  Sj)okaiie  |{iv<  r.  The  letter  was  ad(hvs^.u.l  to  ^Ir 
t)o!m  Stuai't,  l''ort  Iv-;teka(adene,  X«\v  ('ale  Ionia. 
'I'lic  nK'sseii'i'ers,  not  knowiii"''  the  exaet  locality  of 
this  [)iist,  had  lost  their  way,  an<l  had  I'oIkAved  the 
'racoiitelie  Tesse,  as  they  called  the  Colmnhia  lvi\<  r, 
t:»  t!ie  fall-;,  where,  leai'ning  that  white  nun  were 
below,  till  v  douhtrd   not  that  tlu-y  should  here  liiul 


Inm  to  v.hom  the  letter  was  addi 


I'SSIM 


i:l 


It 


iftcrwanl.i  (i.sti'i  tiiincil  tliiit  tlitsf  wric  wuiiil'I),  UiuiU'Ji  oiio  >ii 


tlu'iii  wiiM  (IrisMftl  lis  ii  man,  tliiiikiii;^  in  that  ^Mi'h  hlio  v.iiild  i.u'rt  with 
givatiT  rcsiicct.  'riit'V  wrrc  rcninrkalilc  cliaracli  rs.  Tli"y  wviv.  ii  surt  "f 
imcivili/.ril  iiKiiintcliaiilis,  ainl  inatti.H(.Ml  skilfully  ainl  biii'i'fM.. fully  uio;it  ol  liiu 
cli«;atH  known  ti>  Imtli  white  nun  anil  sa\ai;.'S.  Aniuu;,'  t!ui  luilivc;  t!i<y  ]iv<>- 
fi'HScil  j^ivut  inlliicnci- with  the  t'm--hunti'i«,  wliiili  lui;  lit  wmiro  tlici:i  f,'rLat 


l!u 


r.i.iin^'s.     On  liic  jouiiny  willi  llicai  up  iijo  yi\Xx,  which  iiaoocnutii 


Ay  luuli 


TIIOMrSOX  AT  FORT  ASTORIA. 


171 


lit- 

uvst 

ll    oil 

Mv 

|)iiia. 

of 

|v(  r, 
liiud 


lit  of 

It  tliu 

1""- 
'I'lat 


Tliis  Int(HI^•t•ll(•<'  was  llio  iiioro  uiiWfh.'oino  becauso 
ilir  I*;u  ilic  ( '(tin|Kmy  ill  thuir  j)rcsc'iit  stato  were  un- 
jiMe  ti>  ]ilaiit  posts  and  stU'cissl'iilly  coiiqn  \o  v.itli 
tli<'ir  more  jiowt  rfiil  ri\al  for  tlio  tiadc  of  tlif  iiittiior. 
])itaiiiiii_!:f  tilt;  incssciij^vrs  lor  several  «lays,  howuvei', 
and  ol)tainiii_!4'  IVoiii  tlu'iii  all  inrorniation  [jossihle  re- 
^^'anliiii;  tile  coiiiitry  and  its  |)eo|»l",  they  ileLeriuiiieil  to 
at  t  em  jit  ftt  hold  their  own,  and  plant  post  lor  po.,t,  with 
till  III,  until  their  resoiirees  should  he  wholly  exhausted, 
lit  nee  I  )a\  id  Stuart,  with  the  reijiiisiU!  nun  and 
niereliandise,  made  ready  to  return  with  the  two  na- 
ti\'es  to  some  »[)ot  not  I'ar  distant  IVoiii  tin  ir  ii\al-, 
when.'  they  loo  would  hiiild  a  fort  and  opiii  trade. 

The  1  Jill  of  .rnly  was  the  day  a|t[)ointe'd  lor  th<ir  de- 
jitirtuii'.  .Mmiit  noon  on  thatday,  while  loadin;^-  their 
canoes,  a  lar;;e  euiioe  jiropelled  hy  eii^ht  white  men, 
with  nyiii'4  eolors,  swept  round  'l\»n_uue  Point  and  made 
stiai'uht  for  a  little  wharf  whieh  had  heen  huilt  at  the 
laiidiii'^-place.  What  appaiitittii  was  this  ^  Mr  iliiiil 
was  to  take  the  route  of  Lewis  and  Clarke,  and  u  inlt  r 
as  they  had  done  on  the  ^lissouri;  lu-nee  it  eould  not 
1).'  he.  Soon  tlu'V  saw  that  tlie  llaij  displayed  was 
Jh'iti.di,  and  the  eivw  Canadian  hoatnieii.  As  the 
l>o;;t   touched   the   wharf,  a  well  drissed   line-lookiu''" 


man,  whose  every  motion  proclaimed  the  ^inllemaii, 
spi-anu^  ashore,  and  without  ceremony,  annoimeed  him- 
self as  David  Thomj)son,  partner  and  aslronoaier  <>[' 
tlie  Xt)rtliwest  Coni[)aiiy.  1  [e  was  politely  reci-ivtil, 
and  (piarters  within  tiie  fort  assii^ned  him  and  his 
men;  lor  seldom  did  these  lo;\>;,tt'rs  permit  rivalry  in 
tradt'  to  halk  their  hospitality.  Here  wtre  in*  a 
whom  they  at  the  tinu-  supjio.sed  to  he  scut  isj)i'cial!y 
to  aiiticij)ate  or  sui>[>lant  tliem  iii  the  e\eeuti«)n  of 
their  le;^itimati'  [)ur[)ose,  in  the  consummalion  of  tlu'ir 
most  im[»ortant  plans;    and  yet  they  coidd   not  hut 

liliiii'.  l!(is-<  wjis  »)ii.ililt!  to  iiccoiiiit  'for  till    corilial  ncrptioii  tlicy  iiK't  \\itli 

flulil  llir  li..livis,  wild  loililcil  tllOll  tor  tinil-  }  oiiil  li^lill_^^  willl  tlir  llio.a  V;llll- 


■1.! 


Itilll 


I     till  V    JIOSM  ^S^■ll,     lior.if.s,     1 


liiilici',    lil^'llas,    .so    tlial    on    (a:r 


aniv.il  nt  <  ).iliiiiii(l;rii  tiny  liail  iio  li'.-^.s  than  tMrnly-wix  iiornc:!,  iiwny  of  tUciu 
iuu.iii-il  \,  itii  lilt'  iruil.s  of  llnii'  liiiou  rui.iii.i.' 


IMAGE  EVALUATrON 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


'"  IIIIM 

us     — ' 


12.5 


•^  ilM  111^ 


m 


2.0 


1.8 


1-4    III  1.6 


V] 


<^ 


/} 


^3 


/ 


/A 


'/ 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


^ 


4 


\ 


V 


S 


'<b 


V 


4 


\\ 


«fc, 


c^ 


^.>> 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(7)6)  872-4503 


# 


# 


1 


% 


ci^ 


I 


m 


r'-t 


172 


FOUXDIXCr  OF  FORT  ASTORIA. 


fet'l  as  men  of  one  color  and  lano'uaixo  moctinix  tliu-^.  in 
tliu  wilderness,  and  that  there  were  nobler  considera- 
tions which  should  govern  the  moment  than  those  of 
merchandise. 

Brieily  Mr  Thompson  gave  account  of  himself.  Ho 
had  crossed  the  continent  the  sununer  before,  had 
started  with  a  large  party  well  equi[)pe(l  and  stocked 
for  trade,  but  had  been  deserted  bv  all  but  eiijht  men, 
from  which  circumstance,  having  reached  the  head- 
waters of  the  Cohunbia  at  the  western  baseof  the  llocky 
Mountains,  he  was  obliged  to  winter  there.  As  soon 
as  spring  had  cleared  the  river  of  ice  he  had  built  a  hoiit, 
and  in  it  had  descended  the  river  to  that  }»lace.  Ho 
farther  stated  that  the  winteiing  partners  would  agree 
to  leave  in  the  hands  of  the  Pacific  Company  the  entire 
traffic  west  of  the  liocky  Mountains,  abandoning  all 
posts  already  constructed,  provided  the  Pacific  Com- 
pany would  not  interfere  with  their  trade  on  the  east 
side.  In  proof  of  which  he  produced  a  letter  from  tho 
Yi'intering  partners  to  the  Honorable  William  McCil- 
li\ray,  chief  of  the  Northwest  Company  in  Canada. 
Should  the  Pacific  Company  decline  tliis  offer,  tho 
Nortliw  'st  Company  could  do  notliing  less  than  to 
press  western  occupation,  and  te  '^  t  end  had  de- 
spatched a  largo  force  to  the  m  Id,  and  luid  dis- 
tributed the  British  flag  freely  L.^  the  natives  along 
the  route.^* 

The  arrival  of  Mr  Tliompson,  who  as  elsewhere 
stated  was  the  first  white  man  to  descend  the  northern 
branch  of  the  Columbia,  delayed  the  Stuart  expedition 

^' Fr(tnrJi(r(\i  Xar.,  ]'21.  Ii'viiig  says  not  a  word  of  this  offer.  In  liis  zeal 
for  Astor,  ho  seunm  to  nic  unfair  to  the  Xortlnvost  Company.  Ho  stiuniati/.ea 
Thonijison  as  'anjiy  in  tlio  canip.' iiiid  already  insinuates  treachery  on  tho 
pait  of  MeDougall,  'who  )iad  a  liirliing  feeling  of  eonirimionsliiji  and  good- 
will for  all  the  Northwest  ('oini>any,' heeaiisi:  he  extended  to  uva-  nf  their 
iiieniliers  the  eonnnon  eourtesiea  of  woodsmen.  1  cannot  nndeistiml  why 
tliis  was  not  a  fail'  iiro]iosition,  made  in  an  ojjen,  manly  «ay,  and  one  which 
tlie  I'aeille  Coinrany  wouM  have  ilone  well  to  eoiisidei',  would  have  done  iii- 
liiiitely  ])etter  to  accept.  The  eastern  Held  was  already  well  nigh  exiiausted; 
the  western  was  new.  ]t  was  something  like  the  otl'er  niaclo  the  I'raneiscans 
of  Mexico  hy  the  Dominicans,  which  the  former  were  prompt  to  accept,  and 
\\  liicli  ga\e  them  in  eouscipiciico  Altii  California  in  exchange  for  the  sierilo 
lulls  of  thu  iieniiisiila. 


FORT  OKAXAGAN. 


173 


ciglit  days.  WhatoN'er  terms  might  be  arranged  for 
the  jwsses.sion  of  the  Northwest  Coast  between  Mc- 
Gilhvray  and  Astor,  the  estabhshment  of  interior  forts 
was  j)art  (.)f  the  original  plan,  whieh  the  })ropoL;ed  com- 
promise would  not  in  the  least  affect.  Hence  it  was 
resolved  that  Stuart  should  })roceed  as  if  nothing  had 
liap}»ened.  It  was  quite  a  little  fleet  that  left  the  fort 
the  ^od  of  July  1811.  Stuart,  with  four  clerks, 
Pellet,  Ross,  Montigny,  and  McLennan,  four  boat- 
men, Thompson  and  his  crew,  and  the  two  native 
messL-nufcrs,  all  in  their  light  canoes  under  sail.  It 
was  (|uite  a  little  commerce  the  old  Columbia  was 
stirring  up.  Thompson  was  at  once  to  proceed  to 
Montreal,  and  b}'  him  McDougall  despatched  a  letter 
to  Ast(jr. 

Stuart  and  Thompson  continued  in  company  fur 
some  distance  past  the  Dalles,  when  the  latter  [)ushed 
forward,  leaving  the  former  to  proceed  more  leisurely 
in  his  examination  of  the  country  for  the  selection  of 
a  site  for  a  fort.  Stuart  continued  his  ascent  of  the 
main  Columbia  until  he  reached  a  broad  treeless 
praii'ie  surrounded  by  high  hills.  The  plain  was  rich 
in  tall  grass.  The  landscape  was  open  toward  the 
south-cast  but  closed  with  pine-trees  toward  the 
north.  It  was  fragrant  with  flowers,  and  musical 
with  birds;  and  through  it,  down  from  the  northern 
lakes,  came  a  clear  cool  stream  which  the  natives 
called  Okanagan,  and  joined  its  waters  with  those  of 
the  Columbia.  At  the  junction,  on  the  bank  of  the 
Okanagan,  Stuart  determined  to  place  his  fort.''^ 

Few  spots  in  all  the  north-west  could  have  been 
more  favorable  for  the  location  of  a  factory.  Besides 
a  delin'htful  climate,  friendlv  natives  with  multitudes 
of  horses,  rivers  abounding  in  fish,  and  the  adjacent 
forests   well    stocked   with   game,  natural    highways 

'' 'J'his  first  interior  fort  of  tho  I'iicilio  Conipiiny  was  placed  on  tlic  oast 
Ijank  of  the  Okiiiuigim  a  ivw  milus  above  its)  iiioutli.  Jt  wan  the  (itupiiiii;;- 
place  uf  tlie  overland  brigade,  and  in  due  time  became  the  ehicf  siatioii  lor 
the  deposit  of  furs  from  the  New  Caledonian  district.  FliilaiiKoii'x  V.  I.,  -MS., 
(17;  F.riiiiK''  Hint.  Or.,  MS.,  1S7;  Oray's  JJlst.  Or.,  42-3;  I'ranchcrcn  Aar., 
131;  AW»'  Adv.,  loO,  '201. 


174 


FOUNDING  OF  FOl^.T  ASTORIA. 


were  opened  far  to  the  north  and  east,  and  to  the 
south  and  west  even  ti)  the  sea.  Cunj^dit  in  the  bends 
of  the  rivers  was  an  abundance  of  drift-wood,  with 
wliich,  after  landing  liis  suppKes,  Stuart  erected  as 
the  beginning  of  an  estabhshnient,  a  log-house  sixteen 
feet  by  twenty,  after  which,  satisfied  that  fjr  tlio 
winter  lie  could  dispense  with  a  portion  of  his  men, 
and  wilhng  to  brave  the  untried  perils  of  the  place, 
]ie  sent  buck  Pillot  and  IMcLennan  to  Astoria,  where 
tliey  arrived  the  5tli  of  October.  They  brought  as 
passengers  Resfis  Bruijuier,  a  wandering  Canadian 
tra])per,  and  an  Iro(|uois  hunter  named  Ignace  Shon- 
owane,  with  his  wife  and  two  children,  come  hither 
to  try  their  fortune. 

Finding  the  natives  not  only  friendly  but  intelli- 
gent, kind,  and  exceedingly  desirous  the  white  men 
should  establish  among  them  a  trading-post  wliero 
the}^  could  obtain  useful  articles,  with  a  courage  bor- 
dering on  the  reckless  for  so  staid  and  careful  a  trader 
as  David  Stuait,  he  now  determined  to  leave  the  post 
in  charge  of  Ross,  with  not  a  solitary  companion, 
while  he  with  Montigny  and  the  two  Ijoatmen  should 
make  an  expedition  to  the  north.  The  matter  was 
successfully  accomplished,  Ross  keeping  solitary  vigil 
throughout  the  entire  winter  of  1811-12.^"  Ascend- 
ing  the  Okanagan  to  its  source,  the  party  crossed 
south-v.X'sterly  a  lieiglit  which  brought  them  to  Thomp- 
son River  where,  the  snow  coming  upon  them,  they 
passed  the  winter  with  the  Shushwaps. 

Finding  the  natives  well  disposed  and  the  country 
abounding  in  beaver  and  other  furs,  Stuart  made  ar- 
rangements to  return  the  ensuinc:  winter  and  build 
a  fort  there.  This  was  the  first  expedition  of  white 
men  into  the  reoion  round  Okanajjan  Lake.  The 
Astorians  were  by  no  means  idle;  it  is  estimated  that 


'" '  During  Mr.  Stuart's  absence  of  188  clays  I  had  procured  1,550  lieavers, 
besides  other  peltries  wortli  in  tlie  Canton  market  2,'25<)/.  sterling,  and  which 
on  an  average  stood  the  concern  in  but  '}},d.  apiece,  valuing  the  merchandise  at 
t^terling  cost,  or  iu  round  numl)er3  35/.  stcrliug;  a  specimen  of  our  tra^e 
aiuoiig  the  Iiidiaua! '  Jiosa'  Adv.  150. 


comco:mly  suspected. 


175 


cliirln^i;"  (lie  first  year  of  their  occupation  of  the  Cohim- 
bia  their  explorations  in  various  tlirections  numbered 
ten  thousand  miles. 


The  Chinooks  about  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia 
River  upon  mature  meditation  had  arrived  at  two 
conclusions:  they  would  like  their  country  cleared  of 
white  men,  and  they  would  like  what  little  merchan- 
dise the  wliite  men  had  stored  in  that  vicinity  with- 
out the  trouble  of  so  much  trapping  and  trallickinu^. 
Ih'ieilv,  thev  concluded  to  take  the  fortress  and  kill 
the  occui)ants.  Fortune  seemed  to  favor  their  desi<jfn 
by  lessening  the  force  at  Astoria,  both  by  the  sailing 
of  the  Toiiqidn,  and  the  withdrawal  of  eight  good 
fighting  m-.n  by  Stuart.  Preparatory  to  attack  the 
entire  p;)pulation  withdrew,  and  for  miles  around  not 
a  native  was  to  1)0  seen  where  before  were  hundreds. 
There  v.iis  a  Judas  in  their  camp,  liowever,  a  second- 
ary chief  friendly  to  Stuart,  who  unfolded  to  him  tlie 
plot. 

All  buf'iness  at  the  fort  was  suspended.  The 
entire  force  was  employed  preparing  lor  defence, 
l^disadcs  were  }>ut  up,  and  in  l)astions  at  cither  end 
were  mounted  four  small  cannon.  A  guard  was  kept 
day  and  night.  Though  Comcomly  was  as  profuse  in 
his  profession  of  friendship  for  McDougall  as  ever,  he 
was  not  wh;^lly  free  from  the  sus[)icion  of  having  a 
hand  in  the  atfair.  Red  men  are  much  like  white 
men  in  this  regard;  business  must  always  take  prece- 
dence of  friendship. 

A1)out  the  same  time  savages  from  Gray  Harbor 
and  tlnan  <]e  Fuca  Strait  gathered  in  large  numbers 
at  ]>aker  l^ay,  ostensibly  for  the  purpose  of  lishing 
for  sturgeon.  The  Tontpiin  massacre  was  freely  dis- 
cussed by  them,  and  gave  strength  to  their  plans. 
Tlience  rumor  of  the  catastrophe  reached  the  fort, 
but  little  attention  was  paid  to  it,  as  it  was  thought 
only  a  ruse.  But  later,  when  certain  Chehalis  not 
only  coniirmed  the  rumor  but  detailed  in  part  the  cir- 


' 


17G 


FOUXDING  OF  FORT  ASTORIA. 


cumstanccs,  the  report  caused  some  uneasiness,  and 
yet  tlie  thing  was  not  believed  possible. 

As  ti'ade  fell  off  and  dangers  increased  and  pro- 
visions became  low,  McDougall  determined  to  try  a 
stratagem,  so  as  if  possible  to  set  forever  at  rest  all 
those  itching  i)ropcnsities  of  his  future  father-in-law 
and  his  neighbors  to  strip  the  scalps  and  finger  the 
property  of  tlie  fur-traders. 

There  was  nothing  in  this  or  any  other  world  these 
poor  people  so  feared  as  the  small-pox.  There  had 
been  enou<>h  of  it  along  the  coast  to  show  them  what 
it  was,  and  they  abominated  it  as  the  double-edged 
scourge  of  white  man  and  devil.  Sunnnoning  all 
the  chit'fs  of  that  vicinity,  McDougall,  after  solenni- 
ly  smoking,  informed  them  that  he  had  something 
very  important  to  communicate,  something  which  he 
had  never  told  tliem,  and  which  no  one  knew.  "  Yt)U 
imagine,"  said  he,  "that  because  we  are  few  you  can 
easily  kill  us,  but  it  is  not  so;  or  if  you  do  you  only 
bring  the  greater  evils  upon  yourselves.  The  medi- 
cine of  the  white  man  dead  is  miijfhtier  than  the  red 
man  living.  It  is  said  that  the  men  on  board  our 
,'hips.  twenty  in  number,  are  killed;  but  if  this  bo 
true,  did  not  the  ship  alone,  unmanned,  kill  two  hun- 
dred of  the  nmrderers,  ten  for  one  ?  But  what  is  the 
white  man's  ship  compared  with  the  white  man  him- 
self'^ You  know  the  small-pox.  Listen:  I  am  the 
small-pox  chief  In  this  bottle  I  have  it  confined. 
All  I  have  to  do  is  to  pull  the  cork,  send  it  forth 
among  you,  and  you  are  dead  men.  But  this  is  for 
my  enemies, and  not  for  my  friends."  Like  children 
as  they  were  they  begged  the  small-pox  chief  not  to 
let  loose  upon  them  his  terrible  medicine.  The  pro- 
posed attack  was  not  made. 

Without  startling  incident  the  winter  wears  away. 
The  2d  of  October  the  schooner  is  launched  and 
named,  with  the  usual  formalities,  the  Dolbj.  The 
natives  retire  from  the  sea-shore  to  their  winter-quar- 


I 


CHRISTMAS. 


vrr 


tors  in  tlio  interior;  less  and  less  game  is  brought  in, 
iind  finall}'  Robert  Stuart  makes  a  voyage  up  the  river 
Ibr  the  threefold  purpose  of  trading,  cutting  staves, 
and  obtaining  food.  Three  men  deserting  on  the  10th 
of  November,  Matthews  and  Franchere  are  sent  with 
five  natives  in  search  of  them.  They  ascend  the  river 
iiii  fur  as  the  falls  without  success,  but  on  starting  to 
return  they  find  the  fugitives,  who  were  by  no  means 
unwilling  to  be  captured.  They  reached  the  fort  on 
the  24th,  narrowly  escaping  shipwreck  in  a  storm  just 
before  landing.  On  the  5th  of  December,  Robert 
Stuart,  with  Pellet,  McGillis,  and  Bruguier,  set  out 
to  examine  the  Willamette  River,  and  determine  if  a 
trading-post  should  be  opened  on  its  banks,  the  natives 
having  reported  many  beaver  there.  The  country 
pro\ed  a  garden,  indeed;  replete  with  all  the  beauties 
of  nature,  and  well  stocked  with  animals,  birds,  and 
fish.  But  for  beaver,  the  great  staple  of  the  fur- 
trader,  the  Cowlitz,  the  Blue  Mountains,  and  the 
country  of  the  Shushwaps  afforded  greater  attrac- 
tions. The  time  being  now  past  when  the  lunquin 
should  have  returned,  fear  grew  upon  them  that  the 
report  of  the  Indians  was  too  true. 

The  annual  Christmas  festivities  were  celebrated, 
though  the  fare  v/as  poor.  The  1st  of  January  i812, 
was  liailed  with  a  discharge  of  artillery,  and  although 
the  allowance  of  spirits  was  short,  dancing  was  kept 
np  until  a  late  hour.  The  festive  season  over,  all 
hands  returned  to  their  ordinary  occupations.  A  barge 
was  built  by  the  carpenter;  charcoal  was  bui-ned  for 
tlio  use  of  the  blacksmith;  the  cooper  was  busied  upon 
barrels  to  supply  the  need  of  i)osts  yet  unestablished ; 
while  the  rest  cut  timber  for  additional  buildings  and 
stockades.  On  the  evening  of  the  18tli  of  January 
there  arrived  two  canoes  of  white  people,  being  the 
first  detachment  of  the  overland  party,  whose  jour- 
ney we  will  now  briefly  trace. 

Hist.  N.  W.  Coast,  Vol.  II.    12 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

ASTOR  OVERLAND  EXPEDITIOX. 

1810-1812. 

The  Ovf.ulan!)  Pakty — Wilsox  P.  J[r.NT— Rendezvofs  ox  the  ^Iissouki — 
New  I'aktnt.us — Ascent  of  the  ^Missol'ui — Manuel  Li.sa — IIoe.ses 

PrUClIASED  AT  THE  RiCARAS' ViLLAOE — TlIE  ClIEVENNE  CoUNTUY— TlIE 

T?ni  IToKN  ^MorNTAiNs — On  Gkeen  River — The  Shoshone  CoiNTiiY— 

HEAK- WATERS  01"  THE  SnAKE — UnFIT  FOR  XaVIOATION — A  DISSATISFIED 

Partner — Danoerolts  Rapius — Party  Divided  into  Font— The 
Devte's  f>' i'ttleiioee — A  Terruile  JorRNEY  —  Fa:mi\e  —  IIokse.s 
RouoHT— Xew  Year's  Dance  of  the  Canadians — Feast  on  Do(;- 
meat — The  Rlce  ^Iocntains — Amono  the  Tcsiiepaws — The  Colum- 
bia—Arrival  at  Astoria. 


The  overland  party,  it  will  be  rcmcinbored,  was 
placed  by  Astor  under  the  direction  of  Wilson  P. 
iruiit,  ])a]'tner  in  charge  on  the  Pacific  coast,  ^le- 
].)oUL;'all  acting  as  chief  only  during  his  absence. 
Hunt  was  a  most  able,  conscientious,  and  reliable 
man.  1  [e  i'ollowed  unllinchingly  what  he  deemed  the 
right,  and  was  nobly  unscliish  in  the  performance  ot' 
tluty.  l[o  stood  by  Astor  when  all  others  deserted 
liini,  never  allowing  his  own  interests  to  interfere  with 
those  of  the  company.  Up  to  this  time  he  had  had 
no  experience  in  forest  life;  but  there  are  men  efficient 
wlicreveryou  place  them.  Thus  Ids  friends  repn.'sent 
him,  and  such  I  should  like  to  believe  him;  he  must 
be  judged,  however,  by  his  own  actions. 

While  ejecting  arrangements  for  his  expedition, 
Hunt  made  his  rendezvous  near  the  junction  of  the 
Nodowa  lliver  with  the  Missouri,  not  far  from  whero 
is  now  St  Joseph.  The  party  mimbered  about  sixty. 
Besides  Hunt  there  were  four  other  partners,  three  of 

(IToi) 


KEXDEZVOUS. 


i::) 


Avlioin  were  addend  to  the  coinjiaiiy  nftcr  tlio  dcpai'lii'.'o 
of  till'  maiitiiuo  expedition.  Donald  MeKenzie,  one 
of  the  original  ])artners,  had  been  for  ten  years  in  the 
service  of  the  Xorthwe.st  Coni[)any.  lie  was  acctis- 
tonied  to  camp  life,  proficient  in  Indian  strategy,  a 
good  shot,  and  a  good  fellow.  ]']ng'agi'd  in  fur-trading'- 
on  his  own  account  alonn'  the  ^Missouii  Avas  a  vouii''' 
Scotchman,  Ramsay  Crooks,  formerly  of  the  Xoi'th- 
west  Company,  a  worthy  gentleman  of  high  integrity 
and  enterprise,  whom  Hunt  invited  to  join  as  paitner. 
The  invitation  was  accepted.  ^Vnother,  niad(>  ])artiu'r 
hy  Hunt,  acting  for  Astor,  was  Joseph  !Millei',  a 
native  of  ])altimore,  foi'merly  army  ofhcer  and  trap- 
])er;  and  the  fourth,  Ilobert  ^FcClellan,  a  man  of 
jearless,  ini})etuons  spirit,  with  a  small  musculai' 
frame  and  a  dai'k  fiery  eye.  He  had  had  nuicli  ex- 
perii.'nco  in  lighting  Indians,  and  was  the  hei-o  of 
inany  exploits.  I;>(;sides  these  were  one  clerk,  John 
Reed,  forty  Canadian  boatmen,  and  several  hunters. 
Among  those  attached  to  the  ex[)cditi(Mi  worthy  oi' 
mention  was  John  ]3av,  a  Virginian  backwoodsman, 
standing  six  feet  two,  and  straight  as  an  arrow,  wil!i 
an  elastic  step,  a  constitution  of  steel,  and  a  frank'  and 
open  face  and  manner;  John  Colter,  who  had  I)ee:i 
with  Lewis  and  Clarke,  and  Pierre  Dorion,  son  of 
]jcwis  and  Clarke's  interpreter.  Two  scientific  light ' 
were  present  in  the  persons  of  ,lo]ni  ]:>ra,dbury  and 
Mr  Nuttall,  both  Englishmen  and  botanists. 

In  getting  this  force  together  Hunt  had  met  Avith 
no  small  difHculty.  At  Montreal  and  ^NTackinaw  tlio 
Northwest  Company  opposed  him,  and  at  8t  Louis 
ho  had  the  JMissouri  Fur  Company  to  throw  every 
obstacle  possible  in  his  wa\'.  Voyageurs  were  o1)- 
taincd  very  nuich  as  sailors  are  engaged  for  a  crnis.', 
and  to  secure  the  managers,  guides,  intei'preters,  and 
hunters  required  no  small  art.  Rut  patiently  and 
as.siduously  Hunt  and  ]McKenzie  ])ursue(l  their  j)u;'- 
po.so,  proceeding  first  to  ^Montreal  in  .)  idy  1 8 10,  spend- 
ing part  of  August  at  ]\Iackinaw,  where  they  added 


.,?(■.- 


ISO 


ASTOR  OVEnLAND  EXrKDITIOX. 


to  tlu'ir  outfit  us  well  as  to  tlioir  luunbors,  and  oom- 
lilcliii;^  their  aiTaiii^ements  at  St  Louis,  wliei'c  tlioy 
ai'i'ivt'd  tlu!  .'!(1  of  Sc'ptenihor. 

A  Spaniard  was  then  iiiaiiaujcr  of  tlu;  Missoui'i  l\ir 
Company  at  St  l^ouis,  flannel  Jjisa,  hy  whoso  entcr- 
])rise,  extraordinary  indi.'ed  for  one  of*  his  nationality, 
j)()sts  had  l)ee»i  established  on  the  upper  ]\Iissouri  in 
the  track  of  Lewis  and  Clarke  as  early  as  1  (S08. 
While  ] lunt  was  busy  during  the  winter  gathering 
his  peoj)lc  at  Nodowa  for  an  early  spring  start,  Senor 
Lisa  was  likewise  ))reparing  to  ascend  the  ^Missouri 
in  the  interests  of  his  company. 

Breaking  camp  about  the  20tli  of  April  1811, 
Hunt  and  his  party  ascended  the  ^lissouri,  reaching 
the  mouth  of  the  IMatte  in  ii  week's  travel.  jMakinuc 
a  halt  of  a  day  or  two  to  supply  themselves  with  ash 
timber  for  oars  and  poles,  they  lost  two  of  the  best 
hunters  by  desertion.  On  one  occasion  the}'  were 
startletl  by  eleven  naked  Sioux  rushing  into  their 
camp,  but  without  serious  mishap  or  any  further  ad- 
venture the  party  arrived  in  the  neighborhot)d  of  the 
village  of  Omaha,  where  they  i)itched  their  camp  on 
the  'lOth  of  May. 

Intimidated  by  rumors  of  hostile  tribes  above,  thi'cc 
more  men  now  deserted,  but  fortunately  their  i)laccs 
were  supplied  by  three  new  men ;  while  some  distance 
higher  up  the  river  the  party  was  joined  by  two  ex- 
l)erienced  trappers,  Benjamin  Jones  and  Alexander 
Carson. 

Shortly  before  entering  the  country  of  the  hostile 
Sioux,  Hunt  I'ectiived  a  letter  despatched  by  mes- 
senger from  Lisa,  who  left  St  Louis  three  weeks  later 
than  the  Astoi'  party,  but  had  now  nearly  overtaken 
them.  He  requested  them  now  to  halt  until  he  came 
up,  that  they  miglit  pass  the  hostile  territory  in  com- 
pany. Lisa  was  bound  in  seai-ch  of  Henry,  who  in 
the  year  })revi()us  had  been  driven  from  his  fort  at 
the  forks  of  the  Missouri  bv  the  Blackfoot;  his 
conuiiand    numbered    about    twenty-live    men,    and 


UP  THE  MISSOURI. 


m 


ou 


tile 

ICS- 
1110 

111- 
iii 
at 
lis 


id 


Avould  prove  a  valuable  aece.-i.sion  to  the  party  in 
udvaiit'c. 

Ill  times  past  there  had  been  a  difficulty  between 
Lisa  and  ^IcLellan,  and  the  latter  now  threatened 
to  shoot  Lisa  tlie  iiioineiit  tliey  met  in  the  Indian 
country.  Lisa  had  also  been  Hunt's  op[)onent  at  St 
Louis,  and  he  now  feared  that  further  trouble  mii^ht 
ensue  if  they  joined  I'ompany.  He  therefore  r»'- 
sorted  to  subterfuge.  Writing  to  inform  Lisa  tliat 
tliey  would  wait  I'or  him  at  the  village  of  tliv^  Poneas, 
a  short  distance  above,  no  sooner  was  the  messenger 
out  of  sight  than  all  hands  exerted  their  utmost  eft'orts, 
and  sped  up  the  river,  leaving  Lisa  to  make  his  way 
through  the  hostile  country  as  best  he  mi<j:ht.  Tliero 
Avas  no  ex(.'use  for  this  falsehood.  It  would  have  been 
as  prolitaI)le  to  have  declined  Senor  Lisa's  company 
in  a  manly  and  honorable  manner,  as  to  have  taken 
refuge  in  this  cowardly  Higlit. 

At  their  first  encampment  above  the  Poneas'  vil- 
lage, the  two  Omaha  recruits  deserted;  but  tliey 
shortly  after  fell  in  with  three  ohl  trap[)ers,  Ken- 
tuckiaiis,  John  Hoback,  Jacob  Rizner,  uid  Edward 
Itobinson,  who  had  been  with  Henry  in  the  service 
of  tlie  Missouri  Compaiw,  and  who  now  engaged  witli 
the  Pacific  Company,  agreeing  to  give  one  half  of  their 
peltries  in  return  for  ammunition  and  supplies. 

Up  to  this  time  Hunt  had  intended  to  continue 
in  the  track  of  Lewis  and  Clarke,  but  learning  from 
these  men  of  the  strenrjth  and  hostile  attitude  of  the 
Blackfoot  he  determined  to  leave  the  Missouri  at  tlio 
village  of  the  Ricaras,  purchase  horses,  and  cross  tlie 
mountains  to  the  southward,  near  the  soui'ces  of  tlie 
Platte  and  Yellowstone,  being  the  route  by  which 
Clarke  had  returned.  A  frig] it  from  the  Indians  an<l 
a  bloodless  quarrel  with  Lisa,  who  shortly  afterward 
overtook  them,  were  the  chief  incidents  prior  to  their 
arrival  at  their  point  of  debarkation. 

Just  before  reaching  the  Ricaras'  village  on  the  1  Itli 
of  June,  the  two  companies  camped  as  usual  at  a  little 


is: 


ASTOn  OVEIILANI)  KXl'FDITIOX. 


(listnnoo  fVoiii  cncli  otli(?r,  IxjMi  still  nnrsiiiof  a  Pillion 
ivscrv(\  I'liroU'^^li  lilt'  )ii;i^'ii;iiiliiiitv  of  I/isa,  i\t  lliu 
coiiiicil  hold  with  Ihc  liicaras  next  day,  tluj  sus[)ici()iis 
and  coldness  of  lliinl  were  in  a  mcjasuro  removed. 
Uiiahle  to  procure  suilieieiit  horses  from  the  Tvicaras, 
Hunt  .U'ladly  aeee[)t(;d  the  oflei'  of  Lisa  to  send  to  the 
]\Iissonri  Company's  foi't,  at  the  \i!la;;'(}  of  the  ^NFan- 
dans,  one  IniiKh-cd  and  iifty  miles  i.hove,  and  hrin;^ 
d<j\vii  tliu  requisite  number,  taking  his  pay  iii  bueh 


X'i 


?      ,'^-',.,-.i>%.-&-0V-^~  -felons  jr; 


Dusgrt 


-o 


HrxT'.s  RouTK. 

iiierehandiso  as  mi;^ht  he  ea  'ly  spared.  Hero  the 
naturalists  left  the  p:irty,  Bradhury  returnin!^  to  St 
Louis  with  Breckem'idge,  who  was  with  Lisa's  })arty, 
and  who,  like  Bradbury,  suljsequentl}'  published  an 
aecomit  of  this  journey,  a'ul  Xuttall  remaining  with 
Lisa. 

Having  disposed  of  his  boats  and  all  superfluous 
l)au:gage,  on  the  18th  of  Julv,  with  ei'jfhty-two  well 
l)aeked  horses,  most  of  the  men  being  on  foot,^  Hunt 

'' Tlio  veteran  trappers  and  voyageurs  of  Lisa's  party  shook  tlicir  heads 
!!■<  their  comradea  set  out,  and  took  leave  of  them  as  of  dooiiii^d  men;  and 
I  veil  l,i.sa  himself  gave  it  as  liis  opinion,  after  tlie  travellers  liad  tlepai'ted, 
tl;:'.t  they  would  never  reaeli  the  [jliores  of  the  I'auiiie,  but  would  perish 
V.  iih  iiungcr  iu  the  wildernea«,  or  be  cut  oU'  by  the  savagcti.'  Irvhi<j's  Astoria, 
2-1. 


fiPvEEX  niVER  AND  UEYOXD. 


188 


mid  party  It'ft  the  lucnrins'  villn'^'o  nml  tin-  ^fissouri 
Ivivcr.  Their  liiu' (if  inarch  lay  liist  towaid  the  iiorth- 
^vest,  hut  soDii  ehan^''(;(l  to  the  soutli-west.  Crossiiij^ 
\vliat  was  tluii  called  ]ji;^'  liiver,  they  entered  the 
country  of  the  Cheyennes,  where  they  ohtaincd  tliirty- 
hIx  additional  horses,  ^vhicll  lightened  the  loads  (tf  tlie 
others,  and  gave  one  horse  to  every  two  men  t(j  ride 
alternately. 

Sivirting  the  Black  Hills,  thev  struck  \vestward 
along  the  arid  divide  between  the  ti'ihutaries  of  the 
^Missouri  and  those  of  the  Yellowstone,  througli  Ji 
rc'ion  Aoid  of  ji-aine  and  veu'etatioii  until  \\-v\  gained 
a  valley  watered  hy  a  branch  of  iho  l'ow<li  r  liiver, 
Vvhere  was  found  abundant  grass,  tlie  pastin'o  of  thou- 
sands of  bufi'alo.  ]>y  tlie  end  of  August  they  had 
entered  the  V>vx  Horn  !^[ouiitains,  aiui  irave'sii;  •  the 
c()Ullt^^  of  the  Crows  they  continued  westw;,  •  I  to  the 
sterile  region  of  Wind  liiver,  up  which  they  toiled  for 
live  days.  Food  becoming  scai  ce,  they  deviat(>d  from 
the  course  in  order  to  procure  it,  marching  south-west 
to  a  branch  of  the  Colorado,  now  Green  Kiver,  once 
called  8])anish  liiver,  the  latter  name  being  given  it  by 
the  hunters,  because  tlu^  natives  tcjld  them  that 
towards  its  mouth  Spaniards  lived.  Long  1)(>(bro 
reaching  Green  liiver,  however,  from  a  high  elevation 
the  Three  Tetoiis  were  plainly  visible,  marking  a 
source  of  the  great  Columbia.  Isix  Hunt  called  these 
peaks  ]?ilot  Knobs,  a  name  fortunately  not  retained. 

Turning  their  backs  u[)on  Green  liiAcr,  they  as- 
cended b}^  one  of  its  small  tributari(3s  north-westerly 
through  the  Shoshone  country,  making  a  five  days' 
halt  when  they  encountered  bulfalo  and  yrass:  thence 
over  a  rid<4'e  for  fifteen  miles  to  a  stream  fittv  feet  wide, 
flowing  north-westward,  which  Hoback  assured  them 
was  a  triljutary  of  the  Columbia. 

At  first  they  called  this  stream  Hoback  Ivivei', 
but  as  along  its  broken  border,  over  its  locky  promon- 
tories, up  and  down  its  dec'i)  deiiles  they  toiled,  the 
wild  water  rushing  far  below,  gathering  ourage  from 


184 


ASTOR  OVERLAND  EXPEDITIOX. 


loud  bal)l)lin_<^  tributaries,  until  it  became,  as  it  woukl 
seem,  so  iin.  atient  of  restraint  that  it  would  dash  the 
very  mountains  asunder  in  its  spasms  of  wrath,  they 
finally  called  it  Mad  Kiver.  It  is  now  known  as  the 
south  or  Lewis  In-anch  of  Snake  River,  the  north 
branch  being  Henry  liiver. 

Camping  the  last  of  September  near  the  base  of  the 
Three  Tetons  wlierc  the  ^lad  liivor,  awed  to  stillness 
by  these  mighty  sentinels,  caressed  its  overhanging 
willows,  the  travellers  thought  their  journey  almost 
over,  nothing  more  being  necessary  but  to  build  boats 
and  drift  with  the  current  to  their  destination. 

Should  they  l)uild  boats  here?  A  vote  was  taken, 
and  it  was  so  decided.  While  hunting  logs  for  ca- 
noes, John  Day,  John  Reed,  and  Pierre  Dorion  were 
sent  down  the  stream  to  survey  it;  they  returned  pro- 
nouncing it  totally  unlit  for  navigation.  ^Meanwhile, 
there  being  indications  of  beaver,  trajtjKTS  were  sent 
out  in  j>airs,  who  were  t(»  continue  tlieir  labors  for 
some  months,  and  then  dr-oj)  down  the  river  to  Fort 
Astoria,  or  to  the  company's  iirst  fort,  should  there 
be  one  nearer. 

It  was  now  thouijht  best  to  turn  from  Mad  River 
and  take  another  course,  and  the  men  who  had  been 
Avith  Henry  stated  tliat  his  fort  was  near  bv,  on 
the  other  branch  of  the  river,  and  that  ]irobably  i'rom 
that  point  navigation  would  be  better.  Without  diffi- 
culty they  crossed  tlie  elevated  i)lateau  to  Henry 
River  in  four  days'  travel,  and  found  the  fort,  but  it 
had  been  abandoned. 

The  river  here  was  one  hundred  yards  wide;  timber 
Avas  })lentiful,  and  the  party  at  once  set  about  con- 
structing canoes.  Another  party  of  trappers,  consist- 
ing of  Jloback,  Rizner,  Robinson,  and  Cass,  here  K'i't 
the  main  body,  and  as  ]Miller,  one  of  the  jxirtnei's, 
had  been  for  some  time  dissatisfied,  to  the  chagrin 
*)f  Hunt  and  the  astonishment  of  all  he  voluntarily 
relincjuished  his  interest  in  the  comjiany  and  joined 
the  hunters.     Descending  to  the  Rear  River  region 


AMONG  THE  SIIOSIIONES. 


1S5 


Aivcr 
been 
,  on 
iVoiu 
(liffi- 


iiiber 
('(•11- 

sist- 

■_>  K'I't 
nei's, 

arily 
iiied 


1^ 


giou 


they  were  very  successful,  and  loaded  tlieir  horses 
with  peltries,  but  in  taking  them  eastward  to  market 
wererol)bed  by  the  Arapahoes  and  ledueed  to  the  last 
extremity.  Kclievcd  the  following  summer  by  a  re- 
turn party  under  Stuart,  Miller  was  thankful  for  an 
escort  to  St  Louis,  but  the  others  again  equi[>])ed, 
plunged  into  the  wilderness,  and  were  finally  killed  by 
the  Indians. 

Leaving  the  horses  in  charge  of  the  Shoshones, 
on  the  IDth  of  October  Hunt  and  his  party  em- 
liarked  at  Fort  Henry  in  fifteen  canoes  which  they 
had  made,  and  proceeded  down  the  river.  Passing 
the  confluence  of  tlie  Lewis  and  Henry  branches 
toward  evening  of  the  same  dav,  thev  cam])ed  on  the 
main  stream  of  Snake  River,  here  a  broad  and  placid 
stream. 

Hope  was  high,  and  far  into  the  night  the  dis- 
turbed grizzlies  growled  their  distaste  of  Canadian 
boat-soULrs;  l)ut  next  day,  before  thev  were  well  aware 
(»r  it,  tliey  were  among  dangerous  ra[>ids.  One  canoo 
Mas  dashed  in  })ieces;  another  filled  and  damaged  the 
lading;  but  no  lives  were  lost.  Next  dav  a  toilsome 
and  (hmgerous  portage  confronted  them,  and  latei'  a 
Mater-fall  necessitated  another.  On  proceeding  fur- 
tli(>r,  the  waters  whirled  and  raided  amonn'  the  rocks 
until  another  canoe  was  broken  to  pieces  and  one  of 
the  nun  swept  away  to  his  death,  the  rest  barely 
escajiing. 

This  shock  aroused  the  travellers  to  a  sense  of  their 
situation.  Three  men  were  sent  forward  on  the  left  bank 
and  Hunt  with  three  others  took  the  right  t()  examine 
the  stream,  and  they  found  it  as  far  as  they  went,  forty 
miles  or  more,  worse  than  any  jxirtion  they  had 
passed.  Here  it  ])lunged  in  a  i)ei'j)endicular  fall,  there 
it  roared  auiong  the  bowlders,  whirhng  in  tiunultuous 
vortices  at  their  base,  while  the  wh(»le  liver  compressed 
into  a  narrow  compass  rushed  furiously  between  j)rec- 
il>ices  hundreds  of  feet  high.  They  endeavored  to 
pass  some  of  the  canoes  down  by  lines  but  were  un- 


186 


ASTOR  OVERLAND  EXPEDITION. 


, 


.successful,  disaster  and  loss  hc'iug  the  only  result. 
Their  way  seemed  blocked. 

Yet  they  could  not  remain  M'herc  they  wore.  Re- 
])eated  losses  and  changes  had  so  reducetl  their  stock 
<.f  provision,  that  with  the  present  scarcity  of  game 
they  did  n*  L  see  how  they  could  even  remain  together. 
AVinter  was  upon  them.  Pale  famine  hovered  about 
the  camp,  and  they  must  part.  Wrapped  in  the  dark- 
ness of  primeval  wilderness,  onl}'"  uncertainty  was  be- 
fore them.  No  white  man  had  ever  penetrated  these 
wilds,  and  the  poor  Shoshone,  whose  broadest  imagi- 
nation extended  scarcely  beyond  his  horizon,  trembled 
witli  fear  when  asked  about  the  nature  of  the  country 
beyond. 

It  was  finally  determined  that  they  should  separate 
into  four  ])arties.  ^IcKenzie,  with  five  men,  should 
strike  northward  for  another  branch  of  the  Columbia; 
Oooks,  with  the  same  number,  should  return  to  Fort 
Henry  and  l)iing  forward  the  horses;  lleed,  with  three 
men,  andMcClcllan, with  three  nnnv,  notwitlistanding 
the  perilous  difficulties  reported,  should  attempt  to 
ibllow  the  downward  course  of  the  present  Snake 
liiver,  and  ascertain  what  it  was;  while  Hunt  would 
endeavor  to  provide  for  the  main  body,  now  reduced 
to  thirty-one  men,  and  the  Indian  wife  and  two 
children  of  the  interpreter,  Pierre  Dorion,  who  had 
accompanied  him. 

Hunt  determined  at  all  events  to  move.  Three  days 
were  occupied  by  his  jjarty  in  concealing  their  eflecls 
in  nine  caches,  when  Crooks  unexiiectedly  returned 
with  his  com})anions,  discouraged  at  the  tliought  of 
si)endiiig  the  winter  in  executing  their  dreary  errand. 
Presently  two  of  lieed's  men  returned  Avith  tlisnud 
rej)orts.  As  far  as  they  Avent  the  I'iver  boiletl  and 
brawled  between  deep  dark  channel-walls  as  grimly  as 
ever.  Tliey  had  just  christened  the  place  Caldron 
Linn,  but  now  they  called  it  the  Devil's  Scuttle-hole. 
Hard  names,  however,  do  not  change  the  countenance 
of  nature. 


A  BROKEN  I' ARTY. 


1S7 


After  duo  flelihomtion,  Hunt  finally  dctonnincd 
to  descend  Snake  River;  he  wltli  ]-*ion'e  Dorion  and 
family,  and  eigliteen  men  t(j  follow  the  rii^lit  banlc,  and 
Crooks  with  the  remainder  to  folknv  the  left  baidv. 
A\'l'I1  was  it  for  them,  as  in  all  the  dispensations  of 
]>rovi(lenee,  that  they  knew  not  what  was  before  tlien.i. 
Tlic  lei^'ion  througli  winch  this  river  ran  to  the  main 
Columbia  was  almost  desert,  almost  destitutciof  game 
orothcr  subsistence.  The  })ack  of  each  man  being  re- 
(hued  to  twenty  pounds,  contained  not  more  than  se^'en 
and  a  half  pounds  of  food,  while  a  thousand  miles  yet 
lav  between  them  and  Fort  Astoria. 

Setting  out  on  the  Otii  of  Xovend)er  ni  separate 
companies,  dui'ing  the  entire  day  Hunt's  ])arty  wei'o 
unal)le  to  descend  the  bank  for  watei-,  l)ut  at  night 
tliev  camijcd  where  thev  could  witli  difficulty  obtain 
enough  for  drinking  pur})oses.  The  next  day  it  was 
tlie  ,same;  tlie  third  they  came  U}»on  tlie  habitations 
of  a  few  half-starved  Sliosliones,  the  hrst  they  had 
iiiet  for  several  days.  Tlieir  coui'se  lay  alternately 
ovir  jagged  ridges  and  across  tenantless  plains.  Tints 
thev  iourneyt;d,  making  from  three  to  thirty  miles  a 
(lay,  subsisting  almost  entirely  on  dried  iish,  which  in 
the  al)sencc  of  water  oidv  aggravated  an  intolerable 
thirst,  obtainin^f  occasionally  a  horse  or  a  dog  from 
the  natives  to  feast  upon,  killing  now  and  then  a 
Ijcaver  or  a  wolf,  which  gave  them  change  of  diet. 
Yet  more  |)ainful  grew  their  ]tath  as  tln-y  pro<'eeded. 
]leavy  and  dreary  was  the  sky,  while  the  cold  rain 
A\hi(h  had  chilled  their  half- starved  bodies,  changed 
to  l»]eak  l)eccnd)er  snows. 

Xeaily  a  month  had  elapsed  since  Hunt  and  Crooks 
had  j)arted  com])any,  when  one  morning  shortly  al'tei' 
the  former  had  broken  camj*  the  voices  of  \\hite  men 
•  lying  for  food  were  heard  IVom  the  opposite  banl;. 
A  ho.it  was  improvised  by  means  of  sticks,  over  which 
was  stretched  the  skin  of  a  horse  eaten  the  previous 
night,  by  means  of  which  a  little  meat  was  conveye(l 
to  them,  and  Crooks  and  Le  Clerc  were  brought  o\er. 


■  i 


188 


ASTOR  OVERLAND  EXREDITIOX. 


Crooks'  party,  as  the  liap^gard  features  and  emaci- 
ated f(jrius  of  the  two  men  testified,  had  endured  suf- 
ferings yet  more  severe  than  Hunt's.  For  the  first 
fortnight  or  more  they  had  lived  on  a  handful  of  food 
a  day;  tlien  they  luckily  captured  a  beaver  and  found 
some  berries,  but  were  finally  reduced  to  the  soles  of 
their  moccasins.  For  the  last  few  days  life  had  been 
kept  in  tliem  by  the  carcass  of  a  dog.  Crooks  re- 
ported that  he  had  seen  Reed  and  McKenzie  a  few 
days  before  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river  from 
him,  in  fair  condition  and  spirits,  and  that  McClellaii 
was  attempting  to  reach  the  Nez  Perce  country  with 
probability  of  success. 

Reckoning  the  sinuosities  of  the  river,  the  party 
was  about  five  hundred  miles  from  Henry  River.  In 
tlieir  present  forlorn  condition,  with  snow  knee-doep. 
and  from  all  accounts  the  riVer  as  bad  below  as  above, 
to  proceed  was  impossible,  and  Hunt  saw  no  hojio 
but  to  retrace  their  steps,  and  if  possible  to  obtain 
horses  from  some  »>f  the  savages  they  had  passed  to 
carry  them  to  the  Columbia.  To  do  this  required  lu) 
small  degree  of  generalship;  for  some  of  the  men 
wci  ill,  and  their  few  horses  reduced  to  skeletons. 
Their  first  efforts  in  this  direction  were  attended  by 
failure,  disaster,  and  death.  Attempting  to  pass 
C^rooks  and  Le  Clerc  back  to  their  company,  they 
failed.  One  of  Crooks'  party,  driven  by  his  sufferings 
to  insanity,  jumped  into  a  canoe  which  had  crossed  to 
carry  food,  and  on  its  return  danced  so  frantically  at 
the  sight  of  food  that  the  frail  bark  was  overturned 
and  the  unfortunate  man  drowned.  This  same  boat 
brought  over  John  Day,  who  joined  Crooks,  but  ho 
was  so  feeble  as  scarcely  to  be  able  to  stand.  Pro- 
visions were  so  reduced  that  at  one  time  beaver-skins 
were  resorted  to  for  food,  and  of  these  there  were  but 
three  to  seven  men,  which  they  divided  among  them 
and  devoured  greedily.  Then  surprising  a  village  of 
Slioshones  they  frightened  away  the  natives,  and 
Bcizing  five  of  their  horses,  hastily  killed  and  cooked 


IX  THE  BOISfi  COUNTRY. 


189 


tlicy 

ed  to 
ly  at 
irned 

boat 
it  lio 

Pro- 
skins 
5  but 

hem 

xe  of 

and 

kod 


one,  sending  some  of  the  meat  across  the  river  to 
the  party  of  Crooks,  ^vho  still  followed,  though  tlioy 
found  no  natives  on  that  side.  These  horses  were  to 
them,  at  that  juncture,  a  matter  of  life  or  death,  but 
as  they  never  took  anything  from  the  natives  fraudu- 
lently, they  laid  down  am))le  })ay,  and  then  departed, 
though  doubtless  the  poor  Shosliones  must  themselves 
starve  before  spring. 

Crooks,  John  Day,  and  Le  Clerc  were  yet  ill,  and 
greatly  retarded  the  journey.  All  the  party  had  gone 
forward  except  three,  and  Crooks  urged  Hunt  to  leave 
him,  and  attend  to  the  interests  of  the  com])any,  which 
the  latter,  with  great  reluctance,  finally  consented 
to  do,  John  Day  remained  with  Crooks,  likewise 
Le  Clerc  and  Dubreuil.  Hunt  provided  lor  them 
liberally  out  of  liis  slender  store,  and  left  with  them 
two  horses  and  some  meat  which  he  hoped  would  last 
until  they  found  more,  though  he  greatly  feared  ho 
might  never  see  these  men  again. 

Hurrying  forward  Hunt  overtook  his  part}-,  and 
continuing  his  journey,  on  the  15t]i  of  December  they 
entered  a  Shoshone  village,  consisting  of  twelve  or 
fifteen  lodges,  and  endeavored  at  once  to  obtain  horses 
tind  a  guide.  Horses  could  be  obtained  over  the  first 
ridge  of  mountains  they  said,  but  no  one  had  the 
courage  to  guide  them  there.  Entreaties  and  threats 
were  alike  fruitless.  At  length,  in  addition  to  a 
Ithmket  full  of  glittering  trinkets,  two  horses,  three 
knives,  a  gun,  and  a  pistol  were  offered  and  accepted. 

Tliev  were  now  on  Snake  River,  near  wliere  was 
subsequently  old  Fort  Boise,  the  l)arty  still  being 
divided,  those  who  were  with  Crooks  being  on  the 
^\  ^.  bank,  while  Hunt  in  advance  w-as  on  the  east 
hank.  With  great  difficulty,  the  river  being  full  of 
iloating  ice,  and  the  men  half-starved  and  half-frozen, 
weak  and  dispirited,  Hunt  crossed  with  liis  paity 
to  the  other  side,  and  joining  their  old  comrades  on 
the  24th  of  December,  they  started,  pursuing  a  nortli- 
^^esterly  course,  over  mountains,  plains,  and  valleys, 


100 


ASTOR  OVEr.LAXD  EXPEDITIOX. 


buying  food  from  tlio  natives,  picking  up  and  carrying 
tlic  exhausted,  wlio  would  throw  themselves  upon  the 
ground,  declaring  thoy  could  die  but  could  not  proceed 
an  inch  further;  and  stopping  on  new  year's  day  181:2 
for  the  Canadians  to  have  their  dance  and  feast  on 
dog  and  horse  meat,  thouu'h  some  of  them  could  not 
stand. 

Turning  due  west  and  entering  the  Blue  Mountains, 
on  the  Gth  of  January  they  reached  the  summit, 
whence  descending  into  a  milder  climate  in  two  days 
to  their  great  joy  they  reach  broad  fertile  pasture- 
lands,  watered  by  a  stream  the  natives  called  Umatilla, 
abounding  in  beaver. 

Thousands  of  horses  are  feeding  on  the  short  tender 
grass,  and  on  tho  bank  of  the  stream  is  a  well  [)ro- 
visioned  Indian  encampment  of  thirty-four  lodges. 
They  were  a  band  of  roving  Tushepaws,  a  race 
very  different  from  tlie  poor  Slioshones,  having  frt* 
their  lodges  buffalo-robes,  and  for  their  dress  hunting- 
shirt  and  legufings  of  deerskin,  with  utensils  of  brass 
and  iron,  kettles,  axes,  and  knives,  which  proved  com- 
mercial intercourse  with  white  people  upon  the  coast. 
And  what  rejoiced  the  travellers  next  to  food  was  the 
information  tJiat  tvro  days  more  would  bring  them  to 
the  Columbia.  Tho  Tushepaws  told  them  further 
that  a  party  of  white  men  corresponding  in  numlxn' 
to  ^IcClellan's  and  MeKenzie's  parties  had  latt>]y 
passed  down  the  river,  so  as  to  give  them  hope  that 
these  were  now  at  Fort  Astoria. 

Supph'ing  themselves  with  an  abundance  of  horses 
and  provisions,  on  the  20th  of  January  the  party 
continued  their  journey,  reaching  the  Columbia  next 
day  midway  between  the  rivers  Umatilla  and  Walla 
Walla.  Six  months  of  hardship  and  perils  hitherto 
unparalleled  in  American  mountaineering, since  leaving 
the  village  of  the  llicaras  are  now  happily  terminated, 
h'aving,  alas!  a  few  of  their  number  at  intervals  under 
the  pines.  Journevino;  on  horses  along  the  bank  of 
tho  river  to  the  Dalles,  Hunt  there  procured  canoes. 


ARRIVAL  AT  FORT  ASTORIA. 


101 


wlicnce  cmbarlcing  on  the  otli  of  February,  in  ten 
days  the  party  reached  Fort  Astoria. 

There  are  moments,  and  many  of  them,  in  the  Hves 
of  these  inartilicial  men  of  tlie  woods  that  stir  their 
natures  to  the  quick,  tliat  touch  deep-hidden  springs 
of  feehng,  and  bring  to  hght  traits  and  passions,  both 
good  and  evil,  of  whose  existence  they  most  of  all 
were  before  unconscious.  Cities  full  of  ploddei-s, 
bread-winning  and  money-making  machines,  come 
and  go,  one  wneration  followini;  another  with  no 
more  development  of  feeling,  or  increase  of  intelli- 
gence, than  the  millwheels  of  which  they  are  the 
type.  Here,  however,  were  daily  love  and  hate  hc;aped 
U[),  nnd  life  and  death;  not  the  sepulchral  smiles  and 
iVowns  of  conventionalism,  but  blood-red  and  un- 
coffined,  such  as  nature  makes,  not  man.  Here  were 
those  who  had  been  boys  together,  had  shared  a 
thousand  perils,  had  buried  many  a  common  comrade, 
had  been  more  than  brothers  often  are.  Some  of 
them  had  parted  under  circumstances  the  most  trying 
to  manhood,  and  each  had  not  since  known  whetlier 
the  other  was  alive.  ]\IeKen/.ie,  Reed, and  ^[cClellan 
were  there,  but  they  had  given  uj)  all  hope  of  ever 
seeing  Mr  Hunt  and  his  party.  They  too  had  nar- 
rowly escaped  starvation.  In  their  wanderings  tliey 
had  all  met  below  the  Devil's  Scuttle-hole,  bein^' 
then  eii^ht  men  besides  the  three  named,  and  the  snow 
having  as  yet  not  fallen  heavily,  they  succeeded  in 
following  the  river  to  the  Columbia,  where  they  jn-o- 
cured  two  canoes  anel  airiv^ed  at  Fort  Astoria  tlio 
18th  of  January. 

When  therefore  shouts  arose  alike  from  fort  and 
river,  as  Hunt's  canoes  rounded  Tongue  I*oint,  wo 
may  bo  sure  they  were  no  liollnv  cheers.  There  was 
a  soul  in  evxry  sound.  And  as  the  party  sjirang 
as]iorc,and  the  Scotchmen  grasped  hands, and  the  more 
volatile  voyageurs  embraced  and  kissed  each  other, 
there  were  tears  in  many  an  eye  spiinging  from  hearts 


102 


ASTOR  OVERLAND  EXPEDITION. 


now  swelled  with  joy  to  bursting.  It  is  nocdlcss  to 
add  that  the  taste  of  dog  was  quickly  eradicated  from 
the  mouth  by  copious  draughts  of  rum,  and  a  plenti- 
ful supply  of  tobacco;  articles  of  luxury  from  which 
their  palates  had  been  long  estranged. 

Thus  the  expeditions  of  the  Pacilic  Fur  Company 
by  land  and  water  were  at  length  consummated. 


CHAPTER  IX. 


AFFAIRS  OF  FORT  ASTORIA. 

1812-1813. 

Dissatisfaction  at  Astoria — Departcre  of  Reed  for  St  Lons — Wahow- 
rcM  Treaoiiery — Failure  of  Reed's  Expedition  -  A.iirival  of  the 
' Beaver '—Astor  and  the  Rpssian  Fur  Company— Hk  Coirts  the 
Russian  Minister  at  Washington— Stuart  Leaves  Fort  Astoria 
WITH  Despat(,'hes — Trials  of  Stuart  on  the  Overland  Journey— 
The  '  Isaac  Todd  '  and  H.  M.  S.  '  I'ikebe  '—British  Interests  in  the 
North  Pacific — The  U.  S.  S.  'Adams' — The  'Enterprise' — Astor 
AND  Secretary  Monroe — Wreck  of  the  'Lark '— McKenzie  on 
THE  Sahaptin— Cl^vrke's  Company—  Kamloops— Boull.\rd  and  the 
Indian  Maid — Tub  'Beaver'— McTavish  and  McKenzie— Delibera- 
tions AT  Fort  Astoria — Preparations  to  Ap.andon  the  Post — 
McKenzie  and  the  Xez  Perces — The  Stolex  Cup. 

By  the  late  arrival  the  winter  quiet  at  the  fort  was 
broken  up,  and  the  activities  of  spring  were  soon  upon 
the  fur- hunters.  Besides  Milh;r  there  were  others 
dissatisfied  with  their  position  and  prospects.  Among 
these  was  McClcllan  who,  as  Beed  was  aliout  to 
return  to  St  Louis  with  despatches,  determined  to 
accompany  him.  Indeed,  when  wo  consider  the  inde- 
pendent, self-willed,  and  often  eccentric  and  discord- 
ant elements  thrown  into  juxtaposition  by  camp  and 
fort  life,  the  wonder  is  how  these  enormous  com- 
panies, with  agents  and  servants  scattered  among  sav- 
ages over  thousands  of  square  leagues  of  wildei'ness, 
managed  to  hold  toijether  so  long.  The  Pacilic  Com- 
pany,  however,  was  yet  a  new  institution,  the  jjartners 
in  which  were  not  fairly  settled  in  their  respective 
places,  and  more  than  all  it  was  by  no  means  certain 
of  ultimate  success. 

HisT.N.W.  Coast,  Vol.  II.    13  (193) 


104 


AFFAIRS  OF  FORT  ASTORIA. 


Besides  tlesputt'liing  IleeJ  as  inesscn<i,'er  to  report 
to  Astor  tlie  progress  of  affairs  thus  far,  and  by 
M-hoiu  letters  iiii_L,dit  be  sent  by  those  now  a  year  or 
two  from  h<jnie,  fresh  suj)pnes  must  be  sent  to  Davitl 
8tuart  at  Fort  Okanagan,  and  tlie  goods  cachinl  on 
Snake  Iliver  just  behnv  the  junetlon  of  Heiny  lliver, 
nuist  bo  brouglit.  This  business  was  confided  to  two 
clerks,  Farnliuni  and  McGillos,  who  with  eight  nieu 
and  a  guide  were  to  bring  the  goods  to  Tort  Astoria, 
while  llobert  Stuart  was  to  visit  Okanagan.  With 
Heed  as  escort,  two  boatmen,  and  a  hunter,  ]McKenzie 
had  planned  an  excursion  up  the  Willamette,  with 
Matthews  and  five  hunters  to  set  out  and  follow  him 
two  days  after  the  others  had  left. 

Under  command  of  Stuart,  all  destined  overland 
and  fov  the  upper  Columbia  embarked  from  Astoria 
the  2"Jd  of  ]\tarch  1812  in  two  canoes,  arriving  at  the 
Dalles  early  in  April.  At  the  sevm-al  poi-tages  of 
the  Columbia  it  was  now  beconiin'>'  tlie  custom  to 
employ  natives  to  assist  in  carrying  the  goods  from 
one  landing  to  another,  and  these  were  not  long  in 
acquiring  the  art  of  piracy.  The  Wahowpuu)s  at 
the  JJalles  were  becoming  especially  proficient  in  this 
art,  though  their  character  for  dishonesty  was  not 
yet  established. 

Appearing  at  the  landing  and  offering  their  ser- 
vices, Stuart  readily  intrusted  them  with  the  bales, 
which  they  packed  upon  their  horses  and  sent  for- 
ward convoyt.'d  by  the  party,  all  well  armed.  Having 
no  apprehension  of  treachery  on  the  part  of  the  Wa- 
howpums,  the  white  men  were  proceeding  leisurely 
along  the  path,  when  suddenly  up  a  rt)cky  defile 
darted  one  of  the  loaded  horses,  then  another,  and 
another.  Shots  were  fired  over  their  heads  to  bring 
them  back,  but  to  this  the  marauders  paid  no  heed, 
only  hastening  forward  and  out  of  sight  the  faster. 
Pursuit  was  useless,  for  the  whole  attention  of  the  entire 
party  was  now  needed  to  prevent  a  similar  stampede 
of  the  remainder  of  the  loaded  horses.     During  the 


McKENZIE  IN  THE  WILLAMETTE. 


195 


at 


moft'c  which  followed  one  In<lian  was  killed  and  another 
severely  wounded.  lieed  was  knockeil  senseless  with 
a  eluh,  and  a  bri«j;ht  tin  box,  in  which  ho  had  secured 
his  letters  and  despatches  for  the  east,  was  taken 
I'roni  him,  and  it  was  with  great  difficulty  that  Stuart 
succeeded  in  bringing  to  the  U[)j)er  landing  any  pait 
of  his  lading.  By  the  loss  of  this  1)()X  Heed's  mis- 
sion was  ingloriously  terminated.  Ho  therefore  con- 
tinued with  Stuart's  party  to  Okanagan,  whence  after 
a  few  days' sojourn  all  returned  with  J3avid  Stuart  to 
Fort  Astoria,  surprising  the  fort  by  their  sudilen  a}»- 
])earance  on  the  morning  of  the  11th  of  jMay.  With 
them  arrived  Crooks  and  John  Day,  who  hailed 
them  from  the  bank  as  they  were  descending  th(! 
river  above  the  Dalles,  and  wore  received  on  board. 
I'liese  men,  with  the  Canadians  who  left  with  them, 
had  remained  for  twenty  days  at  a  Shoshone  village 
near  where  Hunt  had  left  them,  John  ])ay  being  too 
ill  to  travel.  Setting  out  at  length,  they  i'ollowe;! 
Hunt's  trail  until  they  lost  it  in  the  snow;  then  wan- 
dering in  the  mountains  diu'ing  the  winter,  living  on 
what  they  could  shoot,  dig,  or  obtain  from  the  na- 
tives, they  finally  reached  the  Walla  Wallas,  who 
treated  them  with  great  kindness,  and  assisted  them 
to  start  down  the  river.  Fearinij  to  bravo  the  dan- 
gers  of  winter  travel,  the  Canadians  had  all  remained 
v.ith  the  Shoshones.  As  Crooks  and  Day  appi'oached 
the  Dalles  on  their  w'ay  down,  they  too  had  been 
robbed  and  left  destitute  by  the  Wahowpums  and 
wci'o  then  on  their  way  back  to  beg  further  assistance; 
irom  the  Walla  Wallas,  when  to  their  great  jo}^  they 
discovered  their  old  comrades  in  the  canoes  de- 
scending the  river. 


In  his  journey  during  this  spring  of  1812,  Mc- 
Kenzie  explored  the  country  southward  from  the 
Columbia  sonic  hundred  miles  or  more,  ascending  the 
Willamette  to  the  country  of  the  Calapooyas  and  to 
the  stream  which  bears  his  name  to  this  day.     The 


IOC 


AFFAIRS  OF  FORT  ASTORIA. 


objoft  of  this  expedition  w.'is  the  examination  of  the 
country,  its  topojjrapliy,  soil,  and  climate,  rather  than 
huntinj,'. 

On  the  way  out  Jervais,  one  of  McKenzieH  men, 
liad  beaten  a  Wakiakum  for  stealin<jr.  This  roused  the 
indignation  of  the  tribe,  and  their  mutterings  of  ven- 
jj^eance  reached  McDougall's  ears,  wlio  immediately 
despatched  a  letter  telling  tlie  party  to  beware.  The 
m(!ssage  was  delivered  to  McKenzie  while  at  the  hos- 
tile cam])  at  the  moutli  of  the  Willamette,  and  wheie 
preparations  were  at  that  moment  being  made  to  sui-- 
l)rise  his  party.  Hastily  repairing  to  their  boats  to 
embark,  they  foun<l  the  tide  so  low  that  they  could 
not  leave  the  bank  quickly  enough  to  prevent  attack. 
McKenzie,  ever  ready  c(jme  what  might,  turned  to 
the  angry  savages  a  bold  front,  and  began  questioning 
them  as  to  the  most  suitable  place  for  a  fort,  saying, 
after  some  time,  that  he  would  canq)  there  that  night, 
and  in  the  morning  look  further.  This  so  threw  the 
Wakiakums  otf  tlu;ir  guard  that  they  left  the  intruders 
I'or  the  present,  intending  to  revisit  them  in  the  sj)irit 
of  vengeance  toward  morning.  But  before  thc^y 
readied  the  camp,  the  party  was  well  on  its  way  to 
Astoria,  McKenzie  availing  himself  of  the  first  rise 
of  the  tide  to  shove  off  and  be  gone. 

Two  days  prior  to  the  arrival  of  the  return  party  a 
sail  was  descried  in  the  offing,  which  McDougall  pro- 
ceeded at  once  to  signal  from  Cape  Disappointment. 
The  vessel  seen.ed  at  first  suspici(.us  lest  she  might 
fall  into  the  haii  Is  of  the  savages,  but  next  day  sum- 
moned sufficient  courage  to  approach  and  anchor  in 
Baker  Bay.  Sli  proved  to  be  the  Beaver,  a  vessel  of 
four  hundred  anti  ninety  tons,  commanded  by  Captain 
Cornelius  Sowles,  ^^ho  sailed  from  New  York  the  10th 
of  the  previous  C  ^tober.  Having  heard  at  the  Ha- 
waiian Islands  of  che  fate  of  the  Tonquin,  and  fearing 
the  fort  might  likewise  have  fallen  into  the  hands  of 
the  savages,  who  were  now  by  means  of  friendly  sig- 


ARRIVAL  OF  THE  'BEAVER.' 


107 


nals,  which  tlicy  had  leanad  from  their  white  iK'i;j^Ii- 
h()rs,cMti('iiin'  t'uither  prey, the  vcsst-l  had  heeii  liovci'liiij 
ahout  the  luoiith  of  the  river  tor  three  dM^  i. 

'lUv  licuvcr  liad   heeii  sent  out  hy  Astor  witli   im>u 
and  nu.'rehandise  as  the  annual  sliip,  in  pursuance  of 
liis  oiininal  j>lan;  and  as  ho  had  i-eceived  no  infornia- 
tion  concerninj^  \]\v  previous  expeihtions,  he  t'eh  hound 
to  act  uj)on  the  })resuniption  tliat  ail  liis  (hrections  liad 
heen  carried  out.      On  lM)ard  wei'e  a  partner,  .Jolni 
Clarke,  five  clerks,  amoiiL,^  whom  was  Alfred  Set  on, 
and  (reorgo  Ehnainj^er  a  nephew  of  Astor,  si.\  Cana- 
dian hoatnien,  twelve   Tvanakas  taken  on  hoard  at  tliu 
JEawaiian   Islands,  and  fifteen   lahorers.       As  far  as 
]iossil)li  Astoi"  was  now  sending  citizens  of  the  I'niled 
States,   in  order  that   his  establishments   mi,i;iit   the 
more  have  a  shade  t)f  sanction  from  that  {government; 
and  yet  for  experienced  fur-traders  he  was  ohlincd  to 
go  to  Canada.     After  discharging  that  portion  of  her 
cargo  designed  for  this  port,  the  licnirr  was  t(»  ])r()- 
ceed  to  Sitka  and  exchange  certain  other  goods  at 
the  lUissian  post  of  New  Archangel  for  furs,  whicli 
were  to  be  augmented   by  trading  down  tlu'  coast. 
She  was  then  to  sail  for  Canton,  and  thence  to  New 
York.     For   the    purpose   (jf  establishing   the    most 
friendly  relations  with  the   liussian  American    Fur 
Company,  in  ^[arch  1811  Astor  had  desj)atched  an 
agent  to  St  Petersburg,  who  made  a  provisional  agi-ee- 
ment  with  that  company,  to  remain  in  force  for  four 
years,  to  the  ofl'ecttliat  neither  would  trade  within  the 
territory  of  the  other,  or  furnish  aims  to  the  natix'es, 
exeej)t    such    as    were    their    regidar    hunters.      The 
Ihissian  Company  was  to  draw  all  sa[)plies  from  tho 
]*acific  ('omrany,  to  the  exclusion  of  all  inteilopei's, 
))aying  for  the  same  in  .skins  at  stipulated  prices.    Tho 
shi])s  of  the  Pacific  Company  might  be  emj)loyed  to 
cai  IV  Russian  furs  to  Canton,  or  for  any  othei-  pur- 
pose, at  rates  to  be  agreed  u[)on  at  the  time.       A. 
league  of  friendship  ami  mutual  assistance  was  also 
entered  into  between  the  two  companies.     Astor  also 


108 


AFFAIRS  OF  FORT  ASTORIA. 


il 


;:# 


1 1 


»' 


cnltivfited  the  fjxvorablc  consiclcratldii  of  the  Russian 
iiiinistur  at  Washington,  but  without  practical  rosuUs. 
]k'f'ore  the  agrecnient  with  the  Russian  Conijiany 
was  ratiiied,  war  liad  l^rokcn  out  between  Great 
Britain  and  the  United  States. 

The  captain  of  the  Beaier  fearing  to  cross  tlie  bar 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river  with  his  ship,  discharged 
her  by  means  of  a  hghter,  a  tedious  process  Avhich 
•)ccupied  over  a  month. 

Affairs  were  brightening  at  Fort  Astoria.  The 
arrival  of  the  first  annual  ship  well  laden  with  mer- 
chandise and  with  new  recruits  for  active  service  gave 
that  reality  to  the  scheme  which  in  the  minds  of  some 
it  had  hitherto  lacked.  It  was  Astor's  avowed  purpos*.^ 
beside'  these  annual  ships  from  New  York  to  have 
coasting  vessels  which  should  make  trading  excursions 
from  Fort  Astoria.  Nevertheless,  there  were  yet 
]»artners  who  would  not  remain  in  the  company  for 
thiice  their  interest,  and  of  the  voyageurs  also  there 
Were  some,  as  we  have  seen,  who  preferred  the  wilder- 
ness to  the  fort.  McClellan  still  adhered  to  his  pur- 
]»ose  of  returning  east  on  the  first  opportunity,  and 
C  Vooks  expressed  his  determination  to  accompany  him. 

The  op[)ortunity  was  at  hand;  for  first  of  all  it  was 
ne(^essary  to  forward  inl'ormation  in  place  of  that 
V  hicli  was  lost,  which  might  govern  Astor's  move- 
nients  in  respect  to  his  now  rapidly  extending  inter- 
ests. This  impoi'tant  ami  dangerous  mission  was  this 
time  intrusted  to  Robert  Stuart,  a  most  promising 
young  man,  wlio,  with  four  ])icked  men,  John  Day, 
JJen  Jones,  Vallar,  and  I^e  Clerc,  made  ready  to  set 
out  innnediately.  Witli  Jiim  were  to  go  the  tlissatis- 
lied  partners  Crooks  an<l  McClellan. 

Throe  other  ex])e(htions  were  to  (k^part  at  tlie  same 
time.  Clarke  and  McKenzie,  eacli  with  a  distinct 
brigade,  were  t()  select  sites,  and  establish  i'orts,  oni> 
among  the  Spokanes,  and  the  other  among  the  Nez 
IVrces.     David  Stuart  was  to  return  with  supplies  to 


THE  FLOTILLA. 


109 


01<anaf]^nn,  after  wliich  he  was  to  found  another  cstab- 
hslniu'iit  above. 

It  was  a  beautiful  sight,  and  one  which  would  have 
wai'uied  the  blood  of  Astor,  the  fii.st  and  the  last 
biilliant  lealizatiiMi  of  his  entire  scheme,  to  see  this 
fur-huntiiiL;'  flotilla  quit  this  fur-huntino-  fort,  and  em- 
bark on  the  great  Kiver  of  the  West;  to  si,e  tlieso 
sixty-two  men  on  the  30th  of  June  1812  set  out  in 
ten  canoes  and  two  barges  from  the  i'oit  which  was 
now  to  become  the  mother  of  forts  and  a  great  city 
on  these  broad  western  waters,  and  with  ))addles 
flying,  witli  shout  an<l  song,  and  the  linging  of  artil- 
lery strike  boldly  from  tlieir  several  [losts,  never 
])ausi;ig  to  think  that  they  wei-e  but  as  one  to  a 
thousand  of  the  Philistines.  Yet  the  enemy  which 
was  to  destroy  them  were  not  of  the  Philistines,  but 
of  their  own  brethren  of  tlie  chosen  Israel,  even  tlio 
Northwest  Company  with  all  (ii'eat  Ihitnin  beliind  it. 

Thus  the  several  parties  proceeiK-d,  not  without 
some  little  troulde  with  the  natives  at  the  portages, 
until  they  reached  the  river  of  the  Walla  \\'allas, 
where  they  were  to  separate.  Poor  John  i^ay  on  the 
voyage  became  insane,  and  was  sent  l)ack  to  the  foi't 
by  some  Indians.  Before  a  year  was  gone  he  was 
dead. 

Ivobcrt  Stuart  found  no  difficulty  in  pi'ocuring 
twentv  iiood  horses  from  the  friendlv  Walla  Wallas, 
and  on  the  31st  of  July  his  party  of  six  set  out,  di- 
I'ecting  their  course  toward  the  south-east  into  the 
ISn;dce  Pi.  or  ro<j;ion  where  some  of  their  number  had 
so  lately  suffered. 

Ihit  now  they  hoped  for  lietter  times,  and  it  is  true 
that  Ihey  had  not  t(t  contend  with  the  snows  oC  winter, 
total  iiiiiorance  of  the  countrv,  and  destitution.  ]^verv 
Jiliice  and  season,  however,  has  its  tiials.  Xow  hills, 
])l;iiiis,  and  ravines  were  alike  arid:  ;ind  such  was 
their  strait  at  one  time  that  even  tlieii-  (\(^-j;  diecl  of 
tliiist.  Their  rout(^  was  essentially  the  same  as  that 
traversed  by  Hunt's  party  on  its  way  west,  though 


200 


AFFAIRS  OF  FORT  ASTORIA. 


with  some  unimportant  variations.  Six  of  the  nine 
caches  made  on  Snake  River  below  Henry  Fort  liod 
been  rified.  A  raid  upon  tliem  by  the  Crows  left 
them  suddenly  unhorsed.  The  hardships  which  fol- 
lowed almost  ecjualled  those  of  Hunt's  party.  McClel- 
lan's  sufferings  made  him  peevish,  then  stubborn;  at 
length,  Hinging  himself  aloof  from  the  party,  he  held 
his  way  alone  through  the  wiklerness  for  a  fortnight, 
when  he  was  found  lying  half-dead,  and  with  difficulty 
could  1)0  made  to  stand  upon  his  feet.  In  this  man- 
ner they  straggled  across  the  mountains,  descending 
upon  the  head-waters  of  the  Platte,  when,  finding  it 
impossible  to  complete  their  journey  that  season, 
they  went  into  winter-quarters  the  2d  of  Xovember. 

Tliere  they  l)uilt  a  comfortable  cabin;  Init  after 
loading  the  rafters  with  dried  meat,  they  were  dis- 
covered by  the  Ara[)ahoes,  and  forced  to  continue 
their  journey.  Again  on  the  .'iOth  of  December  they 
paused  in  tlieir  difficult  peregrinations,  scarcely  know- 
ing where  they  were,  built  a  hut,  and  stocked  it  with 
buffalo  meat.  Here  they  passed  the  remainder  of  the 
winter  in  quiet. 

With  the  opening  of  spring  they  constructed  two 
canoes,  but  the  river  proving  too  shallow  even  for 
such  navigation,  they  abandoned  their  boats,  and  pro- 
ceeded on  foot.  It  was  only  when  thev  had  reached 
the  establishment  of  Dorion  and  Roi,  near  the  Mis- 
souri, that  tbey  knew  they  had  all  this  time  been  upon 
the  IMatte  River.  Here  they  first  learned  of  the  war 
which  was  so  soon  to  prove  the  destruction  of  their 
dearest  hoj)es.  From  this  pv.int  they  easily  descended 
the  river,  and  reached  St  Louis  the  3Uth  of  A[)ril 
1813. 


Prior  t(»  the  arrival  of  Robert  Stuar-t,  and  before 
any  tidings  whatever  had  been  received  from  any  of 
tiie  ex})editions  sent,  Astor  desj)atclied,  early  in 
]S[ai'ch  IHI;5,  another  vessel,  the  Lark,  for  tlie  Colum- 
bia River.     The  cause  of  this  action  was  the  break- 


THE  THREATEXIXG  DANGER. 


201 


ing-out  of  that  war  which  was  to  prove  so  disastrous 
to  Astor's  ])lans  on   tlio   Pacific.     Fearful    lest    the 
blockading  of  New  York  harhor  should  [)revent  the 
departure  of  the  second  annual  supply-shij)  in  the  fol- 
lowing autumn,  and  thattlie  interests  of  the  company 
would  materially  suffer  thereby;  fearful  also  of  her 
cjipture,  this  vessel  was  sent  to  sea  in  the   spring. 
Nor   would  it    be  safe   for  the  Bcaccr  to   return  at 
})resent   to   New  Yor-k.     Astor   therefore  wrote    to 
Ca})tain  Sowles,  at  Canton,  with  instructions  to  I'c- 
turn  to  Fort  Astoria  with  such  articles  us  the  fort 
shcjuld  need,  and  there  hold  himself  subject  to  the 
orders  of  Hunt,or  whomsoever  should  bi-  in  conunand. 
And  now  advance  in  hostile  attitude  tin;  Northwest 
Com})any,  clearly  perceiving  this  to  be  their  time  to 
strike,  and  plant  thorns  beneath  Astor's  pillow.    In  the 
midst  of  this  mercantile  dice-throwing,  the  staking  of 
one  costly  expedition  after  another  U})on  the  turn  of  a 
card,  Avord  reached  the  autocrat  that  his  great  rival 
was  ])reparing  to  despatch  the  Is<(((c  Todi/,  a  stanch 
vessel,  armed  with  twenty  guns,  for  the  mouth  of  the 
Cohunbia,  there,  with  the  assistance  of  the  Bi'itish 
govermnent,  to  plant  a  fortress  and  dominati;   that 
region.      This  was  not  all.      Flushed     -ith  the  sudden 
brightness  of  their  prospects,  the  Northwest  Com- 
i)anv  laid  before  the   British  o-overnment   two    me- 
morials  on  two  several  occasions,  showing  the  efforts  of 
Astor  in  the  west,  and  the  great  results  likely  to  arise 
fi-oni   that    movement    if  successful,    wl!ereu[)on    the 
Jh'itish  frigate  Plxrlx'  was  ordered  to  accompany  the 
Isaac  Todd  and  assist  in  the  destruction  of  whatever 
pretensions  the  United  States  might  have   in   that 
(juarter.     The  Unite<l   States  government  now  took 
tlie  ahirm,  and  ordered  the  frigate  Adams  to  tlie  mouth 
of  the  Columbia.     On  hearing  this,  Astor  fitted  out 
the  ship  Enterprise,  frelghteil  witli   I'urtiu'r  supjdies. 
]:>ut  just  as  the  two  ships  were  nvidy  to  sail  the  crew 
of  the  Adams  was  detailed  for  other  ser\  ice,  and  the 
blockading  of  New  York  harbor  by  a  Jhitish.  force 


202 


AFFAIRS  OF  FORT  ASTORIA. 


prevented  the  sailing'-  of  the  Elite rj^rise,  which  other- 
wise would  have  undertaken  the  voyage  withoat  con- 
voy. In  his  trouble  Astor  begged  the  protection  of 
the  United  States  government,  under  whose  wing  he 
had  sought  to  inon(>i»olize  the  fui'-trade  of  the  west, 
asking  only  tliat  forty  men  should  be  stationed  at  Fort 
Astoria,  but  Hecretaiy  Monroe  never  even  replied  to 
his  letters.  In  the  Lark,  of  which  Xorthrop  was 
master,  sailed  Nicholas  G.  Ogden  as  supercargo. 

There  are  enemies,  however,  to  this  ill-i'ated  adven- 
ture other  than  war  or  connnercial  rivalry.  The 
voyage  of  the  Lark  was  prosi)erous  until  within  a  short 
distance  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  There  a  gale  struck 
her  which  threw  her  on  her  beam  ends,  and  sent  one  man 
overl)oard.  The  masts  were  cut  away,  and  the  crew 
clung  to  the  wreck  as  best  the}'  might,  one  aftei-  another, 
as  they  became  exhausted,  dro[)j)ing  into  the  surge, 
until  ciu'ht  were  gone.  After  four  days  of  intolerable 
suft'ering,  all  that  were  left  of  them  were  thrown  u})on 
an  island,  which  they  afterward  learned  was  one  of  the 
Hawaiian  group.  There  they  were  stripped  of  their 
clothinu'  by  the  natives,  while  the  king  of  the  country 
seized  the  wreck.  ].*art  of  their  clothing  was  after- 
ward returned  to  tlunu;  and  they  were  fed  at  public 
expense.  In  this  ])light  they  were  found  by  Mr 
Hunt  the  20th  of  December. 

]McKenzie,  Clarke,  John  Reed,  and  David  Stuart, 
we  left  at  Walla  Walla,  whence  they  took  their 
several  ways.  It  was  now  agreed  to  make  tliis  the 
ii'eneral  rendezvous.  Situatefl  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Walla  AV^dla  ]Uver,  where  now  stands  Wahilu,  in  the 
midst  of  Nast  fur-producing  territories,  with  largo 
streams  flowing  in  from  every  direction,  no  situation 
could  have  been  more  favorable.  This  settled,  tln) 
yeveral  j)artners  went  their  ways. 

Ascending  Lewis  Iliver  to  the  Saliaptin,  Avlii'-h 
a]>jK\ired  to  be  tlie  thoroughfare  between  the  Columbia 
and  the  buil'alo-pastures  east  of  the  Kocky  ^Mountains, 


THE  CHIVALROUS  CLARKE. 


203 


!McKonzie  followed  the  latter  stream  until  a  favor- 
able site  oflcred  itself,  when  he  disembarked,  and  es- 
tablished a  fort  among  tlie  Nez  Perees.  Tlience  he 
dcspatehed  John  Keetl  with  a  few  men  to  take  caehes 
on  Snake  Kiver,  for  the  purpose  of  opening  them  and 
(jf  brimj^ing  back  the  contents.  A  few  davs  after 
their  departure  McKonzie  learned  from  two  travelling 
natives  tliat  the  caehes  had  been  opened  by  some 
Shoshones,  under  the  direction  of  certain  white  men 
who  were  living  among  them.  During  this  excursion 
lloed  fell  in  with  six  stragglers  from  Hunt's  party, 
tlu'ce  of  whom  had  been  instrumental  in  rifling  the 
caclies.  Though  these  men  and  the  tribe  wliicli  had 
harbored  them  were  enriched  by  this  robbery,  the 
plunder  brought  them  little  benefit,  for  in  their  first 
grand  hunting  excursion  thereafter  they  were  stripped 
by  the  Blackfoot  Indians.  These  seven  men,  with 
the  o'oods  remaininsTf  in  the  caches,  Reed  brouuht  to 
the  new  post  on  the  Sahaptin. 

From  Walla  Walla  Clarke  proceeded  for  a  short 
distance  up  Lewis  River,  to  a  stream  branching 
ttnvard  the  north,  "to  which  the  Canadians  gave  the 
'name  of  the  Pavion,"  the  Palouse  of  later  times. 
There  ho  purchased  horses  fioni  the  Palouses,  and 
leaving  his  canoes  in  charge  of  the  chief,  crossed  to 
the  S]iokane,  where  he  located  a  fort  not  far  from  the 
establishment  of  the  Northwest  Company.  With 
Clarke  were  four  clerks,  Pellet,  Farnliani,A[cCIennan, 
and  Cox,  the  little  Irishman,  as  lioss  calls  hiin.  As 
strong  competition  was  expected,  Clarke's  company 
;md  outfit  were  much  larger  than  any  of  the  others, 
his  stra<»'i»'ling  cavalcade  stretching  nearly  a  mile. 

Clarke  was  a  bold,  dashing,  vride-awake,  ofl'-liantl 
fv'llow,  fond  of  display,and  hning  to  carry  afiairs  with  a 
liigh  hauil.  Little  Cox  lau'ixinsji;  at  the  end  of  the  long 
train,  Clar];e  I'ode  back  and  peremptorily  (n-dered  him 
I'Mjuicken  his  pace.  "(Jive  me  ahorse,"  srad  Ct>x,  "and 
1  11  ride  with  yourself  at  tlio  head."  Clarke  rai;;od  liis 
whip,  some  say  he  struck  him,  and  then  I'ode  nwivy. 


am 


AFFAIRS  OF  FORT  ASTORIA. 


il 


Cox  slunk  away,  and  was  not  seen  for  lli'irteen  days, 
when  lie  was  brought  in  hy  the  Indians  more  dead 
than  alive. 

Clarke  was  called  the  most  cxtravacjant  and  yet  the 
most  able  leader  in  the  company,  lie  liked  to  stand 
well  with  the  natives,  and  to  be  rei^arded  by  tliem  as 
grand  and  j^enerous.  He  was  a  native  of  the  United 
States,  thougli  he  had  been  long  in  the  service  of 
the  Northwest  Conij)any  in  Canada,  and  understood 
thorougldy  all  the  tricks  of  the  trade.  Arriving  at 
the  Spokane,  lie  ])lanted  himself  close  besiile  tlie  op- 
position ])ost  and  went  to  work.  The  manly  art  was 
now  in  order.  There  were  rights  to  bo  enforced,  and 
battles  to  be  fought,  in  which  these  tangent-shot 
s[)ai'ks  ih^n  civilization's  wheel  might  return  to  siivage 
and  ]>!'ute  instincts.  First,  four  oi'  Clarke's  followers 
were  installed  as  cappers,  blusterers,  and  bullies,  who 
shouhl  do  the  bloody  work  of  the  estab^"  hnient. 
Feathers  were  jJaced  in  their  caps  as  their  insignia 
of  olHce,  and  they  were  retained  always  near  his 
person.  Then  he  gave  a  grand  feast,  exchanged  long 
and  hollow  speeches  with  the  savages,  and  was  ready 
for  business.  Sct)uts  were  sent  out  by  both  com- 
panies, who  mano?uvred  among  the  natives  with  plots 
and  counter[)lots,  whicli  would  have  done  honor  to  a 
Machiavelli.  ''lie  that  got  most  skins,  never  mind- 
ing the  cost  or  the  crime,  was  the  cleverest  fellow," 
remarks  lioss,  while  Francherc  observes,  "  The  profits 
of  the  last  establishment  (Fort  Spokane)  were  slen- 
der; because  the  people  engaged  at  it  were  obliged 
to  subsist  on  horso-tlesh,  and  they  ate  ninety  horses 
tluring  the  winter." 

Nor  did  Clarke  stop  here.  In  the  Kootenais  coun- 
try W'as  ^lantour  of  the  Northwest  Company,  trading ; 
]\Ir  Pellet  with  men  and  goods  was  sent  there  to 
o{)pose  him.  Both  were  enterprising  travellers,  zeal- 
ous traders,  and  o'ood  ti<jhters.  Hence  both  did  well 
for  their  respective  com})anies;  thning  the  winter 
they  bought  many  skins  and  fought  several  duels, 


ADVENTURES  OF  ROSS. 


205 


a'a-'avs  having  a  care,  however,  not  to  hurt  each 
other,  and  parting  in  tlie  spring  the  ])ost  of  friends. 
Mr  Cox  mentions  one:  "  Mr  Pellet  fought  a  duel  witli 
Mantour  of  the  Northwest,  with  pocket-pistols  at  six 
paces;  l)otli  hits;  one  in  the  collar  of  the  coat,  and  the 
other  in  the  leg  of  the  trousers.  Two  of  their  men 
acted  as  seconds,  and  the  tailor  speedily  healed  their 
wounds." 

Fandiam  was  sent  to  the  Flatheads  and  McClcllan 
was  stationed  at  Pointed  Heart  or  Sketching  Lake, 
now  the  Coeur  d'Alene. 

David  Stuart  reached  Okanagan  with  supplies  the 
l'2th  of  August.  JJurini;  his  absence  Ross  accom- 
panied  by  one  white  man,  Boullard,  and  an  Indian, 
set  out  the  0th  of  May,  with  sixteen  horses,  on  a  trad- 
ing expedition.  Following  Stuart's  route  of  the  pre- 
vious year,  they  reached  the  Shusli\vaj)s  on  Thompson 
River  on  the  tenth  day,  and  encamped  below  the  en- 
trance of  the  north  branch  near  the  upper  end  of  the 
lake  at  a  place  called  by  the  natives  Kamloops. 

Sending  messengers  in  various  dire(;tions,  soon  two 
thousand  natives  were  present  with  their  skins,  and  in 
less  than  a  fortnight  the  small  stock  of  goods  was  ex- 
changed for  a  large  stock  of  furs,  so  that  nothing  re- 
mained but  to  return.^ 

While  the  master  was  driving  fine  bargains  the 
man  had  become  entangled  in  love's  meshes.  Having 
bought  a  costly  maiden  on  credit,  her  father  naturally 
desired  his  pay  before  his  son-in-law's  departure. 
])()ullard  deuianded  from  Ross  the  means  wherewith 
to  satisfv  the  old  jxentleman,  threateninu:  to  remain 
M'itii  the  Indians  if  his  demand  was  not  satisfied.  In 
real  or  })retended  rage  Ross  brought  a  heavy  liorse- 
wliip  down  upon  the  fellow's  shoulders,  under  which 
application  the  charms  of  his  inamorata  fast  faded. 


' '  So  anxious  were  they  to  trailc,  and  so  foml  of  tobacco,  that  one  moniing 
ln'furo  l)ieakfast  I  obtained  one  hundred  and  ten  beavers  for  leaf-tobacco,  at 
tlio  rate  of  five  leaves  per  skin;  and  at  last,  when  I  had  but  one  yard  of  whito 
cdtton  remaining,  oucof  the  chiefs  guvenie  twenty  prinic-beaver  skins  for  it.' 
i.'o«'  Adc,  200. 


?1 

''  i 


^'l    ■ 


200 


AFFAIRS  OF  FORT  ASTORIA. 


Ross  readied  Okanagan  the  12tli  of  July,  highly  de- 
lighted with  his  success. 

Leaviiiff  Ross  ajxain  in  charjjc,  Stuart  left  Okana- 
gau  the  2oth  of  August  following,  to  winter  among  the 
Shushwaps.  During  the  winter,  Ross  visited  Clarke 
at  For-t  Spokane,  narrowly  escaping  death  in  a  snow- 
storm while  rcturnin<x.  N(jthin<jc  daunted,  he  almost 
innncdiately  after  set  out  with  one  man  on  a  journey 
to  Kandoops,  whore  he  found  Stuart  well  located, 
but  with  a  Northwest  Com})any's  post  in  charge  of 
a  clerk,  AT.  Laroche,  beside  him.  Competition  was 
as  strong  ns  at  Spokane,  but  uniike  Clarke.  Stuart 
was  i>reciso  and  sober  in  business,  so  that  trade  was 
fairly  conducted,  and  the  rival  establishments  were 
on  amicable  terms.  From  Kandoops,  Stuart  sent  out 
parties  in  various  directions,  north-west  as  far  as  Fra- 
ser  Ri^•er,  and  nortJi-east  up  the  south  branch  of 
Thompson  River  to  the  main  Columbia.  They  found 
the  countrv  cvervwhore  rich  in  furs,  and  the  natives 
friendly.  He  I'cturnedto  Okanagan,  Ross  having  pre- 
ceded him,  and  after  ten  days  spent  in  packing  and 
pressing  the  furs,  all  set  out  for  the  ren(lezv(jus  at 
Walla  Walla,  which  they  reached  the  oOth  of  May, 
1813. 

The  several  brigades  having  been  despatched  to  the 
interior,  Hunt,  in  August,  proceeded  up  the  coast  in 
tlie  Denver,  intending  to  visit  Sitka,  complete  ari-ange- 
ments  with  the  Russians,  and  on  returniuf;  disembark 
at  Fort  Astoria,  while  the  vessel  should  proceed  to 
the  Hawaiian  Islands  and  thence  to  Canton. 

All  which  the  contemplative  Chinook  remarked. 
Again  this  white  man's  house,  better  stocked  than 
ever  with  things  that  warmed  the  Chinook  heart  and 
gratified  the  Chinook  taste,  was  left  comparatively 
unprotected.  Now  for  a  blow  for  one's  country,  to 
say  nothing  of  beads,  blankets,  and  \vhiskey.  It  was 
a  time  also  when  the  savages  along  the  coast  visited 
the  Columbia  for  fishing  purposes.    And  herein  lay 


rRAXCITEIlE'S  KXrEmEXCE. 


207 


id  to 

I  than 

and 

[vcly 

to 

was 

iitcd 

lay 


tlio  saA'f y  of  the  fort.  It  would  require  the  forces  of 
all  conibiii^d  to  capture  the  post,  and  the  wily  Coni- 
conilv  well  knew  that  were  once  his  neiyhboi-s  in  i)Os- 
SL's.sioii  there,  his  })eoj)le  would  l)e  at  their  mercy.  Of 
the  two  evils  the  [)resence  of  the  white  man  was  the 
lesser,  so  Comcomly  concluded  to  he  honest.  The  fort, 
however,  was  now  better  furnished  for  tlefence.  The 
bastions  were  raised,  covered  ways  were  tlirown  up 
round  the  palisades  inside,  and  not  more  than  three 
savao-es  were  permitted  within  the  fort  at  one  time. 

AuL^ust  and  September  at  Astoria  were  occupied 
in  erecting  a  hospital  and  lodgin;^- house,  thirty  by 
i'ortv-live  i'ect.  It  was  now  deemed  necessary  to  pro- 
vide  subsistence  I'or  the  winter.  Hence,  on  the  1st  of 
(jctober,  Francliere  end)arked  in  the  scliooner  with 
men  and  merchandise  for  a  trading  voyage  up  the 
river.  Smoked  salmon,  venison,  bear-meat,  wild-fowl, 
and  wapato  were  very  abundant,  and  on  the  20th  the 
vessel  returned  to  Fort  Astoria  laden  with  provisions 
and  furs,  among  which  were  seven  hundred  an<,l  tilty 
sniolced  salmon,  and  four  hundred  beaver  and  other 
skins.  A  second  voyage  proved  less  successful;  and 
on  returning,  the  15th  of  November,  Francliere  found 
the  men  sulfering  severely  from  scurvy.  On  the  213d, 
Ilalsey  and  Wallace  ascended  the  Willamette  for 
about  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  from  its  con- 
lluence  with  the  Columbia  "on  a  great  prairie"  as 
Francliere  terms  it,  and  there  built  a  dwelling  and 
tradinu'-house.  On  the  2oth  of  the  followiuLf  ^lav 
they  returned  to  Astoria  w^th  seventeen  packs  of  furs 
and  thirty-two  bales  of  diied  venison." 

Autumn  passed,  and  drizzling,  drenching  winter, 
but  with  no  tidinijs  of  the  Bcaccr,  and  fears  bejjjan  to 
be  entertained  that  she  had  met  the  fate  of  the  Toii- 


^  It  is  amusing  to  observe  how  Irving  avoids  the  mention  of  FranchfTc's 
rnme.  Fi'anch6ro  was  chief  clerk  at  Fort  Astoria  at  this  time,  and  during 
JIfDougall's  sicknesses,  wliicli  were  frequent,  was  in  full  charge.  He  was 
always  a  useful  and  prominent  person  alxnit  the  place,  and  yet  the  authur  of 
AiUirid,  who  draws  so  much  of  his  information  from  the  Canadian,  alludes  to 
hun  only  as  'one  of  the  clerks,'  'some  meu  Mere  sent,'  and  the  like. 


208 


AFFAIRS!  OF  FORT  ASTORIA. 


(jvin.  MoDou^^all  with  the  otliers  was  hefomiiiL,'  nn- 
liappy.  VVhcthi.T  the  sylvan  witclu'ry  of  C^)iiu'()nily'8 
(kisky  (laiiii^litor  incyccl  upon  his  mind,  or  tlic  dim 
j)rosi)eots  of  the  fur  company  dividends,  certain  it 
was  that  lie  was  dissatisfied.  Sickness  drew  even 
from  command  its  charm,  and  the  despondency  of 
loneliness  made  the  money  which  he  might  never  get 
seem  contemptilde. 

McKenzie's  unexpected  presence  at  the  fort  on 
the  Ijth  <tf  January  IHi;],"*'  with  a  physiognoni}'  long 
drawn  out  hy  misfortune  and  disgust,  tendetl  in  no 
wise  to  raise  the  spirits  of  ]\Iel)t)Ugall.  Tlie  Xez 
Perces  were  not  the  easiest  of  men  to  satisfy,  and 
]\IcKenzie  complained  that  there  was  but  little  game 
in  the  country,  lie  was  therefore  on  the  point  of 
movijig  his  })ost  further  up  the  i-iver,  or  of  aban- 
doning that  part  of  the  country  altogether,  and  had 
gone  over  to  the  post  of  Clarke  ti>  consult  with  him 
upon  the  matter,  when  ])rovidence  in  the  similitude 
of  a  Scotchman,  juirtner  in  charge  of  the  Northwest 
Company's  posts  on  the  Pacific,  John  George  Mc- 
Tavish  by  name,  dropped  in  upon  them,  and  informed 
then)  without  tears  or  hesitation  of  speech  that  war 
had  been  declared,  that  he  had  bi'ought  from  posts 
beyond  the  mountains  goods  sufficient  to  stock  the 
whole  Pacific  coast,  that  his  most  honorable  company 
had  determined  to  absorb  the  western  trade,  leaving 
there  not  so  nmch  as  a  shadow  of  the  autocrat  Astor, 
and  what  he  of  his  own  arm  was  unable  to  do  the 
guns  of  the  haac  Todd,  which  ere  two  months  had 
elapsed  would  command  the  Columbia,  mouth,  body, 
and  head,  would  assist  him  to  accomplish.  With 
that  ]M<;Tavish  whipped  from  his  pocket  [)apers  con- 
taining the  declarati<m  of  war  and  Madison's  procla- 
mation, and  the  work  was  done.  McKenzie  needed 
no  further  advice.     Returning  to  his  post,  he  cached 

"I  follow  rrancht>ie's  tliites,  Mith  whom,  indeetl,  Ross  in  this  instance 
ngroes,  ho  keeping  u,  diary  on  tho  spot.  I  find  Mr  Ii'ving's  days  and  months 
somewhat  erratic,  the  Oth  of  October  sometimes  falliny  before  and  oometimea 
after  the  iilst.     See  Astoria,  277,  i-'SO. 


EXPLORATIONS. 


flO» 


'est 


linco 
Itha 
uies 


liis  ^'oods,  .'UhI  with  all  his  incii  repaired  immediately 
to  l""ort  Astoria. 

Over  this  alarniinLj  intelliy-ence  the  two  i)artners 
now  held  close  consultation,  at  which  the  clerks  were 
invited  to  express  their  views  upon  the  situation, and 
help  to  determine  what  should  be  done.  It  was  ab- 
solutily  necessary  to  ado})t  u  policy,  although  they 
had  no  vt>te  on  any  question,  llunt  was  absent. 
The  time  was  long  gone  by  when  the  Beacci'  should 
have  returned.  The  issue  would  shortly  be  ujjon 
them;  there  was  no  escaping  it;  and  it  became  them 
to  act  as  men  havini;  at  stake,  besides  their  own  and 
Astor's  interests,  the  welfare  of  the  inferior  servants 
of  the  company. 

And  this  was  the  result  of  their  present  deliber- 
ations. In  the  absence  of  any  means  of  conveying 
furs  to  market,  trade  with  the  natives  except  for  food 
should  cease,  and  unless  there  should  be  some  change 
by  s[)ring  they  would  abandon  Fort  Astoria  and  re- 
tire witli  tlieir  goods  beyond  the  mountains.  Their 
position  was  an  anomalous  one.  Tliev  were  British 
suhic'cts,  but  tliev  were  trading  under  the  United 
States  Hag.  Tliey  could  not  bear  arms  against  their 
(twn  country,  nor  vet  could  they  claim  her  protection 
of  their  property  as  they  might  do  if  trading  on  their 
own  account.  Astor  could  not,  if  he  would,  send 
them  supplies  wliile  the  war  lasted,  and  sliould  the 
Beaver  not  return,  and  should  tluy  be  obliged  to 
travel  east  overland,  they  had  barely  sufficient  for 
their  necessities.  Indeed,  food  was  becomimi:  scarce 
already.  Heed  and  Seton  were  sent  with  some  of  the 
men  to  the  Willamette  to  spend  the  rest  of  the  win- 
ter where  game  was  more  plentii'ul.  They  penetrated 
tlie  country  as  far  as  the  head- waters  of  the  Unqxpia, 
where  they  found  l)eavcr  more  abundant  than  on  the 
Willamette,  and  did  well  trading;  but  they  found  the 
natives  so  luzy  that  they  could  induce  them  to  hunt 
but  little. 

The   31st    of  IMarcli,  !McKenzie,  with    Reed   and 

Hist.  N.  \V.  Coast.  Vol.  II.    H 


tio 


AFFAIRS  OF  FORT  ASTORIA. 


■  f^' ; 


Seton,  (Miiharkod  \n  two  canoes  with  scxciilvcn  iiu  :i 
to  I'cport  M('!)oii!L>all's  j)laiis  to  Clarke  ami  Stuart,  to 
luiuLj  away  the  artickjs  ca('lie<l,  and  to  Imy  lior.scs  and 
])rovisions  i'or  the  contenipkited  ovei'kmd  expedition. 
At  tlu!  |)ortaj4'c!  they  found  tlu^  natives  as  usual  in  a 
sava'4'e  humor.  Above  the  Dalles  tiie  ]\r(dv(Mi/ie  and 
^[e'l'avish  parties  met  and  caiufted  to,L;'(;ther  I'or  the 
nij^'ht.  Amonijj  the  two  crews,  now  menihersol'opposiiiiLj 
companies  and  servini«-  under  hostile  governments, 
were  many  old  conu'axk's,  with  many  old  scenes  to  re- 
vive, and  it  was  late  into  the  ninhtere  tlieir  boisterous 
hilarity  was  silenced  by  sleep. 

Arrived  at  his  abandoned  post,  McKenzie  found  his 
caches  rilled.  What  made  it  worse  was  that  with  the 
U^oods  stolen  he  was  to  have  paid  for  the  horses  iv- 
(|uii'i;d  for  the  contemplated  homeward  journey.  ]Mc- 
Kenzie  Avas  one  ;d)S(>lutely  a  sti-an-'er  to  I'ear.  ][e 
knew  not  what  it  was.  Further  than  this  he  was  cool 
and  clear-headed  in  his  intercourse  with  savaj^'es,  and 
understood  tlieir  teinju'r  and  habits  (»f  thouiiiit  thor- 
ouj^hly.  At  the  ]Jalles,  wlien  the  feeling  against  the 
Avhite  men  was  hottest,  on  his  last  joiuiiey  from  Foit 
Astoi'ia,  with  two  companions  liu  crossed  the  ii\ei', 
entered  a  secret  conclave  (>f  griui  warriors  even  then 
meditating  such  harm  to  furdiuntc>rs  a;;  was  in  their 
power  to  put  into  execution,  and  Avith  weapons  drav,  n 
demanded  a  gun  which  had  \)vcn  stolen.  The  gun 
was  not  forthcoming,  but  the  wliite  men  recrossed  the 
river  with  their  lives,  which  was  a  marvel. 

And  now  there  was  another  lirtlo  drama  to  he  })lay(^d 
Avith  the  Xez  Perces,  tras.ric  (  r  comic,  as  the  case  might 
be,  and  ]\IcKenzie  was  ready  with  his  part.  Sum- 
moning the  chiefs  he  devMcOided  the  goods  stolen  from 
the  caches.  They  greatly  regretted  the  robl)ery  l)ut 
knew  nothing  of  it  except  that  the  caches  had  been 
o[)ened.  The  demand  and  the  denial  were  made  twice  or 
thrice  and  the  assembly  broke  up.  The  chiefs  thought 
they  had  heard  the  kist  of  it;  but  in  this  they  were 


Ar.ORKilXAL  rPJfiANDAOK. 


2U 


inl;-.la1v(n.  Eai'ly  next  nioniiiii^'^lcKcnzic!  and  liislittl(3 
Ini-co  suddenly  a|)[»rarcd  Ik-Ioic  iheni  in  tlieir  ('ani|). 
AVItli  drawn  weapons  Seton  and  the  men  stationed 
themselves  before  a  lod^je,  wliile  ^TeKenzie  and  ]ieeil 
entered  it  and  instituted  a  search  for  the  stolen  jirop- 
er< y.  (3ne  hHl^e  examined  tiiey  proceeded  to  anothn-, 
until  four  or  live  hail  been  examined  with  varied  suc- 
cess, wlien  the  chiefs  beg;^ed  the  intruders  to  letiru 
fiom  tlie  cam|),  and  they  would  brinj^  them  the  stolen 
])i'opi'rty.  This  j\[cKen/.ie  refused  to  do,  well  knowinijf 
that  he  was  safer  there  than  outside^,  as  Indians  never 
like  to  fiL,dit  in  camp  amonj^  women  and  chlldi'en. 
There  the  stubborn  men  remained,  surioundcd  by  a 
hundred  armed  warriors  to  each  one  of  them,  imtil 
noarly  r.U  the  stolen  property  was  returned  tlieiu, 
wlien  they  marched  away  with  it  in  triumph.  The 
Xez  I'eices  tlien  retaliated  by  re(iunng  to  sell  McKeii- 
zie  horses.  Thev  even  withdrew  from  the  vicinity, 
and  ceased  to  supply  i'ood.  Nothing  «launted,  ^le- 
Kenzie  determined  that  rather  than  starve  he  would 
make  his  own  bargains.  So  whenever  the  cahi[)  I'e- 
(piired  meat  he  tied  U[)  in  a  bundle  the  lull  price;  of  a 
horse,  and  then  proceeded  to  shoot  the  animal  and 
bring  away  the  meat,  leaving  the  price  on  a  stake  at 
the  head  of  the  carcass.  Finally,  to  get  rid  of  him, 
the  Xez  Perces  sold  McKenzie  all  the  horses  he 
required  at  fair  prices. 

J)es[)atching  Heed  with  McDougall's  letters  to 
Clarke  and  Stuart,  McKenzie  set  out  for  the  rendez- 
vous at  Walla  Walla.  Clarke  and  Stuart  soon  fol- 
lowed. Both  of  these  partners  were  opposetl  to 
McDougall'ii  proposition  to  break  up  the  establishment 
at  xVstoria.  Thev  had  done  well  in  their  traffic  thus 
far,  and  the  prospects  for  the  future  were  exceed- 
ingly good.  They  saw  no  i-eason  for  being  frightcne<l. 
Should  the  Isaac  Todd  take  Fort  Astoria  she  could 
not  penetrate  to  all  the  jiosts  of  the  interior.  Thu.i 
far  they  had  been  ke[)t  well  sup})lied  with  goods;  there 
would  be  time  enough  to  talk  of  breaking  up  the  en- 


•J!  J  AFIWIRS  OF  FORT  ASiTORIA. 

tei'pri.so  when  there  was  nothing-  left  to  bu}' furs  with, 
or  no  furs  to  \my. 

.\,ii  incident  of  Clarke's  journey  to  Fort  Astoi'iu  at 
tliis  time  may  he  wortliy  of  mention,  not  as  ilhisti-ative 
of  a  (general  course,  but  rather  as  an  exception  to  a  just 
and  humane  lule.  It  was  the  custom  of  fur-hunters 
to  treat  the  natives  fairly,  it  Ijiinu;"  for  their  interest 
to  do  so.  But  C'larkt.!  lu'ld  the  life  of  an  Indian  in 
light  esteem.  IIap[)ily  his  associates  condounied  h\^ 
conduct  in  this  instance  unequixocally. 

The  facts  are  these:  Ilavinn'  left  his  post  in  char<:^e 
of  Pion,  with  three  men,  with  his  furs  ])acked  on 
twenty-eight  horses,  Clarke  arrived  at  the  jun<-tion 
of  tlio  Palouse  and  Lewis  rivers  on  the  1st  of  June, 
and  was  greatly  pleased  to  find  the  boats  he  had  Iclt 
with  the  natives,  safe.  ]  [e  made  them  presents  of 
annnunition  and  tobacco,  and  cv^'U  went  so  far  in  his 
iireai  <xood-hnmor  as  to  driidc  wine  with  the  chiefs 
out  of  a  silver  goblet  which  had  been  sent  by  Astor 
to  Alexander  ^McKay,  and  which  still  remained  in 
Clarke's  possession.  It  was  a  grand  ati'air  to  drink 
wine  from  that  cup,  as  Clarke  made  it  appear,  and 
the  eves  of  the  savaii'es  ^listened  as  thev  reiiarded  it, 
and  saw  the  value  placed  upon  it  by  those  having  it 
in  charge.  Truly  there  must  be  some  singular  charm 
about  it. 

When  about  to  start  next  morning,  the  silver  cuji 
v;as  missing.  Search  was  made.  l)ut  it  was  useless; 
the  cup  had  been  stolen.  Claike  was  furious.  He 
swore  he  would  hang  the  whole  tiihe  if  the  cup  was 
not  innnediately  forthcoming.  The  whole  tribe  was 
sunnnoned,  the  case  stated,  and  the  chiefs  retired  in 
solemn  deliberation.  Soon  thev  I'etui'lied  with  iov  de- 
])icted  u[)on  their  faces,  for  the  cup  had  been  found. 
;;nd  was  now  restored  to  the  white  chief.  All  was  now 
.'crene,  tlu!  savages  thought,  for  accortling  to  their 
custom  the  lestoration  of  a  stolen  article  exonerates 
the  cidprit. 

"Where  is  the  thief T  demanded  Clarke. 


IMrOLlTIC  lIANOIXr.. 


213 


"  Tlicro,"  rcplicnl  tlie  cliii-f,  pitintinn' to  tlic  criinliial, 

"  T  swore,"  said  C'larla-,  "  the  tliicf  slioukl  die,  and 
tlif  white  man  Jicvcr  breaks  his  v.'orcL" 

The  savai^es  smiled,  thinlciiii^  it  pretty  acting.  But 
Claiko  was  in  earnest.  The  man  was  luui'j'ed  to  his 
own  lodge-poles.  Until  the  deed  was  done  tlie  na- 
tives could  not  believe  that  such  had  been  Clarke's 
intention.  Then  the  principal  chief  threw  his  r(»bo 
upon  the  ground,  and  harangued  liis  pe()[)le,  afliT 
v/hich  they  retired  precipitately  to  inform  the  neigli- 
horing  tril»es.  Then  Clarke  became  alarmed,  and  hur- 
ried on  to  Walla  Walla,  wheie  he  met  Stuart  and 
^rdvenzie'  and  told  them  what  he  had  done,  expecting 
praise,  but  receixing  none. 

Even  while  the  partners  stood  there  conversing, 
Tununcatapam,  t1ie  old  chief  of  the  Walla  Wallas,  the 
white  man's  friend,  I'ode  hastily  up. 

"  What  havi.^  ynu  done,  my  brothers  f  lu^  exclaimed, 
in  tnvat  a^'itation.  '"You  ha\e  suillcd  blood  on  our 
l;ui(ls.  How  shall  I  pacity  my  people?"  Then  Ik^ 
\ilu'tled  and  rode  I'apitlly  away.  The  Walla  Wallas 
were  greatly  shocked  at  this  deed.  Xi  it  ( >nly  had  1  licy 
IVoni  the  first  been  the  true  I'riends  of  the  white  men, 
but  })rompted  seemingly  by  feelings  of  pure  humanity, 
t'lcv  had  i7one  far  out  of  their  wav  to  serve  tluMU. 
Tln'  i'aint  an.d  weary  trawllers,  the  starvmg  strag- 
glv'i",  so  easy  to  cut  oil',  they  had  ;dways  befriended. 
Tli.'V  Were  rennu'kablv  honest  withal;  boats,  horses, 
and  otlier  propi'ity  left  in  their  diarge  had  always 
been  cared  for  and  ieturiieu.  Thev  had  regarded 
tlu'  v/hite  men  as  perfect  beings.  The  ]?alouses  were 
their  near  neie-hbor-  and  friends,  ^^'ith  them  stealing 
was  no  ci'ime,  but  soniv'thing  rather  to  be  ])rou<l  of. 
The  jiu'-hunters  lost  no  time  in  taking  tlu'lr  di'pav- 
tnre.  \\\  proceeded  innnediately  to  J-'ort  Astoria, 
v.  iier,'  thev  arrived  on  the  14th  of  June,  brinudng  v.  iili 
i\\v\'.\  one  hundred  and  fort}'  [)ackages  of  fuis,  being 
tlu  ...idt  of  two  years' tradv'  at  Okanagan  and  ono 
}'e;n'"s  at  Sjiokane, 


s  ;< 


I 


CHAPTER  X. 

TItAXSFER  OF  FORT  ASTORIA. 

1813. 

MiTavisu  at  Astoria — A  Royal.  Maiii:ia(!E — Tiik  'Ai.iiATUOfis' — Akvkx- 
TriiEs  OF  HfNT — Captain  Sowli's,  nkitiieii  Wauuiou  you  'J'uadku — 
J  )ja'i:xcE  OF  McDovdALi.— CoMMouoKi;  rouTi'i;,  U.  S.  X.-— ?»r(Don;Ai.L 

][iil,lis  CoiNl'Il.— FoKT  AsiOlilA  IN  JlUlTISll  ]  [aN  1)S— ]viNU  CoMCUMI.V  TO 

■iiiF,  Reslte — It.  !M.  S.  'Raccoon'— John'  MiDonai.h  in  Command — 
The  CIallant  Cai'tain  Ruvck — FoiiT  (JEOiuii:— Failuke  of  Asrou's 
Pacific  Scheme. 

])()\VN  the  rivor  on  the  1  Itli  of  April  18 18,  iu  gay- 
est colors,  llyiiii^thc  lii'itish  Hag,  conic  two  bircli-baik 
canoes,  maunod  by  nineteen  Canadian  voyageurs,  now 
in  full  .song  and  chorus,  and  conunanded,  one  by  John 
(Icorgo  McTavisli,  and  the  other  by  his  dej)iity, 
Joseph  Laroche.  Sweej)ing  gracefully  round  the 
])(>int,  they  land  under  the  guns  of  the  Ibrt,  and  there 
jtitcli  iheir  camp.  jVlcDougall  hastens  to  invite  the 
distinguished  stranger  to  his  ([uarters;  the  object 
of  his  visit  he  ah'eady  knows. 

McDougall  Avas  by  nature  a  cold-blooded  man; 
stohd  in  body  and  mind,  and  like  many  before  liini, 
his  <_>(K>d  name  lias  suffered  in  the  hands  of  some  by 
reason  of  his  lack  of  lire.  And  yet  he  seems  to  have 
stumbletl  upon  the  best  course,  the  t)nly  course  ])roper 
to  be  pursued  throughout  the  whole  of  this  unpleasant 
and  luckless  adventure.  Oi'ten  the  weakness  of  a  busi- 
ness man  is  his  strength.  Judging  from  his  aji])arent 
(jualities,  either  of  Jiis  associates  would  jiaxe  done 
lieiter  for  the  company  in  his  pla<'e,  though  ]\t(- 
Iveiizie   was   not   much   more    perseveiing   ihan  he. 


I- 


CHAEACTER  OF  THE  M.^'AGERS. 


215 


Alitor  v/a.s  peculiarly  unfortunate  in  his  fitting  of 
tliaratttr  to  positicjn.  For  so  .slircwd  an  observer 
of  human  nature,  his  agents  were  almost  to  a  man  ill- 
chosen.  Clarke  at  the  head  would  have  put  will  and 
energy  into  the  enterprise,  though  his  judgment  was 
not  always  of  the  soundest.  All  things  considered, 
iJaviil  Stuart,  with  his  mild  determination  and  hu- 
mane fearlessness,  would  have  made  the  hest  manager. 
Hunt's  great  mistake  was  in  leaving  the  coast  at  all. 
His  presence  at  this  time  was  of  the  most  vital  ini- 
])(irtance,  though  it  could  scarcely  have  changed  the 
drift  of  aifairs. 

]\[cTavis]i  in  diplomatic  skill  and  artifice  is  e(|ual 
to  them  all.  The  Honorable  Northwest  Company 
?iever  lacked  shrewd  men,  and  among  them  all  there 
never  was  a  more  proficient  tactician  than  he.  Hei'ore 
he  enteis  the  fort,  he  knows  quite  well  the  I'eelings  of 
every  man  who  has  a  voice  upon  the  (question  which 
brought  him  there.  That  any  one  of  them  was  dis- 
honorable, treacherous,  or  base,  I  do  not  for  a  moment 
])elieve.  They  v/ere  every  one  of  them  brought  U]* 
in  the  strictest  school  of  business  honesty,  and  cli()sen 
for  this  adventure  on  account  of  their  good  (qualities, 
and  not  because  they  were  rascals.^ 

Ih'ielly,  aifairs  stand  thus.  Between  the  United 
States,  wln)se  languid  protection  was  Fort  Astoria's 
Lu;\viilall,  and  the  Jiritish,  under  whose  flag  the  North- 
Me-t.  Company  traded,  was  war.  It  might  List  a  year, 
!')•  t  ■enty  years;  and  terminate  in  favor  of  the  oua 
pev.    r  or  the  other;  but  while  it  lasted,  or  howsoever 


"li  •'  ;licsc  Scotclinien  Avcrc  bad  men,  (li.sltiyal  to  Astor  Ly  reason  of 
their  ii-itioih'.lity  i;ii(l  fiviicr  associations,  as  cirtain  Mriters  wmilil  lia\c  r.s 
lielirve,  is  ill  view  of  tlio  ciixninistanees  alisunl.  Ju  tliiir  a^'tcenicnt  with 
•Vstoi-  they  reserved  tlie  rii;ht  toeh'sc  the  Imsiiiess  simidd  their  interests  hcei^i 
so  t  >  dietate.  Whatever  hiss  miglit  arise  fiMni  tiie  failure  of  tlieentei'|irise  fell 
on  thini,  in  ])roiii)rtii>u  to  their  Khaie.  Jn  case  tiny  wei'i;  ohU^id  to  ahan- 
dun  tile  adventnt'o  tlnve  lal)oiion:j  yeai's  Mouhl  lie  In^t  to  every  one  of  them 
■\\itli  no  I'rospeelive  gain.  'It  M-as  thus,'  says  une,  '  that  aftei'  havin;^'  jiasscd 
tile  seas  and  .sull'ered  all  sorts  of  fati.ijue.s  and  i)iivatiiins,  1  lust  in  a  niniiient 
all  my  hopes  iif  furtiine.'  I'l-amhi  rf'-<  Xar.,  VX\.  ]-"(ir  half  a  eeiilnry  I'nited 
States  residents  of  the  iioi  th-\vest  liave  iiarlioreil  ill-will  tnwaiil  Ihui.- h  Mil>- 
jccts  of  the  aanie  locality  through  such  false  representations. 


216 


TRAXSFER  OF  FORT  ASTORIA. 


it  terminated,  ■sup})]ie.-i,  -without  wlii  -li  laisiiios^;  must 
Avliolly  cease,  were  sure  to  be  uii'eitain,  it"  not,  in- 
deed, entirely  out  of  the  (juestion.  The  British  were 
the  stronger  power,  liaving  at  command  more  money, 
men,  and  shi])s;  the  war  was  on  United  States  soil, 
whicli  gave  United  States  citizens  an  advantage.  In 
the  Oregon  Territory,  subsequently  disjiuted  gi'ound, 
and  at  a  distance  from  the  head-quarters  of  both  })owers, 
the  British  would  have  the  advantage,  for  their  money 
and  ships  more  easily  spanned  continents  and  seas 
than  a  young  nation's  patriotism.  The  actual  leader 
of  this  enterprise  was  absent  with  the  only  ship  at  its 
command;  whether  either  would  ever  n^turn  was 
doubtful.  • .'  -'■  ^,  greater  risk  attended  tlie  Ijcarera 
voyage  than  of  the   Tonquia.     A   hostile  ship 

with  letters  of  .xiarque  was  hourly  expected,  which 
would  take  the  fort  without  firinu^  half  its  li'uns;  in 
which  event  all  the  property  would  be  conliscated. 
For  though  partners  and  men  were  most  of  them 
Jh'itish  subjects,  they  were  trading  under  an  enemy's 
flag;  and  though  tlieir  persons  might  be  respected, 
their  property  could  not  be.  Three  courses  lay  o[)en 
to  the  partners:  they  might  fight,  or  fly,  or  make 
terms  with  the  enemy.  With  an  armed  vessel  at  their 
connnand,  they  might  adopt  the  fV)rmer  course;  as  it 
was  it  was  im[)ossible.  Suppose  they  should  escape 
to  the  interior  with  their  goods;  half  a  dozen  white 
men  with  arms,  whiskey,  and  tobacco  could  anywhei'o 
raise  natives  cnou-di  thirsting  for  blood  and  iilundcr 
to  annihilate  them.  lEencc  it  would  be  well  to  con- 
sider calmly  the  last  alternative.  This  I  believe  to 
be  a  fair  statement  of  the  case. 

Under  such  circumstances  McDougall  did  not  deem 
it  wise  to  treat  ^FcTavish  as  a  deadly  enemy.  Tliougli 
Stuart  and  Clarke  were  not  yet  i-econciled  to  the 
abandonment  of  tlieir  project,  and  could  but  I'egard 
the  inroads  of  the  Northwest  Company  with  dispU-as- 
ure,  yet  in  view  of  past  relations  and  what  Uiiglit  1)0 
in    tlie    near  future,  McDougall  su])plied   jMcTa\isli 


McTAVISn  DIPLO^IACY. 


2n 


with  necessaries  from  the  garrison  sforcs,  and  influ- 
enced the  savages  to  treat  his  party  as  friends.- 

It  was  with  great  difficulty  that  Clarke  and  Stuart 
could  bo  brouglit  to  entertain  the  thought  of  aban- 
doning the  enterprise.  McTavish  said  little;  his 
presence  was  his  strongest  argument.  His  })()sitiou 
was  none  of  the  pleasantest,  dependent  as  he  was  on 
the  enemy's  courtesy  for  subsistence.  McDougall  all 
the  while  treated  him  with  humane  consideration, 
Icept  vigilant  guard  lest  the  j)ost  should  be  sur])rised, 
listened  to  his  arguments, and  employed  them  with  no 
small  force  in  the  conversion  of  Clarke  and  Stuart. 
This  was  at  last  accomplished.  They  saw  cleaily 
eiioULifh  that  S  the  Bcacer  did  not  return,  and  the 
annual  ships  did  not  arrive,  the}^  would  be  lelt  among 
sava!»'es  to  shift  for  themselves. 

]\leanwiiile  the  per|)lexities  of  McTavish  increased, 
lie  had  long  waited  in  vain  the  arrival  of  the  IsftdG 
To(J<J,  which  was  to  make  him  master  of  the  situation, 
until  he  felt  it  unsafe  for  him  to  wait  longer.  lEc 
therefore  applied  to  the  Astor  company  ibr  goods 
which  would  enable  him  to  reach  his  post  on  the 
u[)per  Columbia  and  do  a  little  ti'ading  on  the  way. 
After  further  consultation  the  })artners  granted  the 
request,  and  goods  were  given  him  to  the  amount 
of  eight  hundred  and  fifty-eight  dollars,  payM])k;  in 
horses  the  lollowing  spring,  or  in  any  way  the  [>art- 
ncrs  should  demand. 

!Mc'i'avish  was  now  ready  to  depart.  Neither  force 
nor  threat  had  been  employed  to  Ijring  tlie  Astor 
company  to  terms.  A  mere  statement  of  probabilities 
had  been  })laeed  before  tlunn;  that  was  all.  ^McTavish 
was  about  to  become  a  debtor  to  the  company;  had 
the  i)artners  anythinu:  further  to  sav?  Yes,  tluv  had 
well  considtnxx]  the  matter,  and  all  were  now  agreed 
to  dissolve  the  company  the  following  year,  pro\  ided 


^Tliis  !Mr  living,  writinj?  from  Astor's  jmiiit  (if  aIcw,  (leiintiiiii.itcs  'u:i- 
o;illi<l-f(ii-  liosjiitiility.'  iiiul  intiiiiiitcs  Hint  it  wdiihl  liavo  survcd  Mr'J'iivihh 
lig'lit  to  Iwvij  act  C'oiucomly  aud  liisi  ciuw  ui)ou  liiiu. 


,1  :1 
1'    1 


218 


TRANSFER  OF  FORT  ASTORIA. 


no  relief  came  in  the  mean  time.  It  was  surely  loiic^ 
ciiougli  to  wait  upon  an  uncertainty,  and  tliey  could 
scarcely  be  j(jintly  charged  with  hasty  or  ill-ad\i.sed 
action  in  the  premises. 

This  was  the  arrangement.  It  was  now  the  1st  of 
July  ]8i;3.  If  before  the  1st  of  June  18M,  no  relief 
shoidd  reach  them  from  any  quarter,  the  ])0sts  upon 
the  Pacific  should  be  abandoned,  and  !^[cIJougall  bo 
euipowered  to  transfer  to  the  Xorthwest  Com})any 
at  prices  stipulated,  all  the  property,  goods,  and  furs 
of  the  Pacific  Compan}',  should  the  former  tlien  bo 
disposed  to  purchase.  This  as  a  preliminary  arrange- 
ment or  resolution  was  signed  in  trij)licate  1)}' the  four 
partners,  and  copies  delivered  to  McTavish,  one  for 
the  Northwest  Company,  and  one  to  be  forv.arded  to 
Astor  by  the  winter  express.  Meanwliile  ^IcDongall 
■with  fort}  men  was  to  remain  in  command  at  Astoria. 
Stunrt  would  winter  at  Shush wap,  Clarke  at  Spokane, 
and  ]McMenzi'.'  in  the  Willamette  Valley.  Peed  V\ith 
IMerre  JJorion  and  five  Canadians  would  proceed  to 
the  Shoshone  country,  winter  there,  and  make  t'le 
best  preparations  possible  for  the  passage  of  the  main 
body  across  the  mountains  the  following  summer. 
All  were  to  meet  at  Fort  Astoria  in  !May,  and  set 
out  the  5th  of  July. 

The  parties  iur  the  upper  country,  with  the  excc})- 
tion  of  losing  a  cargo  at  the  Cascades,  and  the  acci- 
dental shooting  of  Pillot  in  the  leg,  all  reached  Walla 
W^alla,  where  they  found  the  natives  still  smarting 
under  tlie  late  outrai^o  conunittcd  l)y  Clarke.  The 
presence  of  a  brass  four-pounder  prevented  an  attack, 
but  Clarke  felt  constrained  to  avoid  the  I'alouse  lllver 
on  liis  way  to  Spokane,  and  to  take  a  circuitous  route, 
keeping  company  Avitli  Stuart  ns  far  as  Ukanagan. 
Peed  and  ])artv  started  south-easterly  for  the  Shoshone 
country.  ^IcKenzie  made fre(|uent trips  from  Astoiia 
U})  the  Columbia  and  Willamette  rivers,  for  dried 
salmon.  At  the  fort  all  were  busy  baling  skins  and 
preparing  ibr  final  departure.     !McDougail  embraced 


HUNTS  STORY. 


2ia 


tliirt  occasion  to  form  a  matrimonial  alliance  witli  tlie 
native  sovereign  of  the  countiy,  after  the  manner  of 
the  most  successful  fur-traders.  The  daugliter  of  Com- 
coujly  thenceforth  took  up  her  residence  at  the  i'ort. 

Scarcely  had  matters  at  Astoria  assumed  the  tran- 
quillity of  a  settled  policy,  when  on  the  "JOth  of 
Aii;.,nist,  less  than  two  months  after  the  departure  <»f 
]\[c'ravish,  Stuart,  and  Clarke,  a  vessel  entered  the 
liver  and  anchored  opposite  the  fort.  Immediately 
Jill  on  shore  were  thrown  into  a  llutter  of  excitement. 
])iil  this  portend  war  or  peace?  Was  it  the  Imac 
llnld,  or  a  supply-ship?  Their  anxiety  was  somewhat 
relieved  by  the  dis[)lay  of  the  United  States  il;ig.  A 
salute  from  the  fort  was  answered  by  the  shij),  and 
jMcDougall  put  out  in  a  small  boat  to  board  lur. 
Shortly  after  dark  ho  returne.l,  bringing  with  him 
Hunt.  The  long  fathondess  mystery  was  soon  ex- 
])lained.  The  strange  arrival  was  the  jilbatiu<>!,  Cap- 
tain Smith,  last  from  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  Let  us 
listen  to  Hunt's  story. 

The  JJeavcr  had  sailed  from  Astoria  the  4th  of  the 
}nevious  August,  so  that  the  chief  manager  had  been 
absent  from  his  post  over  a  year.  Scudding  noi'th- 
ward  under  a  favorable  wind,  in  fifteen  da3's  the 
Jic'ircr  entered  the  harbor  of  Xew  Archangel.  Hunt 
landed  and  presented  himself  l^efore  the  governor, 
]>ar;inof.  Hunt  then  arranged  for  furnishing  that 
port  with  supplies  and  means  of  transportation  for 
its  furs  aimually.  After  forty -five  days  spent  in  bar- 
gaining, and  in  discharging  that  part  of  the  cai'go 
Sold,  jiaranof  found  lie  had  not  sufKcitMit  skins  on 
hand  with  which  to  pay  for  his  purchases.  Conse- 
(juently  Hunt  was  obliged  to  proceed  to  the  island  of 
St  I'aiil,^  in  13ering  Sea,  the  Ilussian  seal-eatching 
estal)lishment,  where  he  arrived  the  .'Ust  of  Oetober, 
ami  took  in  a  tine  cpiantity  of  seal-skins.'* 

■'  'nihmnirj\  /.■<'or.  Ohosr.,  MS.,  i.  ISl. 

^  '  liciii!,'  tlu'ii!  infoniifd  tliiit  some  Kodiak  liniitcrs  Iiad  liocn  left  on  f^oino 
adjiuvut  isk.i,  called  tlie  i.5laiKl!i  uf  St  i'cter  and  St  I'aul,  aud  that  tUcbo 


■I 


•2'20  TRANSFER  OF  FORT  ASTORIA. 

Ice  niul  lu';i\  V  inalcs  li;ivinL>'  s(r;iiii('<l  the  sliip,  .•iiiil 
Iriiriii!^'  ilu'  Iku'  niid  had  wcatluM'  at.  tlic  iiKHitli  (»!"  IIk; 
Coluiuhia,  Hunt  did  not  j^o  iVoin  KaiiicIia(I<a,  \nu-\<  (o 
l''(»il  Astoria,  as  lu-  inlt'iidcd  and  liad  \h'v\\  iiistnirlcd, 
l>ii(  stood  I'oi-  tlu'  Hawaiian  Islands,  which  lio  reached 
\-\\v  ill  the  season,  intendin<^  tliere  to  taki*  the  animal 


Sll 


i|t  to   Astoria,  wliile  the  Jicarcr  should  eairy  hei' 


j)ri'eu)us  car<;'o 


t,o  CI 


ina. 


Arri\'ed  at  Canton,  (^iptain  Sowles  found  tluTO 
awaitiiii;'  him  a  letter  tVoin  Astor,  notice  ol"  the  war, 
and  instructions  to  sail  i'orthwitli  to  Fort  Astoria 
^vith  the  iiil'orniation,  and  ivn<K'r  the  fortress  there; 
I'very  assistance  in  his  power.  iOvidt-ntly  the  captain 
of"  thi'  licdiri'  was  not  a,  man  ol*  war.  'J'hert'  was  no 
ICiinlishiiian  that  he  knew  ol"  whose  blood  he  wished 
to  spiil :  he  was  vi'i-y  sure  lie  wislu-d  no  J'Ji_n'lishman  to 
spill  his  Mood.  Jle  was  in  the  merchant-sei'\ ic(>,  not 
in  the  na\  v.      He  would  wait  until  the  wai-  was  over. 


aiu 


I  th 


n  i\'turn 


to  N 


ew 


or 


so 


lie  wi'ote  Astor 


This  was   not  all     the  cajjiain  was  no  better  busi- 


ness iiKin  than  warrioi" 


T\ 


le  furs  on  board  his  sliii) 


had  e>)st  t  weii(y-li\e  thousand  dollai's' worth  ol"<4'oo(ls; 
when  he  tirst  i'.rrivt'd  he  mi_n'ht  have  sold  them  i'or  one 
hundred  and  lil'tv  thousaml,  which  invested  in  nan- 
keens  would  have  brought  in  New  York,  il"  they  i's- 
cai>ed  shii>wnH'k  and  [)rivateers  on  the  way,  thrto 
hundrt'd  thousand  dollars.  ]''ivc  hundreil  per  cent 
prolit,  h;)we\er,  was  not  enough  fortius  captain.  Ho 
held  out  for  more.  l"'urs  began  to  fall;  he  would  wait 
a  little  while  for  tluMu  to  rise;  tluy  fell  still  lowi'r; 
then  he  i\'rtainlv  w«)uld  not  sell,  but  borrowed  money 
at  one  and  a  half  per  cent,  a  month  on  Aster's  account, 
to  jiay  his  expenses,  and  waited  for  the  war  to  cease. 
At  the  Jlawaiian  Islaiuls,  Hunt  was  obliged  to  xc- 
r.iain  '(■^^v  six  months  before  he  found  opportunity  to 
^ail.      Tiie    annual    vessel  did  not  come.      ^Yeary  of 

lir.iiti'vs  linil  not  Ihu-u  visitcil  ftir  tlivoo  years,  tlioy  dctpniiiiuMl  to  go  tlii('i-r, 
r.nil  l'..i\iuL,'  iv.ulu'd  those  isK-s,  tlu'v  opoiii'il  a  l>iisk  triulo,  ami  .'ici'tirnl  no 
kt-d  llian  I  Lhtv  tliousund  t-liins  of  the  South  Sea  seal.'  J'lMiiclurc'n ^'lu:,  17o. 


CniTTCAL  I'OSITION'. 


221 


waitiiii;'  lie  bou'^'lit.  ii  siiuill  scliooiicr  witli  wliuli  lir  ic- 
solvi'd  to  tempt  the  nccaii,  jind  \v;is  jilxmt  io  ciiilnirk 
ill  it,  when  the  A/halross  iinived  with  iiiioniiation  <d' 
the  war.  Hunt-  imiMechately  eliartered  the  vessel  and 
saile<l  lor  I'^ort  Astoria. 

^Ir  Hunt  was  sadly  disaj»pointed  wlien  he;  learned 
llu^  decision  of  the  partnei's,  hut  when  aske<l  to  ]n 

1 


!Ose 


another  measure  \vas  at  a  Joss  to  do  so.  It  was 
jilainly  evident  that  on  one;  sid(!  the  Ih'itisli,  stin-ed  to 
iiot.  action  by  the  i)ros[)(!ct  of  prize-mtney,  wei-e  uj)on 
them,  while  ii[)on  the  otlu'r,  their  formidahli!  I'ivals,  tho 
Northwest  Com[)any,  havin<j^  heen  refused  an  an lical/le 
adjustment  of  interests  Ity  a  division  of  territory,  had 
now  determined  to  crnsh  them.  I'^scajx;  was  impos- 
sihle  either  hy  sea  or  land.  Cruisers  wer(j  watcliing 
tlu'm  witliout,  ready  even  now  to  })ovmce  ujton  them; 
and  as  well  mi^ht  a  ricji-ladeii  caravan  attem|)t  to 
lly  aci'oss  tin;  Ivocky  ^lountains,  asto  escape  tlie  Wali- 
[)um  l>anditti,   the    estran<4'ed    Walla    Wallas,   the 


o\\ 


outiaL;ed  i*alouses,  and  the  terrihle  lilackioot  Jndiaiis, 
v>hen  instiu'ated,  assisted,  or  cncouraLi'i'd  hv  a  few 
A\hite  men.  E\-en  if  lohlx'd  of  everything'  hy  the  ir 
enemii's,  and  their  forts  blown  to  the  winds,  they 
iiii^ht  ]'ally  and  continue,  provided  Astor  could  get 
supplies  to  them;  but  without  supplies  not  only  was 
their  ti'aihc  at  an  end,  but  their  lives  were  in  great 
jeoj)ardy.'''    A  child  might  see  this;  Hunt  saw  it,  and 


^Iii  hh  Antofid,  Mr  Irving  lays  liiinsi'lf  ojicii  to  tlio  severest  ciiticism 
niid  c-ciisiire.  This  is  liis  line  ot  reasoiiiiii,' ;  Astor  set  his  heart  upon  the 
iie(juisitioii  (if  great  power  and  ])ro])erty  on  liie  I'aeilie  ("oast;  therefore  Astor 
vas  a  magnanimous  man,  one  to  i)0  hi;:hly  exaltcil,  ami  w  lios(!  si-Im  nies  hy 
tlu'ir  inherent  virtues  slionld  he  sneeessfnh  lliey  taihd.  Some  one  must  In; 
hlameil,  iiut  not  Astor.  Me])ougall  heiiig  in  iharge,  and  lieing  likewise  tiic 
first  to  suggest  eapitulation,  wasasiita  ])eison  asany.  Hence  .M.i  >ougall  was 
a  had  man,  disloyal  to  the  enterprise  from  the  lieginning;  in  proof  of  wliieh 
he  gave  .MeTavish  f(jod  and  protection  when  he  migiit  liave  hit  iiiiu  1o  stai - 
vation  and  the  savages;  tiiorefore  he  Avas  in  Icairiio  uitli  Mc'ravi>h.  At  thi? 
time  .McUongall  endeavors  to  holdout  foranotin'r  year,  allies  himself  hy  'Mar- 
riage with  tlie  chief  for  the  greater  safety  of  the  estahlishnieii;,  ami,  w  hen 
forced  to  come  to  terms  or  see  tiie  whole  property  swejit  awa\  ,  makes  a 
liettcr  bargain  for  the  Astor  company  with  MeTavish  than  tho  N'orthwest 
C'unipany  will  ratify,  and  is  ol)ii;j;ed  to  take  less — iu  view  of  all  this  hia 


TRAXSrER  OF  FORT  ASTORIA. 


M'as  qui('l;]y  satisfu'd.  ITe  not  only  indorsed  the  stcpg 
already  taken  by  lils  partners,  hnt  lie  authorized  Me- 
])ou'''all,  in  ease  of  his  ahsenee,  to  eonelude  arrani^e- 
inents  with  McTavish  as  best  he  niii,^!^ 

tivac'lirry  is  clciirly  apparent.  Finally,  when  MoDoucjall  vi.sits  tlm  British  sloop 
ot  war  llii'-i-iiiiii  lid  is  onldly  ruoiivcil  l>y  his  oouiitiyiiicn,  liucaiiso  lio  liail  just  iu 
tiiiio  savL'il  to  A.stor  ■^SO.-'iOO,  wliicii  otherwise  would  iiavo  fallen  to  thcni  as 
prixunioiity  ;  hunco  ho  wasini'onijictcnt,  and  :i  villain.  On  page  -IT")  'if  -l.s/y/vVf, 
sneakin;,'  of  the  Jhilish  war-vcs.scls  J'/iu:he,  Clicrnl),  and  Jlncr'ioii,  thin  on  tho 
Way  to  till!  Columhia,  Mr  Irving  exclaims,  'Hero  then  was  the  death-wari'ant  i  f 
inifortiinatu  Astoria! '  And  yet  in  twenty  places  with  Astor  at  his  elhow  ho 
Would  lualio  McDougall,  Sowles,  or  any  other  person  or  thing  responsible  for 
the  I'ailuio.     Sao  xihi  liiinr,  i/huHii  jiiniilo. 

•^jMaik  Mr  Irvin;,f's  lanu'uago  in  this  ))artof  his  narrative,  who  with  strange 
and  cll'eniinato  inconsistency  with  liis  hold  assertioiis,  constantly  lomlmuH 
McOougall  while  his  facts  exculpate  him.  'As  a  means  of  lacilitatiiig  tlur  de- 
spatch of  business,  Mr  McU<juyall  jiroposcd  that  iu  case  Mr  Hunt  .should  not 
return,  the  whole  arran;;cment  with  Mr  McTavish  should  be  left  sdely  to  him. 
Tills  was  assented  to;  the  contingency  being  possible  but  notprol)abl(\'  .l^'arifi, 
4~').  It  must  be  renicmberi  d  that  this  was  after  the  manifesto  of  the  part- 
ners had  been  a]iproved  by  Mr  Hunt.  Ami  again  ou  tho  same  ]>a','e  he  speak  f 
of  the  (omiug  IJritish  men-of-war  and  the  certain  destruction  of  'unfortunate 
Aitoria.'  if  these  ships  were  tho  ruination  of  the  enterprise  how  fihall  we 
hlame  McDougall  for  saving  what  he  could?  And  yet  writing  with  A:  tor  at 
his  el'oow  we  liud  llung  in  from  one  end  of  the  book  to  the  other,  .'durs  and 
innueinli)a  upon  the  characti'r  of  the  Scotch  partners,  the  Northwest  C  anjiany, 
ami  cveryljody  except  Mr  Jrving  and  Mr  Astor.  liven  the  old  Jtus^iau  cum- 
mundor,  JJarauof,  who  gave  i„!ioi»,UO()  worth  of  .seal-skins  for  !?_'.">, (W(J  in  uu  r- 
eliandise,  is  lilamed  ))y  this  captious  biographer  fm-  nnduly  detaining  Hunt 
with  convivial  hos]>itality.  ]]efore  leaving  New  York  '  tho  conlidemi'  nf  Mr 
Astor  was  aljused,'  Anftirin,  .")!,  because  tv.o  of  the  partners,  'both  of  them 
Scolchmen.  and  rocoutly  in  t!ie  service  of  the  Xnrthwest  (,'ompanj".'  asked  of 
the  Xew  Voik  agent  of  the  lirilish  government  what  would  bo  their  p:isiti(in 
at  Astoria  in  case  of  war.  Xow  it  would  be  exceedingly  dillicult  for  any  but 
t'lo  most  morbid  mind  to  lind  'abuse  of  ]\Ir  Astor'  in  this  stop.  '(A;ptai;i 
'J'horn  M  as  an  honest,  straightfonvard,  liut  somewhat  dry  and  dictatorial  eoui- 
laander.'  o'A.  ^IcHougall  '  was  an  active,  irritable,  fuming,  vainglorious  little 
man. '  .j4.  '  Tliongh  Mr  Thompson  could  bo  considered  as  little  better  than  a  spy 
in  the  camp,  ho  was  received  wit'.i  great  cordiality  by  ^Ir  McIJougall,  who  had 
a  lurking  ieeling  of  comiuinionslii[)  ami  good-will  for  all  tho  Xorthwest  Com- 
pany.' 1)7.  In  the  name  of  humanity  and  decency  why  should  he  not  have? 
And  how  was  it  to  serve  Astor's  interests  to  treat  a  gentleman,  a  visilcjr  in 
the  Milderness,  an  oM  friend  and  former  associate,  though  now  a  business 
rival,  (li-icourtoously,  or  as  would  have  been  in  this  instan  o  regarded  by  all  tiio 
fnr-hunting  connnunity,  in  a  most  unmanly,  bearish,  ai.d  insulting  manner? 
Again  speaking  of  another  atlair:  'Indeed,  tho  whole  conduct  of  ^fr  Mc- 
Dougall  was  such  as  to  awaken  strong  doubts  as  to  hi.s  loj'al  dtiVotion  to  tlio 
eanse.  ilia  ohl  sympathies  for  the  Xorthwest  Company  seemed  to  have  re- 
vived. Ho  had  received  McTavish  and  his  party  with  uncalled-for  hospi- 
tality.' l.-)4.  It  was  through  McTavish  that  McDougall  saved  to  Astor  a'l 
t!:at  was  wivcd  from  the  wreck  of  the  enterprise.  Tho  very  acts  which  Irving 
so  insidiously  stigmatizes  in  .McDongall,  I  would  .select  ill  a  biographical  sketch 
ns  illustrative  of  uoblenesa  of  character.  Speaking  of  the  .sale  of  Fort  Astoria 
Irving  says,  48."):  '  The  conduct  and  motives  of  Mr  ^IcDougall  throughout  liio 
whole  of  this  proceeding  have  l)ecn  strongly  (jnostioncd  by  tho  other  part- 
ners.' Irving  fails  entirely  to  show  liow  this  was  so,  and  if  it  was  the  part- 
ners that  were  as  nuich  to  blame  as  McDougall ;  for  they  were  ou  the  spot,  and 


MfDOUG  ALL'S  FAITHFULNESS. 


Fi-;.n('lioro  tliiulis  thcj  PiiciHc  Fur  Company  cor.ll 
easily   cnoULjh  have    escaped    ea[)ture    ])y    a    J>i'ilisli 

shonlil  lia\(^  ]irL'vcntccl  fraud,  instcnd  of  which  tlicy  ••vcquiesccd  in  nil  that  was 
doiii'.  Says  rraiic!ii;ro,  17-:  'Our  olijcMt  lu'lii^'  to  i>iuviilf  (inrscIv<'M  l)ffiii\3 
(juittin^'  the  criimtry,  with  tliu  fimil  juiil  liorsos  nt'oi'sHary  for  thi'  joiuiicy,  in 
orik'r  t:)  iivoiil  all  oiiiiositiou  on  the  jiart  of  the  XortliwcHt  Conipaiiy  Vvc  en- 
tiTcil  into  ail  arraiiijiiaont  with  Mr  McTaAMsh.'  And  yt't  moro  cni|ihatica!!y 
^Ir  Koss,  A<lr.,'2Ui,  i!44:  'Tho  resolutions  of  .Mr  Mcltou^'all  and  McKcn/.ii) 
last  winter,  to  ahandon  the  undertaking:,  wen,'  now  ili.scu.ssid  anew;  Mei\en/ie 
II  )\v  sided  with  Mel)ou<,'ull.'  And  on  lia;,'o  'JK!:  '  Tlio  resolution  to  alianlon 
tlie  cor.nliy  was  adojited,  and  Messrs  Stuai't  Jind  Clarke  yave  it  their  eiiiili:il 
lonsent.'  llo.ss  was  on  tho  spot  and  states  what  he  saw.  Jrvini,'  takes  Ids  in- 
foiniation  from  Astor,  who  siicaks  of  what  ho  heard.  Nor  was  lioss  at  all 
frieiuUy  Willi  Mid)ougall.  Nor  dues  tho  fact  that  MeDou;,'all  s\disei|iii'ntly 
joined  the  NortliMost  Company,  of  whieh  so  jjreat  a  handle  was  matle,  iin- 
jitaeli  his  integrity  in  tlio  least.  So  far  as  I  am  ahlo  to  learn  from  a  eaiet'ul 
Kiftiu-'of  all  the  evidenee,  !Mel^oUL,'all  remained  faithful  at  his  post  to  the  end, 
and  haviii;,'  made  tho  host  terms  possilile  for  Astor,  koepini;  hack  for  him-tdf 
out  of  all  the  property  ho  had  in  eliartre,  not  one  dollar,  with  iiotliin,!.;  to  siiow 
fLir  his  f  iiir  years  of  anluous  sirviee,  ho  was  a,  free  man  with  tho  li^dit  to  en- 
gage wheie  lie  would.  Further  than  this,  would  the  Northwest  Company  have 
reeeivt'd  him  and  trusted  him  hail  ho  lioen  traitor  to  his  former  trust?  'J'liu 
faet  is,  Astor  was  exceedingly  sore  over  tiiis  failure  and  must  Llamo  somo- 
Ijody,  anyliody,  everyhody.  Ho  wrote  ^Ir  Monroe,  Imt  '  waited  in  vain  fur  ;i 
reply  to  tliis  letter,' aceordiii;^  tollunt.  And  says  of  Hunt,  474:  '  J>y  (hgrees, 
t!ierefor(?,  he  was  hiought  toacipiic-ee  in  tlie  ste))  t:d;cn  liy  hiseoUea.u'ues,  as  jier- 
haps  advisahle  in  the  exigonees  uf  tlie  ease'  Of  Mcdvenzio  and  Stuart,  lr\  ing 
Idiusclf  8;iys,  Antori'i,  4.V):  '  Jn  the  mean  time  the  niMi-arriv;ilof  thiianiiual.sliii) 
and  tin;  apineliensioiis  entertained  <>(  the  loss  of  tho  Ilrnrr  and  of  .Mr  Hunt, 
liad  their  cUects  ujion  tho  mind  <'f  -Messrs  Stuart  and  Clarke.  They  Itegan 
to  listen  to  tho  desponding  rtpresentationsof  McDougall  .seconded  hy  .Melvt'U- 
zio,  M  ho  inveighed  against  their  situation  as  desperate  and  foidorn  ;  left  to 
shift  for  themselves  or  perish  upon  a  liarbarous  coast;  neglected  liy  those  who 
sent  them  tlicre,  and  threatened  v  ith  dangers  of  every  kind.  In  this  way 
tliey  wen,'  hrought  to  consent  to  the  i]lan  <if  ahandoning  the  country  in  tho 
ensuing  year.'  '  Had  Hunt  lieen  present,'  again  ho  says,  on  page  4!(;),  in  most 
disordered  logic,  '  tho  transfer  in  all  ]irol)al)ility  would  not  have  taken  jilace.' 
And  yet  ho  has  but  just  said  that  if  the  transfer  had  not  hcen  maclo  just  at  tlio 
time  it  was,  tho  property  surely  W(juld  have  licen  captured  hy  the  ]!ritisiiaud 
tlic  proceeds  troin  the  sale  of  it  ili\  ided  as  prize-money  among  tho  cajitois; 
that  ihe  disapiiointment  of  tlie,s(!  ollicers  'tliereforc  may  be  easily  conceived, 
when  they  learned  that  their  warlike  attack  upon  Astoria  had  been  fijie- 
^;;aIlell  by  a  ;>iiug  commercial  arrangemont;  that  their  anticipated  booty  had 
bceomo  ]')ritisli  property  in  the  regular  course  of  tratlie,'  etc.  487.  AVhat  shall 
v.e  say  of  a  m  liter  who  ,so  mi.Ked  personal  feelings  with  his  facts  and  (ictions? 
Hunt  •  soon  .'^■aw  reason  to  repent  the  resolution  ho  had  ado[)tcd  in  altering 
the  destiuiition  of  the  ship.  .  .He  too  proved  the  ilaiiier  of  departing  from 
orders.  The  greatest  blunder  of  all  \\as  that  eoniniitted  by  Ca|itain  Sov  les.' 
Astor  was  likewise  'discouraged  by  this  supimness  on  the  jiart  of  the  • 
eiiimeiit.'  Of  all  tho  world  Astor  aloiii!  was  faultless.  In  all  this  I  h;'  i  ■ 
f  lult  to  liud  with  Astor.  He  embarkeil  in  a  magnilicciit  undertaking,  lav ,  .i- 
ing  money  and  energy  upon  it  in  a  way  worthy  of  success.  Here  too  it  happened 
success  woidd  have  been  a  great  gain  to  the  country.  Ho  failed  tlirmigh  ;i 
cniiibinaiioii  of  cii'cumstances,  through  the  special  and  individual  f  nilt  of  id 
one  man.  He  was  as  much  to  blame  himsidf  as  any  one,  in  litting  his  au'ents 
t  )  their  work.  Let  Astor  curse  his  stars,  his  agents,  tho  president  of  tho 
I'liiicd  States,  or  whomsoever  ho  will.  It  is  often  a  comfort  to  liml  a  vent 
fir  one's  illlr.imor,  Init  should  we  not  make  some  allowance  for  word.?  spoken 
ill  tiuch  a  mood  'i 


2:t 


TRANSFF-R  OF  FORT  ASTORIA. 


I 

Ml 

■  I" 

■  ii 
V :  11 


Jill 


inroo.  "It  was  oiilv  noccssarv,"  hr,  ,sa\s,  to  <rrt  r'u\ 
<»r  the  land  party  of  the  Xoi'tliwi'st  ( 'oiiipaiiy,  wlio 
Were  coiiiidL'tfly  in  our  p(j\vor,  thcii  i-eiiioM'  our  t'tt'ccts 
np  tlu!  rivor  U[)()ii  soiiio  small  sti-caiii,  and  await  the 
iTsiilt.  The  sloo[)  of  war  airivcd,  it  is  true,  hut  as  in 
the  case;  I  sup])()se  she  would  have  found  nothinn'; 
she  woidd  have  left  after  settinj,^  fire  to  our  desi'rted 
houses.  None  of  their  boats  would  have  dared  fol- 
low us  even  if  the  Indians  had  hetra3'ed  to  them  our 
hirhinL,^-place.  Those  at  the  head  of  affairs  had  their 
own  fortune  to  seek, and  thoun'ht  it  more  for  their  in- 
terest,  doubtless,  to  act  as  they  did;  but  that  w  ill  not 
clear  them  in  the  cyos  of  the  world,  and  the  ehai;^^e 
of  treason  to  ^Ir  Aster's  interests  will  alwavs  be  at- 
tached  to  theu*  ^'haraeters."  Franchere  miL;ht  have; 
gone  yet  further,  and  have  said:  With  a  deterniined 
American  at  the  head  of  affairs  backed  by  Conieomly 
and  his  eight  hundred  warriors,  they  need  scarcely 
have  retii-ed  at  all,  not  further  certainly  than  beyond 
lange  of  the  ship's  guns.  ]]ut  what  Avould  have  been 
their  position?  What  good  would  such  a  stt'[)  have 
done  them?  There  Averc  few  furs  to  buy  al)out  .Vsto 
ria  or  in  the  Willamette  Valli-y.  The  Xorthwest 
( 'om[)any  with  the  assistance  of  the  now  I'xasperated 
Walla  W'allas,  Palouscs,  and  ]^lackfoot  Indians,  could 
easily  n(jt  only  have  stopped  all  the  Rocky  ^fountain 
passes,  but  have  driven  the  Pacific  Company  from 
that  region.  Had  such  a  plan  been  practicabl..',  why 
did  not  Hunt,  who  was  an  American  and  actual  com- 
mander of  the  company's  forces,  adopt  it?  ]Iis  loy- 
alty to  Aster's  interests  has  never  been  questioned; 
then  why  did  he,  who  was  over  all  in  authority,  agree 
with  the  other  partners  in  the  surrender  of  the  fort, 
and  go  in  search  of  a  vessel  to  carry  them  all  away^ 
l^ecause  he  knew  it  was  impossible  to  hold  the  countr\' 
and  obtain  suj)plies  with  their  way  blocked  up  in  the 
mountains  and  npon  the  sea.  Hence  it  seems  to  me 
unfair  tt)  throw^  the  blame  upon  the  partners  present, 
and  more  particularly  upon  McDougall,  after  Hunt 


HUNT  SAILS  TO  TIIK  MARQUESAS. 


225 


liiid  autlioii/ed  him  to  act  as  ho  (Hd,  and  assisted  him 
ill  caiiyiiiijf  out  liis  measure's. 

\\'(;  may  as  wi-ll,  however,  set  asiiUj  what  mij^ht 
lia\"t!  heeu  done  with  a  force  of  United  States  citizens 
un(U'r  a  loval  and  determined  connnander,  for  there 
uas  no  such  hody  [»resent.  Astor  (hd  not  sek'ct  nieu 
of  that  charactei',  or  for  that  purpose.  It  was  a 
connnerc-ial  troop,  and  not  an  army.  In  a  war  with 
tlie  United  States,  liow  sliould  Astor  expect  Jh'itish 
to  h'vel  i^un  ai^ainst  Britisli  in  liis  interests,  or  even 
in  their  own^  Hunt  saw  that  neitiier  he,  nor  Mc- 
])ou^alI,  nor  ^FcKenzie  couhl  compel  them  to  it,  and 
so  he  yiehled  liis  assent  to  a  sak".  "^riicn  why  i\'m>^ 
odium  upon  men  for  notaccomphshin^' im[)()ssihi]ities^ 
Tlie  assertion  that  ^[cDougall's  interests  hiy  in  the 
direction  of  a  pai'tnershi[)  in  the  Northwest  Company 
is  idle  until  proved.  In  the  Paciiie  Company  his 
interest  was  lari^er-  and  his  position  liii^her  than  there 
tliore  was  the  slighest  probahility  it  ever  would  ho  in 
the  ^Montreal  company.  The  interest  of  every  mom- 
hcr  v.ns  the  success  of  the  Pacific  Com))any,  and  all 
seemed  to  act  ujton  that  principle.  I  lind  not  the 
slightest  taint  of  treacheiy  in  this  transaction. 

In  conunon  M'ith  ^IcDougall,  Hunt  now  directed 
his  e'jforts  to  saving  as  much  from  the  wreck  as 
j)ossible.  A  vessel  was  needed  to  bring  provisions  to 
Port  .Vstoria,  to  take  back  the  Hawaiian  Islanders, 
vrhose  contract  stipulated  that  they  should  bo  re- 
luiUiHl  to  their  homes,  and  to  transj)ort  the  heavy 
goods  and  those  of  the  men  who  preferred  to  return 
by  sea  to  New  York.  The  Albatross  was  under  char- 
ter to  the  Marquesas  islands,  and  tlierefore  was  not 
o])('n  to  engagement.  Hunt  therefore  embark(^d  in 
her  in  com})any  with  Clapp  (m  the  'JGtii  of  August, 
hoping  to  find  the  vessel  ho  required  upon  tlie  coast 
of  Callfoi'iiia.  He  was  carried  at  once  to  tlie  3[ar- 
(|uesas,  where  sliortly  after  his  arrival  C\)mmo(loro 
l*()i'ter  of  the  United  States  frigate  J'Jsscx  entered, 
bringing  Avith  him  several  British  whalers  which  ho 

illsi.  N.  W.  (JuAsr,  VuL.  II.    15 


220 


TRANSFER  OF  FORT  ASTORIA. 


I>:  .:» ;- 


in 


luid  c-a})tui'od.  I'y  tliis  arrival  camu  the  dislieartoniug 
intelli^i'iK-(j  that  a  Bi'iti^-h  ilocl-  consisting  of  the  sloops 
of  war  Jiaccdoii  and  Clicnih,  the  frigate  Pliah',  and  a 
store-shi])  mounted  with  inachiiiery  suitable  for  batter- 
ing down  I'orts  had  sailed  from  Kio  Janeiro  the  Gth  of 
July  for  the  Northwest  Coast.  If  tliis  was  true  the 
end  indeed  had  come. 

In  his  great  trouble,  Hunt  applied  to  Connnodore 
Porter,  oll'ering  to  purchase  one  of  liis  prizes;  but  the 
price  asked,  twenty-five  tliousand  dollars,  being  deemed 
exorbitant,  Hunt  j-efused  to  pay  it,  and  reijuested 
the  connnodore  to  send  a  vessel  t(^  the  assistance  (»f 
Fort  Astoria,  but  in  the  absence  of  express  autlntrity 
this  proposal  was  likewise  rejected.  Should  he  tall 
in  with  tlie  enemy,  however,  the  connnodore  would 
defeat  liis  plans  if  he  felt  able.  The  fact  is,  the 
l-nited  States  government  was  taxed  to  its  utmost 
to  sustain  itself  upon  the  sea,  otherwise  its  attitude 
toward  this  enterprise  throughout  were  indeed  pusil- 
lanimous. I  see  no  excuse  for  Commodore  l\>rter  in 
den.'.r.hdiiiL,  sucli  a  sum  in  tliis  emerix^jucv.  Witl)out 
seamen  lie  could  f>nly  burn  his  prizes,  and  such  coi)- 
duct  seemed  to  Hunt  like  taking  advantage  of  his 
distress.     Unsuccessful  on  everv  side,  ]  [unt  saili-d  m 

t.'  ' 

the  Alhdfi-oss  tlie  23d  of  November  for  tlie  Hawaiian 
Islands,  where  he  arrived  the  20th  of  J)ecend)er. 
There  h:>  met  Capliiii)  Northroj),  and  was  told  the 
melani'holy  story  of  tlie  loss  of  the  L<(r/,:  Losing  no 
time  Hunt  bought  a  brig,  the  Pciifcr,  for  ten  thou- 
sand dollars,  and  ]»lacing  Northrop  in  command,  sailed 
for  l^'oit  -Vstoria  the  22d  of  January,  hooting  to  be 
able  to  rescue  some  of  the  projierty  and  carry  it  to 
Sitka  for  safe-keei)ing. 


Keturning  once  more  to  Fort  Astoria,  we  find. 
some  five  weeks  after  the  sailing  f)f  the  ^l/lKifross, 
]\rc!vt  nzie  with  Wallace  and  Seton,  in  two  canoes, 
with  t(ji  men,  cii  route'  with  supplies  for  the  wintering 
partners. 


Mc-TAVISH  AGAIN.  227 

The  fifth  (lay  after  this  (k'parturo,  Avliidi  was  i\w 
7th  of  October,  j]^reatly  to  the  surprise  of  the  garrison 
Avere  seen  rountlinjjf  Toiij'ue  Point  side  by  sitlc  three 
eanoes,  the  middle  one  Hvini;  (he  fla<'  of  tlie  United 
States  and  the  two  others  displayin;^  British  colors. 
in  the  first  were  McKenzie  and  Clarke,  su[>ported  on 
either  side  by  John  Georiu^e  MeTavish  and  Atiu^us 
Ijuthune  of  tlie  Northwest  Company.  Landini;',  ^[e- 
Tavish  [)resented  the  commander  at  Fort  Astoiia  a 
letter  from  Angus  Shaw,  partner  in  the  Northwest 
Company,  and  uncle  of  ]\[cDou<^;dl,  infonninu^  him  of 
tlie  sailing  in  March  of  the  slii[>  Isanc  Todd  ;ind  the 
iVvjliitc  P/tccbc,  with  letters  of  marque  and  instructions 
to  seize  evcrytiiing  Amei-ican  on  the  Nortliwest  Coast. 

It  appears  tliat  ISIcKonzie  had  met  the  s<[uadr(Mi 
iiear  the  first  rapids.  Clarke  was  with  them,  having 
lilt  his  post  to  accomjxmy  them.  The  two  partiis 
landed  and  encamped  for  the  night.  Next  nioning 
}*[(.' Ivenzie  and  Clarke  endeavored  to  sli[»  away,  S(»  as 
t(i  I'each  the  fort  before  the  others,  and  j>ive  warnin'' 
of  tlieir  approach;  but  McTavish  was  as  widr-awakc 
as  they,  setting  out  as  early  and  reaching  Fort  Asto- 
ria as  soon. 

A  canny  Scotch  game  is  now  [)laycd  for  tlu;  pos- 
sission  of  the  Columbia.  ^IcTavisli  with  those  l)c'- 
liiiid  him  is  the  strojiger  in  nundjcrs  and  prospects; 
]\[r!)<)Ugall  in  position  and  possession.  The  J>ritish 
vessels  of  war  may  come  at  anv  moment,  and  thev 
may  not  come  at  all;  the  ehances  are  in  favor  of 
their  coming,  as  nothing  but  ca[)tuiv  or  shi[>\\reek 
is  likely  to  [)revent  them.  If  they  come,  they  wiil 
he  like  the  moidvcy  that  eats  the  chet'se.  All 
that,  belongs  to  persons  trading  under  the  Cnit<"d 
States  tlag  the  ]3ritish  otli<'ers  and  seamen  will  lake 
without  asking,  and  divide  it  among  them  as  tlnir 
lawl'ul  prize.  The  Northwe;;t  Company  may  then 
have  the  country,  and  the  l*acific  Comi)any  may  go 
tlieir  way.  If  they  do  not  come,  the  hitter  may  keei) 
their  posts  and  their  goods. 


I 


228 


TRANSFER  OF  FORT  ASTORIA. 


!■;    t 


MoTavish  is  not  so  eaofer  to  conclude  terms  as  for- 
mcrly.  He  fences  for  time.  He  would  rather  see 
the  Pacific  Company  thoroughly  destroyed,  so  that 
they  would  make  him  no  further  trouble  on  the 
coast,  than  to  purchase  their  property  even  at  his 
own  price. 

On  the  other  hand,  McDougall  is  determined  to  de- 
prive McTavish  of  his  double  chance,  or  force  him  to 
terms,  or  escape  with  his  goods  at  the  earliest  pos- 
sible moment.  Of  course  to  wait  for  Hunt  or  any  one 
else  is  out  of  tlie  question.  Calling  a  council  A'  all 
present,  partners  and  clerks,  next  day,  the  8th,  Mc- 
Dougall  reads  to  them  liis  uncle's  letter.  A  strict 
guard  is  kept  in  the  fort  to  avoid  surprise;  at  the  same 
time  McTavish,  being  short  of  provisions,  is  supplied 
by  McDougall. 

McDougall  now  proposes  to  sell  all  the  goods  of  the 
Pacific  Company  ui)on  the  coast  at  cost  and  charges, 
and  skins  at  rates  current  in  the  London  market,  less 
charges  of  transi)ortation  and  sale.  This  was  a  m(>st 
liberal  offer  under  tlie  circumstances,  and  McTavish 
ncoepts.  But  out  of  courtesy  to  his  associates,  he 
will  await  their  arrival  before  consummating  the  con- 
tract. 

On  the  11th  of  October,  John  Stuart  and  Joseph 
McCillivray,  partners  in  the  Northwest  Company, 
arrive  with  the  eight  canoes,  the  remainder  of  the 
fleet  of  ton,  and  land  in  a  cove  near  the  factor v,  form- 
ing  a  (»uii|)  of  about  seventy-five  men.  A  conference 
is  held.  The  terms  of  the  proposed  contract  .'ire  re- 
stated. John  Stuart  enters  his  protest.  On  behall' 
of  his  (stmpany  he  might  sanction  the  purchase  at 
cost  iuxl  charges  for  the  goods  jind  fui's  at  fixed  r;ttes/ 
which  should  little  more-  than  cover  their  cost  at  Fort 
Astoria,  the  servants  of  the  Pacific  Company  to  be  [mid 
tile  arrears  of  their  wages,  which  amount  was  to  be 

■  'Tlic  w  hdlo  of  tlie  goods  on  haml  both  nt  Fi>it  Astoria  ami  throughout  the 
intrvioi'  \mtc  licliviMTfl  over  to  tin;  Xnrtlnvcst  ('niii]iaiiy  (it  10  per  cent  on  cost 
and  eliiiruTs. '  Jtus.i''  Ailr.,  'J.VJ-H.  If  Mr  Jtuss  niriins  10  \)vr  lont  on  cost  iiml 
livighl,  as  he  [irobably  iloi.vs,  it  would  still  be  no  more  than  cost  uml  ehuryea. 


ASTOR  GROANS. 


220 


deducted  from  the  price  paid.''  McGillivray  sustains 
John  Stuart,  affirming  that  this  would  be  the  Lest  he 
should  agree  to.  McTavisli  is  of  course  ob''ged  to 
be  silent. 

Ilapidly  revolving  the  matter  in  his  mind,  for  he 
has  no  time  to  think  long,  McDougall  accepts.  He 
thinks  his  company  should  receive  more;  lie  acnises 
the  Northwest  partners  of  taking  advantage,  l)ut  he 
is  wholly  in  their  ])o\ver,  and  to  tell  the  truth  he  be- 
lieves even  this  to  be  for  the  best  interests  of  Astor. 
And  he  is  right.  Nor  do  I  think  the  final  oiler  (»f  the 
Northwest  C(Mn[)any  by  any  means  unfair  or  illiberal, 
as  the  secjuel  shows.  It  is  true  they  make  a  proiit  on 
the  furs,  and  secure  the  business;  but  they  are  a  com- 
mercial company,  and  sucli  is  the  purjiose  of  com- 
merce. I  greatly  doubt  if  Astor,  who  sorely  com- 
])lains,  would  have  made  a  more  liberal  offer  had  he 
been  in  their  place.  For  dose  at  hand  were  thoso  wh() 
would  have  taken  Irom  the  Pacilic  Company  all  they 
had,  and  paid  them  nothing." 

Astor,  however,  is  greatly  dissatisfied,  although  I 
am  really  at  a  loss  to  know  why.  "Had  our  place 
and  our  ])roperty  been  fairly  captured,"  he  m-  ans  by 
tlie  mouth  of  Irving,^'^  "I  should  have  prefei-red  it;  I 

"The  following  cstim.itc  lias  been  maLlc  of  tlie  articles  oji  lumd,  antl  tlio 
juices:  17,70."»  lbs.  of  beaver  parchincut,  valiicil  at  $2,  wi'i  tli  If'r,  4(1.")  old-coat 
l)caver,  valued  at  $l.(i(i,  worth  ^.'L.IO;  00"  laiid-otti'r,  valued  at  .>'..1(»,  wdrtli 
$.■>;  (is  soa-otter,  valued  at  $1'2,  worth  from  ^5  to  $lit>;  ;<U  sea-otter,  valiud  at 
.*."),  wortli  !?'J5.'  I  iri)itj\i  Astoria,  4SA,  '  The  furs  were  valued  at  no  mut  li  per 
skin.  The  whole  sales  amounted  to  §8(),r)00,  McTavish  giving  bill*  of  ex- 
cliangn  on  the  agents  for  the  amount,  payable  in  Canada.'   /.'of<«'  A'Uk,  'J")!}. 

"  'This  transaction  took  place  on  the  Kith  of  October,  and  was  considered 
fair  and  cijuitable  on  both  sides.'  /I'o.v.t'  Adr.,  2.")3.  'In  a  few  weeksnn  aniicii- 
lile  arrangement  was  made,  by  which  Mr  McTavish  agreed  to  purcliase  all  tlic 
fur.**,  inerclumdise,  'ir.ivisions,  etc.,  of  our  company  at  a  certain  valuatiim,  stii)U- 
latiug  to  proviiic  ,i,  oufo  passage  back  to  the  I'nited  States,  either  by  s'-a  or 
across  tl  e  continent,  for  such  nien)bcrs  of  it  as  elidose  to  return;  and  at  t!io 
same  time  otlering  to  those  who  sliould  wisii  to  join  the  Xortliwcst  CuMip.'iny, 
and  remain  in  tlie  country,  the  same  terms  as  if  tliey  had  originaHy  been  nicni- 
licrs  of  tliat  con\pany.  Messrs  lloss,  McClelhin,  and  1  took  advanta;^e  uf  thise 
iilxral  proposals,  and  some  time  after,  Mr  Duncan  Mcl)(iugall,  one  uf  t'le  di- 
lectors,  also  joined  the  N'ortiiwest.'  Car't  ('nhtnifiid.  Itin r, '2US.  '  Tlic  nego- 
tiations Were  i)rotraeted  by  one  party,  in  tlie  hope  tliat  tlie  Inn.;  expeclLd 
aniiid  force  would  arrive  to  render  the  purciiase  unnecessary,  and  were  urged 
forward  by  the  other  to  eonehule  the  aU'uir  before  that  occurrence  should  in- 
tcrviiie,'  /'nairfiiirnAai'.,  l'J3. 

^"  Aituria,  48o. 


230 


TRANSFER  OF  FORT  ASTORIA. 


should  not   foci  as  if  I  were  disgraced."    In  other 
words,  lie  might  have  a  large  claim  for  damages. 

Still  McTavish  fences  for  time,  and  it  was  not  until 
^IcDougall  made  ready  his  hoats  and  tlirentoned  to 
move  iidand  up  the  Willamette  River  unless  the  agree- 
ment was  legally  executed  at  once,  that  the  North- 
west partners  com[)leted  the  purchase."  One  other 
hold  McDougall  had  upon  his  rivals.  McTavisli  and 
his  party  obtained  their  daily  supply  of  provisions 
from  tlie  fort,  being  indebted  to  the  Pacific  Company 
even  for  food  and  ammunition.  Accompanying  the 
threat  to  move  was  another  to  cut  oft'  supplies,  and 
thus  the  Northwest  Company  were  brought  to  terms. ^^ 
The  contract  was  signed  the  IGth  of  October,  and  (^)n 
tlie  r2th  of  November  the  Northwest  Company  took 
formal  })ossession  of  Astoria."  Thus  was  sealed  the 
death-warrant  of  the  New  York  millionaire's  brilliant 
scheme.  Thus  terminated  the  affairs  of  the  Pacific 
Fur  Company  on  the  Northwest  Coast.  Tlie  greater 
part  of  the  servants  of  the  Pacific  Company  entered 
the  service  of  the  Northwest  Company;  after  the 
affairs  of  the  former  were  closed,  ISIcDougall  acce[)ted 
a  partnership  in  the  Northwest  Company. ^^    Toward 

"  'McDougall  ami  McKoiizic,  however,  saw  through  this  piece  of  artifioo, 
anil  insisted  that  the  Imsinessshoulil  be  ratified  at  once.  McTuvi.sli,  however, 
full  of  commercial  wiles,  tried  to  evade  and  retard  every  step  taken.'  Jiog>i' 
A,lr.,  '2y.\. 

'-'Onc^  morning  before  dajlight,  Messrs  !MeDougall  and  ^IcKenzic  .sum- 
moned idl  haud.'j  together,  Hcventy-two  in  number,  and  after  u  brief  .statement 
of  the  view  of  the  Northwest  in  reference  to  the  negotiation,  ordered  tlie  bas- 
tions to  l)e  maimed,  the  guns  t')  be  loaded  and  pointed,  and  tlie  matches  lighted. 
Ill  an  instant  every  man  was  at  his  post  and  the  gates  shut.  At  eight  oVlock 
a  message  avus  sent  to  McTavish  giving  him  two  hours,  and  no  moie,  tither 
to  sign  the  liills  or  break  oil'  the  negotiations  altogether,  and  remove  to  some 
otlii'r  <|narteis.  ]{y  eleven  o'clock  the  bills  were  liiially  and  formally  si  ,aied, 
and  Astoria  was  delivered  up  to  the  Northwest  Comiiaiiy  on  the  li'lii  of  No- 
vmlier,  after  nearly  a  mouth  of  suspense  bitween  the  drawingand  the  signing 
of  tlie  bills.'  A'nx.s'  AiliK,  2'>i.  Tliis  statement  is  fo  at  variance  fi(  iii  Mr 
Irviiig's  that  1  am  willing  to  allow  a  little  for  exaggeration.  1'hat  is,  McDou- 
f-ill  may  have  formally  assumed  this  belligerent  attitude  foretlcct,  but  tliiit  he 
ever  had  any  intention  of  tiring  on  MeTuvish's  camp  I  cannot  for  a  moment 
suppose. 

'■•At'eording  to  Ross  and  Irving;  Franchere  says  the  '2',]d  of  November. 

"This  circumstance  threw  suspicion  on  his  conduct,  yet  there  is  not  the 
least  proof  that  he  had  betrayed  his  trust.  McDougall  always  bore  tlie  elmi-- 
aeter  of  integrity;  he  was  a  man  of  principle,  faithful  to  his  word  ami  punctual 


COMCOMLY  FOR  WAR. 


231 


the  end  of  October,  McKonzic  set  out  with  Jolin 
Stuart  for  Spokimo  and  Okanagan  to  deliver  those 
]K)sts  to  the  ])urcluisers. 

The  arrival  at  Fort  Astoria  from  Fort  William  on 
the  loth  of  November  of  two  Northwest  Company 
partners,  xVlexandor  Stuart  and  Alexander  Henry,  in 
two  bark  canoes,  manned  by  sixteen  voyagt-urs,  did 
not  materially  affect  the  attitude  of  affaii's,  but  only 
the  more  proved  the  course  pursued  by  McUougall  to 
be  correct,  and  showed  the  utter  ho])elessness  of  the 
Astor  course  on  the  Pacific.  The  Xortliwest  Com- 
pany were  determined  to  drive  them  out.  They  would 
probably  in  time  have  accomplished  this  without  the 
aid  of  ]>rilish  war-ships,  in  the  continued  absence  of 
help  for  Astor  from  the  United  States.  The  new 
arrival  reported  the  British  arms  thus  far  in  the 
ascendant. 


Scarcely  more  than  a  fortnight  had  ]iassed  since 
the  f)rnial  delivery  of  the  fortress  of  Astoria  to  the 
Northwest  f  \:)mpany,  when  one  day  Comcondy  came 
in  ))reathloss  haste  to  McDouixall,  with  tidinus  of  a 
sail  seen  off  tlie  cape,  which  he  was  fearful  might  be  a 
King  George  shij>.  "Have  we  not  enough  of  these 
})eople  among  us^"  he  exclaimed.  "Are  you  ]>ostons 
women  that  you  ])ermit  these  starvbig  ones  to  take 
your  fort,  your  goods,  and  drive  you  from  the  coun- 
try? And  now  here  comes  this  vessel  to  enslave  us 
all,  but  with  ei-'ht  himdred  warriors  at  mv  l)ack  I  do 
not  fear  tnem.  I  will  })rotect  you."  Ihit  ^IcDougall 
soothed  his  hotly  ]>ers[)iring  and  red-painted  father- 
iivlav.,  assured  hun  that  the  King  (;leorge  men  were 
no  longer  enemies,  and  sent  him  away  haj>py  in  the 
jiossession  of  a  new  coat  and  a  ])0('ketful  of  tobacco, 
with  instructions  not  to  molest  white  peo[)le,  who  were 
all  brothers. 

tn  liis  cii'rnL't'iiU'iits.  /*').«'. I '/<•., 'J7.1-4.  Khlrlmikof.  Sli'ir-.nrripis.ifnilr.  149,  ro- 
iiiiii  ks  tlii.t  (  liiiki'  vt'iit  to  Sitka  iiltcr  tlio  triiiistVr  of  Astm  in  mid  li\(il  Ihcro 
fur  two  yiJiis,  jictiii;,'  ;i.s  tiitm'  tu  l>:n;iliof".s  liiilt-lniitl  chilJitii ;  ho  ulao  liicu- 
liuiis  the  airival  vi  Jubwou,  uguumuith,  uud  two  hull'-bictdd. 


232 


TRilXSFER  OF  FORT  ASTORIA. 


Tliis  was  the  29th  of  November.  Next  morning 
tlie  vessel,  which  was  no  other  than  the  British  sloop 
of  war  Raccoon,  Black,  commander,  mounting  twenty- 
six  guns,  came  dashing  gayly  forward,  and  anchored  in 
Baker  Bay.  She  was  inmiediately  boarded  by  ^fc- 
]Jougall  and  his  royal  I'ather-in-law,  each  with  his  ret- 
inue; and  it  wasplcasing  to  see  the  effect  of  civilization 
thus  far  upon  the  king  of  the  Chinooks;  for  from  a 
blood-thirsty  warrior  we  find  him  suddenly  trans- 
formed into  a  crafty  courtier.  Not  knowing  cxnctly 
why  or  how,  he  saw  j)lainly  enough  that  on  the  ( 'oluin- 
bia  King  Cn'oi'g(!  was  in  the  ascendant. 

"All,"  he  cried  to  Captain  131ack,  spreading  a  fine 
sea-otter  skin  n[)on  the  deck,  "the  ]3ostons  are  lirave, 
but  they  have  no  ships  like  this,  no  men  like  these," 
his  eyes  running  admiringly  from  the  brightly  ])olishe(l 
guns  to  the  gilt-buttoned  officers,  and  along  the  line 
of  marines.  Next  day  saw  Comcondy  ajjpioach  the 
little  wharf  before  the  fort  from  the  liaccooti,  ilvinn' 
the  Union  Jack  at  the  bow  of  his  canoe,  and  step 
ashore  in  full  British  uniform.  Upon  such  trhles  the 
destinies  of  nations  often  turn. 


i 


Passenger  by  the  liciccoon  was  John  INIcDonald,  a 
senior  partner  in  the  Northwest  Company,  and  com- 
monly called  Jh'cis  Croche,  Crooked  Arm,  who  at 
once  assumed  command  on  the  Columbia.  Five  voy- 
agcurs  accompanied  him.  Sailing  trom  England  in 
the  PJufhc,  which  had  accompanied  the  Isaac  Todd  to 
Bio  Janeiro,  he  there  found  the  British  squadron. 
These  two  ships  with  the  Raccoon  and  Chcruh  de- 
spatched to  convoy  the  Isaac  Todd,  sailed  together, 
agreeing  to  lendezvous  at  the  island  of  Juan  Fernan- 
dez. Parted  otf  Cape  Horn  in  a  storm,  three  of  the 
ships  came  together  at  the  appointed  place.  Alter 
waiting  some  time  in  vain  for  the  Isaac  Todd,  Com- 
modore llillyer,  hearing  of  the  havoc  being  conunit- 
ted  among  British  traders  and  whalers  in  the  ]\i(i1ic 
by  Commodore  Porter,  set  sail  with  the  Chcnib  and 


TAKING  POSSESSION. 


233 


the  Phahe  in  search  of  liim,  while  the  liOccoon,  to 
^vhioh  ]\[cDoiiakl  was  transferred,  was  sent  to  destroy 
Fort  Astoria. 

(jreat  were  the  expectations  raised  in  the  minds  of 
the  olHcers  and  men  on  board  the  liuccoon,  reii'ardin'jf 
tlie  rich  booty  which  the  defenceless  jiost  of  Astoria 
Vviis  to  lurnish  them.  Imagine  their  disappointment, 
therefore,  when  they  found  the  prize  had  slii)pcd 
their  i^rasp  by  lei^al  transfer  to  ]>ritish  subjects.  The 
ollicers  were  loud  in  their  anathemas,  no  less  aL^ainst 
the  insin'iiiiicance  of  the  fortress,  which  tliey  luul  come 
so  far  to  lay  low,  than  ajj^ainst  the  oflicers  of  the 
Northwest  Company,  who,  thiy  uveiTe<l,  luul  employed 
them  as  tools  in  connnercial  speculati(»n. 

"The  Yankees  are  always  beforehand  with  us," 
said  Captain  IJlack  to  one  of  his  officers,  thou;j;h  what 
the  Yankees  had  done  to  warrant  his  displeasure  iu 
this  transaction  it  would  be  difKcult  to  imagine.  But 
it  was  when  he  landed  and  beheld  the  s[)lit-board 
]>ickcts  called  ])alisades,  and  scarcely  arrow-}>roof 
bastions  and  stockades,  his  ire  and  irony  broke  forth. 
Turning  to  ]McDonald  he  exclaimed:  "This,  then,  was 
your  enemy's  stronghold,  requiring  a  navy  to  conquer. 
J  )anni  me !  with  a  single  four-pounder  1  would  batter 
it  down  in  two  hours." 

One  harmless  little  ceremony  yet  might  lie  per- 
formed before  these  brinht-buttoned  Kin'jf  Georufo 
men  sliould  take  their  departure,  a  ceremony  which 
even  the  staid  English  atthislate  day  did  notdisdain. 
Coming  on  shore  the  12th  of  December  IHl:^,  with  a 
lieutenant  of  marines,  four  soldiers,  and  four  sailors, 
Cai)tain  Black  proceeded  to  take  formal  })ossession  of 
the  country,  though  what  that  term  inq)lied  he  had  no 
better  itlea  than  Comcondy. 

An  ]Cnglish  dinner  supplied  the  jdace  of  the  Span- 
iard's mass,  after  which  the  fur  conqtany's  servants 
with  guns  in  their  hands  were  stationed  round  tho 
llag-stalf.  (Aq)tain  Black  then  caustid  a  British  Hag, 
which  he  had  brought  on  shore  for  the  occasion,  to  bo 


234 


TRANSFER  OF  FORT  ASTORIA. 


run  up,  and  takinij  a  bottle  of  Madeira  wine  of  medium 
quality  he  broke  it  manl'ully  upon  the  liag-staff,  cry- 
in[*;  in  a  loud  voice  that  of  that  country  and  of  tliat 
establishment  he  took  possession  in  the  name  of  his 
BritanMi(r  ^lajesty,  and  that  the  jjlace  hitherto  called 
Fort  Astoria  should  henceforth  be  known  as  Fort 
Geors^e.  Three  I'ounds  were  then  fired,  artillery  and 
musketry  bellowim^  the  kini^'s  health,  which  way  drunk 
in  liberal  bumpers  by  all  present,  not  excluding  a 
few  sable  savages  who  had  been  admitted  to  witness 
a  ceremony  which  confirmed  in  their  minds  what 
before  they  strongly  suspected,  namely,  that  tho 
white  men  had  all  gone  mad.  With  the  first  fair  wind 
the  lidi'ciioii  took  her  departure,  but  not  until  the 
ofiicers  had  made  a  careful  survey  of  the  entrance  to 
tho  river. 

We  left  Hunt  at  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  having  just 
purchased  the  brig  Pedler  and  placed  in  her  the  cap- 
tain and  crew  of  the  lost  Lark.  Leavinij^  the  islands 
the  2 2d  of  January,  as  befoi'c  mentioned,  the  Pedler 
cast  anchor  in  the  Columbia  the  28th  of  February. 
Hunt  expressed  great  dissatisfaction  with  regard  to 
the  sale,  [tarticularly  as  to  the  price  obtained  for  the 
furs.  In  facing  Astor  it  would  be  well  to  have  some 
one  upon  whom  to  cast  the  blame;  and  the  fact  that 
after  the  affairs  of  the  Pacific  Company  were  closed 
McDougall  had  joined  the  Northwest  Company,  might 
be  easily  converted  into  a  question  of  dislo3'alty.  Tliis 
was  anything  but  manly  on  the  part  of  Hunt,  who 
represented  McJJougall's  sale  as  the  primary  cause 
of  failure,  and  Astor  seems  to  have  accepted  these 
imwari'auti'd  statements,  and  Irving  to  have  propa- 
gated them  witliout  the  shadow  of  proof.  Directing 
!McK<,'ii/ie,  to  wliom  the  papers  of  tlie  Pacific  Com- 
l)any  luul  been  delivered  by  McDougall,  to  forward  to 
Astor  the  draft  received  in  payment  from  the  North- 
west Company,  Hunt  addressed  a  few  parting  words 
to  his  late  associates,  and  taking  with  him  Halsey, 


HUNT  AT  SITKA. 


S98 


Scton,  Clapp,  and  Farnham,  ho  bade  a  final  farewell  to 
the  shores  of  the  Pacific,  and  embarked  on  board  tho 
Pcdler  the  3d  of  A[)ril. 

Directiiiij:  his  course  to  Sitka,  Hunt  encountered 
two  United  States  vessels  tradint;  with  the  natives, 
and  hiding  from  l^ritish  cruisers.  In  wliicli  latter  at- 
temjit  at  least,  they  succeedetl  well;  fV>r  while  at  Sitka, 
the  British  shij)  Forcsfrr,  Captain  Pigott,  ariived  with 
letters  of  marque  i'tom  England,  having  missed  tho 
traders  to  their  no  small  good  fortune.  While  at  Sitka, 
Hunt  was  informed  that  after  the  sailing  of  tho 
Lark,  fearing  she  might  be  intercepted,  Astor  had 
ordered  [)urchased  in  England  a  Pritish  bottom,  to  be 
sent  with  supi)lies  to  Astoria.  That  Astor  might  bo 
informed  how  his  interests  stood  in  that  quarter, 
Hunt  left  Halsey  at  Sitka,  and  sailed  northward, 
landing  Farnham  on  the  coast  of  Kamchatka,  with 
directions  to  proceed  through  Asia  and  across  the 
Atlantic  with  despatches,  which  journey  ho  success- 
fully accom})lished.  Sailing  thence  southward,  tho 
J\'dl('r  soon  reached  the  coast  of  California,  where  she 
was  seized  l)y  the  Spanish  corvette  Tuf/lc  in  August, 
but  soon  released.  From  San  Plas^'  Seton  was  sent 
by  way  of  Panama  to  Xew  York,  while  the  Pcd/ci'  con- 
tinued her  way  round  Cape  Horn.  An-iving  safely 
upon  the  Atlantic  seaboard,  Hunt  took  up  lus  resi- 
dence at  St  Ijouis,  and  was  subsecjuently  made  gov- 
ernor of  the  state. 


)i>a- 


)p{ 


Astor  was  deeply  chagrined  at  the  failure  of  his 
clicrished  scheme.  Throughout  hiswholu  lii'e  the  dis- 
appointment never  hA't  h'uu.  He  declared  he  would 
never  give  it  U[),  would  never  abaiulon  that  territory 
to  the  Northwest  Company  alter  theii'  shanu'l'id  treat- 
ment of  him;  though  what  they  had  done  to  liiiii  that 
he  would  iKjt  gladly  have  done  to  them,  had  he  [>os- 
sessed  the  powei',  the  in)|)artial  student  of  those  tiiius 


'■'  Arch.  ('cil.  Pmr.  S/.  Pap.  }}, ii.  Mil.,  MS.,  xlv.  .'{-G.     Slie  was  uot,  as  has 
bfcu  Bouifwlicri;  Btatcd,  scut  us  a  iiv'uc  to  Sau  Lias. 


TRANSFER  OF  FORT  ASTORIA. 


fails  to  discover.  Tlicsc,  liowcvc,  were  but  tho  itllo 
threats  attcndiiif^  dufoat.  The  departure  of  Hunt  for- 
ever closed  the  business  of  Astor  upon  the  Pacific 


10 


'"  In  IrvJng's  cyca,  Astor'a  pride  and  Astor'a  money  were  tlie  only  losses. 
"Sot  a  l)ewiiiling  word  is  said  in  Astoria,  of  the  sacrilico  of  wixty-thnii!  lives  in 
tliis  wpeeuliitiDn,  not  one  of  which  was  Astor's.  Let  us  reckon  tlieni;  and 
•\vc  shall  likewise  liiid  that  most  of  tliesc  deatlis  were  needless,  ari.iinj^  from 
the  i-^'norance,  stupiility,  or  brutality  of  Astor's  chosen  Jigents.  Thorn,  of 
the  Tomiuin,  must  alone  stand  resiionsiblo  for  thirty-three,  eight  on  the  bar 
and  twenty-seven  at  Nootka  Sound,  the  only  redeeming  feature  here  being 
tliat  he  was  among  them.  IJy  the  land  expedition  live  were  lost;  at  Astoiia, 
three;  1>y  tho  sliipwreck  of  the  Lurk,  eight;  in  the  Shoshone  country,  nine; 
in  tlie  linul  ileparture,  three.  To  use  the  projector's  own  wonls,  tiiis  was  the 
conccrii  which 'was  to  have  annihilated  the  South  Couipany;  extiiiguisiied 
the  Hudson's  liny  Company;  driven  tlie  Russians  into  tiie  Fro/en  Ocean  ;  and 
V,  ith  tlie  resources  of  China  to  have  enriched  America.'  Ji'uxs'  Ailr.,  "Js;). 
Other  autiiorities  which  may  bo  properly  mentioned  are,  Kont's  U'aiidiriii'jx, 
177;  limtiin,  in  the.  Xorthiresf,  MS.,  passim;  Lie  and  J'nist\s  Tin  l'<"(;•.^■  iii 
(h:,  2-2;i;  iln<'iih<>ir'>,  Or.  and  f'al..  '2<M-'M);  llarirt/n  l.if,'  ij'  Mrl.,„„,lili„, 
MS.,  ;{;  Vlrfir'n  J'U'i  r  of  the  We-tf,  4.T;  Parbr's  K-Cjilniiinj  Tmn-,  1.").");  I<\irii- 
huiiiK  I'ht.  7'/Y()V'/y,  4t(i;  Toirustitd's  Xar.,  ISJ;  IfiiD.'n  Or.  //is/.,  H'.);  Orai/s 
JliKt.  Or  ,  10;  Until  r'f  Wild  Xorlh  l.niid,  :JI7;  Sti-r,-ii^''  Xnrtli'n^l,  4;  Ll/iri'f'.i 
J'lii/it  Sound,  MS.,  17;  J.  •/.  At'tor,  in  /luni's  Mir.  ,V(iii.,  xi.  l.">.*{  !);  A'.  Am. 
J'lriin;  xliv.  'J()0-4;  AZ/m'  /tnj.,  iv.  ■2(i7;  Andir-on'x  Xortfiinxt  t'iia.'<l,  MS.,  !>S; 
Tnrk-i'r'M  I/int.  Or.,  32-.");  40-1;  S-ilrni  Siatrimnn,  .June  7,  1H71;  /'inillaif-i 
JJinrtitrt/,  i.  'Mi'2;  Aiinalin  dru  Voi/.,  wi'i.  •287-!tl;  Am.  (Jnnrt.  y.'i;/..  iv.  .'V,K)-4; 
jyorl/iijni/.  Villi.,  47.'}-4;  Am.  St.  /'«)>.,  xxi.  lOOH-Kf;  t'oi/nn-'x  /jost  Trii/ijur, 
'2-2'2-'M;  kranx'  Or.,  MS.,  07;  Thornton'x  Or.  midCal.,  i.'HO.'I;  S/iriml'x  Sirms 
and  Sliidiix,  10-11;  Tn-ixx'  llixt.  <>/■., '2.".  ."),  •2:t.".-!);  Sinin'x  Xorthn-ixt  (oust, 
'22.'}-'2:{!»;  Jj'ai/l.cx  Xort/iwi'st  Coaxt  o/Amerii-ii,  I'Jth  ('on;/.,  Jst  Sc.ss.,  //.  /.'ij.t., 
21.'{;  i.'lfh  C'oiiij.,  od  Sexs.,  11.  Com.  lievt.  1,  n.  '21-2;  Aiinalu  C'omjrexx,  18'22-3, 
1210-21. 


CHAPTER   XI. 

THE    XORXmVEST   COAST    UNDER   THE   NORTHAVEST 
COMPANY'S    REGIME. 

1813-1814. 

The  NoRTirvN'EST  Company  Masters  of  the  Sititation — Rxpeditiox  to  the 
Upper  Colfmbia — The  Toli.-hatiierers  of  the  Cascades — Divisios 
OF  the  Party  at  Walla  Walla — Reed  Traps  i\  the  Shoshone 
Coi'NTRY — Doings  at  Okanaiian  and  Spokane — Keith  and  Sti-art 
Set  Oct  from  Fort  Geoiuje  for  Lake  Superior — War  at  the  Cas- 
cades— Alexander  Henry  in  the  Willamette  Valley— New  Site 
Surveyed  for  Fort  (jteoroe — First  Northwest  Brigade  froji  the 
Mouth  of  the  Columbia  to  Montreal — Destruction  of  Reed's 
Party  by  the  Shoshones — Thrilling  Tale  of  Pierre  Dorion's  Wife  — 
Arrival  of  the  'Isaac  Todd'  at  Fort  George — The  First  White 
Woman  in  Oregon — Death  of  Donald  McTavish  the  New  Com- 
mander at  Fort  George. 


The  defeat  too  often  attendant  on  pioneer  enter- 
prises is  accomplished  at  Astoria,  and  the  victor  lias 
the  field.  For  the  present  the  Montreal  merchants 
may  lord  it  over  a  measureless  area  of  fur-producing 
mountains  and  ])lains  unquestioned;  may  dominate 
liordes  of  tlieir  fellow-men,  entering  in  and  of  their 
substance  slaying  and  eating.  For,  ])onderous  as  is 
the  machinery  of  their  rivals  round  Hudson  Bay,  its 
iiitiiience  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  is  3'et  scarcely 
fi'lt  unless,  indeed,  it  intensifies  the  energy  of  the 
Northwest  Company  in  that  quarter.  The  battle- 
ground (»f  the  two  great  British  companies  lies  upon 
the  eastern  slope,  leaving  the  Northwest  Company 
sole  ruler  of  the  western.  And  as  for  interference 
from  the  United  States,  British  men-of-war  will  guard 
the  seaward  side,  while  the  remembrance  of  the  liard- 

(237) 


UM)ER  THE  NORTHWEST  COMPAXY'S  REGIME. 


ships  experienced  by  Hunt,  Crooks,  and  Stuart  in 
their  traiisnion^^ano  expeditions  are  enougli  to  dampen 
enterj)rise  I'or  the  present  in  that  direction. 

The  shrewd  ScotelmKni  lully  reahze  the  kicky  tnrn 
in  their  all'airs;  they  know  tilings  cannot  remain 
stationaiy,  and  they  are  tletermined  to  improve  tlu* 
jnesent  opi)ortunity.  Hence,  expeditions  from  Fort 
Astoria,  or,  as  wo  must  now  say,  Fort  George,  rapidly 
KLicceed  one  another. 


jNIention  has  already  been  nindo  of  the  departure 
of  John  Stuart  and  JJonald  ^IcKen/ie  for  tlie  ])osts  of 
the  upi)er  Cohnnhia.  It  was  on  tiie  li!)th  of  October 
1813  that  the  party  set  out.  Uesides  the  two  already 
named  were  ^Ic(  Jillivray,  Larodie,  McDonald,  Jieed, 
and  ('ox  who  wiites  a  narrative  of  the  expedition, 
\vitli  iifty-livi'  men.' 

Thrown  olf  tliiir  <j^uard  at  the  Cascades  by  the 
peaceable  demeanor  of  the  nativc^s,  the  [)arty  permitted 
themselves  to  Ini  robbed  of  two  bales,  llasteniii;^ 
forward  with  the  remainder  of  their  effects,  at  the 
villaL^c  of  tile  toll-^atlierors  thoy  encountei'ed  a  i'nv- 
niidable  band  ol'  sixty  war-shirt ed  savages,  with  drawn 
bows,  danciiiLT  kaii'j^aroo-like  their  doliance.  Halting; 
for  all  to  come  up,  Stuart  undertook  t(»  amuse  the 
kangaroo-jumpers,  while  his  men,  stealing  to  the  i-ight 

'Ainoiin  tlio  iliic'f  .intlioritifs  for  this  cjiocli  firo  Ross  Cox,  Aiff'  iitiirm  on 
the  ( '(ihiiiihiii.  Iliri  r,  '1  voIh.  Jiomloii,  1S:!1,  iunl  Alexiiiidcr  Ross,  The  J'lr  /fiiiif- 
rrx  nf  the  Far  II  V</, '2  vols.  Jjondon,  IS.V).  Jioili  vi-oto  their  iiiiirativos  ujiou 
the  spot.  Ill  ISII,  (  ox  olitiiiiicd  !i  clorli.shiii  in  the  Norlhwoj^t  1,'oiiiiiniiy,  iui<l 
Bailed  tlie  sanii'  year  fur  Fort  AsLoriii  in  the  ship  Jlcdnr.  Ife  scrxcd  at  tli<! 
e.stal)lishineiit.s  on  the  ('ohuiihia  live  years,  dnriiin  wliitli  tiiiv'  ho  made  tVe- 
(|iieiit  excursions,  aiicl  eni^a^ed  in  several  battles  with  the  .savii;j;es.  In  one  of 
Ilia  cxjieditions  he  wa.s  lost  for  fourteen  days.  In  A])ril  ISKi  he  \\as  plaeecl  in 
ehar^o  of  the  post  of  Okana'.'aii,  and  the  follow  in;,'  year  resii;ne(l,  and  retired 
to  Montreal.  Ross  was  niiioii'^  the  lirst  to  join  the  .\stor  enterprise,  whieh  ho 
fully  delineate:)  in  his  Ailcentnrd^  nj'  tlir  Fir.t Si  Uh  r.ion  the  (>r(iiiiii,i>r  <  ii'iiinhai, 
Jt'lri r.  He  sailed  in  the  Tvii'iu'in  in  ISIO,  and  siieiit  not  lesn  than  lifteen  years 
in  the  Colundiiii  region,  after  wliieli  he  settled  at  Red  River,  iind  wrote  the 
best  aceonnt  of  Lord  Selkirk's  ell'orts  at  colonization.  To  oli'set  his  many 
^'uod  (lualities,  he  seems  somewhat  loose  in  his  statements,  and  display.^  strong 

Jirej.idices.  lie  loves  to  pai'ade  to  the  front  ,ill  that  is  liad  in  men,  passiii,:^ 
ightly  over  their  good  (pudities.  Tlis  deseriptions  are  grr.phie,  and  his  book 
contains  mueh  to  l)e  found  nowhere  else.  Franehere  is  an  cxeellent  authority 
aa  far  aa  he  goes,  but  he  left  the  country  for  Muntreul  in  il>14. 


OKAXAOAX  AND  SPOKAXE. 


!;•'  .<  nil. 

\lllllil- 

Ullllll 

I',  1111(1 

It  Uw. 

lo  I'ri'- 
|iiie  of 
•til  ill 
•tired 

■li  lie 
»iili/it, 
jyuiirs 
k>  till! 
]iiuiiy 

rong 
Issiiig 

Viook 
lofity 


;ui(l  u'I't,  seized  sonu!  fifteen  of  tlie  old  incn,  woiiion, 
,'iiid  ehildreii,  and  held  tlunn  us  hostages  until  tho 
stolen  jj-oods  were  retni'nod. 

Arrivi'd  at  W'alhi  AValla,  ]^eed  with  eight  men  and 
twenty  horses  turned  towai'd  the  Slioshone  countiy 
to  tracK;  i'or  beaver.  The  n.st  proceeded  to  Okun- 
agan  and  Spokane,  though  not  without  molestation 
IVom  the  IViends  of  the  man  who  was  hanged  l>y 
Clarke  for  stealing  his  drinking-cup.  From  these 
]t()sts  wintering  parties  were  despatched  to  th(!  smaller 
ti'ading  estahlishments  north  and  east.  Cox  and  Mc- 
]\lillan  were  stationed  among  tho  chaste  and  chivah'ous 
Flat  heads,  who  peremptorily  refused  the  all-n)ariying 
white  mai'  wives.  Those  at  the  other  stations  fared 
but  little  better.  There  seemed  to  be  but  one  lucky 
suitor  in  those  parts  during  this  winter  of  18l.']-14, 
and  that  was  Pierre  ^[ichel,  the  hunt(.'r,  who  wooed 
a  beautii'ul  girl  of  sixteen,  and  by  his  blandishments 
won  her  before  all  the  gallants  of  her  tribe.  Ihit 
]\lii'h(l  liad  often  helped  them  in  their  wars,  and  they 
('umrm<''lv  weii-hed  his  I'utiire  services  before  consent- 
iiig  to  tho  alliance.  ^McDonald  wintered  at  Kam- 
loDps,  and  in  ])eci'nd)er,  !^^onligny  left  Okanagan. 
and  joined  him.  On  tho  way  he  was  attacked  and 
lobbed  of  some  horses;  elsewhere  in  this  I'egion  tho 
natives  were  peaceable. 

]\I<(/iHivrav,  who  was  in  cliarirc,  found  fort  life  at 
Olcanngan  intolerably  dull.  ]Iis  men  were  j)art  Cana- 
dians and  part  Kanakas;  the  latter  suffered  severely 
IVom  the  cold,  to  which  they  were  unaccustomed.  The 
snow,  which  was  two  or  three  feet  dee[),  prevented 
distant  excursions,  and  the  fort  boasted  few  books. 
Time  was  divided  between  sleeping,  masticating  horse- 
iicsh,  sij)ping  rum  and  molasses,  and  smokiiig.  The 
natives  were  pronoiuiced  too  lazy  to  trap. 

Wlien  JMcKenzie  and  John  Stuart  had  comjtleted 
then' business  at  Spokane,  they  proceeded  with  Clarke 
to  Okanagan,  where  they  arrived  the  1  fitli  of  Dcccm- 
l>cr.     There  they  were  joined  by  David  Stuart,  who 


■ 


1^1 

III 


*1; 


240 


UNDER  THE  NORTHWEST  COMPANY'S  REOIME. 


had  brouglit  the  men  clown  from  Shuslnvap.  Accnm- 
])aniod  by  lloss  all  now  ssct  out  for  the  lower  Colum- 
bia. On  reaching  the  Cascades,  as  was  now  becominLj 
customary,  the  jjarty  was  attacked  and  one  man 
woun(le<l.  David  Stuart  and  Clarke  remained  l)ehind 
with  the  loaded  canoes,  while  John  Stuart  and  Me- 
Kenzie  hastened  on  to  Fort  (leorgc,  where  they  ar- 
rived the  7th  of  .fanuaiy  1814." 

A  few  days  belbre,  those  who  had  been  sent  by  the 
7^acitic  Fur  Couipany  to  winter  on  the  Willamette 
returned.     Xothinsx    had    been    heard    from     Kced's 
party,   who  were    amonijf    the    Shoshones,  and   fea's 
were  beuinninu'  to  be  entertained  i'ov  their  safetv^ 

After  thus  cjatherini^  the  spoil,  and  jdantinij  new 
engineries  for  I'urtlier  harvests,  the  next  step  of  the 
Northwest  Coni])any  was  to  despatch   two  of  their 


1 


)artiiers,  James   Keith  and  Alexander  Stuart,  with 


seventeen'  men,  all  they  thought  they  should  re(|uire, 
to  carry  the  t^ratifyinjj;'  iiitellijjfence  of  their  new  ac- 
(juisition  to  Fort  William  on  Lake  Superior.     Thy 


were  likewise  to  cause  i)re})arations  to  be  made  aloni,' 
the  route  for  the  acconnnodation  of  a  larger  party, 
the  i-eturn  wave  of  the  Astor  adventure,  the  follow- 
iniL!;"  spring-.  J^ikcMise  the  fate  of  Heed's  party  wa>, 
if  possible,  to  be  ascertained. 

Keitli  and  Stuart  embarked  in  two  cnnoos  tln^  .")d 
of  .lanuiuy.  J^efore  leavini^  tli<^  Ibrt,  they  were 
earnestly  julvised  not  to  nntU'rtake  the  expedition 
with  so  lew  men.  Jiut  the  eyes  of  their  littK'  wi»rld 
were  upon  them.  There  had  been  boastinu^s  and  taunts 
between  the  sei'vaiits  of  the  two  companies,  as  N* 
their  cespectiNc  kiiowledj^i',  skill,  and  bravery  as  fui- 
hunters,  ;iiid  fiiends  and  eiu-mii's  alike  weiv  now  to  be 
shown  a  thini;  or  tw(t.  l^efore  reachintr  the  Cascadts 
they  met  the  party  undi-r  McKenzie  and  John  Stuart, 


wl 


io   interpose< 


d 


mother   wai'nin^. 


Wliat    do    you 


dill 


'  Fdlldwinj.t  I'oss;  EraiU'lirrc  wiys  the  iiKirnin,:,'  of  tin-  (itli.    Hut  llii-sc  little 


(Tcin'i'M  ari'  wlidl 


ly  iinini)iiii'ta)it.  ami  iis  :i  rr.1(!  1  take  no  imticL-  uf  tlici 


Acii ailing  to  Ciix  ;  IJiisji  nays  twenty  ;  Fraiic'I\i.re,  llftccn. 


i 


WAR  AT  THE  CASCADES. 


Sit 


take  us  for?  We  know  the  woods;  we  are  Xorth- 
westersl"  was  the  reply.  And  on  they  went,  making 
the  forest  ring  witli  their  merry  bravado. 

When  ^[elvenzie  reported  at  Fort  George  tlio 
late  determined  attack  at  the  Cascades,  ^IcDonidd 
became  alarmed,  and  ordered  Franchere  with  a  guide 
and  eiglit  go')d  fighting  men,  well  armed,  to  hasten 
forward  to  the  assistance  of  the  eastward  boimd.  In 
less  than  two  hours  after  ^fcKenzie's  airival,  Fran- 
cher.'  was  on  his  way;  but  he  was  too  late.  ]]efore 
he  could  reach  them  the  party  hid  been  attacketl,  and 
Alexander  Stuait  I. .ally  woundeck 

'^I'lie  canoes  a:id  a  portion  of  ihe  goods  had  l)een 
conxeved  to  the  landiuLf  above,  where  Stuart  waited 
for  Keith  to  come  up  with  th*  men  loaded  with  the 
remainder.  It  was  then  that  o  native  seizid  a  bag  of 
I'fi'ects  guarded  by  Stuart,  "ho  innnediately  pursued 
r.e  lliief,  and  secureil  the  baj-.  Ihit  in  returnin<>-  ho  was 
.surrounded  by  savages,  who  fiivd  upo  i  him,  sending 
out  arrow  into  his  shoulder,  and  into  his  side  aiu)ther 
Mhich  would  have  proved  fatal  had  thi;  i)oint  not 
struck  against  a  stosie'  pipe  which  was  in  his  jxicket. 
Stuart  levelled  his  gun,  but  being  wet  it  missed 
fire.  Again  he.  levelled  it,  and  shot  the  nearest  as- 
sailant dead.    By  this  time  the  c»thers  were  upon  him, 


and 


he    won 


hi 


soo 


n  have  bi-tii  desj)atched   had   not 


sevei-al  rushe<l  to  his  assistance.  Another  native  was 
killed,  and  tlie  n-st  i"etire<l  to  their  boats  and  ci'ossed 
the  river.  I'ri'scntly  was  seen,  howev/r,  a  swarm  of 
canoes  filled    with   warriors  ci-ossing  li-om   the  other 


lie.     .\.nd  all  that  remained  for  the  tra\ellers  now  t 


o 


do  was  to  abandon  the  goods  and  one  canoe,  ai\d  with 
the  other  to  dr«t[>  down  the  rapids  and  sa\e  them- 
selves. This  thi'V  did.  mu>teiing  In  low  all  their  num- 
ber but  (»ne,  an  eastern  Indian,  win*  was  burning  to 
have  a  shot  or  two  at  his  westei'U  bi-i-threu.  'i'he 
paity  waited  for  him  as  long  as  was  safe,  and  then 
i\hiet;inny  proceeded.     I*'tirtimately,  the  bra\e  fellow 

Uui.  N.  \V.  CuAHr,  Vol.  II.    IG 


i':i 


11 

11 

"i 

3(1 

1 

IP 

i 

fci 

242 


UNDER  THE  NORTHWEST  COMPANY'S  PEGIME. 


found  lii.s  way  to  the  factory,  but  in  a  sad  plight. 
Wiion  lie  found  liiniself  abandoned,  lie  dodged  from 
rock  t)  rock  until  ho  gained  the  woods;  but  while  on 
his  way  the  Hint  from  his  gun  di'opped  out,  and  he 
was  on  the  Ycrgc  of  starvation.  Then  he  was  inado 
]irisoner  at  a  village  below,  and  was  ransomed  by  his 
friends  at  the  fort. 

Mr  8tuart's  wounds  were  painful,  and  for  a  time 
considered  dangerous.  Too  late  they  saw  their  error, 
and  in  not  the  best  of  spirits  they  i)addled  d(j\vn  the 
river.  They  had  not  ]>roceeded  far  when  they  met 
Franchere,  sent  to  their  assistance,  and  all  i-eturnt'd 
to  Fort  (Jreo.:-ge,  where  they  arrived  the  Dtli  of  January 
at  sunrise. 

For  obvious  reasons  the  white  men  could  not  per- 
mit tliiH  outrage  to  pass  unnoticed.  Amongst  the 
abandoned  [>roperty  wi're  firty  guns  and  a  (juantity  of 
auimunition,  which  it  was  not  safe  to  leave  in  the 
hands  oC  the  plunderei's.  Again,  it"  tlielt  should  be- 
come jirofitable,  there  would  l)e  no  sal'ety  fir  the  prop- 
erty ol*  the  white  man.  Xor  yet  would  tliei-e  be  Ibr 
his  life,  if  he  indicted  ])Uiiishment  in  siuli  a  manner  as 
to  stir  up  revenge.  No  doubt  it  would  be  most  pleas- 
ing to  these  fnr-hunters  to  iiivaiK'  the  (  'ascaiK;  country 
in  surticient  force  to  assess  a  tliousand  lives  Ibr  each 
<tt'  Stuart's  wounds.  J>ut  tliey  knew  well  enougli 
that  a  serious  light  would  bring  on  a  gem-ral  war, 
which  would  prove  the  end  of  all  their  glittering 
prospects. 

To  pi''ty  and  the  pocket,  jiassion  must  ever  be  sac- 
ritieed.  Jlenci',  while  this  ailair  should  not  be  passed 
by  unnotice',  thei'i>  nuist  l)e  no  great  bloodsjied,  f tr 
the  more  savages  killed,  the  more  there  would  be  to 
pay  ibr. 

Summoning  the  nnti'.e  chiefs  in  that  \i<Inity,  a 
grand  council  was  helil  at  Foi't  ( reorgt",  and  di|ilomati(^ 
war  declared.  Tlie  (  hinooks  nothing  loath  accejiti'd 
an  invitation  to  join  the  pai'ty.  I  nder  conunand  of 
McTavish   si,\ty-tv/o    jnen,   armed    rcji-a-pic,   in    si.K 


TREATY  OF  PEACE. 


243 


canoes  carrying  a  small  In-a.s.s  cainioii,  embarked  on 
the  lOtli,  and  the  third  day  landed  on  Strawberry 
Island  near  the  foc^t  of  the  raj»ids. 

The  arm}'  now  ibimd  itself  without  provisions, 
chiefly  on  account  of  not  h  .  "inij:  brou'dit  anv.  Jly 
scouring  the  banks  below,  tu^y^  were  able  to  purchase 
forty  five  dogs  and  one  horse,  which  were  brought  in 
triumph  to  camp,  and  the  stomach  of  the  expedition 
was  stayed. 

Business  being  next  in  order,  a  party  was  sent  fo  - 
ward  to  reconnoitre.  The  villages  were  deserted,  but 
certain  stragglers  were  encountered,  who  were  in- 
ibrmed  that  if  the  stolen  j)roperty  was  not  innnedi- 
ately  restored,  the  nation  should  be  annihilated;  and 
by  Avay  of  illustration  the  cannon  was  lired.  "  Two  of 
our  people  have  been  killed,"  ie[)lied  the  chiefs  wluu 
told  of  this.  "J^eliver  us  the  nuu'derers,  and  we  will 
give  you  back  all  yoiu-  property." 

McTavish  tlien  sent  an  invitation  to  the  chiefs  to 
])arley  and  smoke,  but  the  childlike  savnges  resi)ect- 
fully  declined.  Next  heundertook  to  catch  a  chief,  and 
in  this  he  was  more  successful.  Inviting  one  after  an- 
other of  the  conunon  IniUans  to  smoke,  he  j)ermitt('d 
them  to  depart,  until  the  prin('i}>al  chief  \enturrd 
in,  when  he  was  seized,  iirndy  bound,  and  a  guard 
placed  o\er  him. 

"Now,"  cried  the  white  men,  "bring  in  the  stolen 
goods,  or  your  chief  dies."  .V  distant  howl  w;is  lu-ard, 
and  pi'esentiy  tin;  phuxlei-  came  jxiuring  in  until  all 
the  guns  and  altout  one  third  of  the  rest  of  the  arti- 
cles were  rt'cove'.ed.  Then,  as  thi'V  could  get  no  more, 
it  was  tinally  decreed  lliat  the  natives  might  have  the 
lemainder  in  payment  for  their  two  killed.  The  jiris- 
omi'  was  accoidingly  i-elcised,  mid  a  Hag  given  liin), 
which,  if  he  wishi'd  to  signal  peace,  he  was  to  present 
unfurli'd;  and  if  lu>reafter  any  naliNe  approached  good ^ 
in  transit,  he  should  surely  be  shot.  Then  all  retuiiii'd 
to  the  fort,  which  Ihev  reached  the  'I'M.  The  truth 
is,  some  such   course  was   the  onlv  sale   one  at  the 


244 


UNDER  TIIK  NORTHWEST  COMPANY'S  REGIME. 


time;  but  the  Chinook  chiefs  were  ashamed  of  their 
white  friends'  cowanHce. 


Tlie  post  upon  the  Willamette*  was  now  in  chart^e 
of  Alexauiler  ]fenrv,  and  thither  until  the  siirin-j: 
l)ri<j;a(le  should  start,  i'e})aired  the  remnant  of  the 
Astor  adventure.  It  was  a  })]ace  of  i'at  things  and 
ieastings,  a  ])la('e  in  that  <lay  notoiious  for  gorman- 


I 


<li/jnu',  as  J^oss  savs,  w 


hieh  even  before  the  era  of 
agriculture  furnishe<l  tlie  fur-hunters  throughout  the 
wliole  Cohunbia  region  well  niurh  all  thev  hatl  in  the 


di 


siiaoc   o 


sannon  a 


f  del 
nd  d 


leaeies,   ui 


dess  hunsjfer   had   made    dried 


oiX-mea 


t  del 


icaeies. 


Ifunt 


ers  were  con- 


stantly kept  there  to  bring  in  deer  and  elk,  anil  men 
to  dry  the  meat  for  the  use  of  the  laetoiy. 

For  the  remainder  of  the  winter,  alter  a  trip  to  the 
Willamette,  Fi-anchere  was  employed  in  visiting  at 
intervals  the  tishing-stations  of  the  natives,  and 
ti'ading  for  salmon,  some  of  which  were  sent  fresh 
to  the  fort,  and  the  remainder  salted  and  bari'clled. 
Notwithstanding  advantageous  offers  fr(»m  tlieXortli- 
v'est  Comjnmy,  Franchere  made  his  linal  departure 


wi 


th  th 


le  si)rnn>'  oriiiatie 


i 


di 


jNTeanwhile,  Governor  John  ^IcDonald,  he  of  the 
crooki'd  arm,  sought  in  vai-ious  ways  to  better  tlie 
condition  of  things.  The  site  of  the  fort  he  thought 
had  been  badly  chosen,  and  after  a  close  surviy  of 
both  baiiks  of  the  liver  for  some  distance  abovi',  he 
concluded  the  headland,  wiiich  the  Astoi'ians  had 
called  Tongue  ]\iint,  to  be  tlu'  Ix'ttei-  situ;>tion.  Soil 
and  di'ainage  there  were  good;  on  either  side  natuii^ 
had  ]>laced  a  cove  which  sheltered  boats;  ajiil  protec- 
tion from  enemies  by  land  or  sea  was  better  there.  J  n 
the  brain  of  "j^reat  men  are  ensTrendered  ureat  ideas. 

^'I'l;('  cxiict  locality  of  tliis  t'stiiMisliiiiriit  is  nowlicro  jfiven.  ]'"i'.'iiiclii'n'.  in 
visiting!  it  in  1S14,  wiys,  after  l■!ls^illJJ;  tiic  falls.  '  'I'iic  liaiiks  on  fitlursidc  wno 
IcirdcK'il  with  fiPicst-trt'cs,  liut  luliiiid  tliiit  narriw  l)i'lt,  dive  rsiliid  wi.li 
jiraiiic,  tlu  laiidscaiii  .vfis  lua^'niliccnt;  tin;  hills  vcri'  of  niodciati'  fli'\ation, 
tmd  rising'  in  an  iinijiliitiii'atri'.'  J'"roni  wliidi  dtsci  iption  oni'  would  infi  r  ilio 
Btatioii  to  huvu  Lea  in  tlic  viciuity  of  wlicrc  now  i«  bitualcd  Coivallitt. 


easti:rn-]iouxd  brigade. 


24o 


This  ])innacle  should  he  (.•leared,  and  on  it  a  fortress 
raised  M'hieh  should  he  the  (jihraltar  of  tlie  Northwest 
Coast.  An  engineer  mounted  the  rampart  and  walked 
over  the  ground;  work  was  hegun;  great  guns  and 
hig  l)]aek  balls  were  ordered;  then  the  project  was 
abandoned. 

Governor  John  ISIcDonald  likewise  desired  greatlv 
to  map  out  a  plan  which  should  regulate  the  trade  of 
the  Columbia  as  the  railway  train  is  ruled,  by  time- 
tables; but  contlict  of  opinion  prevented  this,  an<l 
therefore  this  gentleman  determined  to  leave  the 
coast  with  the  spiing  brigade.  Here  end  the  achieve- 
ments of  John  McDonald  on  these  Pacific  shores. 


It  was  a  grand  afraii-,this  journey  of  the  first  Xorth- 
west  brigade  from  the  moutli  of  the  Columbia  to  Fort 
AVilliam  and  ^lontreal;  it  was  at  once  a  triumph  and  a 
dead-march.     Ten  canoes,  five  of   bark   and  five  of 


1. 


ciAli'i'.  eacn  carivmu'  a  creAv  oi   sevi'U  anc 


f 


d  t 


wo    ] 


>as- 


sengers,  ninety  in  all,"  and  all  well  ai'med,  end>arked 
at  i'ort  Cecjrge  on  !Mond;iy  moi'ning,  the  4th  of  April 
1814.  Of  the  l>arty  were  John  (ieorge  ^IcTavish, 
John  McDonald,  John  Stuart,  J)avid  Stuart,  Clarke, 
^fcKenzie,  Pillot,  AVallace,  ^IcCillis,  Franchere,  and 
otheis,  some  of  whom  were  destined  I'or  the  U])per 
statit»ns.  Short  was  the  leave-taking  lor  S(»  large  a 
i'ompany,  foi'  there  were  now  not  many  left  at  the  fort 
to  say  farewell.  The  voyageurs  donned  their  broadest 
I'nmiets;  ai-ms  wire  glittering,  ilags  fiying,  the  guns 
sounded  their  adieu,  and  midst  ringing  cheers,  in 
gayest  mood  the  ]>arty  rounded  Tongue  Point,  and 
jihiced  their  breiist  against  the  current. 

Peaching  the  fiist  fall  tlie   loth  and  there  buying 
and  devouriii,v  thirty  doLjs  and  lour  hoi-scs,  the  sink- 

*1'()88,  Fur  Jhdilt  -s,  i.  17,  lilaces  these  figures*  at  one  liuiulred  ami  tueiity- 
>ur   iiini   ill    foiirti'ci    liuats;    but    1    iiotiit^    Mr   Itoss'  liLrmcs  t\v  usiiallv 


f. 

biiiiiiwliat  alxive  th 


rl'  <>tli< 


.1 


uTM,  and  iiiiiiiv  <it   his  cxiinsyKiiis  likewise  siiiiiii 
.'eiateil,   «o  tliut    a    I'aivtul    writer  iiatiiialiv  makes  hciiiie  i:ilii\\aiiie    in 


leiieatinj,'  tliem. 


In  th 


IS  lustaniv  there  may  jiossilply  liave  been  tmir  earn"  s 


ml  tliiity-fcnir  men  (hstined  for  iHli'     rui'ts  not  lueiitiuueU  by  uiiy  other  iiur 
lulor,  but  it  u  huidly  [iiuhublc. 


140 


uxi)i:r:  the  xortiiwest  c()Mpaxvs<  regime. 


insf   of    ^rc'I'avisli's    c 


moo   nv 


xt    (l 


IV  in  < 


1()U1)1 


mtr  a 


point  of  lock,  the  accidental  slio(,tin,i4"  of  ono  of  their 
miiultcr  nt  llio  Dalles  so  that  he  dii'd.  the  ariival  at 
Walla  Walla  the  Kith  and  the  purcliasiiii^  there  for 
fo()<l  (»f  more  doL;s  and  horses,  were  among  the  chief 
incidents  of  the  vovoLje. 

But  now  a  more  momentous  story  must  l)c  told. 
Soon  after  passing  llie  Yakima  l^iver,  not  far  ahove 
the  mouth  of  Snake  IJiver,  three  canoes  shot  from 
the  shore  and  a  child's  voice  was  heard  crving,  .irrctcz 
ili'iiv!  nrrrtcz  (huh-!  The  Jtarty  stopped,  and  found, 
to  their  surprise,  in  one  of  the  boats  the  wife  and 


cliildi'en  o 


f    I 


U'l'i'e 


Di 


oiion,  who,  it  wi 


11  1 


»e  I'emem- 


hered,  had  attended  as  hunter  the  expedition  of  .John 
Heed,  sent  the  summer  previous  by  !NrcI)ougall  to 
tlie  Shoshone  region  to  procure  food  and  transporta- 
tion across  the  mountains  for  the  eastern-lxnmd  bri- 
g:id(\  ^Ir  ]»eed  was  likewise  to  join  the  hunters, 
J  Loback,  liezner,  and  liobinson,  h'ft  by  limit  and 
Crooks  in  tlie  vicinity  of  Fort  lleni'v,  and  with  them 
to  tra[)  beavei'.  In  Ifeed's  party  weit"  live  Canadians : 
Ltuidrie,  ]jc  (Merc,  Turcot,  Delauny,  and  Chapelk", 
1c  sides  Piern^  Dorion  and  his  wife  and  children.  The 
woman  now  informed  the  company,  that  of  them  all 
s'le  and  her  cliikh-i'ii  aloiK?  i-eii-./metl  alive. 

I'heii  she  went  on  and  tohl  how  the  jvirty  had 
reached  Snake  IJiver  in  August  and  had  built  a  liouse 
there;  how  they  trai)ped  beaver  all  the  autumn;  how 
Laiidrie  had  died  from  the  I'all  of  a  hor.se,and  DL'launv 


had 


teen  Ivl 


lied 


w 


lile  traiii)in«>',  and  how 


'I'l 


o' 


lat^ 


in  Sc 


t-Miiber,  ]  loback,  liobiiison,  and  IJeziier  had  conu' 
iiit«)  camjt  in  a  pitiable  coiKhtion,  having  been  stri|)ped 
of  t'Veryt  hing  by  the  savages. 

Not  liking  that  locality,  IJeed  moved  u]>  the  riv»^rand 
built  another  house  to  winter  in.  Shortlv  afterward 
IMerie  Dorion  and  family,  with  llezner  and  Le  Clerc, 
\  eiit  some  four  days'  journey  to  a  jdace  where  beaver 
Were  plentil'i'.l,  and  there  erected  a  hut.  The  woman 
ked  and  ihessed  the  skins  while  the  men  trapped. 


ro(t 


MADAMK  DORIOX'S  TALE. 


m 


They  were  very  successful,  jind  ivLCardcd  the  natives 
as  iVioiidly,  until  one  ovonini,'  in  Januaiy  Lc  Clorc 
sta'jfu-crod  into  the  liut  niortallv  ^V(>und(•d.  JFoliad 
barely  sti'eni^th  to  tell  the  woman  that  her  husband 
and  liczner  had  been  wounded  by  the  savaj^vs,  when 
he  expired." 

What  could  the  pale-fiiced,  bedizened  danic  of  our 
civilization  have  done  in  such  an  enKT<'encv  f  With 
the  characteristic  self-|)ossessioii  and  energy  of  the 
native  American  in  times  of  danu^er,  this  woman 
})auscd  not  an  instant  to  mourn  this  cruel  blow,  but 
actinn'  on  maternal  instinct,  she  mounted  herself  and 
boys  on  two  horses,  and  tied  toward  the  establishment 
of  lieed.  How  she  listened  and  treudiled  as  slio 
hastened  forwai'd,  fancyini^  every  sound  the  sij^iial  (»f 
approaching  d(\'ith.  Wlien  she  saw  savat^es  galh)pinL;' 
in  the  distance,  she  would  draw  her  treasures  under 
cover,  and  hidi'  there  until  the  way  was  clear  aiLjain. 
A  little  food  she  brouii'ht  with  hei',  but  sometinu's  all 
night  she  was  without  lire  or  water.  The  fourth  day 
s!ie  reai'hed  lieed's.  There  accumulated  hoirois  met 
her.  "j'he  house  was  burned,  the  place  deserted,  and 
the  bloodd)espattered  gi'oinul  told  too  plainly  how 
and  why.     ]\eed  and  the  rest  had  been  massacred! 

What  could  the  poor  woman  now  do!*  Where 
were  they  waiting  and  watehing  who  shouM  destroy 
her  and  her  two  precious  boys:*  There  was  no  time 
for  wailing.  Toward  the  ]:>lue  ^Fountains,  now  white; 
with  dee[>  snow,  she  fled,  and  biu'ied  heiself  then;  for 
the  wintei-,  [tutting  up  baik  and  a  few  skins  which 
she  had  brought  with  her   for  }>n)tection  from  the 

"Tt  i-<  piiro  vniiiniu'o  on  tlio  pnrt  f)f  Irvin<;  t"  jil.'icc  tliis  poor  fi'Ilow  mi 
limsiliiuk  ,111  1  i'llt  liiiii  limiilily  t'nr  tlii'i'f  (l:i\.-i  licfuio  he  |urniit.s  liiiii  In  ilir. 
Sre  .l.i/o/VK,  4'.*.');  ('i)x'-<  < '"hniiliiii  It'in  i\'l.  'l'iS\  I'lilinh' ri'<  S "  r.,'l~\.  \o^--, 
A<li\,  'J7!>,  us  usual  j^'i'ts  iiuittcrs  l):i(lly  inixcil,  killiiii,' ( 'lia|i<!li!  \vitli  ])(iiiii:i 
mill  Jiiviicr.ainl  iicriiiittiiii;  tlic  iiia<lam  tn  i  iilo  tliiie  ilays  liccau.sc  uf  a  tViu'lit  i.  - 
rtivcil  iVoiii  11  tVii'iiilly  lii'liaii  licfiiri'  slic  sccm  Ijc  CIitc  at  all.  If  is  aiiiusii;',' 
tn  cuMipaic  (lill'i'i'iut  acrouiit.s  i)f  the  saiii''  story,  all  ^'atliiTcd  Ironi  l)ut  oiu! 
cri^ziiuil  narrator.  Tli<'si>  tliiiiLjs  illustrate,  iicm  rtlicli  ss,  the  siioii;.y  tiniinla- 
titiiis  of  all  history.  In  tilling'  tlii.s  story,  Irviir^  lakis  wliulf  si  atciiriM 
vt'i'liatiiii  troiii  lloss  and  <  'o.\  without  a  sign  of  ackiiowlL'(lgni(.'nt ;  tlioMi;  bu«jkH, 
however,  were  little  iviul  in  Ameriea  in  Irving's  ilay. 


248 


UNDER  THE  NORTHWEST  COMPANY'S  REGIME. 


M- 


fold,  iind  liillii)!^  the  horses  for  food.  Theiiee  in  the 
sprin^jf  she  descended  to  tlie  Walhi  Wulhis,  who  treated 
her  kindly,  and  it  was  they  who  were  now  with  her. 

Tliis  was  her  true  story.  What  fiction  shall  equal 
it?  There  is  not  a  douht  that  this  wholesale  butch- 
ery Mas  in  retaliation  for  the  unjust  hanging  done 
Ity  Clarke  for  the  stealini^  of  his  drinking-cup.  So 
much  of  evil  in  this  wilderness  life  may  one  sense- 
less act  of  a  vain  and  shallow-headed  man  bring  upon 
his  fellows!  The  hos[)itality  of  the  kind-hearted 
Walla  Wallas  was  well  rewarded  bv  the  travellers, 
who  also  jiresented  the  poor  woman  with  certain  com- 
forts, and  then  continued  their  wav. 

Alter  leaving  some  of  the  party  at  their  respective 
posts,  on  the  18th  of  April  the  brigade  passed  l*iiests 
llapids,  and  arrived  on  the  2.'}(1  at  Okanagan  where 
were  ^tc(  jJillivray,  Iloss,  and  MontiLfny  who  had  taken 
service  with  the  Northwest  Company,  l^eembarking 
the  same  da}',  the  brigade  reached  Kettle  Falls  on  tlie 
2!)th.  Here  John  Stuart  and  Clarke,  who  had  left 
tlie  ])arty  nine  days  previous  for  Spokane,  to  procure 
horses  and  provisions,  returned  unsuccessful. 

The  l)rigadc  then  divided,  ^FcDonald,  John  Stuart, 
and  jNtcKonzie  going  forward  in  order  to  send  horses 
and  supplies  from  the  east  side  of  the  mountains. 
Two  days  after,  Alexander  Stuart  joined  the  company, 
on  his  way  to  Slave  Lake,  his  old  wiiitering-]»lace, 
for  the  i)uri)ose  of  brin<>in<j:  his  family  to  tiie  Colum- 
bia.  Tlien  they  continued,  until  the  11th  of  ^fay 
saw  them  at  (\inoe  River.  Ascending  this  stream 
to  the  end  of  canoe  naviu^ation,  thev  landed  where 
Thompson  had  wintered  in  18  10-1 1 ,  secured  the  boats, 
and  divided  the  baggage  and  provisions  among  the 
men,  now  reduced  in  number  to  twenty-four,  each 
ha\  ing  lifty  pounds  to  carry.  Such  articles  as  could 
not  be  carried  were  cached. 

Next  day,  the  I'ith,  the  march  across  the  moun- 
tains to  the  hea<l-waters  of  the  Athabasca  River  was 
begiui.      Following   the   stream   upward,    first   they 


THE  MOUNTAIN  PASS. 


2ia 


vaded  some  swamps,  tlien  traversed  a  dense  fon.'st, 
eiuer^iuiL^  fVoiii  wliich  they  iiniiid  themselves  ujxui 
tlie  gravelly  bank  of  Canoe  liiver.  Owini,'-  to  the 
bluH's  which  rose  at  intervals  on  either  side  ir(»m  the 
water's  ed<j[e,  they  were  obliij^ed  to  cross  tht;  stream, 
which  here  is  very  swift  and  often  up  to  the  neck, 
ten  times  in  one  day.  Four  or  live  feet  of  snow  lay 
upon  the  slope,  which  they  were  now  oblijj^ed  to  face, 
and  softened  as  it  was  by  the  sun  the  ascent  was  vi'iy 
difticult.  In  single  tile,  each  nuist  jdace  his  foot  in  the 
tiack  of  his  predecessor,  until  holes  were  made  two 
feet  in  depth. 

At  length  they  reached  an  open  space  which  the 
guide  pronounced  a  frozen  snow-coveretl  lake,  or  rather 
two  of  them,  the  waters  of  one  flowing  westward, 
and  the  waters  of  the  other  eastward,  situated  between 
two  rtjcky  eminences,  one  of  which  rose  like  a  fortress 
iifteen  hundred  feet  above  the  lake.  Mr  J,  Henry, 
the  discoverer  of  this  pass,  gave  it  the  name  of 
^[cGillivrav  Rock.  Their  route  was  now  through 
the  pass  and  tlown  the  Athabasca  liiver,  and  tliough 
fati''uii)Lir  was  not  remarkabk;.  On  the  17th,  thev  ar- 
livi'd  ;it  an  old  post  of  the  ^^orthwest  Company 
abandoned  some  (bur  years  previous,  and  two  days 
aftei-  they  reached  the  Rocky  ^Fountain  House,  then 
in  charLTi!  ()f  ^Ir  ])ecoii'ne,  where  thev  found  ^Fc- 
Donald,  Stuart,  anil  ^EcKenzie,  who  had  arrived  two 
days  before  them.  This  [)ost  was  more  a  })rovision 
depot  Ibr  the  sup[)lying  of  the  Xorthwest  Company''^ 
jieople  in  tlu'ir  passage  of  tlie  mountains,  than  a 
iur-hunting  establishment.  The  glittering  crystal  enii- 
m-nces  on  which  was  perched  the  curved-horn  moun- 
tain-goat, beyond  the  reach  even  of  hungry  wolvi;s  ; 
the'  dec  \  dense  forests,  snow-wliited  and  sepulclii'al ; 
tin;  rushing  streams,  laughing  or  i-aging  according 
as  their  progress  was  impeded;  the  roistering  torri'iit 
whicji  no  cold,  dead,  calm  breath  of  nature  c(»ul(l 
hush;  these  and  like  superlative  beauties  met  the  eye 
of  these  foot-sore  travellers  at  every  turn. 


sw 


UNDER  THE  NORTHWEST  fOMPANY'S  RECIME. 


It  was  not  the  l»L'st  of  liotils;  IkIiil,'  uiiMcriistoinrd 
to  so  liu'^a'  Ji  miinl)t'r,  it  »_*oiil(l  iiL'ithcr  i'wd  tluin  ikh- 
i'uniish  hark  lor  canoes.  Down  tlio  rivei'  at  an  old 
post  called  Hnnter's  Lodge,  Mr  Deeoigne  sai«l,  were 
canoes  en  cac/ic,  and  thither  the  party  proceedt'd  in 
such  hoats  as  tbcy  conld  improvise  ironi  skins  and 
sticks,  drowninsf  two  men,  however,  on  the  way,  and 
losing  part  of  their  eft'ects. 

Just  before  arriving  at  llnntcr's  Lodge,  wliich  was 
reached  on  the  28th,  they  met  a  messenger  wlio 
brought  letters  and  the  news.  Four  new  birchd>ark 
canoes  were  found  at  ] 'unter's  l^odge,  and  in  these 


the  jiarty  proceeded  on   the  JUst.     Then  down  th 


e 


Athal 


jasca,  aiKl  across 


1 


to  ]^c 


I{ 


eaver  itiver,  <lown  J>oaver 


1 


to  Moore  ]iiver,  and  uj)  that  stream  to  !Moore  Lake, 
thence  to  Fort  Vermilion  on  the;  Saskatchewan,  and 
down  pjist  Fort  !^^ontee  and  (Annberkind  J  louse  to 
Ku'dish  J^ake.  Across  this  they  went  to  laki's  ]^our- 
])on  and  Wiimipeg,  up  the  Winnipeg  Itlver  to  tiie 
]jake  of  the  AVtxxIs,  and  ovei"  the  })ortagc!  to  Foi't 
William,  where  they  arrived  on  the  14lh  of  July. 
And  here  we  will  leave  them  to  tind  their  si'Vei-al 
ways  to  ^lontreal  and  elsewhere,  and  return  to  our 
own  side  of  the  continent. 


In  less  than  a  fortnight  after  the  sjiring  bi'igade 
bad  taken  its  departuiv,  that  is  to  say,  the  ITtli  of 
April  1814,  the  long  looked  for  Isaac  Todd  crossed 
the  bar  and  anchored  before  Fort  (jleorge,  thlrtei-u 
months  fi'om  Fngland.  On  boai'd  as  j)assengers  wore 
Donald  ^fcTavish  and  a  new  John  ]\rc]^onidd,  net 
the  lute  go\ernor  of  the  fortress,  pai'tners ;  two  ]\rc- 
Tavishes,  one  Frazer,  and  one  ]\rcKenz;ie,  cK-rks,  and  a 
Doctor  Swan,  who  was  to  grace  the  fort  as  its  pliy>i- 
cian. 

One  of  th(^  ]\tacs,  doomed  to  the  perils  of  western 
life  yet  loath  all  at  once  to  relinquish  ev<'ry  creature 
comfort,  liad  brought  with  him  some  bottled  portei', 
canned  beef,  cheese,  and  a  blue-eyed,  ilaxen-haired 


MISS  .TA\F,  I'.AnXF-^. 


li'lllillt 


couipni 


ui')ii.     It  is  ;i  pitv  tluit  tlio  first  liiii 


»)- 


jtcaii  woman  to  stand  u[)on  the  l»anl\s  of  the  Coluniliia 
sliouM  have  Ix'on  of  so  (jiU'stionalde  a  cliai-actor.  A 
(lauiihtcr  of  Albion,  ^liss  Jam'   IJai-ncs   1)V  name — 


itl 


niav  It  bo  minio 


rtal — at  the  solicitations  of  tliis  yi, 


\c 


hail  rosij^ned  her  position  as  l)ar-niai(l  in  a  i*orts- 
niontli  hotel,  and  had  conio  to  this  land  of  donhtfnl 
jdeasurcs  and  i)roiits,  where  at  onee  she  hecaine  an 
ihjt'ct  of  the  deepest  interest  to  all.     AnythinLT  in 


the  similitude  of  eivili/ed  woman  eonld  ho 


dl 


eaii  ni>  in 


the  minds  f)f  some  the  tenderest  emotions.  The  more 
eai'iial- minded  were  scandalized  that  this  lecherous 
yiiw  should  so  far  break  the  laws  of  God  and  of  the 
]ronoral)lo  Northwest  Company,  as  to  form  an  unholy 
alhance  with  a  frail  fair  one  whose  father  was  no 
chief,  when  fur-tradin<»'  interests  <lemanded  duskiir 


relationships.     INIal 

von  |)leasc  of  native  maidens,  ai 


Ice    as    many  unmarried  wises  as 


1  tl 


le  tri'eat  interests 


nl'coimr'^ree  shall  i^uard  jouri^ood  name,  but  to  brint^ 
hither  a  white  mistress — what  will  the  savages  say  f 

Mi-i    ^FeDougall    was    envious,    for    pretty    Mi>s 
llanies  flaunted  a  new  fi'ock  almost  every  »l;i\  ;  father 


(' 


oiiicomly  ^vas  curious,  and  one  oi  Jus  sons  who 


I 


>f  h 


hi.d 


now  but  four  wives,  was  amorous,  wishinj;'  immediately 
to   niai-ry   her.     Arrayed    in   his   richest   rolu-s,   well 


h.'iin 


ti'd. 


aiK 


I  redolent  of  ''rease,  he  came  and  laid  at 


hei'  feet  the  oiferin*':  of  his  heai't.  One  hundre«l  sea- 
otter  skins  her  owner  should  have,  and  she  should 
never  cai'ry  or   di^'.      She   should    l»e    f(Ueen    of   the 

es    should    liuml)le 
Elk,    anchovii's,    and     fat 


Ch 


niiooks,  an< 


I   all    his    other   wiv 


themselves 


bet 


ore    Jiei 


salmon  should  be  heaju'd  upon  her  lap,  and  all  the 
llveloiiij^  day  she  should  sun  lierself  and  smoke. 


^iiss   Jiarnes  declint'<l  these  idval  overturt 


an< 


indeed,  she  found  the  society  o!"  the  ( 'olmnbia  uiisuiteil 
to  her  taste.  Slu>  therefoi'e  determined  to  return  t'» 
Kr<'4'land  and  bar-teuilint;-  by  the  ship  that  lirou^ht 
lier  out,  but  at  Canton  where  thi^  vessel  tou<'hed,  sim 
i  11  in  love  with  a  wealthy  Knu'li^h  uvntleman  t»f  the 


H   I 


\'i 


252 


UNDKK  THK  N()UTI[Wi:sT  CUMPANV'S  IlLfilMi:. 


]  foiioiuMt!  ICiist  India  ('oiMpimy,  mid  coiisi'iitcd  to 
grace  a  splendid  cstaltlislinu-iit  wliich  lie  <)U<,'ivd  licr. 
Till!  Isiidf  Titilil,  it  will  l)u  ivnu'Uilx'rcd,  puiti'd 
company  with  tJM!  tlirit;  other  l^ritish  war-sliips  oil' 
Cajte  Horn.  JJein^f  a  dull  sailer  and  heaten  hy  eon- 
tiary  winds,  she  did  not  reach  tlu;  rende/V(»us  at  .luan 
l'\'inan(K'Z  Island  until  the  othi-rs  had  sailed.  Con- 
tinuing thence  her  course  lor  the  Coluinhia  liiver, 
when  oif  Calit'oi-nia  she  loirnd  herself  ohliged  to  ]>ut 
into  the  port  ot"  Monterey  for  sui)[)lies.  There  the 
cai)tain  was  told  that  a  Ih'itish  man-of-war  had 
entered  San  Francisco  ]^ay  in  distress.  I'ntceeding 
thither,  he  found  this  vessel  to  he  no  other  than  the 
Ji'fcnfon,  which,  on  leaving  the  (.'olumhia,  had  several 
times  struck  ho  heavily  as  to  cany  away  part  of  her 
ialse-keel,  and  cause  her  so  to  leak  that  she  reached 
her  pr'es(>nt  anchorage  with  seven  feet  of  water  in  the 
hold.  i'in<ling  it  impossihlo  to  repair  her,  (Ja[)tain 
IJlack  had  detei-niined  to  ahandon  the  linccoon,  and  t 


o 


ce 


jiroceed  through  Mexico  to  theWest  Indies,  and  then 
to  Kngland;  hut  vJien  the  li«uic  Toi/d  arrived  to  his 
assistance',  meaiis  were  found  to  cai'eeii  the  vessel  and  to 
}>ut  her  in  good  sailing  ordi-r.  With  -which  charitable 
dei^l  accomplished,  the  Isaac  2\td<l  slowly  [)loughed 
northward  to  the  C(»lunibia,  while  the  liaccooii  took  to 


the  h 


il 


;k 


•roail  seas  seeKuiLr  wiiom  slie  mii>' 


••ht  de 


)Vour, 


!Mr  Donald  !McTavisli,  just  ariived  by  the  Isaac 
Todd,  was  one  of  the  oldest  })ro[)rietors  in  the  N(jrth- 
west  ('om[»any.  For  many  years  he  had  boon  the 
])rin(ipal  manager  of  inteiior  affairs,  and  had  now 
come;  hither  for  the  purpose  of  properly  organizing 
this  new  de[)artment  of  the  Columbia.  He  was  a 
bold,  blunt  man,  sincere  as  p  friend,  undisguised  as 
all  enemy.  ]  [e  had  realized  (juite  a  fortune  i'rom  tlie 
]»rotits  of  the  fur-conipanv,  had,  in  fact,  I'etired;  and 
\\  hen  lu!  had  irxplored  this  late  vast  ac(piisition  it  was 
his  intention  to  cross  the  continent  to  Canada,  and 
thunco  to  his  estate  in  Scotland. 


TRIAL  AND  KXECUTION. 


2;;,'i 


Alxnit  ii  moiitli  afti'i'  Ills  arrival,  a  case  canio  up 
wliich  well  illustrates  the  t'ur-hunters'  iiietiiocl  of  iu- 
llictii\;^  justice. 

( )n  ili«!  rivtr  two  niilcs  hack  of  tlio  fort  was  a  cliar- 
c(ial-|»it,  where  was  eni[)lnve(la  half-witted  niau  called 
.ludLfe.  He  was  i'roni  J'ostoii,  and  had  ci'ossed  (he 
coMtineiitin  Hunt's  pai'ty,  sull'erinjj;'  ho  severely  on  the 
wav  as  to  afl'ect  his  reason.  One  <lav  this  noor  fellow 
was  found  dead,  his  lu'ad  having"  heen  split  o[)en  with 
his  (»wn  axe.  1'he  Jud!.,^!  was  a  harniless  man;  no 
i\ason  ( ould  he  assiLfued  for  the  murder. 

All  the  nei^hhorini^  chiefs  were  sununone<l  hy 
]\IeTavish  to  assenihle  immediately  at  the  fort.  They 
came  th(.'  next  day;  the  matter  was  discussed,  and  a 
reward  oifered  for  the  murderer.  Alter  some  timi; 
liad  elaj)se(l,  the  Clatsop  chief  informe<l  MeTavisli 
that  if  he  would  send  men  to  his  villai^e  he  could 
jMiint  (»ut  thost!  who  did  the  deed,  I'or  there  were  two 
of  them,  though  not  of  his  trihe.  With  no  small 
iiiaiKi'Uvi'iiiL^,  the  seizure  of  the  accused  was  accom- 
plished, and  they  were  brouLjht  hound  to  the  fort. 

Ajid  n(jw  a  day  was  tlxed  for  trial,  and  at  tlu^  time 
!ip|M)inte(l  the  chiefs  with  their  wives  assembled  in  the 
]iir'''e  din  in' '-hall,  and  the  prisoners  were  hrouo-ht  foitli. 
^Vitnesses  were  cxaminetl,  when  it  was  ascertained 
that  two  years  previous  one  of  the  prisoners  had  at- 
tiinpted  to  steal  somethinj.^  Irom  a  tent  in  which  was 
llic  .ludi^e,  who,  wlien  the  thief  thrust  in  his  hand, 
cut  it  with  his  knife.  XursinL,^  his  revenufc,  at  length 
the  time  came,  and  the  deed  was  accomplished.  The 
murderers  wei-e  unanimously  pronounced  guilty,  and 
sentenced  to  he  shot  nex.t  mornini»',  which  was  done. 
Amidst  loud  lamentations  the  fiiends  took  up  their 
(Icul.  Mr  ^IcTavish  then  thaidied  the  chiif  men 
;ind  women  pivsent  for  tluir  attendance,  paid  the 
piomised  reward,  made  ])resents,  smoked  tlu;  calumet 
•  if  peace,  and  dismissed  the  jteople,  who  departed  v*eil 
satislicil  to  their  homes.  \Vas  not  this  a  hetter  way 
than  lor  thirty  oi-  forty  men   to  have  sallied  from  the 


284 


U\I)I:R  TIIK  NOIITIIWF.ST  COMPAN'YS  RIXJIME. 


lort  and  l>c'.(uii  tlio  work  nt"  iiuliscriniinato  sliiuufhtci-at 
the  first  villaii;''',  shooting  ilowii  iiiiion'ut  iiu'ii,  wi^incii, 
and  cliildnii  ior  a  criiuc  of  ^vllosl•  \cvy  rxistciioe  those 
thus  killed  Wire  not  uware,  and  all  iii  tlio  nainc  ot' 
humatiity  and  justice' 

Another  luuriler  trial  oanic  up  ahout  this  tir.io, 
lesulting  in  the  execution  of  two  natives  lor  killiuLf 
three  of  the  Pacilie  ('oin|).iny'.s  Uien  in  Is  1 1.  Aft.r 
thatconipanv  had  laid  down  its  authority  the  criminals, 
mIio  had  iled  at  the  time,  came  back  and  weie  <aji- 
tured  and  shot.  Some  of  the  trihos  not  i-elishjiiM- 
.such  .sunnnary  proceedings  were  going  t  >  war  ahout 
it,  hut  the  arrival  of  the  Isaac  l\>dd  distracted  tluir 
attention. 

Yet  a   more  inelanclioly  event   happened    shortly 


altei", 


1) 


onalil 


M.T 


J. 


•  \isli,  irom  wliom  was  now  i\- 


IK'C 


ted 


•SO  nUKil,  el 


ii)ark 


ed  ('Ue  (lay  Wltii  s|v  vovageu'- 


in  an  optii  l»o;it  for  the  opposite  side  of  the  river, 
\vliere  the  /scac  Toild  was  lying.  A  gale  was  h]o\  - 
in'>-  at  the  time,  and  when  ahout  the  middle  of  tlf; 


t  th 


il 


ream,  hy  some  mismanagi'nu'nt  tlie  saU  was  cauglit, 
and  the  hoat,  swinging  ronnd,  was  strm-k  hy  a  waxc 
wiiich  lilled  and  sank  it.     McTavish  and  all  the  creW 


but 


one  Were  (llo\\ne( 


d. 


Tin-  jiiTHPiit,  rontrcvillo  nr  Kiiaptun  Avas  oriLriii.'ilI;-  mIIpiI  TimM  Ray, 


tho  /> 


TikIiI' 


■1  aiiL'lioiiiii;  tlu'li'. 


'I'l 


ic  I'liptaiu 


ha  I 


st'llt   Wl.U 


1  f.-itl 


iiirii  at  Astciiiii  <■>  oiiiho  over  aii<l  f,'i't  tlic  p)(>ils  lie  Ii,ii|  di,  l"«iril  f'lv  tlicin.  as 
tin-  sliip  wtiA  ill  tin'  rivrr,  iilnl  flu^  oar"  >  was  to  In-  lUliviii  il  ul  tackli-'s  I'li  I. 


MiTi 


i\  ish  M  cumiiiI  was  Li  inaiu'c  tlir  i'a|itaili  tit  liiin;j;  Un'  vrs>(.'l  over  a 


.l<li 


Uh 


.1  Ast. 


Til.'  t< 


stiiiu'  wliii'li   tlii'i 


I'Us  I 


in  ivsliir.'- 


i' 


la>'i',  i-'all.-i  to  the  iiiiixl  i.l'  ivi'iy  vi.sitoi'  llu'  sii'l  cviuts. '   Jio'ivrU'  Jt'i  ■•uUiitioi. 
l.S.   ;](>. 


CHAPTER  XTI. 


rURTIIKR  OlMIitATlONS  OF  THE  NOIlTinVKSTIIRS. 

lS14-lsiO. 

iloss'  Ai)Vi.nt!'?:k-a  IV  tiik  Yakimv  V.vli.ev — Ro:.s  AxTEMrraTo  Rkacii  Tin; 
r.\Lirir— An  Aius  ai  Si-dkank— I'KUii.ors  I'usnuiN  (ik  tui;  t)KVNA(iA\ 
15i!i(iAi)K.— TiiE  Spokane  HiciiiAHE — Iv  Coi  x<il  at  Fhkt  (iKoiuii: — 
Kkitii  in  I'liMMANK— Ross  Sfkvkvs  tiik  Kntilvnck  to  the  Colimiua — 

AliMIMSTItAI'loN    (iK  .Ir.sTICK  — IIo-iTlI.ITIKS     IN   TIIK    \Vl  I.l.AMr.TIK     \'a1.- 

i.KV— SiKKKiiiNcsoKTiiK  l-.A.sTKK.N-i»>rNi>Huii;Ai>K  — Riiss  Kxa.minks  tiik 

Col  STUY    UKTWKEN   SlM  -^UWAr   AND   THE    R<M.KY    MoL  STAINS— DoNAUl 
McKENZIE  KSTABLIMIES  FuET  WaLLA  \VaLI_\. 


Ross,  ^r<rjil1ivniy,  and  ^routi-j^iiy  wo  left  at  Okaii- 
;iu;iii  Hit'  'J.'id  of  i\j»iil  I  s  1  4.  At  this  lort  tlici(>  wiit 
iKi  liMi'S(.'s  t(»  trans|»oi-t  inland  the  i;<>iids  Itnui^Iil  liy 
the  1)1  iijj'adc,  and  n<»n«'  wrif  nr;irfr  than  tiio  Yakiin.i 
A'.ilh  y,'  01U-  linndfi'il  niil«'>-  to  th<-  south-west.  Lloss 
li.id  lic'ii  in  this  vallry  Ir-Ioiv.  wliiK*  in  the  s(i'\ice  of 
\\\r  l*;iiilic  ('onipany;  hi-ncc  upon  him  <lc\dl\i'd  tlio 


tliily    of  l»tiii<_;iii'4    thrnro    a    >uii| 


.1\-    of 


ia( 


•k-1 


lorst's. 


Th(;  Va!<inia  \'all  '•  was  Hun  tin-  i^ri-at  ahoii^inal  I'oii- 


ilt'/\oii>,  whm  ihtiu  aiidsof  ('av 


use 


Ni/.  INi 


(•(.'S, 


an< 


iilh(  r  adjacrnt  triin-s  in»'t  i-vt-rv  spriuir  to'MtJKi-  thrii- 
yriirs  su]t[ti\  of  i'ainass,  and  /xfim,  a  fa\t»ritf  food  of 
1  lir  s\\  ctt-jtotato  kind,  whih*  thoii-  «-hi«'ls  luld  coiiiirils 
■  iiiil  drtcrniini'd  i\ui  policy  of  iM-aco  oi-  war  \\lii<h 
>-!ioiild  ;'ovi'rn  thrir  nmvonii  nts  until  thcv  sliould 
iii'xi  nuct.      Tlu-y  wt'iv  rich  and  liajipy  there,  has  iny 


loud 


Hid  clothes,  and  multitudes  of  hor 


('.illcd  in  tlidso  (l;iv^<  111''  IxMiitifiil  Fvakt  ma  V; 


Ri»~4  (mIIs  it   two  liMiiilii'l  milt' 


n.ill..-.;  Imt 
ilmililc  liit  t 


\Uu\i  \\<iiil'l  III  ill;:'  liiiit 


.f  tl 


<iilii('  (Mm 


illCL':i. 


listi 


lit  i.s  »iiri-ly  iluc  this  writer  tkit  lie  ilocs  not  m^nv  Ihiai 


mmmmmm 


i- 


2J0        FURTHER  OPERATIONS  OF  THE  NORTHWESTERS. 

Witli  Ross  oil  tliis  cxjK'dition  wvvv  Tlioiiuis  ^[cKav 
and  thi'co  Ciiiiadiaiis  with  tlieii-  wives,  taken  to  assist 
in  drivini?  tht!  liorses,  i'or  men  were  scarce  at  tlie  fort. 
The  tourtli  niy^lit  I'roni  Okanau^an  the  pai-ty  was  aroused 
by  two  couriers  (lesj)atche(l  l>v  Sojja,  ehiel'ot"  the  Pis- 
(juouse,  to  hejjf  of  tlieni  to  turn  l)ack  or  tlii'V  wi'i'e  all 
dead  nien.  Jiut  danger  was  |)art  of  the  I'ur-hunters' 
daily  life,  and  they  were  not  to  be  swerved  from  their 
j)uri)ose. 

Two  days  after,  they  came  ii]ion  the  cnoainprncnt, 
^v]lich  was  woilh  risking  one's  life  to  see.  Imagine  a 
gatherir.g  of  six  thousand  men,  women,  and  children, 
lik»!  threescore  tented  villages  huddled  into  an  un- 
civilized city,  with  ten  thou.sand  horses,  covering  an 
urea  of  six  miles   S(|uare,   and  all  making  the   wild 


re-'ion  iinuf  wi 


th  tl 


leu- 


diout 


s  ol  nieriimen 


t.     S 


onie 


■were  racing,  »>and)ling,  dancing,  while  others  were 
singing,  di'unnning,  yelling;  the  ti'am]»ing  of  horses 
and  the  harking  of  dogs,  the  snarling  of  tied  hears 
and  wolves  mingling  with  the  shouts  of  men  and  tlu; 
sci'eams  of  w(Mnen  and  children.  The  camj)  was  cut 
hy  crooked  stri'cts,  dividing  the  assemhlageinto  groups, 
with  hci'c!  rejttieings,  and  there  wailings.  One  thing 
only  was  lacking  to  lift  the  savage  saturnalia  u[>  to  the 
dignity  of  a  white  man's  inferno — tire-water. 

Siipa  was  right.    There  was  dee)>  danger  tothe  fui'- 


trad 


ers  m  approaelimg  sucli  a  company 


Ltoss  saw  It 


when  too  late.  Putting  on  as  hold  a.  faci>  as  his  sink- 
ing luMit  would  permit,  he;  advanced  to  the  centre  ot 
the  eanip,  where  stood  the  tent  of  the  chiefs,  to  whom 
he  lii'st  pai<l  his  respects.  J  lis  reception  was  cool;  the 
chiefs  Were  sulliMi;  these  white  men  who  hanged  for 
stealing  wt-re  no  favorites.  To  draw  their  thoughts 
I'rom  Moody  ahsti'aetion,  lloss  inuuediately  opened  his 
trinkets  and  began  lo  trade  for  horses.  Jhit  as  liist  as 
he  liought,  the  animals,  togi'ther  with  those  Ic  li;hl 
brought  with  him,  wire  s])irite([  away  with  rih.ild 
jeers  an<l  yelling.  it  was  glorious  to  havi-  (he  white 
man   on  the  hip.     JJut  J  toss  well  knew  hi.s  life  ile- 


;;!' 


CRITICAL  SITUATION'. 


in 


ponded  on  his  pationco;  so  lie  utrected  not  to  sec  their 
insuhs,  and  went  on  ti'acHntj;". 

Two  anxious  days  and  sleepless  nights  thus  ])asscd, 
duiinn-  whieh  the  savaLfes  would  not  permit  the 
strann'i  IS  to  cook  or  eat  their  own  food.  They  ovei'- 
turned  their  kettli'  and  })ut  out  their  lire,  took  up 
their  i^uns  and  iired  them  oil",  took  IVom  the  traders 
their  iiats,  and  ])uttin;^  them  on  their  own  heads, 
strutted  ahout  with  i  >  utal  laun'htei'.  The  thii'd  day, 
hearing'  that  the  women  were  to  he  seized  as  slaves, 
he  >ent  them  seeretlv  awav  that  niuiit.  Next  day 
the  savages  wei'e  more  InsultinLC  than  excr.  The  whito 
nun  were  ln-eomin^'  taint  with  hunL;'er,  and  whiio 
attcinptiiii4"  once  more  to  [O'cpare  some  lood,  a.  trueu- 
knt  ehiet"  called  \'aktana  snateln  1  a  common  hunt- 
iii«>-knile  I'rom  the  hand  of  one  of  the  Canadians,  who 
instantly  sw oie  lu'  would  havi-  it  hack  or  kill  the  thief. 


•St 


o    ( 


shouted   1 


voss,  wliose  hand  nis 


tantl 


V  uraspci 


d 


his  pistol,  as  tlu'  chief  and  Canadian,  with  t-yes  Ma/.- 
iuji"  hatri'd.  p)-epared  for  deadly  encounter.      Jt  was  a 


critical    niomeii 


t,  tl 


le  most   critical    of  their  lives,  in 


A\liich  a  motion,  a  hrtiath,  tlm  wiidvinn'  of  an  eye, 
nii-'iit  detei'mine  their  destinv.  Tliev  miuht  kill  each 
a  man,  and  then  die  pieived  l»y  a  hundrc'd  ari'ows. 
J^ut  snddi'uly  llashed  in  the  mind  of  J'oss  an  inspii'a- 
1  inn.  such  as  often  suhtile-witled  tiir-n'atherers  ]iad  re- 
ceived in  diri>  dilennnas.  And  now  hehold  how  littK; 
a  thint;'  may  tuiii  the  hearts  of  three  thousand  men. 
J)iawinin'  from  his  helt  a  knife  of  moic  clahorate 
W(iikmanshi|>  than  the  other,  he  said  to  N'aktana, 
"  Take  this,  mv  fri«-nd;  it  is  a  chiefs  knife;  an<l  <rive 
llic  other  hack."  N  aktanadid  as  reipicsted.  'IIMieii  he 
turned  the  new  knife  over  in  his  hand.  Ciradually  the 
swill  of  sullen  ferocity  suhsided  into  a  smile  of  childi>h 
ui'atilication,  and   holdlnLj  np  his  prize  he  exclaimed. 


it   is  a  chief's  knil( 


I'ickle  foitune  was  won. 


w 


he  w  hite  men,  whose  li\es  so  lately  luui'^'  hv  a  hair, 
ciesaNid.      \'aktana  harangued  t  he  crowd  in  Inhalf 


oj  mm  wlio 


had 


so  adroitlv  tickled    hi>   faiit 


lllHV,   N.  W.  CoAHT,  Vi.L.   II.      17 


} 


Th 


2S6 


FURTIIF.R  OPERATIONS  OF  THK  NORTHWKSTKRS. 


I  I 


I: 


f)i[)o  of  ponce  was  broujj^lit,  and  presents  jnfiven  tlio 
cliiof's.  A|)pi<)a<'hingl)U«ines.s,  IIohs  remarked,  "Wluit 
nhall  I  Hay  to  the  great  wliite  chief  when  lie  asks  nie, 
'Where  are  the  horses  you  boujjfht  ?'"  "Tell  him 
that  every  one  of  them  were  given  you,"  repli(;d 
Yaktana,  whose  ]»ride  was  touched.  To  that  etlect 
the  onler  went  forth;  and  as  quickly  as  might  he, 
]toss  and  his  companions  escaped  with  their  horses, 
eighty-Hve  in  numl»er.  The  wives  of  the  (^madians 
were  overtaken;  and  although  on  the  way  back  Mc- 
Kay dislocated  his  hij),  which  lamed  him  for  lite,  tlie 
party  reached  Okanagan  in  safety.  Fifty-five  horses 
were  then  laden  I'or  Spokane. 

After  a  visit  to  his  own  post  at  Shushwap,  Uoss 
retmne<l  to  Okanagan  and  imdertook  an  e\jH'diti(Mi 
thence  to  the  J'acific,  which  he  had  long  had  in  con- 
templation. With  three  natives  he  set  out  on  the 
'Joth  of  .fuly  1814,  and  taking  a  southerly  course, 
afterward  turning  more  to  the  wi-stward,  he  ]))'<»- 
cerdfd  one  hundred  and  tifty  miles,  wluMi  his  com- 
panions lefused  to  go  further,  an<l  he  was  obliged  to 
abandon  tlu*  journey  and  return.  The  guide  became 
demoralized  by  a  storm-cloud  which  cut  a  furrow 
through  the  forest  near  by,  employing  apparently 
sti'ongcr  and  sharper  teeth  than  the  «lemons  of  his 
Okanagan,  and  nothing  could  prevail  upon  him  to 
continue  the  journey. 

In  1814,  John  Oeorge  ^fcTavish  ruhnl  at  Spokane 
Ifous(\  which  with  its  several  outposts  conn)rised  iiis 
district. 

Sixty  men  in  nine  canoes  left  Fort  Oeorge  the  fjih 
of  August,  and  aiter  the  usual  interchange!  of  shots 
with  th«!  toll-gatherers  of  the  Casca<les,  resulting  in 
the  killing  of  one  Canadian  ami  several  natives,  the 
])a>ty  passed  on  to  Walla  Walla  aud  Okanagan.  Cox 
and  McMillan,  with  a  Stuart  and  a  McDonald,  went 
to  Spokane. 


PROPOSED  DUEL. 


2oO 


This  McDonald  was  a  raw  Ilij^lilandor,  standiii;^  six 
foot  tour,  with  a  powerful  iraino,  broad  shoulders,  and 
a  ])rolusion  ol'  lonj^,  retl,  bushy  hair  and  whiskers, 
which  apparently  had  neither  been  cut  nor  combed 
these  many  years,  lie  enjoyed  a  Si)okanc  wife, 
whoso  two  chilihen  called  him  father.  He  was  boltl, 
j>assionato,  but  below  the  averai^e  Northwester  in 
wisdom.  He  had  not  been  at  Spokane  juany  days 
when  lie  quarrelled  with  a  diief  whom  he  accused 
of  cheatinj^  at  gand)lin<j^,  and  challenged  him  to  tight 
a  duel.  The  chief  acci'j)ted,  and  told  him  to  go  with 
him  to  the  woods  and  take  his  station  behind  a  tree. 
When  ^TcDonald  lefused,  but  wished  to  light  in  the 
open  field,  the  savage  asked,  "J)o  you  take  me  for  a 
fool  that  I  should  stand  U[)  before  my  enemy's  gun 
and  let  him  shoot  nje  like  a  dogf"  McDonald  was  a 
man  of  reckless  bravery,  frequently  joining  one  tribe 
in  their  wars  against  another  ior  the  mirc'  love  of 


tight 


m«r. 


Anot 


le 


r   character  sui   <ic}i<>i'i.- 


an( 


I    th 


Western  woods  were  full  of  them,  was  Jac(p!es  lloolc, 
shot  about  this  time  at  the  age  of  ninety-two  by  th(! 
iJlackfoot.     He  was  on  tlie  1  Mains  of  Abraham  when 


Wohe  i'ell.  and  had  bi'en  in  other  battl 


I'S. 


]{' 


wmi 


Id 


not  join  a  trading  company,  but  trap)>ed  on  his  own 
account. 

The  summer's  li-ade  of  Spokane  was  carried  ov«>r- 
land  to  Okanayan  this  year  in  October,  and  ihencc  to 
Fort  Geoi'ge.  The  retui-n  j>arty  c(»nsisted  of  Keith, 
Stuart,  l^aroche,  AFcTavisii,  McDonald,  Mc^lillan, 
('o\,  JNIontour,  McKay,  and  McKeiizie,  with  l<»rt}- 
two  voyageurs  and  six  Kanakas.  Leathern  arm»»r  was 
now  put  on  in  ])assing  the  Cascades,  but  no  attack 
was  made  there  at  this  time.  .lust  abo\e  tlie  \Va!]a 
W;dla  Kivcr,  however,  an  aifair  ttccuiTed  which  for  a 
time  threati'iiol  the  most  seri 


ous  consctiuences. 


As  the  party  were  shtwly  |)oHiig  agamst    the  c 


ur- 


riiit,  st'veral  canoi-s  tilled  with  natives  iq)proached 
tlicm.  and  in  a  fiitiidly  wav  they  asked  for  sonit; 
tobacco,  wiiich  was  ^jiveu   them.      One  boat  after  un- 


I 


I 


KiO 


rrUTIIKU  Ol'KRATlOXS  OF  THK  XOUTIIWKSTKRS. 


ntlicv  of  till'  liii'^adc  jKisscd  l)y,  oMcli  iiuiliiii'Lj  its  llttlr 
il'iiialioii,  until  iVoui  OIK' llif  iiativi's  atti'iui)tf.l  to  take; 


SI  I 

tol 


11)1'  articles   l»v  I'oi 


I'l ' 


aiK 


I'         , 
I   irom   aiiotlu'i'  a   nalc  ol 


>a<-co  was  srizt'd,  and  '^cin'ral  |)luiidi'r  sre'iiicd  dftcr- 
iiiiiu'd  upon.  The  I'ur-tradei's,  unwilling'  to  icsoit  to 
.-■(•vcrc  incasuios,  icpulstd  the;  sava^fs  j^cntly  at  lii'st, 
stiikiiij^  their  hands  with  the  jiaddles  to  make  tluni 
relrase  tlieii'  hold;   hut  these,"  iailin^'  to  elleet  tlu;  pur 


lost' 


hai'der  ltl«»ws  were  iiiven,  and  aimed  at  heads  a.s 


well  as  hands,  until  shootini;'  set  in,  when  two  natives 
^vere  killed  and  anothei'  wounded.  Thereujitiu  the 
assailants  retiicd.' 


All  this  was  most  uiqtlisasant  for  the  tiaders.      i 


>e 


i'-n-  theiM  was  a  lon^^'  jourm-y,  and  the  country 
{'.roused  to  hostilitv,  thev  would  he  picked  olf  hv  the 
an-ows  of  the  enemy  hefoi'e  thice  days  had  jsasse'd. 
Nii^ht  was  appi'oai-hin^'.  'i'hi'  ('ohunhia  here  was  a 
mile  wide,  and  near  hy  was  an  inland  u|>on  which  they 
iiitienched  themselves  behind  saiid-l»aid;s,  not,  hov>- 
(  \-er,  until  some  of  them  had  heeii  struck  l>y  ari-ows. 
,\  cokl,  disnud  stoiMii  came  <»n,  which  lasted  two  days. 
A'iL;ilant  watch  was  kept,  and  the  camp-!lre  at  niinht 
i'xtim;uished.  J  hit  ujion  the  adjacent  hills  hla/ed 
hri'^htly  the  tires  of  the  eiuiny.  that  their  l'i»y  mi,L;ht 
iiot  esca])e  them.  The  fur-tradi'rs  prepai-ed  for  the 
v.di-st;  their  arms  Were  put  in  the  l)e>t  p(»ssil»le  ordei', 
and  Uiessau'es  were  wiitteii  Jriends  lo  he  ikhvi'i'cd  in 
ease'  of  death. 

( )ne  of  two  coiu'sc-^  was  oj)en,  to  sill  their  lives  a> 


K''ai'l\  as  iio>sii)h'.  or 


le   (had   Would 


aeee 


to  I 
l>t    I 


»u\  a  i»< 


)av 


V 

Th 


arc.  if  the  friends  of 
alter  alt.  rnativi! 


they  deteiinined  to  try  iirst.  l*indvu-kin^'  tVoi.*  the 
i  land,  th<>  |>arty  landed  on  the  noit  »ein  hank.  Two 
!:ien  \\er<'  left  in  each  canof.  while  the  ot  hei"  iorty- 
i-jo'lit  st('p[»ed  ashore.      It  v  as  hall  an  hour  h»|ore  any 


\11SH,    IIS    ItSllill 


lis  (|uiti'  :l  iliU'i'ii'm  sinfv 


Tl 


U'  NMV.'lL'l" 


III-  savx.  'riMjn 


into  tln'  livi'V  nil  linisfH.  ffDlll  wllicli  lli(\   tllli'W  tlH'IIIMt'lVL.s,  .SI' 


l/ri 


tl 


»«•  iiaiim'M, 


I' 


(It'll  til  nlli'  tluiii.'  /•'ill-  l/iii'i' 


i.  .i>.      l 


ii.>  aiitlmr,  imwi'M'.',  wa.< 


lt>t  till  II'.  mill  li.'iviii;.' ail  <'y('-\vitucs.-t  txr  an  luuthniicy.  1  aliull  |>uy  but  lutlu 
ul^uiiituii  lu  Mr  IvUBH. 


Tin:  r.w.Mi'XT  or  daafacks. 


Ml 


?;av;i_L;i's  iiukIc  tlirir  .•ij»|>(';ii'aii('(',  AVIicii  at  a  «1istan»<5 
Mcrt!  «lis('ovi'rc(|  a  I'cw  lioi'scnu'ii,  a  ('aiiadiaii  was  sent 
lurwaid  with  a  Iudl;'  1»<>1«',  tn  the  cud  of  wliidi  was 
atta'-liL'd  u  white  haiidkcichicl',  wliich  the  iiatiws  will 
Ulidci-stood  to  l)c  a  l'i'((U<-'sl,  to  pai'li'V. 

J'rcsciitly  two  of  tht'in  a|>|ifoa('lii.'d  the  envoy,  and 
(leiiiaiided  what  he  had  to  s;i\.     Tiie  answer  was  tiiab 


ihe  wliite  chiers  wished  t 


o  see 


til 


e  >avan('  elders,  an 


d 


talk  o\er  theif  little  unplea^-antness.      The  hoiseineii 
]ironiised  to  inl'oiin   theij-  chiefs;    they  tla-n  wheeled 


and  <l 


aj>i>ea 


]-e(l 


Soon  they  retm'nc(^:,  !\;id  said  that  the  relatives  of  tho 
deceased  aiid  a  nnndtei'  of  chiels  wouM  \h'  thciH-  iiniue- 
diateiy.  'i'wenty  niinntes  after,  slowly  approaehed  o.i 
jont  one  hnndied  and  fifty  waniois.  with  ;^nns,  toma- 
hawk 


'pears,  l>(»ws.  and  well  tilled  (piivrrs.  AiUfHi;' 
tiieni  were  Sokulks,  ( 'iiiinnapuni^.  I'niatillas,  an  I 
A\'alIaA\'allas,  confedi'i'ates  now  against  the  Shoshones. 
Alli  r  the  warriors,  came  fort  v  of  the  relativi's  of  tho 


<K'cease( 


1.  ah 


so   Well  aimed,  with   nearlv   nake( 


d    ImmI 


le.s 


]:ainte(|  )-ed,  and  hair  cnt  slioit  in  si^ii  of  niouinin;^-. 
.Vs  they  mai'ch«'(i  they  cjiantid  a  diath-son_n'  of  veii- 

«,;cal)ce 
titude 


.l)ehind  all  was  a  constantlv  increasini;'  nn 


nioun 


ti'd 


nan. 


Th 


asseinl>Ia''e    then 


fell 


i'.it.i  t!ie  form  of  an  (.'xteiwUd  crt •^■cenl  wit!i  then.oiwi;- 
in^'  party  in  the  centre. 

Keith  and  Sttiait,  nnarnsd,  with  an  intcrpi'cter, 
tlun  a<l\an<'ed  half-way  and  stoj)ped:  two  <'hie|'s  and 
six  of'  the  iiionrners   joined  them.     Kiith  ojlered  tho 


cilmnci,  which   was  coldi\    rij'ust 


T\ 


le   udi'rpreter 


\.a>  then  divert ed  to  say  th.it  the  late  unforMmate  dis- 
turhance  of  tlieii-  hit  herto  friendly  i  flat  ions  was  deeply 
r.  '^I'etted  hv  the  wliitt    men,  wlio  weri'  readv  to  ojl'i  r 


conipensiition  lor  the  siam 


\\  iiat   kind  of  coiiiiM  t 


ation^    deman< 


led  t 


le  nioiirneis. 


I 


Wo  <  hie 


P. 

nil 


hlaiii^ets,  tohacco.  ainl  oiii   iiieids  for  the  w  oiiK  n.    ua 

'  •  Kcst.  lirotlu'ls,  list  ;    VuU  sliiiil  !"•  iiM'iivriil.     Tli''  ti;ir-s  i  f  \i<\w  ^idnv  < 


null  t'c.isi' 


to  11' 


>W  wIlfM  tlu'li-  rvi 


lii'lii.M  till'  I>I<hh|  i.t'  \oiir  iiiiii'iU'i'i 


a 


jiiiir  yiHiiiv'  t-'liilili'i'ii  sliiill  li  ;i|)  Willi    |'>.N .  mIihII  Mil:;  iiikI  .>..iMut  i>ii  M'l'iii 


III 


ii.i.     lU'st,  liruUin'i'.s,  11 


I  ^>it»»v  ;  ydii  h, 


hull  iiuVi'  liiuod  : 


908 


FURTIIKR  OPERATIONS  OF  THE  NORTHWESTERS. 


tlio  reply.  Tlu^  offrr  was  indiijfnaiitly  ivfuscd.  If  <lio 
wliitc  moil  would  have  pcjaoo,  two  of  their  uuihIut 
must  l>u  L,'iv(M  U|>  to  sacriHco.  Caludy  and  lirmly 
Kf'ith  assured  them  that  that  should  never  he.  Tlwy 
M ('!•(■  the  a_i;;^i'i'ssors,  thouj^h  ho  was  willinj^  to  believe 
till'  attack  unpiHMMeditated;  hut  if  they  would  have 
white  men  amonj^  them  tlujy  must  respect  their  prop- 
erty riinhts.  Then  followed  amonj^  the  natives  a  Ioml;' 
and  violent  discussion,  part  wishing  to  accept  payment 
in  goods,  and  j)art  demanding  blood.  It  was  a  painful 
contest  to  those  whose  fate  hung  uixni  the  result, 
(rradually  the  ranks  of  the  moderate  party  thinned, 
and  those  of  the  bloody-minded  increased,  'i'hen  they 
IMI  slowly  back.  The  ])eacc-oflering  was  rejected. 
AVhite  man  and  red,  with  a  firmer  grasp  upon  their 
Me;H)ons,  prej)ared  for  the  ultimate  appeal.  A  pause- 
ensued,  like  tlu;  calm  which  Dreeedes  a  fresh  bursting' 


pn 


ol'  the  storm. 

Suddeidy  the  awful  stillness  was  broken  by  the 
tiamp  tif  horses,  as  twelve  mounted  wari'i(jrs  dasln-d 
into  the  space  between  the  helligii-ents.  Throwing 
themselves  from  tlieir  steeds,  the  leader,  a  young 
chief  of  noble  feature  and  majestic  bearing,  warmly 
greeted  Ki'ith,  then  turning  to  the  iissemblage  said: 
''  My  countrymen,  what  is  this  that  you  would  do:' 


])Ut   tlii'ee  winters  aii'o  w 


e  were  a  miserai)U 


I.U 


peoi 


>ie 


at   the   mei'cy  of   our   enemies.      Our   warriors   weie 
killed,  our  lodws  bui'ued,  oui-  wives  enslaved.      Now 


ire    we 


fed    and   clothed;    now    havi;    we    1 


lorses    by 


thousands,  and  sweet  sleep  at  night;  now  are  our 
liearts  strong  within  us.  What  brou<jht  this  ehanne!' 
'{'he  white  man.  Foi-  oiu'  horst's  and  i'urs  lu;  i;aNe  us 
b.iitclu'ts  and  guns,  and  taught  us  how  to  use  them. 
These  make  our  enemies  to  fear  us;  these  make  us  a 
nation.  Why  kill  the  white  man?  Yini  would  lob 
him:  but  did  he  ever  i-ob  you:*  Know  you  not  that 
he  is  strong:  that  if  you  harm  him  his  tiiends  will 
come  in  nundtei's  and  cut  you  oif;  or  else  will  ,say  tliat 
vou  are  bad  men  and  will  not  come  at  all.    Then  shall 


THE  MORNING  ST.\R. 


2G3 


you  bo  left  to  the  mercy  of  your  foos.     Take  wliat 
tliov  offer  ft)r  your  dejul;  and  be  it  known  to  you  if 


figlitini;  there  be,  that  I  iij^lit  on  their  sidi 

Had  Apollct  from  ^[ount  Olymjuis  descended  to 
their  deHvi  lance,  the  fur-traders  couhl  not  liave  been 
more  sur[)rised  or  thankful.  The  ^forninLf  Star,  tho 
youni^  chieltain  was  called  by  tho  Walla  AVaUas,  who 
worshijtped  bin?,  and  his  oratory  would  have  ^^raced 
the  Areo[)aj4iis.'^  Soarinj^  sometimes  into  the  higher 
iliL,dits  of   metaphor,  the   inter[)reter  Mas  unable   to 

his  bravery  overshadowed  by 


oiiow  mm 


Nor 


was 


his  other  rare  aceom})lislnnents.  Though  but  five  and 
twenty,  ho  boasted  nineteeJi  scalj)s,  tho  trophies  of 
his  own  prowess,  and  of  all  that  assemi)la^«!  thei'o 
was  none  more  feared.  For  when  ho  now  cried,  "Let 
the  Walla  Wallas  and  all  who  love  mo  come  and  smoko 
the  pi|)0  of  [)eaco  with  tho  white  man,"  over  one  hun- 
dred of  tliose  whoso  woaj)ons  wei-e  alrt-ady  raised 
ai^ainst  the  strangers  hastened  forward  to  do  as  they 


\\ert 


bid. 


IMius,  as  by  a  miracle,  a  total  revolution  in  I'eeliii'L^ 
and  opinion  was  made.  The  mourners  gladly  accejtti-d 
ibr  themsehes  the  material  reward  otfered  them  in 
lieu  of  their  loss  of  the  immaterial  part  of  their 
iViends.  I'resents  were  distributed  to  the  pi'incipal 
cliitts,  ^lorning  Star  receiving  as  a  token  of  the  (Us- 
tinguished  services  rendered  by  him,  a  hand.somo 
i'owling-pieci',  with  which  he  was  greatly  [)leased. 

I'roceeding,  the  party  reached  C)kanagan  the  I'Jth 
of  December,  ami  the;  following  day  the  Sjiokano 
biigade  of  twenty-six  loaded  horses  de[)arted.  Snow 
lay  oil  the  groun<l,  and  the  cold  ;it  niglit  was  intt-nse, 
oMi'  of  the  horses  freezing  to  death  before  i-eaching  its 
destination. 

.\lter  the  usual  spring  vi^it  to  b'oit  (b-oige,  the 
bunmior  of  1815  pas.se(.l  pleasantly  at  Spokane.    1'hero 

"'Tlis  (Iclivoiy  waa  inipaRsioneil ;  .nnil  lii«  nctinn,  altli'iiij'Ii  sduirtiiius 
viiiliiit.  wjis  irriiiiiilly  liold,  giiiri'lul.  iiiiil  cuirL'ctic.  Ulir  uduiiriitiiJii  iit  the 
tiiiif  kiww  111)  IxiuiuU.'  C'oj:'8  Cohuiililii  Jiinr,  ii.  '2i. 


•204 


rrnTiimi  orKRATioxs  of  tup,  NorvTrTWF,STi:!iR. 


va8  liorso-raciuuf  <»n  tlic  plains  iK-twctn  S|M»kaM»'  and 
]\)iut<'(l  Jlinirt,  mIkti'  sotnetinit'.s  thiily  sUcds  >trnv.> 
i'di-  lii^li  wain'cis  ill  livL'-niilo  licats.  At  Slnisli\v;i|>  a 
(aiiadiaii  calK'd  Chasotlt!  was  shot  l»v  an  Indian  l)i>v. 
T\\v.  r<)ll(»\vinij  autunni  on  lotuiiiinn-  IVom  I'ort 
(jrooi'^c,  Krith,  ('(».\,  ^lontonr,  and  McKcn/if  witli 
lil'tv  \i>va2('urs  wtTo  eauixht  altovo  tlio  I'alls  in  tli«'  ire. 
The  Canadians,  laroniintij  uttei'ly  exliaustcd,  ivl'nsed 
to  j»i(M(.Td  Initlici'  tlian  the  Dalh's.  an  ahnost  uiduanl 
of  attitndc  lor  any  of  that  }>atic'nt  iVatmiity  to  as- 
snnit'.  I)y  sending'  to  Okanagan  t'oi-  liorscs  Keith 
succi'L'ch'd  in  j^ettini,^  away,  l)iit  most  of  tin-  |»aity 
AvinttTL'd  tlicrc,  ivai-liinjjf  ( )kana;4an  the  I'stli  of  l-'t  h- 
iiiary.  and  Spokane  tlie  !>th  of  Mai'eh  I  s  I  ('•.  Thus 
the  yeais  weld,  hy,  each  having'  its  spring-  and  anttniui 
hii^ade,  its  several  niinoi' expeditions  to  \;irious  posts, 
and  hut  little  else  to  hi-eak  the  monotony.  McTavish, 
lleni'V,  and  Laroehe  this  season  went  to  l-'ot(  Will- 
iam, Ji(»ss  to  l''oit  (ireoi'ge,  Cox  taking'  his  jilaco 
at  Okana^an;  AlcMillan  and  ^fontour  remained  at 
Spokane,  and  McDonald  at   Kandoops,  his  old  »juai'- 


ten 


I) 


uruiLT  the  summer,  lu-w 


huild 


niLI's  Well'  el'ec 


•te<l 


at  Okanai^tiu,  the  timher  tor  v.hieh  was  ilojited  <lown 


the    river  from    a   eonsitlerahle    distance    ahov^ 


A 


dwelliiiL,^  was  erected  lor  th(>  |)erson  in  cliain'e,  e<»n- 
taininijf  four  I'ooms  and  a  large  dining-hall.  Als() 
two  houses  were  huilt  lor  the  men.  heside  a  store- 
house and  a  trading-shop.    The  palisades  were  stiniig. 


md  fifteen   feet   in    hei-'ht.      Thev 


wt'ie 


Hanked    hv 


two  hast  ions,  with  loop-holes  for  musketry  al»o\e,  and 


m 


thel 


owi'r  story  a 


li-ht  1 


)iass  lour-)»oun(lei 


.lames  Keith,  Angus  llethune,  and  Donald  ^Fc- 
Ki'n/ie  Were  the  chief  ])artners  of  the  Noilhwest 
Company  in  tlu'  Columhia  district  in  ishl.  .\le\aii- 
<K-r  Stuart  went  ea.-t  the  year  ]»i'e\ious,  and  .John 
Stuart  was  still  in  New  Caledonia.  Mi-Tavish  this 
year  visited  San  Francis<'o  and  Monterey  in  the  eoiii- 
panys    schooner    Colohcl  Allan,  lately   arrived    from 


ij  . .- 1 


AFFAIRS  IX  CKXKRAL. 


2G3 


Ijotidon.     (  )m  tilt'  co.ist  of  ( ';ililui-iii;i  ln'  di-ovc  a  luera- 


hllsilU'ss,  sr 


liii;^  I'ji'^Iisli  u(,()(ls  \\>i  Mccdi'd  siip- 
jilics.  Tlic  cKiiMcil  at  Knit  (uni-^f  sat  tor  t'oiir  (lavs; 
llif  coiicliisioiisarriNcd  at  were,  that  tradf  was  scarcely 
U|»  to  oi'i'^iiial  aii(icij)atiuiis.  Tlicrc  Itciii^;' ii(»  ucu  liclds 
to  o|ifii,  cvciT  one  was  appointed  to  liis  old  |»ost. 

Notw  itlistaiidiinx  the  <jeiifi'allv  uidaNoiahle  \  ie\v  of 
trade  taken  \>y  the  Avestcrn  coinicil,  siiict;  thu  oicupii- 
tion  of  the  ( )ren'on  country  l»y  t lie  Northwest  ( 'oni- 
]iany,  their  animal  ship  with  iis  hulky  caix<»  doiihjed 
('ajie  lloin  with  the  utmost  I'e^uiarity.  The  agents 
at    Montreal,  dissatistied,  sent    ovi'i'   the    mountains 


e\('iy    \e;ir   partners.   ( 


■K^rk 


a  IK 


1   ( 


inadiaiis   new   to 


this  di>triit,  in  the  hojie  that  something-  hetti'i-  nii'.;iit 
he  made  of  it.  Ihit  all  these  could  do  was  to  follow 
ill  the  jodlsteps  of  their  prede<-esso|'s,  without  im- 
pro\  iu'^-  mattc'rs  materially.  The  fact  is,  the  richer 
)i'!L;ions  of  tlu-  farthei"  Northwest  wti'e  as  yet  Hcarculy 

toUclied. 

Ijoss  openly  avows  that  the  Northw«'^;t  Company, 
whiK'  s<'\-erely  criticising-  the  niaiiae-enicnt  of  the 
]*a<.'ilic  ( 'ompaiiy,  took  no  steps  i<>  chaii^'e  or  im|>ro\t! 
the  i;ri^iiial  policy.  The  fact  is,  the  manaj^-ers  of  tlu; 
two  companies  wei'c  in  some  iiiNtaiices  ideiit  ical,  and 
all  of  them  were  educated  in  the  s.inie  school.  'j'his 
writer  accuses  his  associates  of  lack  of  enerny  and 
cannot  aeree  with   him.      Nor  wen; 


ellteriirise 


hut  I 


the  a^'^renatt'  results  in  this  ipiarter  on  the  whole  un- 
favoinhlc,  tliou,i;h  they  may  have  fallen  short  of  the 
expectations  of  the  nion-  sanguine,  {''urtlier  than 
lliis,  y(  ar    hy    veai"    the    \  iejd   df    jultries    increased 


i;it  her  than  diminislied 


Tl 


lere   wtre  croakers  in  t  ht 


(Miiipaiiy.  some  of  the  jiartiiers  ]H'oin<_;'  so  far  as  to  pio- 
jKise  the  total  ahandonm<-nt  nf  the  Pacific,  hut  tin; 
others  would  not  listen  to  it.  The  company  was  idtout 
this  time  he;4i  111  linn'  to  learn  that  the  same  iiiaNims  and 
r  iiia'^enieiit    would   not    apply  •>ii  the  western   as  on 


til 


e  ea 


tel'ii  slojii'.      Jjct    the  liatixes  of  the  t  Wo  lej^lolis 
•uddiiily  chanj^'e  placis  and   Itoth  uoukl  perish.     The 


1 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


// 


A 


Z 
^ 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


1.4 


M    IIIII25 


12.2 


2.0 


1= 

1.6 


V] 


<^ 


/a 


% 


A 


V 


-^ 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


53  WKST  MAIN  STREET 

vVWfTW.N.V.  14580 
(716)  872-4503 


>"  mis 


2G6        FURTHER  OPERATIONS  OF  THE  NORTHWESTERS. 

inhabitants  of  the  thick  woods  and  swamps  of  tho 
east  could  no  more  endure  the  treeless  plains  of  the 
Columbia,  than  those  of  the  warm,  drj  western  slope, 
with  its  short  winters,  its  rivers  abounding  in  fish,  its 
forests  in  game,  and  its  plains  in  nutritious  roots, 
could  thrive  in  the  cold,  damp  regions  of  the  east. 
And  the  wise  fur- trader  will  regulate  his  affairs,  not 
by  precept  or  tradition,  but  by  the  exigencies  of  the 
case. 

Up  to  this  time  New  Caledonia  had  obtained  goods 
from  across  the  mountains  to  the  east;  now  it  was 
determined  that  all  supplies  for  the  Northwest  should 
be  drawn  from  the  Columbia.  And  not  only  should 
the  district  of  the  Columbia  supply  the  Northwest 
with  goods,  but  California  also.  To  this  end  tho 
company's  schooner  traded  to  the  south  as  well  as  to 
the  north.  It  was  determined  also  to  build  fewer 
forts,  and  trust  more  to  trading  expeditions.  In  car- 
lying  into  effect  these  new  ideas,  the  department  of 
the  Pacific  was  divided  into  two  parts,  an  inland  and  a 
coast  department,  with  a  chief  over  each.  A  change 
was  likewise  made  in  the  conveyance  of  goods  and 
the  periodical  expresses;  natives,  except  in  the  annual 
brigade,  to  take  the  place  of  Cmiadians. 

Under  the  new  arrangoi  >,  Mr  Keith  presided 
at  Fort  George,  with  full  utrol  of  the  shipping, 
general  outfitting,  and  coast  trade.  To  McKenzie, 
formerly  of  the  Pacific  Company,  was  assigned  the 
direction  of  inland  affairs,  though  his  appointment 
gave  offence  to  some.  Three  weeks  of  the  sunnner 
of  181G  were  occupied  by  Captain  McClellan  of  the 
Colonel  Allan,  assisted  by  Ross,  in  making  a  survey 
of  the  bar  at  the  entrance  to  the  Columbia.  The 
Colonel  Allan  sailed  from  the  Columbia  for  China  with 
furs  and  specie  in  August.  Before  sailing,  the  ship's 
surgeon,  Mr  Downie,  committed  suicide." 

"  Physiciana.entcring  the  Colnmbia,  like  the  early  clergy  of  Victoria,  seem 
to  h;ivc  hccii  peculiarly  mifortuiiate.  IJei'ore  this,  Doctor  White  had  jumped 
ovtrlioard  in  u  lit  of  iiinaiiity,  and  Doctor  L'rOMley  of  Edinburgh  had  been 
ecut  homo  to  Htaud  hia  trial  for  luurder. 


ON  THE  COLUMBIA  AND  THE  WILLAMETTE. 


267 


It  was  sometimes  puzzling  to  know  what  to  do  with 
criminal  oftenclers  in  these  parts.  While  the  Colonel 
Allan  was  lying  oft*  Fort  Geovgc,  a  Boston  ship,  Rey- 
nolds, master,  entered  the  river,  and  sent  on  shore  in 
irons  a  Russian  renegade,  by  name  Jacob,  a  black- 
smith, who  had  been  stirring  the  crew  to  nmtiny. 
After  the  ship  had  sailed,  the  man,  under  the  most 
earnest  promises  of  reform,  was  released  and  set  to 
work.  It  was  not  long,  however,  before  ho  fell  into 
his  old  ways,  and  enticed  eighteen  Kanakas  to  desert 
for  California,  wdiich  place  once  reached,  all  were  to 
be  as  angels  in  heaven.  Keith  immediately  despatched 
five  natives  to  join  the  deserters  in  disguise,  and  if 
possible  persuade  them  to  return.  Tliey  were  suc- 
cessful. The  Islanders  all  returned  the  third  day. 
Jacob  then  took  to  thieving  as  a  profession,  robbing 
the  fort  one  night  by  scaling  the  palisades,  and  enter- 
ing it  in  open  day  disguised  as  a  native  woman.  Then 
j(jining  a  disaffected  band  of  natives  he  stirred  them 
up  still  more  against  the  white  men. 

Said  Ross  to  Keith  one  day,  "Give  me  thirty  men, 
and  I  will  bring  this  villain  to  you  bound."  "  You 
shall  have  fifty,"  Keith  replied.  8ur[)rising  the  camp 
in  the  dead  of  niglit,  Jacob  was  captured  and  brought 
to  the  fort.  There  he  was  kept  in  chains  until  op- 
portunity offered  to  send  him  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands. 


Jealousy  or  opposition  was  not  often  openly  mani- 
fested between  partners  of  the  Honorable  Xoi'thwest 
Company;  but  Keith  did  not  like  Donald  McKen- 
zie's  aj)p()intment.  The  latter  arrived  at  Fort  George 
witli  instructions  from  ^Montreal  to  estaljlish  innne- 
diately  a  post  among  the  Walla  Wallas  or  Nez  Perces. 
"  It  is  too  late,"  said  Keith.  "Your  plans  are  wild. 
I  have  no  men."  McKeuzie  re[)lied,  "  Hei-e  are  the 
instructions  of  the  council,  obey  them,  and  leave  the 
rest  to  me." 

After  much  wrangling,  McKenzic  was  given  a 
meagre  outfit.     So  hazardous  was  this  undertaking 


2G3 


fuhther  operations  of  the  northwesters. 


regarded,  that  not  a  man  about  the  fort  would  aocom- 
])any  McKcuzio  as  his  second.  It  was'  this  very 
(juality  of  doo;i»'od  determination  and  fearless  energy, 
that  actuated  the  council  in  choosing  this  man  i'or 
that  mission,  hoping  thereby  to  infuse  new  life  into 
the  western  business. 

With  forty  men  ^IcKonzic  embarked  from  Fort 
George,  and  readied  the  Cascades  without  accident. 
There,  instead  of  quarrelling  with  the  nati\'es,  as  had 
been  the  custom  of  late,  he  made  friends  with  them; 
gave  presents,  took  the  children  by  the  hand,  and  a])- 
pointed  agents  of  observation  for  the  purpose  of  bring- 
ing to  punishment  those  who  injured  travellers,  in 
which  capacity  the  chiefs  w^ere  proud  to  act.  So  com- 
plete a  revolution  did  this  man  bring  about  in  one 
short  day,  that  the  valuable  cargo  of  a  boat  which 
was  wrecked  in  the  rapids,  being  inti'usted  to  one  of 
the  chiefs,  was  kept  untouched,  and  finally  restored  at 
the  expiration  of  six  months.  After  a  thorough  ex- 
amination of  the  condition  of  trade  in  the  interior, 
jMcKenzie  returned,  reaching  Fort  George  the  IGtli 
of  June  1817. 

Meanwhile  ten  men  had  been  sent  to  the  Wil- 
lamette to  trap  beaver.  The  natives  demanded  tribute 
for  the  privilege  of  hunting  on  their  lands.  The  tra])- 
]>ers  paid  no  attention  to  them,  but  kept  their  way  up 
the  river,  and  soon  the  banks  were  lined  with  savages. 
A  shower  of  arrows  was  answered  bva  round  of  shot, 
which  killed  a  chief,  and  obliged  the  trappers  to  re- 
turn. A  party  of  tweiity-tive  was  then  sent  to  pacify 
the  natives,  which  Avas  done  by  paying  for  the  dead 
man.  But  scarcely  was  this  compromise  effected  be- 
fore another  quarrel  ensued,  in  which  three  natives 
were  killed,  ol)liging  this  party  to  return  with  all 
haste  to  the  fort. 

Forty-five  men  in  three  boats,  with  two  field-jiiecos, 
were  then  sent,  under  Ross,  as  a  dijilomatic  and  mili- 
tary embassy.  Arrived  at  the  falls,  they  i'ouiid  the 
natives  there  congregated  on  the  west  bank  to  <)pj)Ose 


DIFFICULTIES  AND  DANGERS. 


239 


ItV 

lad 

1)0- 

till 

3S, 

lli- 
l.o 


their  passage.  Landing  on  the  opposite  side,  tliey 
];lanted  their  guns,  and  endeavored  to  open  negotia- 
tions. Tlie  savaii'es  would  none  of  them.  Wliite  Ha<js 
and  cahiniets  were  thrust  aside  for  the  death-song  and 
war-dance.  Patience  was  now  the  white  man's  best 
Avcapon.  Three  days  were  permitted  to  pass,  wlicu 
tlie  chiefs  began  to  think  tobacco-smoking  })referal)le 
to  so  h)n';:  a  siege  of  windv  jj^rief  So  three  warriors 
crossed  the  river,  and  stood  at  some  distance  from  the 
white  man's  cam}).  Taking  liis  tlag,  Koss  went  ah)ne 
to  meet  them.  TJie  pipe  was  ofiered  and  refused. 
"What  want  you  liere?"  asked  the  sava»ifes.  "Peace," 
Yvas  tlie  reply.  At  length  the  red  men  deigned  to 
smoke;  a  quantity  of  merchandise  completed  the 
treaty,  and  the  embassy  returned  to  the  Columbia. 
These  were  the  terms  of  the  treatv,  and  they  wer-e 
o1)servcd  for  several  years  thereafter.  The  white  men 
should  be  permitted  to  trap  in  the  Willamette  A^alley; 
and  if  at  any  time  the  red  men  felt  themselves  ag- 
grieved, they  nuist  not  resort  to  violence,  but  nmst 
'H'l'b'  ^^^^'  I'tjdress  to  the  white  chief  at  the  fort. 

As  the  East  India  Company  dobai-rcd  for  the  most 
jiavt  British  bottoms,  except  their  own,  from  the 
waters  of  the  Indian  Ocean,  the  Xorthwest  Company 
found  themselves  unable  to  accom])lish  much  in  that 
(|uarter,  and  were  driven  to  employ  United  States 
^liip[)iiig  in  their  commercial  intercourse  with  China. 
Xor  were  the  Red  River  difficulties  without  their 
( iTect  on  the  affairs  of  the  Columl)ia  by  restricting 
supplies,  and  distracting  the  attention  ol'  the  part- 

llCl'S. 

The  brigade  leaving  Fort  George  the  ir»th  of  April 
IS  17,  numbering  eighty-six  men,  j)ai't  destined  for  the 
upper  Columbia  and  part  for  the  east,  embarked  in 
two  barges  and  nine  canoes,  under  a  salute  of  seven 
gu!is.  They  found  the  natives  all  along  their  route 
iiioi'i'  disaffected  than  ever  before.  Almost  univei-sally 
they  had  of  late  become  possessed  with  the  idea  that 


270        FURXnER  OPERATIONS  OF  THE  XORTirVVESTERS. 

tlicy  should  liavc  tribute,  as  lords  aboriginal  of  the 
soil,  from  all  intruders. 

Those  of  this  brigade  bound  overland  were  Betli- 
une,  McDougall,  McGillivray,  Alexander  McTavish, 
and  Cox.  Tiiev  intended  to  cross  the  mountains  to 
Fort  William  and  Montreal  with  eighteen  men;  but 
on  arriving  at  Canoe  River,  where  the  long  portage 
began,  so  great  had  been  the  hardships  endured  thus 
far  that  seven  of  the  men  were  completely  exhausted 
and  too  ill  to  proceed.  Hence  they  were  sent  back 
in  one  of  the  canoes.  But  as  they  were  letting  their 
boat  down  the  Dalles  des  Morts,  the  line  broke  and 
the  boat  with  all  their  provisions  and  effects  was  lost. 
Starvation  stared  them  in  the  face.  Their  only  hope 
was  to  reach  Okanagan  three  hundred  miles  distant, 
which  in  their  emaciated  condition  was  impossible. 
One  after  another  they  fell  by  the  way,  the  survivors 
feeding  on  their  flesh,  until  but  one  remained,  a  ghastly 
object,  to  reach  the  fort  and  tell  the  tale. 

Although  many  expeditions  had  been  made  be- 
tween posts,  and  from  the  upper  country  to  the  sea, 
the  same  paths  for  the  most  part  were  trod,  and  but  a 
small  portion  of  the  great  western  region  had  yet 
been  seen  by  European  eyes.  I  have  noticed  the 
abortive  attempt  of  Ross  to  reach  the  sea  from 
Okanagan.  Subsequently  he  was  delighted  in  re- 
ceiving orders  from  head-quarters  to  examine  the 
country  between  his  post  at  Shush wap  and  the 
Rocky  Mountains.  Two  Canadians  and  two  natives 
were  his  companions,  and  on  the  14th  of  August 
1817,  the  party  set  out  from  Shush  wap  on  foot, 
each  man  carrying  besides  his  arms,  upon  which  alone 
dependence  was  placed  for  provision,  a  blanket,  awl, 
fire-steel,  needles  and  thread,  tobacco,  and  six  pairs  of 
Indian  shoes. 

Their  course  was  north  for  three  days,  then  due 
east,  with  Thompson  River  on  the  right  and  Frazer 
River  on  the  left.  Reaching  the  Rocky  Mountains 
at  Canoe  River,  they  spent  two  days  on  that  stream, 


DONALD  McKEXZIE. 


271 


following  it  to  its  junction  with  the  Columbia,  and 
thence  returned  to  Shushwap  the  29tli  of  Sep- 
tember, having  met  much  game,  but  without  notable 
encounter. 


of 


Meanwhile  Donald  McKenzie  was  ubiquitous.  Now 
we  find  him  at  Fort  George,  now  at  Okanagan,  Spo- 
kane, Kamloops,  or  Shushwap,  and  then  at  Fort 
George  again.  In  April  1817,  with  twenty-two  men, 
he  made  a  tour  to  the  Shoshoncs,  which  was  prelim- 
inary to  the  most  important  movements  in  that  direc- 
tion. In  earlier  days  his  reputation  turned  more  on 
his  abilities  as  a  shot,  and  an  eater  of  horse  and  dog 
flesh,  than  a  business  man;  but  it  now  appeared  that 
for  managing  savages  and  manipulating  fur-trading 
matters,  he  far  surpassed  any  one  in  all  the  North- 
west. During  the  season  of  1817,  by  his  wisdom 
and  prudence,  insurrection  was  prevented,  and  the 
country  saved  to  the  company.  He  inspired  his  sub- 
ordinates with  enthusiasm,  and  displayed  a  wonderful 
faculty  for  accomplishing  important  results  through 
unconscious  agents.  And  this  was  the  man  against 
whose  wild  imaginings  and  impracticable  schemes,  as 
they  considered  them,  his  methodical  and  inactive 
associates  so  lately  railed. 

Up  to  the  present  time,  and  contrary  to  the  wishes 
of  the  magnates  of  Fort  William,  McKenzie's  plans 
for  establishing  a  post  among  the  Walla  Wallas  had 
been  frustrated  by  the  partners  at  Fort  George.  It 
was  plain  enough  to  the  mind  of  any  man  who  would 
allow  his  brain  to  act,  that  a  post  near  the  junction  of 
the  two  great  branches  of  the  Columbia  would  be  de- 
sirable. It  was  the  natural  centre  of  that  immense 
fur-bearing  region  drained  by  the  Snake  River  coming 
in  from  the  south-east,  and  the  Columbia  from  the 
north.  The  Snake,  or  Shoshone  country,  hitherto 
regarded  as  somewhat  dangerous,  was  attracting  more 
attention  of  late.  Northern  brigades  from  Fort  George 
now  made  their  first  stop  at  Okanagan,  and  goods  for 


272        FURTHER  OPEHATIONS  OF  THE  NORTHWESTr.HS. 

Spokane  wore  convoyed  in  that  uiniccessaiily  lonjjc 
and  roundabout  way,  for  no  otlier  reason  tlian  that 
such  a  route  had  been  estabUshed  in  earUer  times 
when  the  country  was  but  little  kiK^wn,  and  it  would 
now  be  some  trouble  to  change  it.^ 

Inaccessible  as  was  Spokane,  it  had  become  the 
rendezvous  of  the  country  lying  between  the  two 
great  branches  of  the  Columbia.  There  had  been 
some  thouufht  of  removinof  this  establishment  to  the 
grand  forlv  of  the  Columbia,  but  it  was  needed  where 
it  was;  and  yet  an  inland  metropolitan  post  was  re- 
quired at  the  junction  of  the  two  rivers.  To  this 
post  goods  could  be  brought  up  from  the  sea  in  barges 
at  much  loss  expense  than  in  bark  canoes,  and  thence 
distributed  to  the  north  and  south  and  east. 

I  sa}'  all  this  was  plain  enough  to  any  eyes  that 
W(mld  see.  The  eyes  at  Fort  George,  however,  were 
impervious  to  this  light;  but  not  so  the  council  at 
Fort  William.  In  the  summer  of  1818,  peremptory 
orders  were  received  at  Fort  George  from  head- 
quarters to  place  at  the  disposal  of  McKenzie  one 
hundred  men,  for  the  purpose  of  erecting  a  fort  among 
the  Nez  Forces  or  Walla  Wallas,*  and  these  orders 
were  supplemented  by  a  sharp  reproof  for  the  ob- 


"ifioe  Po.ifi' Fur  Trader'),!.  U7. 

"  lloss  spciiks  of  tins  c'stal)lisliiuont  always  as  located  among  the  Xez  Perce?, 
and  it  is  called  on  his  map  Fort  Nez  I'erce,  and  yet  it  is  placed  among  tlic 
Walla  A\'alla3,  and  %vas  later  called  Fort  Walla  ^VaIla.  It  i.s  located  on  }>is 
map  on  the  cast  hank  of  the  Columhia,  distant  ahovo  the  Walla  ^Valla  River 
ahoiit  one  tliird  of  the  way  to  the  mouth  of  Snake  Kivcr.  Dunn  on  his  map 
applies  tlie  name  Xez  I'eree  to  Snake  River,  and  locates  Foit  Nez  Perce  at 
the  jiincti(m  of  Snake  River  and  the  Columhia.  The  exact  houndaries  of  the 
Nez  I'erce  territory  were  at  this  time  unknown.  The  fact  that  Snake 
Kiver  was  sometimes  called  Nez  Perc6  River,  signifies  that  the  nation 
wail  supposed  to  occupy  that  river  nearer  its  mouth  than  ever  was  the  ease. 
Since  the  eailiest  times  on  record  the  Walla  Wallas  have  inhahited  this  terri- 
tory, while  the  Nez  Perces  have  always  lived  some  distance  to  the  east  (jf 
them,  on  hotli  sides  of  the  Clearwater.  The  term  Nez  Perc(5  River  gave  the 
fort  its  first  name,  hut  it  soon  hecame  known  only  as  Fort  Walla  Walla,  and 
such  I  shall  hereafter  designate  it.  The  site  was  the  north  side  of  \\'t;''a 
Walla  River  and  the  cast  side  of  the  Columhia,  where  Wallula  now  stan  Is. 
Emiix'Jiixf.  (Jr.,  MS.,  187-8;  drui/'ii  J/int.Or.,4-2.  Wllb-.i'  Nur.  C.  S.  Kc/'.: 
Ex.,  iv.  418,  wliich  gives  a  cut  of  it,  erroneously  states  that  the  post  wis 
huilt  owing  to  an  Indian  attack  on  a  party  under  Ogden.  Mr  Pamhrun, 
when  in  charge,  planted  a  garden.  TownsiniVn  Kar 
Or.,  1-23. 


lob;  Lee  and  Jrost'.i 


FOUNDING  OF  FORT  WALLA  W.VLLA. 


273 


staclcs  wliicli  had  bocii  thrown  in  his  way  those  past 
two  years. 

The  men  and  means  were  furnished  accordinj^  to  in- 
structions, and  on  the  11th  of  July  1818,  Mr  ]^^cKcn- 
zic,  seconded  by  Ross,  encamped  with  ninet^^-fivc  men 
on  the  east  bank  of  the  Columbia,  about  lialf  a  mile 
above  the  Walla  Walla  River,  which  was  the  site 
selected  for  the  new  establishment,  called  at  first  Fort 
Xez  Perce,  but  shortly  afterward  Fort  Walla  Walla. 
When  the  country  was  flooded,  the  spot  was  an  island ; 
at  low  water  it  was  a  peninsula.  It  was  still  famous 
as  the  place  where  Lewis  and  Clarke  ratified  a  peace 
by  general  feasting. 

The  position  was  commanding.  Before  them,  as 
placid  as  powerful,  lay  the  noble  Columbia,  here  more 
like  a  lake  than  a  river.  Beyond  w^ero  verdant  hills ; 
on  the  south  were  rugged  blutfs  between  two  towering 
rocks  called  the  Twins,  while  to  the  north  and  east 
was  a  wild  expanse  of  plain. 

No  demonstrations  of  joy  on  the  part  of  the  lords 
aboriginal  welcomed  the  new-comers.  "  What  do  the 
white  people  here?"  asked  the  red  bantlings  of  their 
red  papas.  "Are  they  going  to  kill  us  as  they  did 
our  relatives?"  The  savages  held  themselves  aloof 
It  was  soon  seen  that  their  friendship,  if  desired,  must 
be  paid  for. 

McKenzie  had  not  many  goods,  nor  provisions. 
Drift-wood  was  the  only  building  material  accessible, 
and  this  was  not  fit  for  all  purposes.  The  greater 
part  of  the  timber  had  to  be  cut  a  hundred  miles  dis- 
tant, and  floated  down  the  stream.  Meanwhile,  the 
savages  congregated  about  the  place  in  sullen  and 
speechless  multitudes.  They  wanted  pay  for  the 
building -material  used,  and  finally  refused  to  sell 
the  fort-builders  food,  which  caused  them  no  small 
anxiety. 

The  work,  however,  went  on  to  completion.  One 
hundred  feet  square  were  enclosed  in  palisades  of  sawn 
timber  thirty  inches  wide  by  six  inches  thick   and 

Hist.  N.W.  Coast,  Vol.  II.    18 


iit 


'J74 


FURTHER  OPERATIONS  OF  THE  XORTinVESTERS. 


twenty  fuet  lonj^.  These  were  topped  with  a  range 
of  halustrades  four  feet  liigh,  with  loop-holes  and  slij)- 
doors.  There  were  two  bastions  and  an  inner  gallery; 
a  water-tank,  witli  a  capacity  of  two  hundred  gallons, 
was  placed  at  each  angle  as  security  against  fire.  ]3e- 
side  the  outer  wall  was  an  inner  one  likewise  of  sawn 
timber  twelve  feet  higji.  Within  the  inner  palisades 
were  houses  of  drift-logs  and  one  of  stone.  It  diflered 
in  this  respect  from  most  other  establishments,  that 
the  natives  were  not  admitted  within  the  fort,  but  were 
obliged  to  trade  through  an  aperture  eighteen  inches 
square,  connnunicating  with  the  trading-room,  and 
guarded  by  an  iron  door.  Trade  and  exploring  cxi)e- 
ditions  were  next  in  order.  But  before  much  could 
bo  accomplished  in  this  direction  it  was  necessary  to 
have  an  amicable  understanding  with  the  natives. 
With  great  difficulty  and  after  much  smoking  and 
many  presents  this  was  finally  accomplished.  And 
not  only  did  they  promise  friendship  with  the  white 
people,  but  engaged  in  a  peace  treaty  with  the  Sho- 
shones,  whom  they  delighted  above  all  things  to  kill. 
Trade  was  then  opened,  and  briskly  prosecuted. 
Two  hundred  horses  were  bought,  and  toward  the 
end  of  September  fifty-five  men  went  into  the  Sho- 
shone country  with  three  hundred  beaver-traps  and  a 
sup[)ly  of  trading  goods.  The  expedition  was  under 
the  command  of  McKenzie,  while  Ross  remained  in 
charge  of  the  fort.  Tlie  oldest  and  most  renowned 
of  the  Walla  Walla  chiefs  about  this  time  became 
greatly  disheartened  over  his  affairs.  War  and 
disease  had  lately  taken  from  him  five  noble  sons, 
and  now  another,  the  last  and  youngest,  his  Ben- 
jamin, was  taken,  and  the  old  man  said  he  should  not 
remain  behind.  Begging  a  burial-box  from  the 
white  man,  that  his  best  beloved  might  be  buried  iu 
the  latest  fashion,  he  directed  the  grave  to  be  dug 
and  the  coffin  lowered.  Then  the  heart-broken 
father  threw  himself  into  the  grave,  and  ordered  it 
to  be  filled,  which  was  done  amidst  loud  laments. 


THE  GUNPOWDER  TRICK. 


m 


As  an  apostle  of  peace,  ]\IcKenzIc  crossed  tlio 
Blue  ]S[oiiiitains,  and  introduced  liiniselt'  to  tho 
Snake  nation;  whereat  they  were  greatly  pleased, 
as  indeed  savages  always  are  at  anything  new. 
Some  twenty-five  Iroquois  of  McKenzie's  company 
revolted,  anil  went  trapping  on  their  own  account. 
Xo  sooner  were  they  their  own  masters  than  they 
traded  all  their  eftects  for  Shoshone  women,  and 
(U'opped  to  the  lowest  deptlis  of  demoralization. 
Tired  at  length  of  this,  they  returned  to  their  alle- 


giance. 


After  an  absence  of  six  months  jMcKenzio  re- 
turned to  Fort  Walla  Walla,  and  in  Ai>ril  1819 
with  six  Canadians  he  ascended  Snake  liiver  to 
the  Nez  Perce  country  on  another  trading  tour.  To 
strengthen  him  in  his  new  position,  fifteen  additional 
men  were  sent  liim  under  Kittson,  a  man  with  more 
confidence  than  discretion.  For  neglecting  to  set  a 
watch  at  night  his  horses  were  all  stolen.  They 
were  caught,  however,  and  returned  to  him,  after 
two  days  of  anxiety,  by  McKenzie's  men  sent  to  the 
assistance  of  the  advancing  party.  Returning  in 
July  well  laden  with  furs,  Kittson  was  attacked  by 
a  war  party,  and  lost  two  men.  After  delivering  his 
I'urs  at  the  fort,  Kittson  returned  with  his  men  to 
!McKenzie,  whose  success  in  these  parts  was  now 
determined. 

But  notwithstanding  his  utmost  exertions,  Mc- 
Kenzie  found  it  impossible  to  maintain  peace  between 
these  fierce  mountaifi  tribes,  or  even  to  escape  their 
evil  designs  upon  the  whites.  On  one  occasion  during 
Kittson's  absence  McKenzie  was  left  at  his  encamp- 
ment with  only  three  men  to  guard  a  valuable  supply 
of  goods.  The  opportunity  was  too  tempting  to  bo 
resisted  by  those  with  whom  thieving  was  a  national 
A  irtue.  Collecting  about  the  camp  in  large  numbers, 
they  shoved  the  white  men  back  and  began  to  take 
the  goods.  Seeing  that  some  desperate  remedy  alone 
could  save  them,  McKenzie  seized  a  keg  of  gunpowder, 


2Ta        FURTHER  OPERATIOXS  OF  THE  XORTIIWESTERS. 


nnd  lijj^litiiif^  a  mutch  threatened  them  all  Avith  in- 
evitable destruction.  Instantly  the  camp  was  cleared," 
and  with  lowering;  front  the  savaijes  sneaked  away. 
Kittson,  then  r>i  route  between  the  camp  and  the  fort, 
was  attacked,  and  two  of  his  men  were  killed. 

Collectlnj^  his  scattered  forces  to  the  number  of 
Reventy-iive  men,  McKenzie,  nothing  daunted,  made 
from  this  encampment  a  second  excursion  into  the 
Shoshone  country.  War  with  the  Blackfoot  was 
then  fiercely  raging,  and  frequent  liostilo  encounters 
rendered  trapping  and  traffic  anything  but  safe  or 
agreeable  occupations.  Three  of  his  Kanakas  werv 
murdered  by  the  native  banditti.  After  a  season  of 
anxiety  McKenzie  returned  to  Walla  Walla  in  June 
1820. 


In  1820,  the  belligerent  Wascos  at  the  Dalles  were 
so  far  tamed  as  to  permit  the  establishing  at  that 
point  of  a  trading-post,  which  was  done,  and  placed 
in  charge  of  James  Birnie.  The  post  was  not  of  long 
continuance.^" 


*  It  was  at  this  sumo  post  that  Archibald  McKinlay  performed  a  similar 
feat,  making  himself  out  no  less  a  hero  of  a  gunpowder  plot  story  than  Mc- 
Kenzie, fi'om  wliom  lie  may  originally  have  obtained  the  idea. 

^"Mirhfll,  ill  tlie  Dalles  Mountiiiiiecr,  2.3d  April  1809;  McKny,  in  the  Dallcn 
Mottntaiiiei'V,  '2Sth  ^lay  1809.  James  Jirniu  was  a  native  of  Aberdeen,  Scot- 
land. He  entered  the  service  of  the  Torthwest  Company  in  1817.  After  a 
year  in  Montreal  ho  was  sent  to  thj  Colimdjia.  Engaged  in  minor  duties 
the  first  two  years,  wo  sec  him  in  1820  establishing  a  post  at  the  I'alle^i. 
Later  he  was  several  years  in  charge  of  Fort  George,  Astoria,  where  he  suc- 
ceeded John  Dunn,  and  in  1833  ho  was  appointed  to  the  charge  of  Fort  .Simp- 
son. Ho  was  again  at  Fort  George  from  1840  to  1840.  After  retiring  from 
tlio  service,  ho  made  his  home  at  Cathlamet,  where,  after  his  death,  Decem- 
ber 21,  1804,  at  the  ago  of  09  years,  his  family  continued  to  reside.  His 
many  sterling  qualities  made  him  highly  respected,  while  his  kindly  disjio- 
sition  and  genial  manner  won  the  hearts  of  all  who  1  lew  him.  Andcrxoii'n 
Northwest  Coast,  MS.,  70-1;  Strickland's  Missiona,  139,  Portland  Oreijoniun, 
Dec.  29,  1864;  liobert's  Kec,  MS.,  100. 


CHAPTER  XIII. 


IIARjMON  in  new  CALEDONIA-RESTORATION  OF  ASTORIA. 

1810-1818. 

LlIE  ANT)  ClIAEACTEH  OF   IIaKMON' — ITiS   StAY  AT    MoNTAGNi:  A    LA  BaSSE, 

SruiiCiEON  Lake,  CinrEWVAN,  anu  DuxvEiiAX  — i  '^'o.mi'any  with 
Stuaut  He  ExTEns  New  (Jaledo.ma — Qpesnel  Re!;,  i  ■  .ilisues  Eokt 
FuASER — A  Chief  Ciiasti.sed— Harmon's  T.»avels— Sti  vut's  ^Ianaoe- 
BiENT — First  Arrival  of  Scitlilh  in  New  Calv  'oxia  ly  wav  of  "  uk 
Tacific — Harmon  Returns  Home — Affairs  .  .  t'ort  (Jeorcf- -Das- 
tardly Attack  of  Keith's  Men  ui'on  Tin;  Cowlitz  .\  ;i>  the  Umv- 
o*-  >■  —Donald  McKenzie — Restoration  of  Astoria,  or  i  ox.t  Geouoe, 
TO  the  Umted  States. 


\ 


Turn  again  to  the  New  Caledonian  district.  On  tlio 
28th  of  April  1800,  Daniel  Williams  Harmon,  then 
clerk,  subsequently  partner,  in  the  Nortlnvest  Coni- 
])an3',  set  out  from  Montreal  for  the  far  Northwest. 
j\Ir  Harmon  has  left  us  a  printed  record.^ 

His  first  engagement  was  seven  years'  service  as 
clerk.  The  absence  of  Christian  rites  troubled  him 
not  a  little,  for  he  was  one  of  the  few  among  the  fur- 
traders  who  carried  his  reliixion  into  the  wilderness.^ 

^A  Journal  of  Voi/ar/rfi  ami  Travels  in  the Iiitcrionr  o/Xorth  America.  An- 
iliivcr,  18:20,  with  portrait  tind  map.  In  tho  ori'^'inal  dt'cd-poll  of  coalition 
Itotwceu  tlio  Xortliwcst  ami  the  Hudson's  Bay  Companies,  liis  name  stands 
licaido  those  of  the  fathci'  and  grandfatlicr  of  Malcolm  McLcod.  'A  pious 
(Irecn  Mountain  Boy,  Kchuolcd  in  A'ennoiit,  took  service  in  tlic  nortli,  an<l 
doing  well  and  bravely  liis  worli,  was,  it  M'ould  seem,  promoted  to  tho  charj^o 
of  the  liighcr  phiteau  now  under  consideration,  and  whicli  he  retained  for 
several  years.  He,  or:  retirement,  published  his  journals,  and  tho  frequency 
of  referenco  to  his  work  is  evidence  of  his  merit.'  McLeod'ti  Peace  Jiivcr,  104. 
So  scarce  is  Harmon's  book  that  even  MoLeod  had  ne\er  seen  a  copy.  It  is  re- 
viewed in  tiie  London  (Jnarterli/,  January  1822,  wlucli  served  Crcenhow. 
Or.  and  Cal.,  291.  It  is  also  reviewed  in  Nouvellea  Aiinales  des  Toy.,  xiv. 
53-08.     Seo  also  Victor's  Or.,  20-7. 

^  'Our  men  play  at  cards  on  tho  Sabbath  the  same  as  on  any  other  day. 
For  such  improper  conduct  I  once  reproved  them  ;  but  tlieir  reply  was,  thcro 

( ^77  J 


'  w 


278 


HAR^IOX  IX  NEW  C.U.EDONIA. 


He  (lid  not  cross  the  mountains  at  once  into  Now 
Caledonia,  but  iemained  on  the  eastern  side,  stationed 
first  at  one  fort  and  then  at  another  for  some  ten  years. 
In  May  1805,  while  at  Montague  h,  la  Basse,  ho  en- 
tered into  an  arrangement  with  Mr  Chaboillez  to 
make  a  tour  of  discovery  to  the  head-waters  of  the 
Missouri.  The  party,  to  consist  of  six  or  seven 
Canadians  and  two  or  three  Indians,  was  to  set  out 
early  in  June,  making  the  Mandan  village  on  the  Mis- 
souri their  first  stopping- place.  Thence  they  would 
proceed  to  the  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  com- 
pany with  the  Mandans,  who  went  thither  every  year 
to  meet  and  trade  with  the  natives  from  the  western 
slope,  and  return  in  November.  Owing  to  ill-health 
Harmon  never  undertook  the  journey.  Laroche, 
however,  attempted  the  tour,  but  went  no  farther  west 
than  the  village  of  the  Mandans. 

The  winter  of  1807-8,  Harmon  spent  at  Stur- 
geon Lake  in  company  with  ]Joetor  McLoughlin, 
whom  he  found  a  most  agreeable  companion.  Slowly 
working  his  way  westward,  September  1808  saw  him 
at  Fort  Chipewyan,  the  general  rendezvous  for  the 
Athabasca  district,  where  goods  were  set  apart  for 
the  many  different  posts  of  that  department,  and 
where  flocked  the  fur-traders  from  a  thousand  miles 
northward  and  westward,  from  the  Mackenzie  River 
and  the  Pacific  seaboard.  From  the  latter 
Simon  Fraser  arrived  while  Harmon  was  there 

From  Fort  Chipewyan  Mr  Harmon  ascended  Peace 
River,  reaching  Fort  Vermillion  the  2d  of  October, 
Encampment  Island  Fort  the  7th,  and  Dunvegan  the 
1 0th.  Here  in  company  with  John  McGilli  vray  and  the 
McTavishes  he  passed  the  winter.  The  well  built  fort 
was  pleasantly  situated  in  the  midst  of  open  plains,  and 
with  buffalo,  moose,  red  deer,  and  bear  meat,  a  fair 
supply  of  vegetables  from  the  kitchen-garden,  a  good 
collection  of  books,  and  agreeable  companions,  fur- 
is  no  Sabbath  in  this  country,  and,  they  athlcil,  no  God  nor  devil ;  and  tlicir 
behavior  but  too  plainly  shows  that  they  s^rako  as  they  think.'  Journal,  Ul. 


region 


DIVERS  MOVEMENTS. 


279 


the 
for 
and 
lies 
iiver 
;ioii 

eace 
obcr, 
the 
the 
fort 
and 
fair 
[vood 
fur- 

1  their 
,01. 


trading  became  quite  bearable.  At  Fort  St  John,  one 
liundred  and  twenty  miles  up  the  river,  was  stationed 
this  winter  Mr  F.  Geodike. 

In  May  1809,  the  McTavishes,  McGillivray,  and 
Geodike  proceeded  eastward,  while  Harmon  remained 
at  Dunvegan.  Shortly  after  their  departure,  Simon 
Fraser  and  James  McDougall  arrived  at  Dunvegan, 
tlie  former  from  the  Rocky  Mountain  Portage,  one 
hundred  and  eighty  miles  above,  and  the  latter  from 
New  Caledonia,  which  Harmon  pronounced  four  hun- 
dred and  fifty  miles  from  his  station.  After  spend- 
ing most  of  the  day  with  Harmon  they  continued 
their  journey  in  four  canoes  toward  Rainy  Lake. 

The  monotony  of  the  winter  in  this  region  had  l)een 
broken  only  by  the  death  of  Andrew  ]\Iackenzi(', 
natural  son  of  Sir  Alexander  Mackenzie,  at  Fort  Yvv- 
million,  and  the  starvation  of  several  Canadian  fami- 
lies who  came  into  these  parts  free,  that  is,  not  belong- 
ing to  either  of  the  great  companies,  to  hunt  beavei-. 
One  man,  it  was  said,  killed  and  ate  his  wife  and 
child,  and  then  lie  died.  In  the  spring  of  1809,  eleven 
canoes,  loaded  with  furs,  were  sent  east  from  Fort 
DunvcGfan  and  the  neiixhborinq;  stations.  In  June,  tlus 
garden-seeds  were  well  up,  with  good  prospects  for 
abundant  supplies  for  the  ensuing  winter.  Fine 
1  parley  was  harvested  the  month  following.  About 
this  time,  John  Stuart  came  over  from  New  Caledonia 
for  a  supply  of  goods,  retux-ning  in  July. 

In  October,  Harmon's  heart  was  made  glad  by  the 
arrival  of  letters  trom  his  friends,  brought  by  A.  R. 
^IcLeod,  he  and  a  company  in  three  canoes  being 
on  their  way  to  New  Caledonia.  In  those  days  letters 
from  home  were  a  treat  scarcely  expected  more  than 
once  or  twice  a  year;  but  the  Peace  River  Pass  was 
now  becoming  quite  a  thoroughfare  between  the  ea.st 
and  tlie  west,  so  that  facilities  for  sending  letters  were 
more  frequent  hero  than  in  many  other  so  far  distant 
localities. 

The  following  spring,  D.  McTavish  again  went  east, 


280 


HARMOX  IN  NEW  CALEDONIA. 


and  also  J.  Clarke,  John  Stuart,  and  H.  Faries,  with 
their  lespective  companies. 

On  the  Gth  of  October  1810,  John  Stuart  arrived 
at  Dunvogan  from  Fort  Chipewyan,  with  four  canoes 
laden  with  supplies  for  the  Kocky  Mountain  Portage 
and  Ne  "  Caledonia.  By  this  arrival,  Harmon  received 
among  other  letters  one  signed  jointly  by  three  of  the 
Northwest  Company  partners,  requesting  him  to  pro- 
ceed to  New  Caledonia  and  take  charge  of  aflairs 
there ;  or  if  he  preferred  to  do  so,  he  might  place  him- 
self under  the  command  of  Stuart  until  spring,  during 
which  time  he  would  have  acquired  sufficient  knowl- 
edge of  the  country  to  manage  matters  alone. 

Harmon  preferred  to  avail  himself  of  Stuart's  ex- 
perience for  a  time  before  assuming  chief  command 
west  of  the  mountains.  Hence  on  the  7th  of  October 
tlie  tw(^  traders  left  Fort  Dunvcgan,  stoj^ping  at  Fort 
Sfc  John  to  j)re})are  provisions  for  New  Caledonia. 
Thence  Stuart  embarked  in  three  canoes  on  the  11th 
for  liocky  Mountain  Portage,  Harmon  following  him 
next  dav.  There,  at  the  station  which  is  now  called 
Hudson's  Hope,  they  left  a  portion  of  their  goods, 
and  crossed  to  the  western  end  of  the  portage,  where 
they  found  some  of  their  people  of  the  Northwest 
Company  repairing  four  old  canoes  which  oftcred  at- 
ti-actions  only  to  men  weary  of  life.  Nevertheless, 
into  them  they  piled  their  baggage,  and  were  soon 
en  route,  again  up  the  river.  Arriving  at  the  junc- 
tion of  Fiulay  lliver,  they  took  the  south  branch  and 
proceeded  to  McLeod  Fort.  There  Stuart  remained 
for  a  time,  while  Harmon  with  thirteen  laborers  crossed 
over  to  Stuart  Fort,  whei'c,  after  a  fortnight's  travel, 
he  arriveil  on  the  17th  of  November. 

On  the  I'Jth  of  December,  Harmon  sent  J.  M. 
Quesnel  with  a  small  suppl}'  of  goods  to  Fraser 
Lake,  to  reestablisli  the  ])ost  there,  as  it  had  been 
for  a  time  abandoned.  On  the  18th,  Stuart  with 
a  small  party  passed  Stuart  Fort  for  Fort  Fi'aser, 
and  shortly  afterward  Harmon  followed  him. 


NEW  YEAR'S  DEBAUCHERIES. 


281 


:\- 


]\r. 


As  these  were  days  of  intoxication,  before  absolute 
monopoly  regulated  the  morals  of  the  region,  new 
year's  day  was  the  signal  among  the  Canadians  for  a 
grand  debauch,  which  the  sober  savage  begged  leave 
to  witness.  Drinking  set  in,  and  quarrelling  soon 
followed,  whereat  the  natives  hid  themselves,  saying 
the  white  men  had  run  mad.  When  they  saw  those 
who  had  raved  the  loudest  in  the  morning  becoming 
quiet  in  the  afternoon,  they  said  the  white  man's 


Sr   \VI».;,l)a,hiitk 


,  ''''km\ 


I-  \  > 
'^iT        t'arllouJlu 


Habmon'3  Map. 

senses  had  returned  to  him.  Then  they  went  their 
way,  wondering  hew  such  superior  beings  should  vol- 
untarily lay  aside  their  reason  for  a  time  and  become 
beasts. 

In  April  1811,  Harmon  abandoned  the  Fraser  Fort 
and  returned  to  Fort  Stuart.  Shortly  afterward  lie 
sent  most  of  his  men  to  INIcLeod  Fort  to  prepare  for 
a  journey  cast,  and  in  a  few  days  followed  thorn  with 
Quesnel.    A  little  native  boy  not  yet  four  years  old, 


282 


HARMON  IN  NEW  CALEDONIA. 


called  George  Harmon,  of  whom  he  was  ftithcr,  accom- 
panied him  on  his  way  to  the  United  States,  wliithcr 
Harmon  was  sending  him,  under  the  charge  of  Qucsuel, 
to  be  educated.  A  daughter  was  soon  after  born  to 
him,  whom  he  called  Polly  Harmon;  for  this  good 
man's  piety  did  not  prevent  his  propagating  the  natives 
of  that  wilderness  wherever  he  went.  Yet  to  these 
dusky  offspring  Harmon  was  most  affectionately  at- 
tached, and  he  always  endeavored  to  do  his  duty  by 
them.  His  feelings  toward  them  and  his  treatment 
of  them  in  every  respect,  were  the  same  as  if  they  had 
been  born  of  a  white  mother  in  lawful  wedlock.  After 
sending  away  this  boy,  as  he  believed  for  his  good,  ho 
returned  to  Stuart  Fort;  and  so  dejected  were  his  spir- 
its in  consequence,  he  says,  that  he  passed  four  of  the 
most  miserable  days  of  his  life.  And  when  some  tw<) 
years  later,  Harmon  heard  that  his  boy  was  dead,  ho 
was  overwhelmed  with  grief,  while  the  mother  was 
thrown,  if  possible,  into  still  greater  distress,  being 
delirious  the  whole  niofht  after  receivino:  the  intelli- 
gence. 

Big  Knife  was  the  name  the  natives  gave  Harmon, 
for  he  sometimes  carried  a  sword:  and  thouijh  durimji; 
the  eleven  years  he  had  spent  in  the  Indian  country 
ho  had  never  struck  an  Indian,  it  now  devolved  on  him 
to  chastise  a  chief  named  Quas,  or  else  be  called  a 
coward,  and  lose  his  influence  in  those  parts.  Har- 
mon tells  tlie  story  at  some  length.  Briefly,  it  is  as 
follows:  Quas,  to  display  his  importance  before  his 
followers,  insisted  that  Harmon  should  give  credit  to 
an  Indian  not  worthy  of  it.  Harmon  refused,  where- 
upon Quas  bantered  Harmon  as  to  his  business  qual- 
ifications, saying  that  he  managed  his  affairs  as  well  as 
any  white  man.  Then  he  asked  credit  for  a  small 
piece  of  cloth,  which  was  readily  granted;  but  on 
showing  him  one  piece  of  cloth  after  another,  ho 
affected  disgust  with  them  all.  Then  Harmon  felt 
it  his  duty  to  punish  him,  which  he  did  by  beating 
him  over  the  head  with  a  stick.     The  chief  cried  to 


LEARNS  OF  FORT  ASTORIA. 


283 


his  warriors,  several  of  whom  were  present,  to  seize 
his  assailant;  but  they  dare  not  touch  him;  and  there- 
after none  among  them  ranked  higher  than  Big 
Knife. 

In  the  autumn  of  1811  Peace  River  was  frozen  be- 
fore the  usual  supplies  were  brought  up,  so  that  in 
December  Harmon  was  obliged  to  bring  the  goods 
over  with  dogs  and  sledges.  He  set  out  on  the  20th 
with  twenty  men,  and  returned  in  time  for  the  first  of 
Januavy  festivity,  accompanied  by  McDougall. 

During  this  month  of  January  1812,  Harmon 
visited  the  native  village  of  Tachy,  situated  at  the 
other  end  of  Stuart  Lake.  He  found  the  people 
indolent,  and  consequently  poorly  fed  and  clad.  Then 
with  McDougall  and  twelve  of  his  own  men  and 
two  Carriers,  he  made  a  journey  to  the  territory 
of  the  Xateotetains  living  to  the  westward.  Few  of 
these  people  had  ever  before  seen  white  men,  and  on 
their  approach  they  showed  by  warlike  gestures  how 
they  would  defend  themselves  in  case  they  were 
uttaclced.  They  were  armed  with  bows  and  arrows, 
clubs  and  axes.  When  informed  by  the  strangers 
that  they  had  come  to  supply  their  necessities  and 
])urchase  their  furs,  respect  and  hospitality  were  pro- 
fusely proffered. 

Continuing  their  journey,  they  the  next  day  came 
upon  four  other  villages,  whose  people  told  them  how 
white  men  ascended  their  river  from  the  Pacilic  Ocean 
and  sold  goods  to  their  neighbors  on  the  west,  from 
whom  they  purchased.  In  February  Harmon  made  an 
(•iglit  days'  jaunt  to  Fraser  Lake,  and  was  everywhere 
well  received  by  the  natives. 

y  a  letter  from  David  Thompson,  dated  at  Ilko- 
yope  Falls  on  the  Columbia  River  the  28th  of  August 
IHIl,  Harmon  now  first  receives  intelligence  of  the 
i'urt-builders  at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia,  who  call 
tlicmselves  the  Pacific  Fur  Company.  This  letter 
had  been  on  the  way  eight  months,  when  tlie  distance 
might  easily  be  travelled  in  thirty  days.     The  reason 


284 


HARMON  IN  NEW  aVLEDONIA. 


of  this  was  that  instead  of  sending  it  throujjfh  direct 
b}'^  a  single  messenger,  it  was  delivered  by  Thompson 
at  one  of  his  posts  down  the  Columbia  to  the  ad- 
jacent tribes,  with  instructions  to  pass  it  on  to  tlie 
next  tribe,  and  so  on  until  it  should  reach  its  destina- 
tion.    The  wonder  is  that  it  went  through  at  all. 

In  May,  Harmon  went  to  jNIcLeod  Lake  to  despatch 
his  eastern  express,  and  while  crossing  a  small  lake  on 
a  sledge,  one  of  his  men,  Pierre  Lambert,  fell  through 
the  ice  and  was  drowned.  The  winter  of  1812-i3 
was  spent  by  Harmon  in  company  with  John  Stuart, 
at  Stuart  Fort.  With  them  were  twenty-one  laborers, 
one  interpreter,  five  women,  and  a  troop  of  children. 
While  on  a  fur-trading  excursion  to  Fraser  Lake  the 
two  friends  narrowly  escaped  being  killed  by  certain 
Indians,  who  were  incensed  against  the  intorproter's 
wife;  but  courage,  coolness,  and  kind  word^  finally 
pacified  them. 

With  five  voyageurs  and  a  Carrier  Indian,  Har- 
mon left  Stuart  Lake  the  Gth  of  February  1813  for 
Fort  Dunvegan,  for  the  purpose  of  transacting  some 
business  with  McGillivray.  There  he  was  informed 
that  the  British  had  taken  Niagara  and  Mackinaw. 

Accompanied  by  six  voyageurs*  and  two  natives, 
John  Stuart  on  the  13th  of  May  embarked  at  Stuart 
Lake  in  two  canoes  with  a  small  stock  of  goods  as 
pocket-money,  and  six  weeks'  provisions,  for  the  pur- 
])ose  of  finding,  if  possible,  water  communication 
between  that  point  and  the  Columbia  River.  Should 
his  efforts  prove  successful,  it  was  the  intention  of 
the  Northwest  partners  to  obtain  supplies  and  make 
returns  by  that  route,  building  vessels  somewhere  on 
the  Pacific  coast  to  ply  between  the  Columbia  River 
and  China,  and  thus  avoid  the  long  land  travel  from 
Canada.  On  reaching  the  Columbia,  Stuart  was 
to  be  joined  by  John  G.  McTavish,  who  was  to  ac- 
company him  to  the  ocean.  This  left  Harmon  in  the 
full  superintendence  of  affairs  in  New  Caledonia. 

At  these  far  interior  posts  the  officers  had  Icisuio 


A  VERY  NEW  COUNTRY. 


28S 


onougli.  Harmon  says  that  not  more  than  one  fifth  of 
liis  time  was  occupied  by  business.  But  at  every  post 
were  books,  and  among  tliem  many  that  were  wortli 
reading.  Gloomy  reflections  sometimes  arose  as  he 
thouglit  of  his  civilized  home,  some  thirteen  years 
having  now  passed  since  he  left  it;  but  most  of  the 
time  he  was  contented  and  cheerful.  No  small  por- 
tion of  his  time  was  occupied  in  religious  resolves, 
whicb  he  conscientiously  endeavored  to  carry  out. 

Joseph  La  Roche,  who  had  accompanied  John  G. 
McTavish  to  the  Pacific  the  summer  previous,  arrived 
at  Stuart  Lake  the  7th  of  November  1813.  The 
4th  of  February  following,  Donald  McLennan  arrived 
with  the  intelligence  of  the  purchase  of  the  property 
of  the  Pacific  Fur  Company  by  the  Northwest  Com- 
pany. ^ 

During  these  years,  Harmon  was  chiefly  occupied 
in  baling  and  shipping  down  Peace  River  the  furs 
collected  at  the  several  posts  under  his  charge,  and  in 
I'cceiving  and  distributing  the  suppli<is  of  goods  sent 
him.  It  was  monotonous  enough  thus  beincc  shut  in  the 
wilderness  for  nineteen  years,  and  an  agreeable  com- 
panion was  most  highly  prized.  "Happy  arc  those," 
he  exclaims,  while  laboring  under  the  disappointment 
of  losing  McLennan,  who  he  had  hoped  would  have 
remained  with  him  during  the  summer,  "happy  are 
those  who  have  an  amiable  and  intelligent  friend  with 
whom  they  can  at  pleasure  converse  1" 

The  first  goods  sent  into  New  Caledonia  by  way  of 
the  Pacific  Ocean  and  the  Columbia  River  of  which 
Harmon  makes  mention,  arrived  at  Stuart  Fort  the 
18th  of  October  1814.  They  were  brought  from  Fort 
George  in  two  canoes  by  Joseph  La  Roche,  who  on 
arrival  was  sent  by  Harmon  once  more  to  reestab- 
lish Fort  Fraser.  La  Roche  was  soon  relieved  by 
Harmon  himself,  who  soon  after  w'as  joined  by  Stuart 
and  McDougall,  who  took  him  with  them  to  Stilla  to 
purchase  salmon  of  the  natives.  The  1 1th  of  Janu- 
ary  1815    Harmon  set  out  with    six  men  and  two 


288 


HARMOX  IN  NEW  CALEDONIA. 


natives  to  visit  the  Naskootains^  who  had  never  before 
held  intercourse  with  white  men. 

As  spring  came  on,  a  small  piece  of  ground  at  Fort 
Fraser  was  inclosed  in  palisades  for  a  vegetable  gar- 
den, and  })otatoes,  beets,  onions,  carrots,  and  parsnijis 
planted,  besides  a  little  corn  and  barley.  The  sumuKr 
of  1815  Stuart  passed  at  Stuart  Lake,  and  Harmon 
at  Fraser  Lake.  The  narrative  about  this  time  be- 
comes very  sentimental  and  very  religious.  The 
writer  sighs  for  companionship  like  a  sick  school-giil, 
and  throws  in  pages  of  protestations,  prayers,  and 
liiffh  resolves.  Although  his  desire  to  return  to  his 
old  home  was  never  so  great  as  now,  yet  in  the  spring 
of  18 IG  Harmon  agreed  with  George  McDougall*  to 
remain  in  tlie  country  two  years  longer  as  clerk  of  the 
Northwest  Company. 

The  winter  of  181G-17  came  on  early  with  its  cold 
white  coverings.  As  usual,  salmon  dried  during  the 
summer  was  the  chief  subsistence  alike  of  white 
man  and  red.  In  December,  fifteen  sledge -loads  of 
this  food  were  sent  by  Harmon  from  Fort  Fraser 
to  ]\IcLeod  Fort  to  supply  the  winterers  there  as 
well  as  the  spring  packers.  The  summer  was  very 
dry,  there  being  not  a  drop  of  rain  for  months.  In 
May,  Harmon  set  out  on  a  visit  to  Fort  Chipewyan, 
returning  the  1st  of  September.  On  the  3d  of  Octo- 
ber Fort  Fraser  was  burned;  most  of  the  property, 
however,  was  saved. 

The  year  1818  was  partly  spent  by  Harmon  in 
preparations  to  return  to  his  native  land,  on  which 
he  was  now  fully  determined.  To  this  end  George 
McDougall  in  February  1819  took  his  place  at  Stuart 
Fort,  where  of  late  he  had  been  stationed,  while  Har- 
mon himself  proceeded  to  McLeod  Fort,  and  thence 
the  following  summer  to  Montreal  and  Vermont. 

^  For  full  accounts  of  all  the  aborigines  of  this  locality,  see  Amative  Races,  i. 
114-37,  146. 

*This  George  McDougall  came  out  from  Canada  to  Red  River  the  summer 
previous  with  Lord  Selkirk's  party.  Becoming  dissatisfied  with  the  treat- 
ment of  John  Clarke,  his  superior,  he  left  the  settlement,  and  joined  his 
brother  James  McDougall  west  of  the  mountains. 


PETER  SKEEN  OGDEN. 


2S7 


I  have  been  thus  minute  in  giving  the  somewhat 
tame  events  from  Harmon's  journal,  from  the  fact 
that  it  is  the  only  historical  record  we  have  of  this 
region  during  this  period;  and  as  the  time  was  of 
the  earliest,  incidents  assume  importance,  whicli  at  a 
later  date  would  he  deemed  insignificant.  One  crown- 
'm<x  noble  act  this  man  Harmon  did  on  emerjxincj 
i'rom  the  wilderness,  which  partners  with  more  gen- 
tlemanly pretensions  might  well  have  followed.  His 
uncouth  children  with  their  Indian  mother  he  did  not 
desert,  but  took  them  all  with  him  to  his  old  home, 
made  the  woman  his  lawful  wife,  and  educated  his 
(.hildren  in  all  his  own  high  and  holy  principles. 

Events  call  us  once  more  to  Fort  George.  The 
attention  of  the  magnates  there  in  charge  was  di- 
\ided  between  the  receiving  and  disbursing  of  the 
annual  outfits,  and  the  cultivation  of  trade  with  the 
aboriginals  of  the  Willamette  and  the  Cowlitz.  Keith 
was  in  many  respects  an  excellent  man,  but  he  pos- 
sessed a  remarkable  faculty  for  bungling  business.  I 
will  cite  an  instance : 

Oskononton  was  an  Iroquois,  one  of  the  twenty- 
iive  who  had  revolted  from  McKcnzie.  He  crej)t 
back  an  emaciated  penitent  to  Fort  Walla  Walla,  and 
from  tliere  was  sent  down  to  Fort  George.  Shortly 
afterward  he  joined  a  party  of  his  countrymen  to  trap 
on  the  Cowlitz,  where,  in  attempting  with  some  of 
liis  wild  comrades  to  force  the  women,  he  was  killed. 
The  party  returned  to  the  fort  and  represented  the 
aftair  as  an  unprovoked  murder,  whereupon  Keith 
sent  thirty  Iroquois,  under  Ogden,^  to  investigate  the 

'' '  Petev  Skecn  Ogdcn  figures  somewhat  conspicuously  in  Nortliwest  Coast 
afFiiirs.  He  was  a  son  of  Chief  Justice  Ogden  of  Quebec,  ami  joined  the 
Nortliwcst  Company  in  1811.  His  earlier  days  were  spent  in  tJie  Utiih  and 
Shoslionc  countries,  with  occasional  visits  to  California.  Rising  in  position 
in  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  in  18.S1  he  left  the  Snake  country,  and  in  183") 
was  chief  factor  in  chai-ge  of  the  district  of  New  Caledonia.  At  the  age  of 
sixty  he  died  at  Oregon  City,  in  the  house  of  his  son-in-law,  Archibald  Mc- 
Kinlay,  in  1854.  McK'tnlaji'a  Nar.,  MS.,  1-4;  AiidcrKon's  N.  Coast,  MS.,  23; 
Piirtkuid  Oregonian,  Sept.  30,  1854.  Allen,  Hem.,  MS.,  8,  says:  'Ogden  had 
been  a  wild  youtli,  and  though  possessing  much  ability,  was  still  fond  of  tricks 
,iu  later  years.' 


288 


HARMOX  IX  NEW  CALEDONIA. 


matter,  a  clioico  of  instruments  which  no  competent 
manager  could  hy  any  possibiHty  have  made.  Arrived 
at  the  Cowhtz  camp,  without  awaitinj^  orders  from 
their  leader,  these  eastern  barbarians  raised  their  <^uiis 
and  fired,  bringing  down  men,  women,  and  children. 
Twelve  persons  wholly  innocent  of  any  crime  were 
killed  before  the  eyes  of  the  Cowlitz  chief  Howhow, 
who  that  moment  was  assisting  Ogden  to  find  tlu; 
murderer,  was  sickened,  enraged,  as  well  he  might  be. 
Ogden  attempted  to  pacify  him,  begged  him  to  visit 
the  fort  where  all  should  bo  explained  and  rectified, 
but  all  to  no  purpose.  Every  other  effort  proving 
unavailing,  a  husband  from  among  tlio  white  chiefs 
at  the  fort  was  promised  Howhow's  beautiful  young 
daughter.  This  was  .norc  than  the  fond  father  could 
withstand.  A  guard  was  promised  him  to  and  from 
the  fort,  as  he  would  have  to  pass  over  the  lands  of 
his  enemies,  the  Chinooks.  The  princess  was  brought 
to  the  fort  and  happily  married.  After  the  days  of 
rejoicing  were  over,  Howhow  was  permitted  to  leave 
the  fort  to  return  without  a  guard,  being  attended 
only  by  his  own  immediate  followers.  The  conse- 
quence was,  before  they  had  proceeded  three  hundred 
yards,  the  Cowlitz  were  fired  upon  by  some  Chinooks 
in  ambush.  The  stupid  sentinel  cried  out  that  the 
fort  was  attacked  by  Howhow  and  his  men,  and 
against  them  the  guns  of  the  bastion  were  discharged, 
wounding  two  of  the  Cowlitz.  Soon  the  mistake  was 
discovered  and  Howhow  brought  into  the  fort.  Keith 
attempted  to  explain,  but  Howhow  was  a  changed 
man.  In  stern  and  sulky  meditation  he  took  leave  of 
his  white  son-in-law,  loaded  with  presents,  but  yet 
suspicious  and  revengeful. 

Thus  driven  by  their  own  misconduct  and  stupidity 
from  the  Cowlitz,  fresh  attention  was  directed  toward 
the  Willamette.  Already  there  were  trappers  enough 
in  that  quarter,  but  the  graceless  Iroquois  must  have 
a  hunting-ground  somewhere.  Hence,  sixty  men, 
under  two  half-breed  Canadian  clerks,  ascended  the 


DARK  DOINGS  AT  UMPQUA. 


iveitu 
mgcd 
ivc  of 

yet 

)idity 
l)\vanl 
lough 
have 
imen, 
the 


Willamette,  and  crossed  over  to  the  Umpqua.     The 
natives  were  peaceful  and  timid.       They  did  not  oh- 
jt'C't  to  the  trappiu'j^  on  their  premises,  but  tliey  did 
not  wish  to  barter  furs,  exchange  horses,  or  sell  wives. 
As  the  white  men  encroached  upon  their  })rivacy,  the 
natives  retired.     One  day  as  the  latter  were  breaking 
up  camp  in   order   to   escape    their   persecutors,  the 
trapi)ers  seized  the  horses  of  the  Indians  in  order  to 
insure  their  return.     The  owners  resisted,  whereupon 
the  trappers  fired  upon  them,  killing  fourteen  innocent 
and  inoti'ensive  persons,  who  had  not  even  drawn  an 
arrow  in  self-defence.     The  survivors  tied,  the  hunt- 
ers pursuing.     How  many  more  were   killed  in  the 
flight  Mas  never  known. ^     A  guilty  fear  then  seized 
the  wretches,  and  falling  back  upon  the  Willamette, 
four  of  their  nun)ber  M'cre  sent  to  Fort  George  to 
tell  how  they  had  been  attacked  and  well  nigh  massa- 
cred by  the  treacherous  and  blood-thirsty  savages  of 
the  Umpqua.     Retribution,  however,  was  at   hand. 
Camping  while  en  route  at  Oak  Point,  the  four  mes- 
sengers   were   murdered  by   five   Tlatskanai,  of    the 
same  band  as  that  which   in  1811   had  killed  three 
of  the  Pacific  Company's  men.     As  soon  as  the  Oak 
Point  murder  was  known  at  the  fort,  a  party   was 
sent  in  pursuit  of  the  assassins,  who  were  cai)turod 
and  tried,  and  four  of  the  five  convicted  and  executed. 
By  these  and  like  mismanagements  the    returns   at 
Port   George    were   this    year,  1810,  reduced  4,000 
beaver,  equivalent  in  money  to  £G,000. 

Another  year  was  spent  by  Donald  McKenzie  in  the 
Snake  country,  closing  on  his  return  to  Port  Walla 
Walla,  the  10th  of  July  1821.  Next  year  he  crossed 
the  mountains  to  York  Factory,  and  was  shortly  after 

*  It  is  with  heart-felt  sorrow  that  I  find  it  my  duty  to  rcj^ister  so  dastardly 
an  outrage  pci-petrated  under  Northwest  Company  rule.  Their  excuse  would 
1)0  that  tlie  friends  who  did  it  were  eastern  savages,  Iroijuois,  wlioni  they 
found  it  extremely  difficult  to  control.  Wo  well  know  that  siieh  doeils  weio 
disavowed  and  lamented  by  the  members  of  the  Northwest  (jompauy,  most 
of  all  men. 

^^a•I.  M.  W.  Coast,  Vol.  II.    19 


2no 


nARMOX  IN  XEW  CALEDONIA. 


iiiiido  •'•ovornor  of  tlu^  Kcd  ]livor  Colony,  •'^  i)ositioii 
second  oiilv  to  that  of'y:ovuriu)r-in-ehier.  After  filliui; 
tliiit  ollicc  for  ten  years,  lie  removed  with  lii.s  family 
to  Mayvillc,  New  V'ork. 

In  the  sununer  of  1818,  tliero  arrived  at  Astoria 
the  remnant  of  a  i)arty  of  twentv-five  led  hv  Jjouis 
Pichette  from  Canada  the  year  })revious,  and  Avho 
had  Avintei'ed  on  the  i)lain.s.  Seven  of  thecomjjany  Juid 
died  upon  tiu;  way.  After  spendinuf  several  yt-ars  ciich 
at  Forts  \'ancouver,  Colville,  and  I  lall,  Pichette  finally 
took  a  farm  at  Champoeg,  where  he  (hed  in  187(1.'' 


By  the  treaty  of  peace  between  Cleat  Britain  and 
the  Cnited  States  sis^'ned  at  (jrheiit  the  •J4th  of  I  )t!cem- 
ber  1814,  it  was  agreed  that  all  teii'itory  and  j)laces 
taken  by  either  from  the  other  durini,^  the  war  should 
bo  immediately  restored.  In  })ursuance  of  this  agree- 
ment, on  the  18th  of  July  1815,  James  Monroe, 
•secretary  of  ^tate,  notified  j\Ir  ]3aker,  charge  tl'atfaircs 
of  (Jlreat  I^ritain  to  the  United  States,  tluit  measures 
would  be  taken  to  reoccu})y  the  post  of  Astoria,  on 
the  Columbia  lliver,  without  <lelay,  at  the  same  time 
asking  a.  kittcr  to  the  person  iu  charge,  giving  orders 
for  its  restitution. 

Mr  Baker  replied  that  he  had  no  authority  from 
his  government  to  f  irnish  such  a  letter,  and  referred 
the  secretary  to  A'icc-.'.clmiral  J)ixon,  of  his  majesty's 
naval  forces  on  the  Ivivizil  station,  whose  connnand 
included  the  Pacific.  There  the  matter  rested  until 
September  1817,  when  the  sloop  of  war  Oiittirlo  was 
ordered  to  the  Columbia  peaceably  to  assert  the 
sovereignty  of  the  United  State,,  in  the  territory  ad- 
jacent. The  aptain  of  the  sloop,  J.  Biddle,  and  J. 
B.  Provost  V,  re  appointed  joint  connnissioners  to 
carry  these  in;    -uctions  into  effect.^ 

"  The  Salem  Staleio  :i,  Dec.  22,  1870,  claims  for  him  that  ho  was  tho  first 
white  man  to  settle  in  avion  county.  Tlieru  arc  so  many  claimants  to  tlio 
honor  of  iirst  settler  ,  re  and  elsewliere,  that  it  is  not  always  easy  to  (lo- 
tennine  the  truth. 

"  Annuls  C'oiKj.,  18i.:-,  app.  ii.  21.30-1 ;  PremdenV*  Mcisafie,  April  15,  1822; 
Gretuhow'a  Or.  and  CuL,  307;  J^cana'  Hist.  Or.,  MS.,  103. 


ASTORIA  RESTORED. 


901 


was 

the 

ad- 

u\3. 

i-s  to 


lie  first 
Ito  th» 
Ito  ile- 

182-2; 


Provost  aiul  Biddle  liad  not  bt'cn  many  days  absent 
on  tlieir  mission  when  ^Ir  IJaj^'ot,  the  JJritisli  minister 
at  Wasliin;jfton,  addressed  in(|niries  to  Mr  Adams, 
seeretaiy  of  state,  relativi;  to  the  <lestip.at;on  of  tlu; 
Oiifdi'io,  and  the  |iur[)ose  of  lier  voyaiufe,  wliieh  heiny; 
answered,  ]:}a<j;'ot  remonstrated,  sayin;L?  that  the  Xorth- 
Most  Coast  was  early  possessed  hy  (ireat  ]^ritain  as 
])art  of  lier  dominion,  and  that  tlie  post  upon  i\\c 
('olund)ia  was  not  ea]»tured  (hu'ini^  the  war,  hut  was 
sold  hy  one  connnercial  eompany  to  another  for  a  fair 
consideration,  and  did  not  tlierefore  conu;  within  the 
piovision  of  the  first  article  of  the  (jrhent  treaty. 

Mr  Baiifot  lost  no  time  in  comnumicatinji^  to  hii 
j.!;-ov(!rnment  the  state  (»f  affairs,  which  innnediati-ly 
became  a  matter  of  discussion  between  Lord  (  astle- 
reau'h,  iiritish  seci-etary  for  foreitjfn  affairs,  and  ^fr 
Hush,  United  States  minister  in  London.  Castlerea<jh 
rciL^ietted  that  the  ]^ritish  govenunent  had  not  been 
notified  of  the  intended  occupation  of  the  Columbia  by 
the  Lhiited  States  before  the  sailing  of  the  Oiitun'o,  as 
( Jreat  J^ritain  claimed  dominion  ov^er  that  territory. 
Ho  now  proposed  to  submit  tlie  mattor  to  arbitration. 

To  tliis  j\Ir  Hush  objected.  He  would  not  admit 
tliat  there  was  any  ground  for  an  ai-bitration,  any 
just  ground  upon  which  England  could  claim  dominion. 
Was  not  the  territory  in  the  possession  of  the  United 
States  before  the  war?  he  asked.     Did  it  not  fall  bv 

I.' 

belligerent  pressure?  How,  then,  under  treaty  sti})U- 
lations  requiring  mutual  restitution  could  jiossossion 
bo  withlield?  Castleroagli  admitted  the  riiilit  of  the; 
Ignited  States  as  the  party  in  possession  pending  ne- 
gotiations. He  lamented  only  the  manner  of  obtaining 
]>ossession,  fearing  disturbance  in  consequence.  To 
])revent  misunderstanding  in  this  transfer,  he  requested 
tlio  colonial  secretary,  Lord  J^athurst,  and  the  lords 
of  the  admiralty  to  expedite  the  pro|)er  ordeis  to  the 
person  in  charge  of  the  fort,  which  was  done.  Indeed, 
the  British  government  displayed  a  magnanimous  de- 
sire to  avoid  any  hostile  collision  between  the  ropre- 


292 


HARMON  IN  JrEW  CALEDONIA. 


sentativcs  of  the  respective  governments  in  these 
distant  parts. 

Continuing  her  voyage  the  Ontario  reached  Valpa- 
raiso in  February.  No  orders  had  yet  been  received 
from  the  British  government  for  the  dehvery  of  Fort 
George,  and  it  was  now  evident  that  no  British  officer 
nor  any  agent  of  the  Northwest  Company  would  as- 
sume the  responsibility  of  voluntarily  relinquishing 
the  post.  Yet  the  orders  of  the  United  States  govern- 
ment must  be  obeyed.  And  the  Ontario  must  com- 
plete her  mission  so  far  as  possible.  It  was  clearly 
evident,  however,  that  what  was  now  done  at  tl;c 
Columbia  Biver  would  be  empty  form,  whereas  some- 
thing might  be  gained  by  further  conference  with 
British  powers.  In  view  of  these  several  aspects  of 
the  case,  it  was  finally  arranged  that  while  Mr  Pre  vest 
remc  led  at  Valparaiso,  Ca[)tain  Biddle  should  pro- 
ceed to  the  Columbia  in  the  Ontario,  and  take  fonual 
possession  of  Fort  Astoria,  which  was  done  on  the  Dtli 
of  August.  The  Ontario  then  returned  to  the  South 
Pacific. 

^leanwhile  Lord  Bathurst's  order'*  for  the  surren- 
der of  Fort  George  to  the  United  States  had  reached 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  was  sent  by  Commodore  Bowles, 
commander  of  the  B)itish  naval  forces  in  the  South 
Sea,  to  his  senior  oflScer  in  the  Pacific,  Captain  Sher- 
iff. Prevost  was  still  at  Valparaiso,  and  Captain 
Sheriff  immediately  informed  him  of  his  receipt  of 
the  order,  at  the  same  time  offering  him  conveyance 

®  Which  was  in  these  words : 
'  To  the  pnrtnem  or  aijeiUs  of  the  Xorthicent  Company  residing  on  the  Columhhi 
liimr: 

•Intelligence  having  been  received  that  the  United  States  sloop  of  war 
Ontario  has  been  sent  l)y  tlie  American  government  to  establish  a  settlemoiiti 
on  the  Columl)ia  Kiver,  which  was  held  by  that  state  on  the  l)reaking  out  of 
the  last  war,  I  am  to  acquaint  you  that  it  is  the  Prince  llegents  plcasurc-- 
without,  however,  admitting  the  right  of  that  government  to  the  possession 
in  question — that  in  pursimnce  of  the  first  article  of  the  treaty  of  (Jhent,  duo 
facility  should  be  given  to  the  rcoccupation  of  the  said  settlement  by  tlio 
officers  of  the  United  States;  and  I  am  to  desire  that  you  would  contriliutc, 
as  much  as  lies  iu  your  ijower,  to  the  execution  of  his  Royal  Highness'  com- 
mands. I  have,  etc.,  etc., 

'Bathukst.' 


CHANGE  OF  FLAGS. 


203 


to  the  Columbia,  which  was  thankfully  accepted.  Tlio 
vessel  chosen  for  this  errand  was  the  British  fi'igate 
Blossom,  Captain  Hickey. 

The  Blossom  entered  the  Columbia  the  1st  of  Octo- 
ber, and  on  the  Gth  the  surrender,  was  made.  Tlio 
British  flag  was  lowered,  and  that  of  the  United 
States  was  hoisted  in  its  place.^"  Placards  declaratory 
of  the  surrender  were  placed  on  either  side  of  the  en- 
trance to  the  river,  one  on  Cape  Disappointment,  and 
another  on  Point  Adams.  These  were  afterwards  re- 
moved bv  the  natives.*^  Mr  Keith  then  addressed 
inquiries  to  Mr  Prevost  respecting  the  position  and 
connnercial  interests  of  the  Northwest  Company  on 
tlie  Columbia,  to  which  Mr  Prevost  re[)lied  that  tlie 
action  of  his  government  he  could  not  determine,  but 
that  the  Xorthwest  Company  might  rest  assured  that 
their  rights  would  be  respected,  and  that  no  necessity 
existed  for  the  inmiediate  abandonment  either  of  the 
Columbia  Biver  or  of  Fort  George." 

"7/o?/.s(?  Com.  Rcp't,  No.  101,  Qoth  Ctiiig.  Sd.  .SV.<.s'.,  p.  7. 

"From  Monterey,  Mr  Prevost  wrote  the  seeretary  of  state  the  lltli  of 
Kdvtniber  1818,  witli  copies  of  the  acts  of  delivery  and  acceptance,  all  of 
■which  documents  accompanied  President  Monroe's  message  to  Congress 
April  17,  1822.  The  act  of  delivery  by  the  British  Commissioners  is  iii 
these  words: 

'  In  obedience  to  the  commands  of  his  Royal  Highness  the  Prince 
liogent,  signified  in  a  despatch  from  the  Right  Honoraljlc  Earl  IJjitluir.st, 
fiihh'cssed  to  the  partners  or  agents  of  tlic  Xorthwest  Company,  Ijcaring 
diite  the  27th  of  January  1818,  and  in  obedience  to  subsecpient  orders,  dated 
the  2(ith  of  July  last,  from  William  H.  Sheriff,  Esq.,  captain  of  his  majesty's 
ship  Aii(lroiiiiiclie,  wc,  ihc  undersigned,  do,  in  conformity  to  the  first  ai'ticle 
of  the  treaty  of  Ghent,  restore  to  the  government  of  th8  United  Stiites, 
tliiiiugh  its  agent,  J.  R.  I'revust,  Esq.,  the  settlement  of  Fort  George  on  tlio 
liiviT  Colnmltia.  Given  under  our  hands  in  triplicate  at  Fort  George,  Colum- 
bia River,  this  O^h  day  of  October,  1818. 

'F.  Hickey,  Captain  'if  his  Mnjcsty's  ship  Blossom. 
'Jamkh  Keitu,  of  the  Xorthwest  Coiiqiain/.' 

The  act  of  acceptance  by  the  United  States  Commissioner  reads  as  follows: 

'I  do  hereby  acknowledge  to  have  tliis  day  received,  in  bolialf  of  the  gov- 
iTiniR'iit  of  the  United  States,  the  possession  of  the  settlement  desigiiatccl 
iiI">vo,  in  conformity  to  the  first  article  of  the  treaty  of  Ghent.  Given  under 
my  hand  in  triplicate,  at  Fort  George,  Colundjia  River,  this  0th  diiy  of  Goto- 
bir  1,S|8.  J.  B.  Prkvo.st,  ihjviU  for  the  United  States.' 

'-This  correspondence  should  be  given  in  full. 
Mr  Keith  to  Mr  Prevost: 

'FouTGEonoE,  Cohnubia  River,  October  fi,  1818. 
'  SiK:  Now  that  tlie  restitution  and  tlie  settlement  have  been  niiidc.jind  that 
tlie  Northwest  Conqiany  are  still  allowed  to  occupy  it  in  the  prosecution  of 


204 


HARMON  IN  NEW  CALEDONIA. 


The  purchase  of  the  Pacific  Company  by  the  North- 
west Company  was  not  known  by  the  plenipotentiaries 
at  the  treaty  of  Ghent,  yet  provision  to  meet  such  an 
enierf^ency  had  not  been  neglected.  Such  an  event, 
or  rather  the  capture  of  Fort  Astoria  by  the  British 
forces  in  the  Pacific, likely  enough  had  occurred  during 
the  war,  in  which  case,  or  in  any  ease,  no  claim  that 
might  bo  st^t  up  by  the  British  government  to  tlie 
Northwest  Coast,  or  any  part  of  it,  should  for  a 
moment  be  recognized.^^     The  Ghent  commissioners, 

tlicif  commercial  pursuits,  permit  me  to  submit  to  you  the  following  important 
(jut'iit's,  to  wliich  I  re(juest  a.  candid  and  explicit  reply:  Wliethcr  or  not  yuii 
feel  authorized  on  behalf  of  the  United  States,  to  tender  mo  any  assurance, 
oi-  to  afford  any  security  tliat  no  al>andonment  or  relin(juislimeiit  of  said  set- 
tlement will  he  claimed  hy  your  government  in  favor  of  any  of  its  subjects, 
to  the  ejectment  and  exclusion  of  said  Northwest  Company,  prior  to  tlie  hnal 
decision  of  theriglit  of  sovereignty  to  the  country  between  our  respective  gov- 
ernments? And  pending  sucii  discussion,  as  also  in  the  event  of  sucli  sov- 
t'reignty  being  contirmecl  to  the  United  States,  may  the  Northwest  Company 
implicitly  rely  on  the  justice  and  e(piity  of  your  government,  that  a<le<puito 
allowance  will  be  made  for  any  extension  or  amelioration  of  aforesaid  settle- 
ment, or  of  tlie  tradu  dcpeiulent  thereon,  oi  which  circumstances  may  from 
time  to  time  suggest  the  propriety  ?  T  have  the  honor,  etc., 

'Ja.me8  Kkitii, 
'/.  B.  Prevost,  Esq.  ActitKj  for  self  and  Norlhwtnl  Company.'' 

^Ir  Provost  to  Mr  Keith: 

'Fort  George,  Columbia,  October  0,  1818. 

'Sir:  In  answer  to  your  note  of  this  morning  I  have  the  lienor  to  state 
that  the  principal  object  of  the  president  in  sending  me  thus  far  was  to  olttain 
such  information  of  the  place,  of  its  access,  and  of  its  commerciid  importance, 
as  might  enable  him  to  suinuit  to  the  consideration  of  congrc  >s  measures  for 
the  protection  and  extension  of  the  estiiblishment.  From  hence  you  will  per- 
ceive that,  until  the  sense  of  the  government  may  be  taken  upon  my  report, 
any  assurance  I  might  oiler  to  nuict  the  wisiies  exjircssed  liy  you,  would  Leas 
unauthorized  as  unavailing.  J,  howevei-,  sir,  have  no  hesitation  in  saying 
that  should  it  hereafter  comport  with  the  \  lews  of  the  nation  to  foster  the 
Rcttlenicnt,  any  claim  of  the  Northwest  Company,  justitled  by  the  usages  of 
nations,  will  be  li([uidated  with  great  liberality;  and  that,  should  its  policy 
induce  a  system  of  exclusion,  it  will  never  extend  to  your  removal  withorit 
sutlicieiit  notice  to  prevent  h)ss  and  injury  to  the  company.  1  cannot  take 
my  leave,  sir,  without  expressing  my  appi'bation  of  the  manner  in  which  im 
establibiimeiit  so  jirecurioiis  has  lieeii  managed,  nor  without  oll'ering  a  hope 
that  the  same  judicious  course  may  he  pursued,  under  the  change  of  flag,  for 
its  .success,  until  the  pleasure  of  the  president  can  Le  known.' 

'  JuincH  Keith.  J.  B.  rKEVOST. ' 

'"  Under  date  of  '22d  of  March  1814,  James  Monroe,  secretary  of  statci 
wrote  the  plenipotentiaries  of  the  United  States,  that  in  the  event  of  a  treaty 
with  (ireat  IJritain,  and  a  reciprocal  restiti.tion  of  tei'ritory,  they  should  have 
it  in  lecollection  that  the  United  States  had  in  their  possession  at  the  com- 
menceinent  of  the  war,  a  ))ost  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Columbia,  which 
eommandeil  the  river,  which  ought  to  be  comprised  in  the  stipulation,  should 
the  possession  have  been  wrested  from  us  during  the  war,    '  On  do  prtccxt  ciiu 


THE  TREATY  OF  GHENT. 


295 


on  bclialf  of  tlio  United  States,  had  been  instructed  to 
recognize  no  British  claim  to  territory  south  of  the 
fortv-nintli  [)arallel.  On  the  other  hand,  in  tlie  rehn- 
(luislmient  of  Fort  George,  the  British  government 
by  no  means  acknowledged  the  right  of  the  United 
States  to  the  Oregon  territory.  By  tlie  present  ti'ans- 
fer  matters  wi're  simply  placed  as  before  the  war,  with 
boundary  and  title  yet  to  be  determined. 

Among  other  questions  growing  out  of  the  treaty 
of  Ghent,  yet  unsettled,  was  that  of  the  partition  line 
between  the  British  American  possessions  and  the 
United  States,  west  of  the  llocky  Mountains.  Au 
agreement  was  drawn  up  between  the  powers  that  all 
ditfei'cnces  slu^uld  be  settled  by  convention,  which  was 
siu'ned  in  London  the  20th  of  October  1818.  Then  it 
was  agreed  that  the  Northwest  Coast,  by  whichsoever 
claimed,  should,  for  ten  years  from  the  date  of  the 
convention,  l>e  open  to  subjects  of  both  nations;  nor 
was  this  agreement  to  be  to  the  ultimate  prejudice  of 
the  claim  of  either  to  any  part  of  that  territory.  The 
s(?ttlement  of  the  boundary  question  was  simply  post- 
poned, it  being  inconvenient  and  unnecessary  to  de- 
termine it  at  that  time.^* 

« 

the  British  government  set  up  a  claim  to  territory  "iiitU  of  the  northern 
lioundiiry  of  the  United  States.  It  i.s  not  believed  that  they  iiaveany  claim 
uhiitcvci-  tu  territory  on  tlic  I'acitic  Ocean.  You  will,  however,  lie  careful 
should  a  dclinitiou  of  boundary  lio  attempted,  not  to  countenance  inany  man- 
ner or  in  any  (piarter,  a  pretension  in  tiio  British  government  to  territory 
south  of  that  line.'     Sec  AnnaUof  ('tiinjro's,  1!S14-1.">,  app.,  KJ7'>. 

^^AiiiKi!^  o/CniKii-'sK,  lH'2-2,  ii.  '2i:{0-4-_';  Am.  State  J'apnv,  For.  liel,  v. 
.")S2:  Jlfirtoti'.-i  Del^aics,  v.  3!)»,  x.  .'101 ;  I'nxii/ritt's  Mcss,i<i<-s,  Dec.  '2U,  ISKS,  Feb. 
•J'J,  1SI',»,  April  I.'),  \S'22,  Jan.  'Al,  182li,  <uid  Accoiti/iani/liin  Dor.;  Kuunn''  Or,. 
MS.,  l(»l  4;  dn-ciilioir.s  Or.  and  Ctil.,  :10(M4;  Gran's  'jliU.  Or.,  '20,  31;  Vk- 
ti.r'.-fJticir  of  the  Wt-tt,  3'i-3;  Dix'ti Spree heg,  i.  47;  Andcrnon'ti  A'orlhwent  Coast, 
M.S.,  4,  100. 


I 

I 

i 


CHAPTER  XIV. 


UNION  OF  THE  NORTHWEST  AND  THE  HUDSON'S  BAY  COM- 
PANIES,  AND  THE  SUBSEQUENT  CHARTERS. 

1803-1 84G. 

Title  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  to  Rupekt  L.\nd — Boitn-daey,  not 
Title,  the  Question  in  Dispute — Jirisdiction*  of  Curms — RriN 
FliOM  Rivalry  Imminent — The  Northwest  Company's  Opposition  to 
LoKU  Selkirk  and  iiis  Colonization  Scheme — The  Two  Companies 
before  Parliament  —  The  Ministry  Interpose  Mediation  —  The 
Question  of  Compromise  Debated — Terms  of  Union — Passaoe  of 
the  Act  Empowering  the  Crown  to  Grant  Exclusive  License  of 
Trade — The  Crant  of  1821 — The  Assignment  in  1824  of  the  North- 
west Company — The  Deed-Poll  op  1834 — The  Renewal  of  License 
IN  1838 — The  Sectlement  of  the  Boundary  Question  i.n  184G — The 
Grant  of  Vancouver  Island  in  1849. 

It  lias  been  many  times  mentioned  that  in  1821 
the  Northwest  Company  and  the  Hudson's  Bay 
Company  became  one  corporation ;  how  the  companies 
were  united  has  nowhere  been  told.  After  quiet  oc- 
cupancy for  a  hundred  and  fifty  years,  the  title  of 
the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  to  Rupert  Land  might 
scarcely  be  questioned  by  a  rival  association.  Al- 
though France  claimed  the  country  when  the  charter 
of  Charles  II.  dated  the  2d  of  May  1670  was  made, 
and  although  the  grant  never  had  been  permanently 
ratified  l)y  parliament,  the  claim  of  the  adventurers 
of  England  had  been  tacitly  acknowledged  by  govern- 
ment ill  various  ways. 

In  the  first  place,  the  incorporators  and  their  suc- 
cessors were  made  lords  proprietors  of  tlie  lands 
granted,  which  were  to  be  held  in  free  and  common 
socage,  and  not  hi  cajjiTe,  or  by  knight's  service.     It 

I  200  ) 


THE  CHARTER. 


297 


was  a  frcG  and  absolute  gift,  subject  to  revocation  only 
by  the  power  that  made  it,  exclusive  in  its  terms, 
and  requiring  the  recognition  of  royal  authority  only 
by  a  promise  to  pay  the  grantor  or  his  successors  two 
elk  and  two  black  beaver,  whenever  one  of  them 
sh(;uld  enter  tlie  territories  so  granted.  The  com- 
])any  might  colonize  wherever  they  chose,  appoint 
governors,  make  laws,  and  administer  justice.  Over 
the  natives  of  the  granted  territory  their  power  was 
absolute,  involving  life  or  death;  their  own  people 
they  might  punish  in  minor  matters,  or  even  for  high 
offences  if  no  appeal  was  made  to  England.  If  such 
appeal  was  made,  the  company  must  send  prisoners 
thither;  likewise  subjects  of  Great  Britain,  other 
than  those  cm])loyed  by  the  company,  found  within 
the  territory,  might  be  arrested  and  sent  to  England. 
The  fact  that  King  Charles  might  as  righteously 
have  granted  his  cousin  liupert  land  in  Ei'ance,  or 
Italy,  (H'  Saturn,  or  the  sun,  as  round  Hudson  Bay, 
made  no  whit  difference,  so  long  as  the  protection 
which  backed  his  jjift  was  strong  enough  to  break 
down  opposition. 

The  chief  question  in  dispute  between  the  adven- 
turers of  England  and  the  merchants  of  Montreal  was 
not  one  of  title  to  Rupert  Land,  although  tlie  North- 
west Company  did  claim  that  the  grant  of  Charles 
II.  was  invalid,  lacking  the  sanction  of  parliament. 
An  act  confirming  the  charter  was  passed  by  Parlia- 
ment in  IG'JO,  but  for  seven  years  only,  and  no  longer.^ 
An  attempt  was  made  to  renew  the  charter  at  the  ex- 

'  Martin,  Tlic  Iliid/ion's  Buy  Tfrriloriex,  45,  asserts  that  this  net  makes  tho 
grant  perpetual,  yet  in  tlio  same  breath  lie  admits  that  it  expired  at  tlio  end 
(if  seven  years.  'MrM.  Martin  says  "forever."  He  puts  these  words  in  italies, 
and  wouhl  h'avo  readers  who  do  not  refer  to  notes  at  tho  f(H)t  of  a  \n\<j,c,  iii 
small  type,  with  tiie  ])elief  tiiat  the  eharter  of  tiie  Hudson'.s  Bay  ( 'omjiany  was 
ecindrmed  by  Parliament  forever.  There  eannot  be  anything  more  grossly  un- 
true.' IVz'jcmhV-t  r.  /.,  93.  The  truth  of  the  matter  is  that  tho  bill  was 
drawn  making  tiie  eharter  to  hoM  forever.  The  House  of  Commons  deeitled 
it  should  be  valiil  l)ut  for  ten  years.  The  House  of  Lords  cut  t\w.  lime  down 
to  suveii  years  '  and  no  longer.'  Thus  it  became  ii  law  ;  but  instead  of  drawinjj 
a  new  bill,  a  rider  was  attached  limiting  the  time  to  seven  years.  Thu;i  Mr 
Fitzgerald's  criticism  is  jnst.  Mr  Martin  obviously  wished  to  deceive,  and  liko 
uU  who  deal  in  untruths,  he  made  u  bungliug  aQkir  uf  it. 


908 


UNIOX  OF  THE  TWO  COMPANIES. 


pi  I 


t^ 


piration  of  the  seven  }'ears.  A  bill  was  introduced, 
jjut  tlie  company  seeing  it  was  going  against  them 
with(h-ew  it,  lest  they  sheuld  be  ruined  by  defeat. 
Nevertheless,  government  regarded  the  corporation 
with  n(j  s})ecial  disfavor,  recognizing  the  claims  of  the 
adventurers  of  England  wlien  such  recognition  was 
almost  e(|uivalent  to  a  renewal  of  the  charter.^ 

While  the  adventurers  of  England  exercised 
almost  sovereign  power  round  Hudson  Bay,  in  the 
Indian  countries,  as  the  region  west  of  Rupert  Land 
was  called,  their  authority  was  questioned.  In  order 
to  determine  the  matter,  on  the  lltli  of  August 
1808,  tliat  is  to  say,  in  the  forty-third  year  of  tlie 
reign  of  George  III.,  an  act  was  passed  by  parlia- 
ment for  extending  the  jurisdiction,  not  of  the  Hud- 
son's ])ay  Comi)any,  but  of  the  Canadian  courts 
of  justice  over  this  territojy.  By  this  act  justices 
of  the  peace  for  the  Indian  countries  might  be 
created  by  the  governor  of  Lower  Canada,  wno  should 
be  empowered  to  commit  offenders  until  they  could 
bo  conveyed  to  Canada  for  trial.  Minor  offences,  and 
all  offences  committed  in  the  Indian  countries,  were 
to  be  tried  in  the  same  manner  as  if  committed  in 
Canada.  This  act  remained  in  force  until  the  union 
of  the  Northwest  and  the  Hudson's  Bay  companies. 
But  it  was  disputes  concerning  boundai'.es  rather  than 
those  of  title,  which  brought  on  the  bloody  conflict 
between  the  two  companies.  Until  their  fellow-coun- 
trj^men,  following  north-westward  the  pathway  of  tlie 
great  lakes,  had  penetrated  beyond  Superior,  and  even 

^  Recognition  is  foinid  in  the  treaty  of  Utrecht  in  1713;  in  the  treaty  of  Oro- 

fon  184();  in  various  acts  of  Parliament — aa,  for  example,  the  2  William  ami 
lary  l(i!)();  (3  Anne,  cap.  37;  14  (Jeorge  III.,  cap.  83;  anil  1  anil  2  (.(eorgc  I\'., 
cap.  ()().  On  tlio  other  hand,  we  might  say  that  the  territory  granted  did  not  at 
the  time,  under  the  then  recognized  law  of  nations,  belong  to  England,  and 
wa.s  not  so  detcnnined  until  the  treaty  of  Utrecht  in  1713.  The  ti'eaty  of 
Utrecht  does  not  guarantee  the  company's  privileges,  but  only  rcnnmerated 
them  for  their  losses.  The  treaty  of  Kyswick,  signed  in  September  1()07,  pro- 
vided for  the  appointment  of  commissioners  to  detcnnine  whether  liupci't 
Land  belonged  even  then  to  Franco  or  to  England.  A  portion  of  the  Kcd 
Itivcr  territory  claimed  by  the  company,  the  government  did  not  hesitate  to 
j^^icld  to  the  United  States,  thereby  admitting  the  absence  of  title. 


.-^^ 


RIVALRY  AND  WAR. 


299 


Winnipeg,  the  adventurers  of  England  scarcely  left 
the  shores  of  Hudson  Bay.  But  suddenly  their  pre- 
tensions assumed  broad  proportions.  At  first  they 
were  satisfied  with  the  lands  drained  by  streams  flow- 
ing immediately  into  Hudson  Bay.  But  afterwards 
finding  rivers  having  their  sources  a  thousand  miles 
away,  falling  into  lakes  which  fed  the  streams  fiow- 
ing  innnediately  into  Hudson  Bay,  they  thereujxtn 
claimed  territory  equal  to  twice  their  original  domain, 
and  finally  the  Pacific  and  Arctic  oceans  alone  bounded 
their  avarice. 

To  the  Red  River  country  and  the  region  west 
and  north-west  of  lakes  Winnipeg  and  Athabasca, 
the  Northwest  Company  deemed  their  right  quite 
as  good  as  that  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Compan3\  The 
latter  was  satisfied  with  nothing  short  of  absolute 
and  unlimited  monopoly.  Upon  these  conditions 
nlone  could  they  at  once  preserve  the  game  and 
regulate  the  fur  market  of  the  world.  There  were 
no  doubt  advantages  arising  from  such  a  policy, 
])rovided  this  whole  region  was  to  be  f  )rever  kej)t 
alone  for  fur-producing  purposes.  Only  by  some 
such  method  could  the  diseases  and  demoralizations 
of  civilization  be  kept  from  the  natives.  If  under 
any  conditions  the  existence  of  a  gi-inding  monopoly 
can  be  aught  else  than  a  curse,  it  was  here,  where 
competition  signified  intoxicating  drink  and  exter- 
mination of  animals. 

For  some  time  past  it  had  been  clearly  evident  that 
if  tlie  bitter  rivalry  of  the  two  great  companies  was 
continued  much  longer,  both  would  be  ruined  by  it. 
Obviously  one  would  succumb  before  the  other;  but 
victorv  would  come  too  late.  Each  was  inilictin-jf  a 
mortal  wound,  and  success  was  as  fatal  as  i'ailure.  In 
lliis  emcirgency  the  friends  of  botli  com[)anies  took 
measures  for  a  reconciliation.  Following  tln.^  Red 
River  affray,  attempts  were  made  to  bring  tla-  more 
(•)iisi)icuous  amon<j^  the  Ix'lhu'erents  on  Ijoth  sides  to 
trial,  though  without  much  success.  It  was  extremely 


I 


11 


300 


UNION  OF  THE  TWO  COMPANIES. 


difficult  for  the  courts  of  Canada  or  of  England  to 
reacli  these  wars  in  the  distant  wilderness.  It  was 
almost  impossible  to  apprehend  offenders,  or  to  find 
witnesses  when  the  persons  sought  did  not  choose  to 
be  found.  In  the  unexi)lored  west  were  millions  of 
hiding-places  safe  to  the  fur-hunter,  but  fatal  to  his 
pursuer. 

The  Northwest  Company,  as  we  have  seen,  was 
exceedingly  wide-awake  and  enterprising,  and  by  its 
superior  talent  and  energy  it  gradually  undermined 
even  the  solid  foundation  of  the  adventurers  of  En<x- 
land  trading  into  Hudson  Bay.  Whde  at  the  height  of 
their  rivalry,  before  tlie  Hudson's  Bay  ConqKiny  had 
scarcely  crossed  the  Rocky  Mountains,  the  Northwest 
Con^pany  hud  a  thriving  establishment  on  the  bank  of 
the  Columbia.,  with  a  chain  of  posts  extending  from 
Lake  Superior,  and  trade  established  on  the  shore  of 
tlic  Pacific  southward  to  California  and  northward  to 
New  Archangel.  By  1817  more  than  three  hundred 
Canadians  were  in  their  service  on  the  western  slope 
alone,  and  three  ships  had  brought  them  supplies 
round  Cape  Horn,  returning  with  rich  cargoes  of  furs 
to  Canton  and  London.  During  the  war  of  1812 
they  opposed  the  United  States  with  a  company  of 
their  voyageurs,  commanded  by  officers  of  the  com- 
pany, wlio  not  only  served  without  pay  but  furnished 
their  own  outfit  and  stores. 

Lord  Selkii'k's  Red  River  colonization  scheme  they 
felt  to  be  as  unjust  as  it  was  insulting,  and  they  deter- 
mined to  resist  it  to  the  death.  Nor  did  they  attempt 
to  shirk  the  responsibility  of  their  actions,  or  the 
acts  of  their  agents  after  they  had  brought  matters 
to  a  bloody  issue.  They  believed  themselves  still  to 
be  right,  and  upon  their  conviction  they  were  willing 
to  stake  their  lives. 

Fortunately,  however,  for  all  concerned,  there  was 
yet  remaining  one  feature  favorable  to  reconciliation. 
Red  River  colonization  was  the  project  of  Selkirk, 
and  not  that  of  the  directors  of  the  Hudson's  Bay 


RED  niVER  AFFAIRS. 


301 


Unix 


Kviis 
jon. 
[irk, 

pay 


Company;  and  although  his  lordsliip  with  his  money 
could  buy  shares  which  would  enable  him  to  outvote 
his  associates  in  council,  their  influence  with  the  gov- 
ernment outweighed  his.^ 

Throuofhout  their  entire  disagreements  each  com- 
pany  was  eager  to  have  its  side  of  the  story  properly 
placed  before  government.  The  Hudson's  Bay  Com- 
pany was  never  without  its  influence  in  politics,  and 
tliere  were  able  men  in  England  to  represent  the 
Northwest  Company. 

During  the  war  with  the  United  States  the  prop- 
erty and  hunting-grounds  of  tlie  Northwest  Company 
were  much  more  exposed  than  those  of  the  Hudson's 
Bay  Company.  Hence  in  February  1814  a  memo- 
rial was  presented  the  secretary  of  state  for  the  colo- 
nies, asking  that  direct  communication  might  be 
opened  with  their  posts  through  Hudson  Bay.  At 
the  same  time  Selkirk  was  begging  the  protection  of 
ixovernment  against  dangers  threatened  l)y  the  Ind- 
ians  at  the  instigation  of  the  Northwest  Company. 
In  1815  the  government  expressed  its  desire  to  do 
justice  on  both  sides,  but  it  felt  the  subject  to  bo  one 
of  great  difficulty.  Then  followed  the  aflray  at  Red 
liiver,  when  it  became  al)solutely  necessary  for  gov- 
ernment to  take  action  in  the  matter.  In  a  more  defi- 
nite form  than  ever  before,  the  proceedings  of  the 
rival  associations  were  brought  before  parliament  in 
June  1819,  and  tlieir  affairs  closely  investigated.  In 
1820  Lord  Selkirk  died,  and  thus  was  removed  the 
main  instrument  in  the  late  dissensions. 

The  question  of  a  settlement  of  difficulties  wns 
thoroughly  debated  in  parliament,  but  without  much 
success.  The  breach  could  never  be  healed  by  stat- 
utes which  could  never  be  enforced.    Finally  the  min- 

'  Thr  Xorthwest  Company  wore  not  disposed  to  excuse  tlieir  riv.ils  on  this 
score.  Tlicrc  was  in  it  all  but  one  object  said  they,  wliicli  M-as  '  to  drive  the 
Isoitlnvest  Company  from  the  trade  and  obtain  the  monopoly  of  it;  and  \io\\- 
evcr  sincere  Lord  Selkirk  may  originally  have  been  in  his  plans  of  coloniza- 
tion, the  colony  was  subsequently  converted  into  an  engine  to  elJ'ect  this  oliject, 
and  to  expel  every  Canadian  from  the  Indian  country. '  Northwcut  Vompavy'a 
Aarrutive  of  Occurrences,  127. 


UNION  OF  THE  TWO  COMPANIES. 


istry,  deeming  the  matter  of  sufficient  importance  to 
interpose  its  mediation,  eftected  a  compromise  hy 
which  the  two  companies  became  united  under  one 
head. 

First  of  all,  an  agreement  of  partnership  was  entered 
into  on  the  2Gth  of  March  1821,  whereby  the  two  com- 
panies should  siuire  equally  the  profits  of  the  trade  for 
a  term  of  twenty-one  years,  beginning  with  the  outfit 
of  1821.  Each  company  was  to  furnish  an  equal 
amount  of  capital,  and  tlie  profits  were  to  be  equally 
divided.*  Although  it  was  less  a  merging  of  one  into 
the  other  than  a  union  upon  equal  terms,  the  name 
of  the  older  and  chartered  company  alone  was  retained, 
thus  giving  the  new  association  whatever  respcctal)ility 
or  benefits  attached  to  it.  The  int<'rests  of  the  con- 
solidation were  divided  into  one  hundred  shares,  forty 
of  which  were  held  by  the  chief  factors  and  the  chief 
traders,  and  the  remainder  by  partners  or  share- 
holders in  Canada  and  Great  Britain.  The  forty 
shares,  belonging  as  they  did  to  the  active  workers  of 
the  association,  were  in  some  respects  privileged;  for 
instance,  should  loss  occur  in  one  year,  it  was  to  be 
made  good  out  of  the  profits  of  the  following  year.  A 
general  account  accompanied  by  an  inventory  was  to  bo 
made  out  annually  on  the  1st  of  June,  and  such  profits 
as  were  not  paid  to  shareholders  v.ithin  fifteen  days 
were  to  draw  five  per  cent  per  annum  interest.  No 
expenses  for  colonization  purposes  or  for  any  other 
schemes  apart  from  trade  should  be  a  charge  upon  the 
new  association. 

The  governor  and  directors  of  the  consolidation, 
lienceforth  to  be  known  only  as  the  Hudson's  Bay  Com- 
pany, were  empowered  to  ai)point  district  governors 
who  should  preside  at  the  councils  of  chief  factors, 

*  Each  contributed  eithci-in  money  or  iu  stock  £200,000.  The  capital  stock 
of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  at  tliis  time  was  hut  £100,000,  and  they  were 
obliged  to  call  in  a  like  amount  to  make  tlieir  contribution  equivalent  to  that 
of  the  Northwest  Company.  After  the  union,  profits  were  aclded  to  the  prin- 
cipal after  paying  ten  per  cent  diWdends  annually,  until  the  capital  stock  was 
£ii00,000.     See  JJouae  Commons  Jiejjt.,  345. 


ACT  OF  PARLIAMENT. 


303 


aucl  SCO  executed  all  the  acts  authoi'izod  or  iinposetl 
by  })arlianR'nt.  Three  cliiet'  factors,  in  addition  to  the 
])resident,  should  constitute  a  council:  and  in  the 
absence  of  chief  factors,  the  number  niij^ht  bo  coni- 
])l(!ted  by  senior  chief  traders.  Two  of  the  three  coun- 
cillors should  decide  any  question  not  vetoed  by  the 


{governor, 


The  appointment  of  twenty-five  chief  factors  and 
twenty-eight  chief  traders  was  rendered  necessary 
by  the  terms  of  this  deed.  These  were  named  I'roni 
the  former  servants  of  each  company  alternately. 
Thus  in  every  respect  the  two  companies  came  to- 
oxthor  upon  an  ecjual  footini^.  ICii^hty-live  parts  wi'i-o 
ma<le  of  the  fortv  shares  to  be  divided  amon<''  the  chief 
factors  and  tlie  chiuf  traders,  of  which  subdivisions 
two  were  given  to  each  chief  factor,  and  one  to  each 
chief  trader.  The  seven  shares  left  wei'e  itgain  sub- 
divided, and  distrilmted  as  awards  among  the  t)ld  and 
meritorious  servants  of  both  associations.   « 

The  terms  of  union  being  thus  a<»reed  on,  the  next 
step  was  to  obtain  an  act  of  j)arliament  empowering 
the  crown  to  grant  to  any  person,  or  l)ody  corporate, 
the  exclusive  i)rivilei>fe  of  ti'adinijf  with  the  natives  of 
any  part  of  hyj)erborean  North  xVmerica  not  already 
gi'anted  to  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  and  not  being 
any  part  of  the  United  States,  or  any  }iart  of  the  ter- 
ritory west  of  the  Stony  Mountains,  which,  by  tho 
convention  of  1818,  it  had  been  stipulated  should  bo 
open  to  the  subjects  of  both  powers  for  ten  years,  or 
any  of  the  provinces  of  North  America.  Thus  under 
the  new  re(jime  the  old  (piestion  of  title  was  to  bo 
first  and  forever  settled. 

This  act  was  passed  the  2(1  of  July  1821.  It  was 
constructed  to  tit  the  emergency,  and  with  tlie  solo 
object  of  consummating  the  union  of  the  rival  com- 
panies. The  license  which,  under  the  provisions  the 
crown  might  grant,  should  not  run  for  any  longer 
period  than  twenty-one  years.  For  the  first  twenty-" 
one  years  no  rents  should  be  recei vtjd ;  after  that  time 


8M 


UNION  OF  THK  TWO  COMPANIES. 


I    I 


tho  gfovcrnnioiit  mijjfht  domaiul  wluitsoovcr  ront  micicht 
bo  (luoinod  just."  A  record  of  tlie  nunie.s  of  all  jiorscns 
employed  by  ilie  eomjiauy  sliould  bo  sent  tlio  secre- 
tary t)f  «tato  each  year;  and  the  company  should  ^ivo 
bonds  for  tho  proi)er  delivery  for  trial  of  any  charfj^ed 
with  criminal  offence,  as  well  as  for  tho  fuliilment  of 
any  other  sti[)ulation.  All  minor  offences  were  to 
bo  tried  by  magistrates  appointed  by  tho  crown. 
Criminal  cases,  involving  capital  punishment  and  civil 
suits,  where  tho  sum  hivolved  sholild  bo  ovit  tv.o 
hundred  pcjunds,  were  to  bo  brought  for  trial  before 
tho  court  of  Upper  Canada.  Last  of  all,  nothing  in 
this  act  should  affect  tho  rights  of  the  Hudson's  Bay 
Company  under  their  former  charter. 

All  being  thus  duly  prepared,  on  the  21st  of  De- 
cember 1821  the  king  granted  tho  united  companies 
exclusive  trade  with  the  Indians  of  North  America 
according  to  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  the  2d  of 
July.  The  grant  was  made  to  tho  Company  of  Ad- 
venturers of  England  trading  into  Hudson's  Bay,  and 
to  William  McGillivray,  Simon  IMcGillivray,  and 
Edward  EUico  on  behalf  of  tho  Northwest  Company. 
The  servants  of  the  company  were  connnissionod  jus- 
tices of  the  peace,  and  tho  jurisdiction  of  the  courts 
of  Upper  Canada  was  extended  t(j  the  shore  of  tlio 
Paciiic.  Thus  was  secured  to  every  British  subject 
west  of  the  Bocky  Mountains  tho  protection  of  Brit- 
ish law. 

Whatever  rights  or  interests  yet  remained  to  the 
Northwest  Company  were  in  1824  formally  assigned 
to  the  Hudson's  Bay  Coniij'.inv,  in  whose  name  alone 
the  business  was  thereafter  conducted.  A  deed-poll 
for  ascertaining  tho  rifiliis  and  prescribing  tho  duties 
of  chief  factors  and  cliief  traders  and  for  the  general 
management  of  the  business  was  made  the  Gtli  of 
June  1834. 


*  By  the  .actual  terms  of  the  grant,  no  rent  was  required  for  the  first  four 
years;  for  the  remainder  of  the  term  of  '21  years,  five  shillings  were  to  he 
paid  yearly  on  June  1st,  'into  our  cxcheiper.'  Greenhow,  Or.  and  CaL,  475. 


CKNEWAL  OF  LICENSE. 


M9 


Al)()ut  lliis  time  attention  began  to  he  fmre  nioro 
(lii'et'tod  to  the  (question  of  a  nortli-west  juissaj^'e, 
wliieli  twice  before  since  the eliarter  to  Prince  Ku]»eit 
liiid  broken  out  in  spasms;  once  in  1711),  wlien  Ca|)- 
taln  KiMLflit  (Mjdeavorecl  to  sail  the  fii,L';ate  yl//»<'//// and 
the  sloop  D'tficot'rrji  from  Churchill  J^'actoiy  througli 
the  Strait  of  Anian  in  order  to  load  them  with  the 
H'old  of  California;  and  a«,''ain  in  1701)  when  llearne 
found  the  frozen  Ocean.  Now  come  forward  Simj)- 
son,  Deasc,  and  I  Jack  and  talk  of  ox])loratious.  Al- 
though the  subject  had  always  been  distasteful  to  the 
company,  tliey  could  not  ignoi'e  it  because  it  was  one) 
of  the  specilied  objects  of  the  chartei",  this  and  the 
conversion  of  the  natives  to  Christianity.  ]Jut  if  in- 
vestigation into  the  nature  and  extent  of  contiguous 
domain  was  to  be  made,  they  would  rather  make  it 
themsL'lves.  It  was  better  they  reasoned,  and  cun- 
ningly, that  the  company  should  do  the  seeing  and  re- 
porting. 

A  general  awakening  followed.  Arctic  explorations 
weri'  taken  under  the  company's  wing;  tlie  su[)ply  of 
.spii'its  to  the  natives  was  reduced;  missionaries  were 
called  for,  signs  wore  hopeful.  Patriotism,  l)iety,  and 
enterprise  were  all  employed  by  the  monoj)olists  as  a 
feint  whicli  should  guard  their  privacy.  Gathering 
strength  witli  a  renewal  of  righteousness,  the  company 
deemed  this  opportunity  as  good  as  another  for  the 
renewal  of  their  charter.  Parliament  had  invested  the 
crown  with  power,  as  wc  have  seen,  to  grant  a  license 
of  exclusive  trade  for  a  term  of  twenty-one  years 
only.  Since  the  last  grant,  seventeen  years  had 
})assod,  leaving  but  four  years  to  run.  The  end  was 
rapidly  approaching.  Seeing  that  the  time  was  favor- 
al)lc  to  their  puq)()se,  they  determined  to  avail  them- 
selves of  it.  Wliat  might  be  the  condition  of  thinn-s 
four  vears  hence  no  one  could  tell.  They  could  now 
p>Mnt  to  their  benefactions.  Doing  good  was  tiresome 
and  expensive;  they  could  not  long  exist  under  the 
strain.     Besides,  ex])lorations  and  conversions  broke 


il 


Hist.  N.  W.  Coast,  Vol.  II.    20 


306 


UNION  OF  TIIE  TWO  COMPANIES. 


cxclusivcncss  and  interfered  with  trade.  Takino^  in 
view  nil  these  considerations,  the  company  determined 
at  this  time  to  apply  for  a  renewal  of  tlieir  license, 
instead  of  awaiting  the  expiration  of  the  full  term. 
And  they  were  successful.  Upon  the  surrender  of 
the  former  grant  a  royal  license  of  exclusive  ti'ade 
with  the  Indians  in  certain  parts  of  North  America 
for  a  further  term  of  twenty-one  years  was  issued  to 
the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  the  30th  of  ]\Tay  18-38. 

After  reciting  the  terms  of  the  grant  of  1821,  the 
new  license  invests  the  company  with  all  its  former 
powers  and  privileges,  the  conditions  as  to  rent  re- 
maining unchanged.  Rijj^ht  was  reserved,  as  in  the 
former  grant,  to  revoke  the  grant  in  so  far  as  the 
same  extended  to  territories  subsequently  to  bo  colo- 
nized. This  reservation  gave  the  crown  the  right 
at  any  time  to  form  colonies  within  the  territories 
granted,  to  establish  such  government  as  it  should 
deem  best,  withdrawing  from  the  control  of  the  com- 
pany such  territory  as  should  be  necessary  for  that 
pur])osc. 

At  this  time  the  boundary  between  the  United 
States  and  British  Americ.'a  west  of  the  Kocky  Moun- 
tains was  still  unsettled.  By  treaty  of  the  15th  of 
June  1840,  however,  the  forty-ninth  [)arallel  was  made 
the  dividing  line,  thus  obliging  the  fur  company  to 
abandon  its  twelve  posts  south  of  that  bound. 

On  condition  of  promoting  its  colonization,  the  Hud- 
son's Bay  Company,  in  1  849,  obtained  a  crown  grant 
of  Vancouver  Island,  particulars  of  which  will  be  treated 
elsewhere.  At  the  expiration  of  its  second  charter 
in  1859,  the  license  of  exclusive  trade  was  not  renewed; 
British  Columbia  was  erected  into  a  crown  colony, 
and  the  great  monopoly  took  its  place  among  the  rest 
as  a  private  trading  corporation. 


DEED  POLL. 


S07 


Dekd  Poll  by  the  (tOvernor  and  Company  of  ITrnsoN's  Bay,  wnn 

KKSPECT  TO  THEIR  ClIlEF  FACTORS  AND  ClIIEF  Tr^VDERS  FOR  CoNDUCTINO 

THEIR  Trade  in  Rupert's  Land  and  North  America,  and  for  Ascer- 

TAININIJ  THE  RlUUTS  AND  PRESCRIBING  XUE  DUTIES  OF  THOSE  OfFICEICS. 

To  all  to  whom  these  presents  shall  come.  The  Governor  and  Company  of 
Adventurers  of  England  trading  into  Hudson's  Bay,  send  greeting.  Whereas, 
his  majesty,  King  Charles  tlie  Second,  did,  by  his  roj'al  charter,  constitute 
the  governor  and  company  of  ailventurers  of  England  trading  into  Hudson's 
Bay  into  a  hody  corjioratc  with  perpetual  succession,  and  with  power  to  elect 
a  governor  and  deputy-govei'nor  and  cormutteo  for  the  management  of  tlieir 
traile  and  affairs.  Now,  know  yo  that  the  governor  and  comimny  of  adven- 
turers of  England  trading  into  Hudson's  Bay,  commonly  called  the  Hudson'^ 
Bay  Company,  being  duly  assembled  according  to  the  provisions  of  said 
diarter,  do  make,  ordain,  and  constitute  tho  following  laws  and  ordinunccs. 
rules  and  regulations,  and  direct  them  to  be  observed  l)y  all  governors,  chief 
factors,  cliici'  traders,  and  other  officers  and  persons  appointed  by  tlie  said 
governor  and  company  to  conduct  and  superintend  the  trade  of  tho  said  gov- 
ernor and  company  in  their  territory  of  Rupert's  I^nd,  or  in  other  places  in 
North  America,  and  they  do  hereby  direct  that  tlie  said  tra<lc  shall  in  future 
be  carried  on  and  conducted  \mder  and  subject  fo  tho  articles,  provi  •ion.-;, 
ndes,  and  regulations  hereafter  mentioned  and  contained,  that  is  to  say: 

Article  I.  The  present  and  tlic  future  chief  factors  for  the  time  being  shall 
wholly  employ  themselves  in  the  superintendence  of  the  trade  with  tlic  Ind- 
iana and  other  persons,  and  also  of  all  business  relating  to  the  sai<l  trade 
whether  M'ithin  the  ten'itory  of  the  said  governor  and  company  called  Ru- 
pert "s  I^nd,  or  in  other  places  in  North  America  where  tho  said  governor  ami 
cumpany  have  tlic  power  of  carrying  on  trade  with  the  Indians  or  otlier  i)er- 
soiis  in  furs  or  other  articles. 

II.  The  present  and  future  chief  traders  for  the  time  being  shall  wlu)lly 
and  exclusively  act  as  traders  and  conduct  tho  business  as  such  in  their 
ri'spective  departments  and  under  the  orders  anil  regulations  to  lie  from  timt! 
to  time  given  to  them  respectively  by  the  respective  governors  in  council  of 
tho  respective  districts,  but  without  entitling  any  chief  trader  to  sit  as  a  mem- 
ber of  council,  or  to  have  jLiy  vote  therein  in  respect  of  any  matters  there 
discussed  except  in  such  spec'; !  cases  as  are  hereinafter  mentioned. 

III.  Tho  chief  fact<)rs  foi'  the  time  being  duringtheir  continuance  in  ollici; 
sliall,  together  with  any  governor  or  governors  to  bo  from  time  to  tiiiio 
appointed  by  tho  said  governor  and  company,  and  in  case  more  than  oin?  sucli 
governor  shall  be  there  present,  then  together  witli  the  senior  of  such  gov- 
ernors, or  in  case  of  the  absence  of  all  such  governors,  tlien  together 
wilh  other  person  f)r  persons  who  may  be  specially  appointed  l)y  the  said 
governor  and  company,  as  president  thereof,  constitute  tlio  councils  for 
regulating  the  trade  nnd  aflairs  of  the  said  governor  and  company,  as  m-cU 

.:.  mt  as  within  the  limits  of  their  territory;  but  to  cinistituti'  a  council 
not  less  than  seven  members,  vhereof  three  at  least  shall  Im'  cliicf  factors, 
shall  be  present,  besides  thoigovenior  or  president;  nui!  in  case  at  any  time 


UNIOX  OF  THE  TWO  COMPANIES. 


there  shall  not  l>e  present  seven  chief  factors  to  constitute  such  council,  then 
the  deficiency  in  tlie  number  of  chief  factors,  over  and  above  tliree,  shall 
be  niude  up  and  supplied  at  the  time  by  or  out  of  the  senior  chief  traders 
(according  to  the  duties  of  the  commissions),  who  shall  be  present  at  the  time 
and  place  where  the  council  is  intended  to  bo  Ii  '.leu,  and  they  shall  be  sum- 
moned accordingly,  and  sha'l  or  may  set  and  vote  as  members  of  the  said 
council.  It  being,  nevertheless,  expressedly  understood  that  in  ordinary  casus 
no  council  shall  be  deemed  to  be  lawfully  constituted  unless  three  chiuf 
factors,  at  least,  are  present,  besides  the  chief  factor,  if  any,  acting  as 
president. 

IV.  Each  council  to  be  constituted  as  aforesaid,  shall  make  arrangements 
with  respect  to  the  trading  posts  and  stations,  and  the  respective  outfits  for 
carrying  on  the  trade,  and  the  wintering  residence  of  the  chief  factors  and 
chief  traders,  and  of  the  clerks,  and  others  in  the  service  of  the  said  company 
in  the  territories  and  places  aforesaid,  as  well  under  the  charter  of  the  .said 
governor  and  company  as  otherwise,  and  the  same  shall  be  fixed  and  settled 
by  the  respective  governors  and  council  in  their  respective  departments. 

V.  Each  council,  constituted  as  aforesaid,  shall,  in  its  department,  ascer- 
tain the  I'csult  of  the  preceding  year's  trade  at  each  post  within  such  depart- 
ment, and  bo  guided  thereby  in  regulating  the  outfit  for  the  then  following  or 
current  season. 

VI.  All  matters  whatsoever,  which  may  be  determined  upon  by  each 
council,  constituted  as  aforesaid,  shall  be  distinctly  and  fully  nunuted  in  the 
book  to  be  kept  for  tiiat  purpose,  to  be  called  'The  Council  Minute  Book,' 
and  a  copy  of  such  minutes  shall  l)e  made  out,  and  signed  by  the  said  gov- 
ernor or  president  and  members  present  at  the  council,  vouciiing  the  same  to 
be  a  faithful  copy  of  tlie  minutes  made  at  such  council,  which  copy  shall 
be  annually  transmitted  by  the  governor  or  president  to  the  governor  and 
company  in  England,  or  their  cf)mmittee. 

VII.  Each  council  so  constituted  as  aforesaid,  shall  be  authorized  to 
make  rules  and  regulations  for  the  management  and  conduct  of  the  trade,  and 
otherwise  relating  thereto,  from  time  to  time,  as  they  may  think  fit;  and  such 
rules  and  regulations  shall  remain  in  force  until  objected  to  by  the  governor 
and  company  in  England,  or  their  committee,  according  to  the  provision  here- 
after contained. 

VIII.  Each  council  so  constituted  as  aforesaid,  shall  have  full  power 
and  jurisdiction  to  inquire  or  cause  inquiry  tc  be  made  into  the  conduct  of 
the  chief  factors,  chief  traders,  clerks,  an'',  servants,  in  the  territories  and 
place  aforesaid,  or  of  any  one  or  more  of  them,  and  to  impose  such  nmlcts  and 
fiin's  for  misconduct,  as  the  said  council  shall  from  time  to  time  think  fit,  but 
Huch  mulcts  and  fines  so  imposed  may  be  varied  by  the  governor  and  com- 
pany, or  their  committee,  and  shall  not  be  enforced  un  Jl  ratified  or  varied  by 
the  governor  and  company,  or  their  committee. 

IX.  If,  owing  to  death  or  other  cause,  the  governor,  or  other  president 
appointed  by  the  said  governor  and  company,  shall  not  be  present,  or  if  there 
shidl  be  a  want  of  suilicient  i' embers,  or  on  any  other  account,  the  persona 
who  may  have  met  together  in  council,  may  adjourn  from  time  to  time. 

X.  In  case  of  the  death  or  absence  of  all  tlic  governors,  and  of  a.iy  other 


f 


ON  GOVERNORS  AXD  CHIEF  FACTORS. 


309 


lower 
let  llf 

ami 
I  tiiul 

,but 
loom- 
kl.y 

Idcnt 
Lhcrc 
raous 

Uher 


person  especially  appointed  to  preside  by  the  governor  and  company,  as  afore- 
said, the  Ki'iiior  cliicf  factor  of  each  district,  and  who  shall  for  the  time  being 
bo  present,  siiall  temporarily  preside  at  such  respective  council,  and  if  the 
number  of  chief  factoi's  hereby  required  to  form  such  respective  full  council 
cannot,  from  the  intemperate  state  of  the  season,  or  from  any  other  extra- 
ordinary circumstanc  •,  assendjle  within  any  given  period  fixed  by  the  .said 
governor  and  company,  or  their  committee,  at  the  usual  places  respectively 
appointed  for  holding  the  councils,  whether  original  or  adjourned,  then  .so 
many  of  the  chief  factors  of  each  district  ordepartmeut  as  can  assemble,  shall, 
assisted  by  as  many  of  the  chief  traders  of  the  same  district  or  department, 
as,  for  the  time  being,  can  conveniently  be  assendded  for  the  purpose,  re- 
spectively form  a  temporary  council,  to  determine  the  necessary  outfits  and 
arrangements  of  the  season,  and  such  temporary  council  may  adjourn,  fif)m 
time  to  time,  as  oeca.sioii  may  recpiire;  subject,  nevertheless,  to  be  .supersc<Ied 
by  the  original  council,  in  ease  the  same  can  be  assembled  during  the  sitting 
or  adjournment  or  the  tempiu'ary  council. 

XI.  If  any  chief  factor  or  chief  tr.ider  misconduct  or  n.isbehave  himself 
so  as  to  injure  the  said  trade  in  any  miiuner  howsoever,  and  shall  thereof  be 
convicteil  by  proof  to  the  satisfaction  of  tlie  governor  and  council,  or  tiie 
majority  of  the  members  thereof  within  the  district  to  which  the  party  oflend- 
ing  siiall  belong,  and  whicli  governor  and  council  shall  have  power  to  hear 
and  determine  all  cliaiges  of  that  mature,  the  governor,  with  the  concurrence 
of  the  majority  of  the  council  before  whom  such  charges  shall  be  brought, 
shall  have  power  to  expel  or  rcmo\"e  tlie  chief  factor  or  chief  trader  so  oU'eiid- 
iiig;  and  the  .share  or  shares  belonging  to  the  chief  factor  or  chief  trader  so 
oU'ending  shall  be  forfeited;  and  the  same  shall  thereupon  become  disposal)le 
insuch  manner,  for  the  benefit  of  the  succeeding  chief  factor  or  chief  trader  to 
be  substituted  in  the  room  of  the  offending  i)arty,  as  the  said  governor  and 
company,  or  ilieir  committee,  shall  think  lit,  provided,  nevertheless,  no  chief 
factor  or  cli.ef  tr.ader  shall  be  so  removed  or  expelled  by  the  said  govei'uor 
and  council  unless  a  majority  shall  concur  in  the  sentence,  and  unless  such 
removal  or  expulsion  shall  be  subaetpiently  ratified  by  the  governor  and  eom- 
pan> ,  or  their  committee. 

\II.  It  shall  not  be  competent  to  any  governor  or  council  to  dismiss  any 
eii .'  for  misconduct,  without  first  obtaining  the  sanction  of  the  governor  and 
ei>i  qiany,  or  their  committee,  in  that  behalf,  except  in  cases  of  habitual  intox- 
itMit.  ai  or  ''vaudulent  or  wilful  misapplication  of  jn-operty  intrusted  to  liim,  in 
either  of  "hich  la  '  mentioned  cases  it  shall  be  competent  to  the  governor  and 
cc  II ::  of  the  department  wherein  such  misconduct  may  arise,  of  their  own 
authority  to  dismiss  £,ach  clerk  at  once,  and  in  all  other  eases  of  niiscondiict 
thi'  governor  and  council  shall  or  may  suspend  him  from  ids  situation  until 
the  pleasure  of  the  govcnior  and  company,  or  their  committee,  as  to  his  dis- 
posal is  made  known. 

XIII.  Tlie  chief  factors  or  chief  traders  who  shall  frmn  time  to  time 
winter  in  the  Indian  coimtry,  shall  deliver  or  send  to  thegovemoi  and  eouinJl 
•if  tlie  district  wherein  such  chief  factors  or  chief  traders  shall  I'espi'ctively 
act,  and  every  year  or  oftener  if  rci|uired,  a  true  account  ami  inventury  of  all 
the  goods,  provisions,  or  other  ellects  for  the  time  being  in  hand,  and  also  of 


310 


UNION  OF  THE  TWO  COMPANIES. 


the  furs,  peltries,  and  of  all  debts  due  by  Indians  and  anoenien,  and  also  true 
accounts  of  the  expenditure  of  goods  and  effects  coni'.n'vtcd  to  their  respective 
charges;  and  also  such  information  as  may  tend  '.o  elucidate  the  state  and 
condition  of  the  trade  under  their  respective  management  at  the  time. 

XIV.  Tiie  chief  factors  and  chief  traders  shall  not  on  their  separate 
account,  distinct  from  the  said  trade,  enter  into  any  trade,  business,  or  com- 
merce whatever,  neither  directly  nor  indirectly,  or  be  in  any  wise  concerned 
or  interested  therein,  neither  with  Indians  nor  with  any  other  person  whom- 
soever; and  every  sucli  chief  factor  or  chief  trader  so  offending,  shall  for  each 
such  ofl'ence  pay  the  sum  of  £1,000  to  the  governor  and  company  as  stated, 
or  liquidated  damages. 

XV.  The  present  and  future  chief  factors  and  chief  traders  during  their 
continuance  to  fill  such  office,  and  as  a  compensation  for  their  performance 
of  the  duties  impojcd,  or  to  be  hereinafter  imposed,  on  him  or  them  as  such 
chief  factoi-  or  chief  trader,  shall  have,  or  be  entitled  to,  such  share  or  shares  in 
tlie  gains  and  p;    •!    of  the  said  trade  as  are  hereinafter  specified, 

XVI.  That  j;  ■urpose  of  ascertaining  from  time  to  time  the  true 
state  and  condition  .  stock  and  capital,  and  of  the  gains  and  profits  of 
tlie  said  trade,  invent,  .es  of  such  trading  goods,  provisions,  and  stores  as 
on  the  1st  day  of  June  1834,  or  the  usual  period  of  closing  the  spring  trade 
of  the  outfit  of  1833,  and  on  the  same  day  or  usual  period  in  every  succeed- 
ing year  during  the  continuance  of  the  said  trade,  may  remain  on  hand  at  the 
several  depots,  stations,  or  posts,  in  the  territories  and  places  aforesaid,  occu- 
pied in  carrying  on  the  said  trade,  as  the  part  undisposed  of  to  the  Indians, 
of  the  outfit  of  the  year  then  immediately  preceding,  shall  be  made  out  as 
soon  as  may  be  afterwards,  and  that  thereupon  the  same  shall  be  valued  at  a 
tariff,  to  be  from  time  to  time  determined  upon  by  the  said  governor  and 
company ;  and  the  amount  of  such  valuation  shall  bo  allowed  as  a  credit  in  the 
account  of  the  outfit  of  the  year  immediately  preceding,  and  shall  be  made  a 
charge  in  the  accounts  of  the  outfit  of  the  year  then  next  following ;  and  the 
same  goods,  provisions,  and  stores  shall  be  considered  as  a  part  of  the  outfit  of 
tlic  year  then  next  following,  provided  always,  that  in  such  inventories  and 
valuations  shall  be  included  all  debts  which  on  such  first  day  of  June,  or  such 
usual  period,  may  be  owing  to  the  said  trade  from  traders,  clerks,  glides,  inter- 
preters, canoemen,  and  laborers  or  other  persons,  except  Indians,  for  ad- 
vances and  supplies ;  but  debts  due  from  Indians  shall  be  included  without 
any  valuation  being  put  tliereon.  And  a  general  account  shall  on  the  first 
day  of  June  1830,  and  on  every  succeedbig  first  day  of  June  during  the  con- 
tinuance of  the  said  trade,  be  stated  and  mode  out  in  the  manner  following, 
that  is  to  say,  in  stating  and  making  out  such  account  on  the  first  day  of 
June  183G,  tliere  shall  be  placed  on  the  debit  side  of  the  said  account,  the 
amount  of  tlie  valuation  to  be  made  as  before  mentioned,  of  the  goods, 
provisions,  stores,  supplies,  debts,  and  other  articles,  of  which  inventoi-ics 
are  to  be  taken  as  1)i'fore  mentioned,  and  which  an;  to  form  part  of  the 
outfit  of  the  year  1834,  together  with  interest  at  five  per  cent  per  annum  on 
such  amounts,  from  the  first  day  of  June  1834  to  the  1st  day  r[  June  183(), 
and  also  the  amount  of  tlie  charge  for  the  goods,  provisions,  and  stores, 
ordered  and  to  be  ordered  for  the  outfit  of   tlie  year  1834,  together  with 


ON  KEEPING  THE  ACCOUNTS. 


311 


interest  at  the  same  rate  on  the  sums  fonning  such  amount,  from  the  re- 
spective times  of  tlie  payment  of  the  same  sums  to  the  1st  day  of  June  183G, 
aiul  also  the  amount  of  tlio  valuation  to  be  made  of  the  Hudson's  Ijuy  House 
iu  Loudon,  with  its  appointments,  including  the  furniture  therein,  and  of 
the  sliips  which  shall  on  the  same  1st  day  of  June  1834  belong  to  the  said 
governor  aiid  company,  together  with  interest  at  the  same  rate  on  such  amount 
for  the  period  last  aforesaid;  and  also  the  amounts  of  such  of  tlie  expenses  to 
be  incurred  up  to  the  1st  day  of  Juno  1835,  in  respect  of  the  establishments 
of  the  said  governor  and  company,  together  with  interest  at  the  same  rate,  ou 
the  amount  of  such  expenses  from  the  respective  times  of  the  payment  thereof 
up  to  the  1st  day  of  Jimo  1836.  And  there  should  bo  placed  on  the  credit  side 
of  the  said  account,  the  amount  of  the  valuation  to  bo  made  before  mentioned 
of  such  trading  g(X)ds,  provisions,  and  stores,  as  on  the  1st  day  of  June  1835, 
or  the  usual  period  of  closing  the  spring  trade  of  1835,  might  remain  on  hand 
at  the  several  depots,  stations,  or  posts,  as  aforesaid,  and  of  tlic  debts  to  bo 
included  in  such  valuations  as  aforesaid,  and  also  the  amount  of  the  then  value  of 
the  Hudson's  Bay  ^louso  for  the  time  being  iu  London,  with  its  appurtenances, 
and  tlie  furniture  u.  '•ein,  and  any  other  property  which  shall  belong  to 
the  trade  ou  the  1st  day  of  Juno  1835,  together  with  interest  at  the  rate  afore- 
said on  both  amounts  from  the  1st  day  of  June  1835  to  the  1st  day  of  Juno 
183(),  and  also  tlio  net  amount  to  arise  from  the  sale  of  the  furs,  peltries,  and 
other  articles,  to  be  received  as  the  returns  of  the  outfit  of  the  year  1834,  after 
deducting  all  expenses  attending  or  relating  to  the  sale  thereof,  together  with 
interest  at  the  same  rate  on  the  sums  forming  such  net  amount,  from  the  re- 
spective prompt  days  of  the  sale  of  the  said  furs,  peltries,  and  other  articles, 
till  the  1st  day  of  June  1830,  auv*  that  the  balance  of  the  said  general  account 
shall,  in  the  event  of  such  balance  being  on  the  credit  aide  of  the  said  account, 
be  deemed  to  be  the  gains  and  profits  in  respect  of  the  outfit  of  tlic  year  1834; 
and  that  the  general  account  to  be  settled  and  made  out  on  the  fu-st  day  of 
June  1837,  and  on  every  succeedins?  first  day  of  June  during  the  continuance 
of  the  said  trade,  shall  be  stated  and  made  out,  adjusted  and  settled  upon  the 
like  principle  as  the  account  to  be  stated  and  made  out  ou  the  first  day  of 
June  1S3G,  and  in  the  same  manner  as  far  as  circumstances  will  .-vdmit,  iii  re- 
gard to  the  details  or  particulars  thereof. 

XVII.  The  clear  gains  and  profits  arising  from  the  said  trade  so  to  bo 
ascertained  as  aforesaid,  shall  be  considered  as  divisible  into  one  hundred 
equal  shares,  whereof  forty  shares  are  and  shal'  bo  appropriated  to  such  persons 
as  now  are  chief  factors  and  chief  traders,  and  hereinafter  mentionetl  in  articles 
xix.  and  xx.,  and  to  such  persona  as  shall  from  time  to  time  hereafter  be  ap- 
pointed by  the  said  governor  and  company,  chief  factors  an<l  chief  traders  to 
succeed  them,  or  as  a  temporary  provision  to  chief  factoi's  or  chii.'f  traders, 
already  retired,  and  as  named  in  article  xxi.,  and  such  persons  as  may  here- 
after retire  or  be  placed  on  the  retired  list,  as  hereafter  mentioned. 

XVIII.  The  said  party  shares  of  gains  and  profits  are  and  shall  be  sub- 
divided into  eighty-five  shares  of  equal  amount. 

XIX.  Each  of  the  present  chief  factors,  namely,  Colin  Ilobcrtson,  John 
George McTavish,  Alexander  Stewart,Jolin  Clarke, (ieorgeRcith.  .lohn  Dugald 
Camcror»,  John  Charles,  John  Stuart,  Edward  Smith,  John   McLoughliu, 


312 


UXIOX  OF  THE  TWO  COMPANIES. 


James  Keith,  Joseph  Brioley,  Angus  Bethune,  Donald  McKcnzic,  Alexander 
Christie,  John  McBcan,  William  Mcintosh,  William  Connolly,  John  Rowand, 
James  McMillan,  Allen  McDonnell,  Peter  Warren  Dease,  John  Lee  Lewes, 
Itoderick  ilcKenzic  senior,  and  Duncan  Finlayson,  and  also  the  future  chief 
factors  for  the  time  being,  and  holding  a  commission  as  such,  and  while  ho 
shall  continue  to  fill  the  office  of  chief  factor,  shall  have,  or  bo  entitled  to, 
two  of  the  said  eighty-five  shares  of  gains  and  profits,  as  a  compensation  for 
his  performance  of  the  duties  appertaming  to  the  office  of  chief  factor. 

XX.  ]>]ach  of  the  present  chief  traders,  namely,  Jacob  Corrigal,  Tliomaa 
McMurray,  Donald  Mcintosh,  John  Peter  Pruden,  Hugh  Paries,  Augustus 
Cameron,  Sinion  McGillivray,  John  McLeod,  Alexander  Roderick  McLeod, 
Alexander  Fisher,  Samuel  Black,  Peter  Skeen  Ogden,  Cuthbert  Cumniing, 
Francis  Heron,  John  Stcveright,  Robert  Miles,  Colin  Campbell,  Arcliibald  Mo- 
Donald,  John  Edward  Harriet,  Robert  Cowie,  Donald  Ross,  John  Work,  AVill- 
iam  Tod,  James  Hargi-ave,  Niear  Finlayson,  Richard  Hardistj-,  Jolin  Tod, 
John  McLeod  junior,  and  Murdock  McPIierson,  half  shares,  and  also  of  the 
future  chief  traders  for  tho  time  being,  and  holding  a  commission  as  such,  and 
while  he  shall  continue  to  fill  tho  office  of  chief  trader,  shall  have,  or  be  en- 
titled to,  one  of  tho  said  eighty-five  shares  of  gains  and  profit.s,  as  a  com- 
pensation foi  his  performance  of  the  duties  appertaining  to  the  olUco  of  chief 
trader. 

X.XI.  The  remaining  six  and  a  half  shares  shall  be  applied  for  tho  benefit 
of  James  Ivi  ith,  .Mexandcr  Kennedy,  Alexander  McDonald,  John  Spencer, 
Robert  McVicar,  Joseph  Felix  Laroche,  Roderick  McKenzie,  .John  ^Varren 
Dease,  Emilius  Simpson,  Alexander  McTavish,  and  Joseph  McGillivray,  being 
chief  factors  and  chief  traders  who  have  retired  from  the  service,  or  their 
representatives,  and  to  fulfil  tho  condition  entered  into  by  the  said  governor 
and  company  with  them,  and  the  said  shares  as  they  fall  in  shall  from  time  to 
time  be  applied  by  the  said  governor  and  company  according  to  article  xxx. 

XXII.  Tlio  chief  factors  and  cluef  traders  who  winter  in  the  interior 
shall  be  allowed  out  jf  the  general  stores  belonging  to  the  said  trade,  such 
articles  of  personal  necessaries  as  have  been  customarily  allowed,  without  being 
charged  for  the  same,  and  in  addition  to  their  respective  interest  in  the  trade, 
and  according  to  the  present  scale  of  allowance,  as  approved  by  tho  governor 
and  company,  or  their  committee,  and  all  other  articles  consumed  by  the 
party,  or  impi'operly  expended  by  him,  shall  be  charged  to  the  private  accoimt 
of  the  party  by  whom  the  same  shall  have  beeif  consumed,  or  improperly 
expended. 

XXtll.  Any  one,  or  more,  of  tho  present  or  future  chief  factors  and  chief 
traders  for  the  time  being,  may  retire  at  any  tunc  hereafter,  upon  the 
following  tcnns,  that  is  to  say: 

A  chief  factor  for  tlic  time  being,  entitled  to  two  eighty-fifth  shares,  and 
a  chief  trader  for  the  time  being,  entitled  to  one  eighty-fifth  share,  shall  be 
permitted  to  retire  upon  tho  following  allowances,  that  is  to  say,  after  having 
held  his  commission  four  years,  he  shall  be  allowed  to  hold  his  share  or  shares 
as  the  case  may  be,  for  one  year  next  after  his  retirement,  and  half  of  his  share 
or  shares  for  the  next  succeeding  six  years,  or  wliich  shall,  or  may  be,  respec- 
tively held  by  him  or  his  representatives  respectively  during  tho  respective 


SHARES  AND  MEMBERS. 


313 


period  mentioned  in  this  article,  (ind  in  the  coinputation  of  servico  as  regards 
the  present  cliicf  factors  and  chief  traders  shall  bo  included  the  respective 
times  for  which  they  liavo  already  served;  but  no  more  tlian  three  chief 
factors,  or  two  chief  factors  and  two  chief  traders,  shall  Ije  allowed  to  retire  in 
any  ono  year,  nor  then,  unless  ho  or  they  respectively,  so  desirous  to  retire, 
iihall  have  given  one  year's  previous  notice  in  writing  to  the  governor  and 
council;  and  the  option  of  retirement  sliall  only  l»e  seniority  in  each  class,  ac- 
cording to  the  dates  of  their  respective  commissions;  provided  always,  tiiat 
whenever  there  ai'o  cliicf  factors  and  chief  tradera  on  the  retired  list  who  shall 
together  hold  to  tlic  extent  of  twenty-one  shares,  then  and  in  such  cases  no 
other  chief  factor  or  chief  trader  shall  bo  allowed  to  retire  and  receive  the 
allowances  provided  under  tliis  article  until  there  is  a  vacancy  by  tlie  falling 
ill  of  a  suflicieut  share  or  interest  for  that  purpose,  unless  the  said  governor 
and  company,  or  their  committee,  shall  think  lit. 

XXVII.  'i'lu'co  chief  factors  and  two  chief  traders  sliall  be  allowed  to 
leave  the  territory,  or  jilaco  aforesaid,  on  furlough  in  eacli  jear,  to  bo  regu- 
lated at  an  annual  meeting  of  tlio  respeotivu  council  of  each  district,  accord- 
ing to  a  rotation  liat,  and  cacli  sucli  furlungli,  for  the  time  being,  is  not 
to  exceed  ono  year  without  the  express  consent  of  the  governor  and  company, 
or  their  comuiittee,  or  unless  the  party  bo  prevented  from  letuniing  at  tlie 
expiration  of  liis  furlough  from  severe  illness,  and  any  factor  or  trader 
ab.senting  himself  after  the  expiration  of  such  furlough,  without  leave  of  tho 
govenior  and  company,  or  their  committee,  except  from  scvci'o  illness,  to  bo 
jirovcd  to  t!ie  satisfaction  of  the  governor  and  company,  or  their  committee, 
sliall  be  deemed  imd  considered  as  having  retired  or  vacated  his  situation  or 
oliice. 

XXV'III.  Tho  chief  factors  or  chief  traders  not  taking  ad\-antage  of  rota- 
tion shall  not  be  entitled  to  any  furlough  till  it  again  comes  to  their  turn, 
biit  they  may  exchange  their  rotation  with  any  other  chief  factor  or  chief 
tiadcr  upon  obtaining  nevertheless  the  previous  consent  of  the  governor  and 
council  of  their  respective  districts. 

XXIX.  The  governor  and  company,  or  their  committee,  sludl  be  at  lib- 
erty at  any  tinio,  upon  or  after  the  lirst  day  of  June  IbS'J,  to  place  upon  the 
retiring  list  tho  present  chief  factors  anil  chief  traders,  or  any  one  or  more  of 
thcin,  and  from  time  to  time,  upon  and  from  the  first  day  of  June  1S41)  or  of 
any  sul)set^uent  year  or  years;  and  also  any  chief  factor  or  chief  ti-ador  who 
shall  be  hereafter  appomted,  and  who  shall  have  served  for  the  siKice  of  four 
years,  and  as  to  each  or  any  of  them,  upon  and  from  tho  first  day  of  June, 
which  hliall  iirst  Jiappeu  Jiext  after  the  expii'ation  of  such  his  or  their  respec- 
tive four  years'  service,  or  upon  and  from  the  first  day  of  June  of  any  subse- 
(jucnt  year  or  years,  but  then,  and  in  every  such  case,  such  [persons,  whether 
ihiuf  factors  or  chief  traders,  shall  be  entitled  to  hold,  for  the  first  year  of  his 
being  jilaced  upon  such  retired  list,  under  tliis  article,  the  whole  and  for  tho 
next  succeeding  six  years  the  one  half  of  liis  share  or  sliares,  accoiding  as 
siu  h  person,  at  the  time  of  being  so  placecl,  shall  be  chief  factor  or  chief 
trader,  it  being  intended  that  every  chief  factor  an<l  chief  trader  sliall,  in 
caso  lie  lives  and  fills  tho  olKce,  have,  for  live  years  at  least,  his  full  sliare  or 
shares,  and  one  half  shore  ur  shares  fur  the  six  next  succeeding  years. 


314 


UNION  OF  THE  TWO  COMPANIES. 


XXX.  Tluat  upon  tho  falling  in  of  any  of  tho  said  eighty-five  shares  held 
by  any  of  the  chief  factors  or  chief  traders  or  their  representatives  or  parties 
claiming  under  them,  and  mentioned  in  article  xxi.,  and  the  said  governor 
and  company  shall  ai)point  a  person  or  persons  to  such  share  or  shares,  when 
the  said  governor  and  company,  or  their  committee,  shall  think  it  expedient 
Bo  to  do ;  and  in  case  of  their  appointing  a  chief  factor  or  chief  factors,  or  chief 
trader  or  cliief  traders,  then  the  person  or  persons  to  be  appointed  as  chief 
factor,  or  as  cliief  factors,  shall  be  selected  from  the  persons  then  holding 
the  situation  of  chief  traders,  and  tho  person  or  persons  to  be  appointed  chief 
trader  or  chief  traders,  from  the  then  clerks  of  the  said  governor  and  com- 
pany. 

XXXI.  Regular  sets  of  accounts,  mode  up  the  preceding  1st  day  of 
June,  shall  be  sent  out  annually  by  tho  outward-bound  ships  of  the  season,  to 
to  be  laid  before  the  councils  of  tho  said  company,  and  if  no  objections  in 
writing  to  the  same  be  transmitted  by  the  homeward-bound  ships  belonging  to 
the  said  company  in  the  following  year,  such  accounts  shall  be  considered  as 
approved,  and  be  thenceforth  binding  and  conclusive  as  a  settled  account. 

XXXII.  By  the  same,  or  like,  outward-bound  ships  of  the  season,  each 
chief  factor  and  chief  trader  and  each  clerk  respectively  in  the  service  shall 
have  his  private  account  transmitted  to  him,  and  the  balance  shall  bo  either 
paid  to  him  by  bills  drawn  by  him  and  made  payable  in  London  on  every  irith 
day  of  April,  or  bo  paid  to  any  person  authorized  by  him  as  agent  to  receive 
the  same  and  to  settle  the  account  or  accounts  for  tho  time  being,  in  respect 
of  such  balance,  on  the  same  being  made  up  on  the  1st  day  of  June  as  afore- 
said, or  if  the  said  party  prefer  to  leave  such  balance  in  the  hands  of  the  said 
governor  and  compfiny,  and  notify  the  same  to  them,  the  governor  and  com- 
pany will  either  allow  him  interest  for  the  same  as  may  be  agreed  on,  or  at 
the  option  of  tho  said  governor  and  company  invest  the  same  in  the  purchase 
of  parliamentary  stock,  and  receive,  and  when  received  credit,  his  account  with 
the  dividend  thereof. 

XXXIII.  No  chief  factor  or  chief  trader  who  may  retire,  nor  the  repre- 
sentatives of  a  chief  factor  or  chief  trader,  shall  after  such  retirement  or 
death  be  at  liberty,  or  have  any  right  to  respect  or  question  tho  accounts 
mentioned  in  article  xxxi.,  but  shall  respectively  bo  concluded  by  the  certifi- 
cate of  the  governor  and  company,  or  their  committee,  testifying  to  their 
correctness  as  far  as  respects  their  shares  and  interests  therein. 

XXXIV.  No  person  becoming  entitled  as  assignee  of  the  share  or  share.? 
of  a  retired  chief  factor  or  chief  trader,  or  the  representatives  of  a  deceased 
chief  factor  or  chief  trader,  shall  be  entitled  to  derive  any  benefit  therefrom, 
as  such  assignee  or  representativ^e,  unless  such  person  within  eighteen  cal- 
endar months,  respectively  next  after  his  respective  title  or  claim  shall  occur, 
shall  give  notice  thereof  to  the  said  governor  and  company  at  the  Hudson's 
Bay  House  in  London,  or  their  house  in  London  for  the  management  of 
their  concern ;  and  cause  the  several  instruments  under  which  he  respectively 
derives  title  as  such  assignee  or  representative  to  bo  then  duly  registered  in 
the  books  of  the  said  governor  and  company. 

XXXV.  The  chief  factors  and  chief  traders  now  appointed,  and  every 
chief  factor  and  chief  trader,  from  time  to  time  to  be  appointed  by  the  gov- 


DEED-POLL  DAMAGES. 


315 


ernor  and  company,  for  the  superintendence  and  management  of  the  said 
trade  or  concern,  shall  within  eighteen  calendar  months,  next  after  the  date 
hereof,  with  respect  to  the  present  chief  factors  and  chief  tradtTS  here  lieforo 
named,  and  with  respect  to  all  future  chief  factors  and  chief  traders,  shall 
witliin  twelve  calendar  months  next  after  the  date  of  their  respective  com- 
mission, enter  into  a  covenant  or  agreement  with  the  said  governor  and  com- 
pany, for  the  due  observance  and  performance  by  them,  tlic  said  cliief  factors 
and  chief  tradei-s,  of  all  conditions,  agreements,  ordinances,  ndes,  regulations, 
iicrcin  mentioned  and  contained,  and  also  all  other  ordinances,  rules,  and  regu- 
lations, to  be  from  time  to  time  duly  made,  and  the  terms  thereof  as  far  as  tlie 
same  are,  or  shall  be,  applicable  to  them  respectively,  and  for  payment  to  the 
said  governor  and  company  of  the  sum  of  £1,000  as  liquidated  damages  for  every 
wilful  breach  of  each  such  conditions,  agreements,  rules,  and  regulations  by 
the  parties  respectively  covenanting,  and  for  the  acceptance  by  them  respec- 
tively of  the  several  provisions  hereby  made,  or  to  be  made,  for  them,  and 
every  such  appointment  shall  be  voidable  in  case  the  appointee  therein  named 
shall  omit  or  refuse  to  enter  into  such  covenant  or  agreement  within  the  time 
hereinbefore  mentioned  on  that  behalf. 

And  lastly,  tlie  siiid  governor  and  company  shall  be  at  liberty,  either  by  a 
by-law  of  the  said  company  or  in  any  other  manner,  to  set  aside  and  deter- 
mine, or  alter  or  vary  from  time  to  time,  any  one  or  more  of  the  several  arti- 
cles liereinbefore  contained,  and  either  wholly  or  in  any  one  or  more  of  the 
particulars  therein  mentioned,  provided  always  that  the  same  shall  not  in 
any  wise  disturb  nor  affect  any  riglit  to  which  the  iwrson  or  persons  who  for 
the  time  being  shall  be  chief  factor  or  chief  trader  of  the  said  governor  and 
company,  and  m  their  actual  employment  at  the  time,  or  who  having  been 
cliief  factors  or  chief  traders  of  the  said  governor  and  company,  shall  for  the 
time  being  be  upon  the  retired  list  of  the  said  company  or  their  representa- 
tives or  assignees,  may  be  entitled  under  articles  xvii.,  xviii.,  xix.,  xx.,  xxi., 
xxiii.,  xxiv.,  xxxi.,  or  xxxii.,  with  the  consent  of  the  person  or  persons  wlioso 
riglits  shall  be  so  affected,  in  writing,  first  had  and  obtained,  but  in  either 
respects  all  and  every  such  determination,  alterations,  and  variations  to  be 
made  as  aforesaid,  shall  or  may  take  affect  and  be  carried  into  execution,  any- 
thing liereinbefore  contained  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding.  In  witness 
whereof  the  said  governor  and  company  have  caused  their  common  seal  to  be 
hereunto  affixed,  this  sixth  day  of  June,  in  the  fourth  year  of  the  reign  of 
our  sovereign.  Lord  William  the  Fourth,  by  the  grace  of  God  of  the  United 
Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  king,  defender  of  the  faith,  and  in  tho 
year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  eight  himdred  and  thirty  four. 


CHAPTER  XV. 


THE  OREGON  QUESTION. 

1818-24. 

Intkoduction' — CimoNoi-oGicAii  Resum]!:  of  Title-focndatioxs— Epochs  op 
Discovery,  Exploiiation,  and  Fur-trade — Overland  Occitation — 
Treaties,  Contuovi.rhies,  and  Comments — Merits  of  tiik  Cask  iiefore 
Discussion— .State.ment  of  Claims,  1817 — Uesii  and  Gallatin  vkksis 
Rorinson  and  Uoclbirn — Treaty  of  1818— Joint  Olcipation— Its 
Tiiii;  Meaninc — I'ol'ndaky  Treaty  of  1819  iictwekn  Spain  and  the 
United  Spates— The  Northwest  Coast  in  Conoress,  lS'20-2 — Dlisates 
OF  lyJIJ — Mr  JJknton's  Warning  in  the  Senate — United  States  and 
Russia — Treaty  of  1824 — Statement  of  American  Claims — Conouks- 
sioNAL  Derates  of  1824 — Ijill  for  the  Occupation  of  the  Columria — 
Monroe  Doctrine. 

What  was  to  be  the  national  owncrsliip  of  the 
Nortliwost  Coast  ?  This  was  the  famous  OroGfon 
Question,  first  raised  between  Great  Britain  and  the 
United  States  in  1818,  and  finally  settled  by  a  treaty 
establishing  boundaries  in  184G.  It  was  a  controversy 
which  througliout  the  period  mentioned,  particularly 
in  its  later  years,  was  a  subject  of  constant  popular 
agitation,  l)esides  giving  rise  at  intervals  to  dii)loniatic 
negotiati(jns  and  arguments  between  re|)rc;sentativcs 
of  the  two  nations.  As  the  trouble  approached  solu- 
tion volumes  M'cre  written  and  printed  on  its  merits. 

Since  the  cooling  of  partisan  strife,  hvss  has  been 
said  upon  the  subject;  yet  it  is  one  that  richly  merits 
our  careful  study,  one  that  cannot  fail  to  interest  the 
reader  of  north-western  annals,  and  one  that  may  now 
be  treated  clearly  and  with  nil  due  compiehensiveness 
in  a  comparatively  brief  space.  In  contemporary  dis- 
cussions not  a  few  of  the  arQuments  emoloviid  on  both 


nnpioyi 


(31CI 


INTRODUCTORY. 


817 


tho 

'O-Oll 
o 

the 

leaty 

lersy 

lai'ly 

lulav 

latic 

ivcs 

;olii- 

Irits. 

)CC11 

the 

lUONV 

Iness 
kUs- 
)otli 


sides  wore  Aveak,  incliidinj]f  a  lari^e  amoiuit  of  irrelevant 
matter  which  may  now  be  protitably  oHminated.  All 
the  farts  on  which  the  respective  national  claims  were 
made  to  rest,  except  a  few  so  sliijhtly  and  indirectly 
connected  with  the  history  of  the  l*aciiic  States  as  to 
require  only  brief  mention,  arc  elsewhere  put  before 
the  reader  with  all  desirable  detail  and  explanation, 
notably  in  the  first  chapters  of  the  preccdini^  volume 
devoted  to  the  subject  of  maritime  ex[)loration.  Yet  I 
deem  it  essential  to  give  here,  as  an  introduction  to  tho 
Oregon  Question,  in  a  compact  and  chronologic  order, 
such  facts  as  figured  prominently  in  the  controversy, 
with  such  brief  comments  on  their  sicfuificancc  as  will 
save  rei)etition  and  confusion  in  the  pages  that  follow. 
Tho  quality  of  right,  it  is  needless  to  say,  was  based 
on  relative  rights,  on  the  conventional  and  interna- 
tional codes,  and  had  little  to  do  with  inherent  or 
natural  right  vested  alone  in  the  natives. 

In  1543,  in  the  interest  of  Spain,  Fcrrelo,  of  Ca- 
brillo's  expedition,  sailed  up  the  coast  to  the  latitude 
of  44°  as  he  reported  and  believed.  In  1579  Drake,  an 
Englishman,  reached,  according  to  his  belief  and  that 
of  his  companions,  a  latitude  between  40°  and  48°,  tho 
best  su])ported  interpretation  of  their  opinion  fixing 
the  limit  at  43°.  In  1603  Aguilar,  commanding  one 
of  A'izcaino's  Spanish  exploring  vessels,  also  reached 
a  point  which  by  his  observations  was  in  43°.  These 
latitudes  were  not  questioned  in  early  times,  and 
indeed  there  was  then  no  good  reason  to  doubt  their 
a(!curacy.  In  this  first  epoch  of  exploration,  therefore, 
Spain  was  entitled,  so  far  as  discovery  could  give  a 
title,  to  about  one  hundred  miles  of  the  Nortliv.  ewt 
Coast.  To-day  there  is  reason  to  doubt  that  either  ot 
the  three  navigators  named  really  passed  tho  latitude 
of  42°;  if  the  doubt  is  less  in  the  case  of  Drake  than  of 
tlie  others,  it  is  chiefly  for  want  of  evidence  to  tho 
contrary;  and  the  dift'erence,  so  far  as  title  is  con- 
cerned, is  in  a  sense  counterbalanced  by  the  doubt 


313 


THE  OREGON  QUESTION. 


whether  the  discoveries  of  Drake  as  a  freebooter,  or 
outlaw,  could  confer  any  territorial  lights  whatever 
upon  his  nation.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  not  much  im- 
portance was  attached  in  later  discussions  on  national 
title,  to  the  discoveries  of  these  earliest  voyaj^ers. 
The  topic  was  vague,  and  full  of  difficulties;  neither 
England  nor  Spain  could  derive  any  definite  advantage 
from  it;  and  it  is  as  well  for  us  to  regard  the  ct)ast 
above  42°  as  an  undiscovered  country  throughout  the 
seventeenth  century  and  three  fourths  of  the  eigh- 
teenth. 

The  second  epoch  of  discovery  and  title-founding 
included,  like  the  first  three  expeditions,  two  Spanish 
and  one  English;  but  unlike  the  first  its  events  arc 
clearly  recorded,  and  leave  no  room  for  doubt  or  dif- 
ficulty respecting  results.  Perez  in  1774  sailed  U[) 
to  about  the  latitude  of  55°,  noted  the  present  Dixon 
entrance  and  the  islands  and  points  about  that  strait, 
followed  the  coast  southward,  anchored  at  Nootka 
Sound,  and  sighted  the  coast  at  several  different  poin*  • 
both  above  and  below  Nootka.  In  1775  Heceta  r 
Cuadra,  in  two  vessels,  extended  the  Spanish  exph 
tion  up  to  58°,  saw  from  a  short  distance  nearly  tlio 
whole  extent  of  the  Northwest  Coast,  discovered  the 
mouth  of  the  Columbia  River,  and  landed  to  take 
formal  possession  in  latitude  47°  20',  and  at  two  points 
on  the  Alaska  coast,  besides  exploring  the  b  arbors  of 
Trinidad  and  Bodega  on  the  California  coast.  In  1778 
Captain  Cook,  in  command  of  a  British  exploring 
expedition,  touched  the  coast  in  latitude  44°  55',  and 
made  observations  for  a  hundred  miles  below,  subse- 
quently sighting  Cape  Flattery,  making  a  careful 
survey  of  Nootka,  and  then  proceeding  to  make  an 
extended  exploration  of  the  Alaska  coast,  already  dis- 
covered by  the  Russians.  I  think  that  there  can  be  no 
doubt  that  the  explorations  of  1774-5  gave  to  Spain 
as  valid  a  title  as  mere  discovery  could  give  to  all  the 
Northwest  Coast,  and  that  Cook's  later  survey,  less 
extensive  but  in  several  respects  more  accurate,  gave 


SUMMARY  OF  VOYAGES. 


810 


aiul 
iubse- 
lareful 
Ike  an 
]y  dis- 
bciio 
jSpaiii 
\ll  the 

:,  less 

gave 


h)  Eiif^laiul  no  title  whatever.  A  country  can  be  dis- 
eoveretl  but  once.  It*  accuracy  of  survey  is  to  bo 
taken  into  the  account,  largo  portions  of  the  country 
in  (juostion  are  still  undiscovered.  English  writers 
and  diplomatists  would  perhaps  never  have  ventured 
to  base  any  territorial  claims  on  Cook's  voyage  if  the 
Spanish  voyages  had  been  satisfactorily  recorded.  Yet 
not  only  were  the  Spaniards  the  true  discoverers,  but 
a  printed  narrative  in  English  of  Heceta's  expedition, 
with  allusions  to  that  of  Perez,  was  in  circulation 
before  Cook's  narrative  appeared. 

Meanwhile  the  liussians  from  the  north  had  dis- 
covered America,  and  in  1741  had  touclied  the  coast 
as  low  as  latitude  50°.  There  was  never  any  definite 
settlement  of  boundaries  between  Spain  and  Kussia. 
The  former  claimed  that  her  possessions  extended  to 
Prince  William  Sound,  and  the  latter  at  times  ex- 
tended lier  claims  to  the  Colund)ia:  but  the  respective 
claims  were  not  zealously  urged,  and  resultin''  contro- 
versies  had  very  slight  bearing  at  any  time  on  the 
present  subject. 

Also  preceding  the  Spanish  discovery  of  1774-5 
were  certain  acts  aft'ecting  international  boundaries 
cast  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  which  w'ere  made  to 
iigure  l)eyond  their  meiits  in  the  Oregon  Question. 
In  17G2-3  Canada  and  all  French  possessions  east  of 
the  INIississippi  were  ceded  to  great  Britain;  while  the 
rest  of  Louisiana — that  is  of  Frencli  teriitory  west  of 
the  Mississippi — was  ceded  to  Spain.  No  boundary 
had  ever  been  established  between  the  French  and 
English  possessions.  ]5y  the  treaty  of  Utrecht  in 
1713  commissioners  were  to  fix  such  a  boundary  so  as 
to  give  to  England  all  rivers  and  [)laces  belonging  to 
Hudson  Bay,  that  is  presumably  along  the  heights 
separating  waters  flowing  into  that  bay  from  those 
tributary  to  the  St  Lawrence  and  the  Mississippi; 
but  no  such  line  was  established.  No  boundary  was 
needed  east  of  the  river  after  17G3,  all  being  English 
territory.     Neither  had  any  western  limit  ever  been 


320 


tfi:e  oregox  question. 


fixed  or  ncccled  for  the  Englisli  or  French  possessions. 
But  Louisianp,  may  nuturaliy  be  regarded  as  having 
inckided  all  lands  drained  by  western  tributaries  of 
the  Mississippi.  Writers  have  indulged  in  long  dis- 
eussions  respecting  some  of  these  points,  but  I  have 
no  room  for  the  difterences  of  opinion,  wliich  do  not 
materially  affect  the  question  at  issue. 

By  the  treaty  of  1783,  acknowledging  the  inde- 
pendence of  the  United  States,  the  north-western 
boundary  was  defined  by  a  line  running  due  west  from 
the  most  north-western  point  of  Lake  of  the  Woods 
to  the  Mississij)pi,  and  thence  down  that  river.  This, 
though  sufficient  for  the  needs  of  the  time,  was  no 
boundary  at  all;  for  the  head- waters  of  the  river  are 
some  eighty  miles  dii-ectly  south  of  the  lake,  to  say 
nothing  of  the  difficulty  of  finding  the  most  north- 
western point  of  a  lake  of  such  peculiar  sha])e. 
Whether  the  dominant  idea  of  the  makers  was  a  line 
between  latitudes  49°  and  50°  or  a  direct  line  from 
the  lake  to  ihe  river  at  its  nearest  point  was  an  enigma 
left  for  iuture  diplomacy  to  solve. 

In  1785  the  Englisli  fur-trading  voyages  began 
with  Hanna's  trip.  About  forty  British  traders  vis- 
ited the  coast  before  1800.  Their  local  discoveries 
were  extensive  in  the  aggregate,  but  results  were  ini- 
]>erfectlv  recorded.  A  few  details  made  to  figure  in 
later  discussions  will  be  noted  in  their  order.  These 
traders  founded  no  settlements  or  i)ermanent  trading- 
posts  which  could  serve  as  a  base  for  national  claims. 

In  178(5  La  Perouse,  in  the  French  interest,  sailed 
along  tile  coast  from  north  to  south.  In  its  bearing 
on  the  matter  of  title  this  exploration  is  similar  to 
that  of  (^ook. 

Barclay,  in  a  vessel  from  Ostend,  under  the  flag  of 
the  Austrian  Last  India  Company,  discovered  but  did 
not  enter  the  strait  afterward  called  Fuca,  in  1787. 

Duncan,  an  ]']nglish  trader,  was  the  first  to  sail 
through  the  jiassage  between  Queen  (charlotte  Island 
and  the  main  in  1787-8. 


DISCOVERY  TITLE. 


321 


vis- 

'I'R'S 

im- 
l*e  ill 

llieso 

iii.U'- 
iiiis. 

\x\\vd 
r  to 

|<>'  ot 

"aid 
I'  • 

wail 
llaiul 


In  1788  tlio  American  fur-trade  began  witli  the 
voyage  of  Keiidrick  and  Gray.  Before  I SOO  about 
forty  vessels  liad  visited  the  coast,  and  later  the  Anier- 
ieans  inonopoliztul  the  trade.  My  remarks  on  the  J']ng- 
lish  traders  apply  equally  to  the  Boston  men  so  far  as 
discovery  and  settlement  are  concerned. 

It  was  also  in  1788  that  Mcares,  an  English  irader, 
whose  vessel  for  sj)ecial  |>urposes  was  under  Portu- 
<»-uese  colors,  erecte<l  a  small  buildiuiX  at  >»ootka  for 
temporary  tiading  facilities,  though  he  claimed  to 
havi>  purchased  lands  from  the  native  chiefs.  Mearos 
also  built  and  laun(;hed  this  year  at  Nootka  the  first 
vessel  ever  constructed  on  the  Northwest  Coast;  and 
he  was  the  first  to  enter  the  strait  discowred  by 
Bai'clay,  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  Juan  de  Fuca. 
Furtlicrmoi'e  he;  visited  the  mouth  of  Ilcceta's  great 
)iver,  and  decided  that  no  river  was  there.  He 
claimed  to  have  taken  possession  of  the  strait  for 
(ircat  Britain,  but  there  is  some  reason  to  doubt  his 
statement. 

In  178'J  Spain  sent  an  expedition  to  take  formal 
possession  of  Nootka,  to  erect  a  fort,  and  to  found  a 
permanent  settlement.  This  Spanish  establishment 
was  maintained  for  si.x.  }ears,  receivmg  supplies  i-vgu- 
laily  IVom  San  Bias. 

This  same  year  Meares  and  his  English  company  at- 
ti'nijiied  to  found  a  permanent  trading-i)ost  at  or  near 
Nootka,  but  were  not  permitted  by  the  Spaniards  to 
do  so;  and  in  the  ensuing  (juarrel  three  English  ves- 
sels Were  taki'U  as  Spanish  |)rizes. 

It  was  claimed  that  in  178!)  Kendrick  the  Ameri- 
can trade)',  not  only  penetrated  the  Strait  oi'  l-'uea, 
but  sailed  through  into  the  J'acificr  above.  The  evi- 
(K'liee  is  not,  howevcri',  sufHcii'ut  to  establish  this  fact. 

(ireat  Bi'itain  in  17!>0  not  oidy  demaiKJed  !Vom 
Spain  a  restoration  of  such  pi'operty  as  had  been 
seized  at  Nootka,  but  protested  against  the  Spanish 
•  laim  U)  exclusive  ownershij*  of  the  Northwest  Coast. 
S})ain    had    to   yield    both   points,  and    by  tlie  con- 


UirtT.  N.  W,  CoAMi,  Vol.  U.    21 


322  THE  OREGON  QUESTION. 

voDtiou  of  October  28,  1790,  it  was  agreed  tliat 
in  i'uture  tlie  wliole  coast  above  the  places  ah-eady 
occupied — that  is  in  spirit,  above  San  Francisco,  l)ut 
literall}'  })erha])s  above  Nootka — shouhl  be  free  to 
both  nations  for  trade,  navigation,  and  settlement, 
each  nation  having  also  free  access  to  all  establish- 
ments f)f  the  other. 

As  to  the  territorial  rights  bestowed  by  mere  dis- 
covery, there  are  man}'  tliflerences  of  opinion  among 
conjpetent  authorities,  !^[ost  writers  hold  that  dis- 
coveiy  must  be  followed  within  a  reasonai)le  tinu^  by 
steps  toward  occu])ation  in  order  to  create  a  title  which 
other  nations  are  bound  to  respect.  33ut  whatever  the 
nature  of  the  diseovery  title,  it  evidently  belonged  to 
S})ain  alone,  down  to  1790;  and  it  is  equally  evident 
that  after  the  Nootka  convention  Spain  relinquished 
her  right  to  exclusive  ownership.  She  could  regain 
it  oidy  by  actual  occupation  of  the  coast,  or  by  obtain- 
ing a  voluntary  or  enforced  acknowledgment  of  her 
I'iglit  from  otlier  nations. 

From  1790  to  1792  Sj)ain  in  three  successive  ex- 
plorations, those  of  Quimpci',  Fdisa,  and  Galiano,  en- 
tered the  Sti'ait  of  Fuca,  and  made  a  thorough  survey 
of  the  iidand  waters.     In  the  last  year  the  Fnghsh 
explojei',  A'ancou\'er,  made  a  like  exploration,  lu'ing 
for  a  })art  of  the  time  in  c()m])any  with  ( Jidiano,  and 
being  the  tirst  to  emerge  into  the  ]?aciiie,  pro\ing  the 
Nootka  rcLifion  to  l)e  an  island.     A'ancouver  extended 
his  survey  fui'ther  north;  and   northei-n  explorations 
Were   also   made    I'or   Spain   by   Fidalgo   in    1790,  l»y 
Malaspina  in    17!)  Land   l)y  (aamahoin    179"J.      Tlie 
opi'i'atiiins  of  thcjH!  three  years,  especially  thos(>   of 
the   J']nglish   exploriT,  which   were  more  fully  made 
known  to  the  ^\ol•ld  than  the  others,  wen^  v.-istly  iiii- 
])oi'taid    for  the  advancement  of  geogra[)liical  knowl- 
edge; l)ut  they  had  no  im])ortaiice  as  bast's  fo)- national 
<'laims  to  the   Northwest  ('oast.      J^oth   English  and 
Si)anisji  explorei's  took  Ibrnial  possession  in  tlu!  name 
of    their    respectiNe    sovereigns    at    several    dilfereut 


THE  COLUMBIA  RIVER. 


s:.} 


a 

.4  the 

IK  I'V 

liiimU' 
Iv  iii>- 
liiowl- 
ionnl 

Icivut 


points;  but  obviously  under  tlio  convention  of  1790 
these  ceremonies  had  no  possible  force. 

In  1791  Captain  Kcndrick  purchased  from  the 
n:)tive  chieftains,  takin<jf  deeds  si<aied  with  tlicir  marks 
and  duly  witnessed,  largo  tracts  of  land  in  the  Nootka 
region.  It  is  remarkable  that  in  later  dis(!Ussions  so 
little  prominence  was  given  to  Kendrick's  purchase 
as  an  clement  of  United  States  title.  On  it  mi;iht 
liave  been  founded  a  stronger  argument,  to  say  the 
k'ast,  than  some  that  were  persistently  urged.  This 
same  3'ear  the  Americans  built  a  house  for  winter- 
(juarters  at  Clayoquot;  and  built  a  schooner,  which 
Avas  launched  the  next  spring. 

In  1791  Fidalgo  founded  a  Spanish  post  at  Port 
Xnnez  Gaona,  or  Neah  Bay,  within  the  strait;  but 
it  was  alxmdoiied  before  the  end  of  the  v^ir. 

iJoth  Gray  and  Vancouver  in  1792,  as  Ileceta  and 
r. [fares  had  been  l)efoi-e,  were  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Columbia.  The  Englishman  convinced  himself  that 
there  was  no  river,  or  at  least  no  saft^  navigable  opou- 
iiig  there;  while  the  swift  current  prevented  the 
American  from  entering.  ]>ut  in  ]\[ay  of  he  saim" 
year  Gray  returned  and  crossed  the  bar,  being  the 
jirst  to  enter  the  river,  which  he  ascended  some  twen- 
ly-iivc  miles,  bestowing  on  it  the  nai.ic  of  his  vossil 
llu'  Columbia.  From  the  American  point  of  view  in 
later  years  this  was  the  discovery  of  the  rivor  and 
the  strongest  element  in  the  United  States  title  t.» 
till'  coast.  The  river  had,  however,  been  disco\- 
•  i'cd  sev(.'ntecn  voars  before,  and  Gray's  act,  thouuh 
ill  reolity  «  rf>-discovery,  nnist  not  ])e  allowed  to  as- 
^■nlne  a  too  great  or  oxcrwhehning  sujteriority  over 
1  hat  of  J leeeta.  However  this  may  be,  1  have  alreadv 
expressed  my  conviction  that  in  1792  there  was  no 
Held  on  this  ci^ast  for  such  discovery  as  i-onld  alone 
L;ive  national  sovereignty.  Gray's  act  might  under 
'ertain  circumstances  have  been  regai'de*!  as  a  siep 
t"\vard  occupation  conferring  title;  tliat  is,  il'  ho  ha<l 
gone  to  Boston,  and  on  returning  with  an  American 


324 


THE  OREGON  QUESTION. 


! 


colony  for  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia,  had  found  an 
English  post  established  there  by  men  who  had  known 
his  [)lans,  his  government  might  plausibly  have  olainied 
an  exclusive  right  to  settle  at  that  point. 

In  November  of  the  same  year  Broughton  of  Van- 
couver's expedition  also  entered  the  Columbia,  and 
followed  its  course  much  further  than  Gray  had  done. 
This  navigator,  making  a  line  distinction  between  the 
river  and  its  estuary,  advanced  a  theory  beside  which 
the  assurance  of  'the  American  discovery  dwindles 
into  modesty  itself:  namely,  that  Gray  had  never  seen 
the  river  nor  been  within  live  leagues  of  its  entrance. 
English  diplomats,  however,  did  not  found  their  claims 
to  any  great  extent  on  this  theory. 

In  1793  was  accomplished  the  first  overland  expe- 
dition to  the  Pacific,  by  Alexander  Mackenzie,  an 
English  explorer  and  fur-trader.  His  route  was  up 
the  Peace  River  and  down  the  Fraser — believed  then 
and  later  to  be  the  Columbia — crossing  from  the  river 
to  the  coast  just  above  latitude  52". 

A  treaty  of  1794  between  Great  Britain  and  the 
United  States  provided  for  a  joint  survey  to  regulate 
the  boundary  line  of  1783,  in  the  region  of  the  upper 
Mississip[)i  and  Lake  of  the  Woods,  the  geographical 
absurdity  of  that  line  having  become  somewhat  ap- 
parent; but  nothing  was  done  in  the  matter. 

In  1794-5  the  Nootka  controversy  in  its  last  phases 
was  settled.  The  Spanish  commissioner  had  taken 
the  ground  that  as  no  property  except  the  ships  liad 
been  taken  from  l']nglislimen  in  1789,  therefore  there 
was  nothing  more  to  be  restored;  but  the  Enulilis 
commissioner  had  demanded  that  the  port  of  Nootka 
should  be  given  up.  By  tlie  treaty  of  1794,  both 
nations  agreed  to  a  formal  abandonment  of  the  jjIucc, 
and  it  was  formally  abandoned  by  representatives  of 
both  nations  in  1795.  After  this  time  either  Si)aiii 
or  England  might  settle  on,  and  thus  acquire  title  to, 
any  part  of  the  coast  except  Nootka.  Neither  power 
ever  took  any  steps  toward  the  formation  of  suck 


SPAIX  AXD  ENGLAND. 


325 


I  taken 
l)S  luul 

there 
luglilis 

lootlva. 
b(>tli 

iplaoe, 

ISpaiu 
Itlo  to, 
>()\vel' 
sueli 


settlements ;  neither  power  gave  any  further  attention 
officially  to  the  coast;  and  soon  the  region  was  ]nac- 
tically  forgotten  by  all  but  American  fur-traders. 

War  between  Great  Britain  and  Spain  broke  out 
in  179G,  lasting  practically  until  1809.  The  effect  of 
this  war  on  the  Nootka  treaty  has  been  tlie  subject 
of  much  discussion.  It  is  generally  admitted  that  as 
a  rule  treaty  obligations  are  ended  by  war  between 
the  parties;  but  also  that  recognitions  of  right  in  a 
treaty  may  be  })erpetual,  and  that  various  conventions 
and  compacts  may  be  from  their  very  nature  in<le- 
peiident  of  peace  or  war.  On  tlie  part  of  England  it 
was  claimed  that  tlie  Xootka  convention,  reco'-nizini): 

'(■no 

the  right  of  British  subjects  to  settle  on  tlie  North- 
west Coast,  was  permanent  in  its  nature,  and  could  not 
be  affected  by  a  war,  unless  in  that  war  Gi'cat  Ih-itain 
should  be  forced  to  definitely  relinquish  her  i-ight.  In 
the  American  view  on  the  other  hand,  the  convention 
was  but  a  series  of  concessions  by  Si)ain,  England 
obtaining  merely  the  privilege  of  establishing  ])osts 
for  temporary  purposes  of  trade  in  Spanisli  territory. 
By  this  view  Spain's  exclusive  sovereignty  and  owner- 
ship remained  unimpaired,  and  the  privilege  of  couise 
expired  with  the  declaration  of  war.  Yet  the  privi- 
lege nmst  not  be  regarded  as  a  purely  eonnnercial  one 
by  Americans,  because  in  1814,  before  the  United 
States  became  a  party  to  the  question,  all  conunercial 
ti'eaties  in  force  before  179G  between  Spain  and  Eng- 
land were  restored.  These  two  countries  ne^'er  had 
any  controversy  on  the  subject;  and  the  only  [loint  at 
issue  is  the  validity  of  the  title  subsequently  trans- 
it: i+ed  by  Spain  to  the  United  States. 

Thoui^h  the  discussion  is  of  interest  I  do  not  deem 
it  neeessary  to  present  its  intricate  C()n![)]ications, 
lieeauso  the  decision,  whatever  it  may  be,  lias  no  I'eal 
l»e;uing  on  the  question  of  title.  If  the  Xootka  con- 
vi'iilion  remained  in  force  aftin-  179(1,  of  coui'se  Spain 
liad  no  exclusive  title  tt)  transmit  to  a  third  power; 
but  ir  the  convention  was  ended  by  the  war,  it  by  no 


THE  ORKGOX  QUESTION. 


m- 


moans  follows  that  Spain  had  such  a  title,  or  that 
Enijland  had  lost  her  ri<:>iit  to  settle  on  the  coast, 
Spain's  title  was  at  its  best  in  1780.  She  had  then 
all  the  title  that  discovery  alone  could  j,dve,  supple- 
mented by  actual  occupation  of  Nootka.  The  discovery 
title  alone  was  of  doubtful  validity  in  the  eyes  of  tlio 
world.  Tlic  occupation  of  Nootka,  though  valid  and 
legitimate  at  the  time,  was  not  really  intended  as  the 
beginning  of  a  ])ermanent  and  wide-spread  extension 
of  Spanish  settlement  northward,  but  rather  as  a 
temporary  expedient  to  keep  foreigners  away  until  the 
country's  value  could  be  ascertained.  With  the  lapse 
of  time,  even  if  Nootka  were  still  held,  the  purpose  of 
S})ain  would  become  apparent,  and  the  nations  would 
by  no  means  admit  her  right  to  exclude  foreign  settlers 
from  a  long  stretch  of  coast  which  she  neither  occupied 
nor  had  any  immediate  intention  of  utilizing.  Sucli 
being  the  case,  what  shall  be  said  of  Spain's  title,  when 
instead  of  enforcing  her  exclusive  claims  she  by  treaty 
admitted  England  to  equal  rights  with  herself?  when 
she  not  only  did  not  extend  her  posts  but  abandoned 
her  only  establishment  on  the  coast?  when  she  not 
only  failed  to  exercise  her  rights  of  navigation  and 
conunerce  under  the  convention,  but  saw  without  pro- 
test the  fur-trade  of  tlie  north-west  monopolized  l>y 
Americans?  when  high  Spanish  officials  made  no  secret 
of  the  fact  that  there  was  no  intention  to  occupy  the 
country?  Will  the  most  ardent  supporter  of  the  dis- 
covery title  claim  that  its  validity  could  have  endured 
through  all  this?  Can  any  one  believe,  for  instance, 
that  Spain  had  a  right  to  j)revent  the  Winships  in 
IK  10,  or  Astor  in  1811,  from  establisliing  a  post  "u 
the  Columbia? 

In  171)7  Innlay  crossed  the  mountains  bv  Peace 
Iviv(>r  in  about  bG",  'jivincr  his  name  to  a  branch  of 
that  stream. 

From  1800,  as  has  been  stated,  the  coast  fur-trade 
was  almost  exclusively  in  tlie  hands  of  Americans 
without  official  protest  from  any  other  nation. 


INLAND  EXPLORATIONS. 


327 


In  1800,  Louisiana,  in  all  its  orij^inal  extent  west 
of  the  MissisHii)pi,  but  without  specitied  bouiidaries  in 
the  north-west,  was  ceded  by  Spain  back  to  Fiance. 

In  1803  the  same  territory  was  ceded  by  France  to 
tlie  United  States.  As  the  boundary'  on  the  west 
was  j)resumably  the  Rocky  Mountains,  this  ac(]uisi- 
tion  »,rave  the  United  States  a  new  interest  in  the 
Pacilic  territory,  now  in  a  sense  adjoining  her  own 
])ossessions.  It  also  gave  a  new  importance  to  the 
matter  of  a  northern  boundary. 

In  a  convention  of  1803,  never  ratified,  it  was 
agreed  that  the  boundary  between  English  and  Amer- 
ican territory  should  be  from  the  Lake  of  the  Woods 
to  tlie  Mississippi  Hiver  l)y  the  shortest  line. 

Spain  by  no  means,  however,  admitted  that  the 
Louisiana  lately  purchased  by  the  L^nited  States 
extended  to  the  Rocky  ]\Iountains,  as  appeared  I'l-om 
negotiations  on  the  subject  in  1804,  which  led  to  no 
I'esult,  but  only  to  hopeless  disagrc^cment. 

Fraser  and  Stuart,  for  the  Northwest  Company, 
ci'ossed  the  mountains,  and  founded  on  McLeod  Lake 
till!  first  British  post  in  the  territory. 

Lewis  and  Clarke,  in  1804-0,  accomplished  for  the 
Unittid  States,  what  Mackenzie  had  done  before  for 
I'jit^laud,  that  is,  they  made  an  oveiland  exploration 
to  the  Pacific.  Their  route  was  tlown  the  Clearwater, 
Snake,  and  Columbia  rivers,  touching  also  the  Salmon 
{ind  Clarke  branches  in  the  Roclcy  ^[oiintains,  and 
reacl)ing  a  latitude  somewhat  above  47  in  the  iiitv-rior. 
Having  spent  the  winter  from  Xovember  to  ]March 
in  cam})  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Columitia  near  its 
mouth,  they  returned  in  1800  by  way  of  the  head- 
M'aters  of  the  Missouri  to  the  eastern  states.  'J'liis  was 
an  oflicial  government  exploration,  but  that  it  "was 
ail  announcement  to  the  world  of  the  intention  of 
the  American  government  to  occupy  and  settle  the 
countries  ex})loretl,"  as  one  writer  deehired,  may  be 
<|Uestioned.  It  gave  the  same  kind  of  a  title  that 
^Mackenzie's  expedition  had  given  to  regions  further 


328 


THE  OIJEGON  QUESTION. 


north,  that  is,  no  title  at  all,  unless  followed  by  actual 
occupation. 

In  180(3,  Russian  ofiicials  of  high  rank  favored  tlie 
founding  of  a  ])Ost  on  the  Columbia,  to  prevent  that 
region  i'roni  falling  into  American  hands,  but  nothing 
was  accomplished  in  this  direction. 

In  180G-7  the  boundary  east  of  the  mountains  was 
again  the  sulyect  of  negotiation;  and  by  a  treaty,  like 
the  preceding  ones  never  ratified,  though  approved  by 
both  governments,  it  was  fixed  on  the  parallel  of  41) ', 
as  far  westward  as  the  possessions  of  the  res])ective 
parties  might  extend,  but  not  to  the  territory  claimed 
by  either  beyond  the  Ilocky  Mountains.  It  is  notice- 
able that  President  Jefferson  objected  to  the  last  con- 
dition as  "an  offensive  intimation  to  Spain  tliat  the 
claims  of  the  United  States  extend  to  the  l^acific 
Ocean."  The  choice  of  49°  seems  to  have  originated 
in  an  erroneous  impression  from  certain  old  maps  that 
sue] I  was  the  line  fixed  between  French  and  Englit^h 
possessions  in  1713. 

In  ISOG  two  forts  were  established  on  Fraser  and 
Stuai't  lakes  respectively,  and  having  founded  Fort 
George  in  1807  at  the  confluence  of  the  Stuart  and 
Fraser  rivers,  in  1808  the  two  adventurers  who  had 
named  those  streams  went  down  the  latter  to  its 
mouth,  in  latitude  49°. 

It  was  also  in  1808  that  Russia  made  some  com- 
plaints lespecting  the  movements  of  American  traders; 
and  in  the  negotiations  which  resulted,  it  was  stated 
that  the  Russian  American  fur  company  claimed  the 
whole  const  to  and  beyond  the  Columbia. 

The  Missouri  fur  company  having  been  organized  in 
1808,  Henry,  one  of  its  agents,  founded  in  J  H09  n 
trading-])ost  on  the  Henry  branch  of  Snake  River  in 
about  44°.  This  was  the  first  establishment  by  citi- 
zens of  the  United  States  west  (jf  the  Rocky  ]\Ioun- 
tains;  but  (m  account  of  Indian  hostilities  it  had  to  be 
abandoned  in  1810. 

The  Whiships  of  Boston  attempted  in  1810  toestab- 


INTERIOR  POSTS. 


329 


lisli  a  traclln2f-post  ou  tLo  south  bank  of  the  Columbia, 
about  fifty  miles  above  its  mouth ;  but  the  scheme  was 
abaiuloneil  on  account  of  the  hostile  attitude  of  the 
natives. 

In  1 8 10  Thompson,  of  the  Northwest  Company,  after 
ex[»lorin^'  the  river  that  bears  his  name,  wintered  near 
the  junction  t>f  Canoe  lliver  and  the  main  Columbia 
in  about  52°.  In  the  sjiring  of  1811  he  continued  his 
journey  down  the  river,  taking  possession  l)y  raising 
llags  and  huts  at  various  points,  to  the  Si)okane  in  48' ; 
and  there  a  post  was  establislied  by  Stuart  or  Mc- 
Donald, in  what  month  does  not  ap})ear.  Thompson 
was  the  first  to  explore  the  main  Columbia  above  the 
moutli  of  tlie  Snake.  Ho  doubtless  intended  to  take 
])()ssession  for  his  ccmipany  and  for  England  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Columbia,  where  he  arrived  in  «July ;  but 
he  was  too  late.  . 

Tlie  Pacilic  Fur  Company  of  Xew  York,  organized 
by  Astor  in  1810,  sent  out  by  sea  a  imrty  which  in 
jMarcli  1811  fonnded  the  post  of  Astoria  on  the  south 
bank  of  the  Columbia  near  its  mouth.  Later  in  the 
year  tliis  company  sent  men  up  the  liver  to  found  a 
post  at  the  mouth  of  the  Okanagan  in  fibout  48°;  and 
j)()iiits  on  the  Clearwater  and  Willamette  were  occu- 
pied for  a  time  as  stations  by  parties  of  tra])pers. 

The  most  that  can  be  claimed  for  the  acts  of  Astor's 
coni[)any  is  that  they  gave  to  the  United  States  the 
same  kind  of  territorial  rijxhts  as  Eni^land  had  oained 
from  the  founding  of  forts  Eraser,  Stuart,  and  others 
in  the  north;  that  is,  that  the  founding  of  Astoria 
was  a  legitimate  act  of  occupation,  giving  a  nati(mal 
titk — permanent  if  the  settlement  should  not  be 
abandoned — to  a  certain  territory,  the  extent  of  which 
would  depend  on  subse(pient  operations  (»f  this  com- 
])any  and  others.  There  was  nothing  in  what  had 
been  done  that  necessarily  prevented  either  the  Pacitic 
or  Northwest  companies  from  extending  their  posts 
north  or  south,  leaving  the  question  of  boundaries  to 
be  settled  later. 


330 


THE  OREGON  QUESTION. 


■  i- 


III  admitting  this  American  claim  founded  on 
Astoria,  liowever,  it  is  necessary  to  overrule  some 
very  plausihlo  objections  on  the  Jl^nglish  side,  to  the 
efi'oct  tliat  the  Pachic  Fur  Company  was  merely  a 
mercantile  firm,  and  aa  such  was  not  defmitely  aullioi-- 
ized  by  government  to  establish  posts  west  of  the 
Kocky  Mountains;  that  a  majority  of  the  ])artnfrs 
were  Biitisli  subjects,  Astor  himself  being  a  (jierman 
by  birth;  that  the  British  partners  obtained  fi'om  the 
minister  of  their  nation  an  assur'ance  that  in  case  of 
war  they  would  be  i-espected  as  British  subjects  and 
merchants;  and  that  Astor  before  beginning  active 
operations  offered  to  the  North W(>st  Company  a  share 
in  the  enterprise.  Yet  whatever  force  these  ol)jections 
may  have  liad  seems  to  have  been  lost  l>y  the  faihu'o 
of  Great  Bi'itain  to  insist  on  them  when,  aa  will  be 
seen,  an  o[)port unity  presented  itself  for  doing  so. 
That  the  establishment  of  the  nortlu^n  trading-posts 
gave  to  either  of  the  respective  nations  any  claim  to 
exclusive  ownership  of  the  whole  coast,  or  oi'  bro;id 
sections  of  it  apart  from  the  points  actually  occu[>l<."d, 
cannot  be  admitted. 

In  1812  the  Kussian  American  Fur  Company  es- 
tablislied  a  post  near  Bodega  on  the  California  coast. 
This  was  done  without  the  consent  of  S'pain  or  of 
any  Spanish  official;  and  the  establishment  was  ke}>t 
up  for  about  thirty  years  in  spite  of  oft  repeated  })ro- 
tests  from  8[)ain  and  Mexico.  Russia,  however,  nt'Vtr 
laid  claim  to  any  territorial  ])ossessions  in  Calii'oiiiia 
by  reascm  of  the  company's  sottlemcuts  at  ]^odega  r.nd 

li(3SS. 

By  the  terms  of  partnership  the  Astor  coih])aiiy, 
if  successful,  was  to  continue  for  at  least  twenty  yeni'.s, 
but  if  unprofitable  might  be  dissolved  by  the  jiartiui's 
at  any  time  within  live.  In  181-3  it  was  contemplaU'd 
by  members  at  Astoria  to  abandon  the  enter})i'ise  on 
account  of  the  Avar  between  England  and  the  United 
States,  and  the  consequent  impossibility  of  (»I)tainiii^' 
supplies  or  protection  from  Now  York.     Later  in  the 


OCCUrATION  OF  ASTORIA. 


331 


same  year  it  was  clL'tciininctl,  liowovcr,  instead  of 
siinj)!}'  abandonin!^  tlie  i)()st  and  dissolvinLf  the  coni- 
])any,  to  sell  out  tiie  ])r()pcrty  to  the  Northwest 
(Joiii})any;  and  the  bargain  was  concluded,  the  ]»ioe 
beini,'"  iii>80,r)00.  Immediately  after  the  sale  the  1  iritish 
man-of-war  Iiticcoon  appeared,  and  the  British  ilai,' 
was  raised  over  Fort  (jreorj^o,  by  which  name  Astoria 
was  now  for  a  time  to  be  known. 

It  has  been  charged  that  the  nationality  of  the 
resident  partners  had  an  inducnce  in  this  transaction, 
tliouii'h  I  doubt  it.  But  whether  they  acted  for  the 
l)est  interests  of  then*  company,  or  in  good  faith 
toward  Astor,  is  a  question  tliat  has  no  bearing  on 
tlie  present  discussion,  and  is  i'ully  considered  elso- 
wliere.  Had  they  been  Americans  by  birth  and  in 
feeling,  they  might  or  might  not  have  refused  to 
negotiate  a  sale,  and  have  held  Fort  Astoria  until 
j'orccd  to  abandon  it,  but  I  think  it  would  hav(.>  made 
little  difference.  Such  action,  however,  could  only 
liave  had  an  influence  on  the  question  of  title  eventu- 
ally, by  their  success  in  maintainini]:  themselves  in 
possession  of  the  interior  for  several  years,  and  a 
consequent  readiness  to  rcoccupy  Astoria,  and  con- 
tinue the  original  enterprise  from  1818.  That  they 
v.'ould  or  could  have  done  this  seems  to  me  on  the 
whole  improbable;  but  the  point  is  not  an  essential 
one,  as  will  presently  appear. 

Another  question  of  some  interest,  the  importance  of 
wliich  was  jj^reatly  lessened  if  not  removed  by  a  sub- 
sequent  agreement,  was  whether  the  Astor  company 
could  by  a  sale  of  its  property  transfer  the  sovereign- 
ty from  the  United  States  to  England.  Apparently 
not  if  the  original  founding  had  been  an  act  autlior- 
i/.L'd  by  the  govermnent  with  a  view  to  accjuiring  title; 
but  it  was  not  such  an  act;  it  was  not  done  ior  such 
a  ])urpose;  and  tlie  permanent  abandonment  of  the 
jiost  would  have  })ut  it  in  tlie  same  category  as 
those  of  llenry  and  \Vinship,  so  I'ar  as  title  is  con- 
cerned. 


332 


THE  OREGON  QUESTIOX. 


By  tlie  treaty  <»('  1811  Great  Britain  a^'rood  to 
restore  to  tlie  Lhiited  States  all  plaees  taken  ilurinj^ 
the  war,  Tiicri'  was  no  allusion  to  territory  west 
of  the  Kocky  ^lountains,  or  to  boundaries;  thou^^li 
the  AiiicricMn  pK-nijiotuntiai-ies  had  hccn  instructed 
to  consent  to  no  eiaiui  on  the  part  of  ]']ni4'land  to  terri- 
tory south  of  latitude  41)°  in  the  region  of  the  Lake  of 
the  Woods. 

From  1810  until  1818  the  Northwest  Company 
remained  in  undisturbed  possession  of  Vin-t  Astoria. 
In  IS  17  llie  United  States  took  ste|)s  to  assert  tlieir 
claim  to  tile  post  under  the  treaty.  The  British 
ministt'r  remonstrated  to  the  elleet  that  tlu;  [dace  was 
not  captured  during  the  war,  but  that  it  had  I»een 
abandoned  bs'tlie  .Vnierieans  who  volnntarily  sold  the 
])ropt.'rty  t(»  an  English  eom[)any,  so  lliat  no  claim  ibr 
its  restitution  could  be  founded  o\i  the  treaty  of  181:5. 
The  American  <^'overnment  insisted,  however,  on  its 
riijht  to  Astoria,  and  after  some  discussion  l)oth  at 
Washinij^ton  and  London,  Great  Britain  yiidded  the 
point,  an<l  admitted  the  American  riL,dit  to  be  rein- 
stated and  to  be  the  party  in  posst  ision  wliile  treating' 
on  the  title  and  negotiations  on  the  subject  and  that 
of  the  boundaries  were  about  to  be  connnenced.  Ac- 
cordiuLtly  Fort  Astoria  \vas  formally  lestored,  and 
the  Hag  of  the  United  States  >vas  raised  in  Novem- 
ber 1818,  though  the  English  company  I'emained  lor 
many  years  in  ])ossession. 

Tliat  the  United  States  had  a  right  to  require  and 
that  Great  Britian  was  under  a  le«>;;d  obligation  to 
make  this  concession  has  been  doubted  by  some,  but 
this  doubt  has  no  special  bearing  on  the  present  topic. 
It  is  enough  that  the  restoration  was  made. 

It  is  impcn-tant,  however,  to  understand  the  exact 
purport  of  the  act,  since  there  was  a  manifest  tendency 
in  later  years  to  exaggerate  its  importance.  It  was  in 
no  sense  a  recognition  of  the  American  title  to  the 
Northwest  Coast,  or  to  that  part  of  it  lying  south  of 
the  Cohunbia.    It  was  merely,  as  staled,  an  admission 


SUMMARY  OF  EVIDENCE. 


lU- 

.-) 
Kit 


ixl 

III- 


let 
icy 
ill 
Iio 
of 
oil 


of  a  rif^lit  of  tlio  United  Stalos  to  be  the  party  in 
])osses.sion  at  Fort  Astoria  wliih;  troatin^r  on  the  title. 
It  had  no  bearinj,'  necessarily  on  any  territory  l)eyond 
the  precincts  of  Astoria.  It  was  at  most  an  a;^ree- 
nieiit  tliat  if  the  United  States  should  after  investijjfa- 
lion  he  deemed  by  the  founding  of  Astoria  or  by  other 
earlier  acts  to  have  acquired  nn  exclusive  ownershif) 
of  the  coast  or  any  part  ot  it,  Eii,L,daiul  would  not  urge 
the  transfer  of  18  I  J.J  as  destroyinLj  that  title;  and  it 
implied  on  the  other  hand  that  if  the  exclusive  title 
■was  found  to  belong  to  England,  the  United  States 
could  not  ur<;e  the  retransfer  of  1818.  Or  to  look  at 
the  matter  from  another  point  of  view,  if  the  Amer- 
icans should  renew  their  fur-trading  o[)erations,  estab- 
lisjiing  Mosts  or  settlements  as  tliev  ha<l  a  ri<j:ht  to  do, 
they  could  not  bo  deprived  by  their  rivals  of  the 
desirable  position  at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia. 

Thus  in  the  form  of  an  introduction  the  Orejxon 
title  has  been  brought  down  to  tlu;  date  of  1818  when 
controversy  began.  I  have  disposed  of  each  subdi- 
vision brietly,  because  each  exj)e(lition  has  l)een  de- 
scribed in  detail  before.  If  in  my  comments  I  may 
.seem  to  have  decided  in  advance  the  whole  qu(\stion 
at  issue,  dismissing  somewhat  too  summarily  the 
lengthy  arguments  of  abler  men  on  several  })hasos  of 
the  question,  I  have  to  say  that  this  course  has  been 
taken  deliberately  with  a  view  to  economize  space  and 
avoid  useless  re[)etition  in  what  is  to  follow — in  cliap- 
ters,  not  volumes — ^where  the  tenor  of  the  arguments 
will  necessarily  appear.  It  is  w'ell  also  to  remind  the 
reader  that  during  the  discussion  from  1818  to  184fi, 
many  of  the  facts  in  the  case  were  by  no  means  so 
well  known  as  now.  Both  parties  i-epeatedly  based 
some  of  their  conclusions  on  inaccurate  statements  of 
lact.  And  above  all  it  should  be  leiiienibeied  that  the 
many  able  men  who  wrote  on  this  question  were 
without  exception  advocates  and  partisans  on  one 
side  or  the  other,  whose  real  ()[)inions  we  have  no 


THE  OREGON  QUESTION. 


means  of  knowing,  and  whose  only  aim  was  to  win 
their  case. 

In  1818  the  Northwest  Company  were  the  only 
occu[)ants  of  this  broad  territory,  where  they  had  sev- 
eral forts,  or  trading- ])osts,  to  the  possession  of  onu 
of  which,  however,  hy  the  voluntary  act  of  Great 
Britain,  the  United  States  was  entitled.  Neither 
nation  had  any  just  claim  to  exclusive  ownership  of  the 
^vhole  or  any  large  })art  of  the  territory  between  42^ 
and  55°;  l>oth  had  the  right  to  hunt  or  settle  at  any 
ui, occupied  point;  each  had  a  righti'ul  title  to  tlie  posts 
it  had  alieady  establislied,  and  miglit  rightfully  found 
(jthers;  either  nation  miglit  interfere  to  protect  it:. 
subj(?cts  if  wronged  in  local  quarrels;  and  fnially,  it' 
neither  party  wiihdrow,  thei-e  must  arise  a  Question 
of  National  Utunulai'v,  to  be  settled  solely  by  the  ter- 
ritory' (x'cupied  ai  tlie  tim(\  Such  was  the  state  of 
affairs  in  e(|uity  before  1818;  sucli  it  became  more 
practically,  and  in  a  sense  legally,  after  that  date,  as 
Ave  sludl  see. 

While  the  cori-espondencc  of  1817  Avas  not  strictly 
Sj»eaking  a  part  of  the  main  c(»ntroversy — since  the 
United  States  demanded  and  ICuLiland  conceded  the 
restoration  of  Astoria,  not  because  of  a  just  title  to 
that  r(>gion,  but  simply  be(Vius'  tlu'  place  had  been 
occupied  by  Amerieans,  and  liad  been  taken  during 
the  war — vet  this  ne'j'otiatiou  was  in  a  sense  tin; 
beginning  of  that  controversy;  for  the  American 
connnissioiiers  to  Fort  Astoria  wire  instructed  to 
"assert  in  a  friendl}' and  j)eaceable  maimer  the  claims 
of  the  United  States  to  the  soverei'jfntv  of  the 
adjacent  country;"'  aii<l  the  Ih'itish  minister  in  his 
turn  protesting,  alliiined  that  '  the  territory  itselt 
was  early  taken  possession  of  iii  his  Majesty's  name, 
and  had  been  since  considered  as  forming  part  of  his 
^Fajesty's  dominions."  Moreover,  lOngland  at  the  same 
time  in  inst  met  ions  to  her  rei>resentatives  declared 
luTself  "  not  prepared  to  admit  the  validity  of  the 
title  of  the -'■overnment  of  the  United  States  to  this 


UNDER  DISCUSSION. 


335 


settlement,"  and  the  representative  in  consent inijf  to 
the  restoration  of  the  post  held  by  the  United  States 
at  the  ontl)reak  of  the  war  was  to  "assert  in  suitable 
terms  the  elaini  of  Great  JJritain  to  that  territory,  ii[»oii 
which  the  American  settlement  must  be  considered 
an  encroachment."  Thus  were  the  respective  claims 
iirst  asserted,  th(ni<^h  somewhat  vaguely;  and  argu- 
ments were  reserved  for  the  future.^ 

There  \,'e"e  several  distinct  sul)jeets  involved  in  the 
international  negotiations  of  these  years,  and  settled  by 
the  treaty  oi'  1818,  only  two  of  which,  however,  have 
an  ,' connect'on  with  the  subject  under  consideration, 
and  those  deemed  the  least  inportant  of  all.  Tliey 
were  the  (juestions  of  title  to  t'le  Northwest  (.'oast, 
and  of  the  boundary  west  of  Lr.ke  of  the  Woods,  and 
both  wore  treated  practically  rs  one  mattt'i-.  Ivichai'd 
Hush  and  Al'oert  (iallatiii  '•e[)resented  tlie  Unit<-d 
ISiates  by  President  ^loitroj's  appointment  of  ]\Iay 

'  Oil  tlio  restoration  of  Astoria  to  the  United  States  nnd  the  attciKhmt 
nc'.'oii.iliiiiis,  tin;  ;uithiirilii".s  iuv  a.i  ii.lluws:  I'l-rsidoii'n  J/rsv.  n  nl.  ])or.,  \K\\ 
"''    1  ;l;->,  April  1'),    17,   1^22,  tli<3  hist  and  i!U)'<t  iiii]>()rtiiiit  Icin^  found  iii 


give  a  very  KJitistaetoiy  nicouiit  of  tiio  Vi  hoh^  suljjiet.  'J'lie  fullow  inu  i\- 
trait  from  Scerctary  Ailaiu  ;'  Ktter  of  May  '2.\  iSlS,  to  ^^r  Ku^h,  tin  Ami'iicau 
envoy,  i.s  interesting  as  sliowinL,'  tiio  attitude  of  the  United  .Stites:  'As  it 
uas  not  antiri|)ateil  th.it  iuiy  ili-posilidn  existed  in  the  llriti-sh  goveinnii  lit 
to  st.'irt  fjuestiiina  of  title  with  us  on  the  Itonlers  of  the  Smih  Se  i,  wo  cpiiM 
liave  no  jiossihle  motive  for  rest'rvc  or  concealment.  In  suf,'L;estin;,'  these  idea:! 
to  F.ord  (.';istleri'ii;;li,  iiither  in  eon^H-rsation  than  in  any  fDiiiud  niiinner,  it  iiuy 
\y  Yri>\\vv  to  renu'i'k  the  niinuteiiess  of  the  )>rrseiit  interests  either  to  (!nat 
]>ritain  or  to  tla!  United  Stiites,  involved  in  this  eoiu-erii;  anil  tli>?  unwilling- 
ness, for  that  reason,  of  this  govcrninent  to  iiieliide  ic  nmoiiii  the  ohjt'cts  if 
seri.iiis  (lisiussiiiii  with  tliem.  Ai  the  same  time  ymi  iiiiijht  •.;ivo  him  to  un 
flei-staiiil,  thou.^li  not  unless  in  a  maiinei'  to  iivoid  everytliin;,'  oll'eiisive  in  the 
f.iig":r;Uion,  that  from  the  nature  of  thiiiLis,  if  in  the  enuise  <>i  fiitni-e  <  \ents  it 
n!lo;ild  ever  Ikvipiiio  iiu  ohjeet  of  siTiom"  iinl)iirt:iliei'  to  the  United  States,  it 
can  s.'iuvely  he  su|ipo.<ed  that  (iri.it  ilritain  would  liiid  it  ii.ietul  it  advisah'' 
to  resist  their  ehiim  to  jio-scs- imi  hy  system.'ti''  uppii-^itiou.  If  tlie  United 
States  leiive  !ier  in  nndistuihcd  en  JMymeiit  of  all  li-  r  liilds  ujiiiii  lain>iie,  Asi:!, 
and  Africa,  wilii  ail  her  .-ietit.d  jio.-sessioiis  in  tiiis  liemi<[ilieri>,  w>'  ni:;y  v(  ly 
f;  Illy  exjuet  that  she  will  not  tliililv  it  consistent  .itlier  «  ilh  a  wi.-r  m-  a. 
fii.'iidly  inijiey  to  wateh  with  eyes  of  jeiilnusy  and  ;il,irni  e\-ery  [iossii)ility  •  f 
e\ti'ii  ioii  til  our  natural  doniiuinn  in  Xi'i'lh  Ame'iea,  vhieh  sin-  can  li:i\i'  u  > 
solid  iaterest  to  iirexeiit  until  all  )ios.-.il)iIity  nf  her  preventing  it  .hall  luivo 
Nuuished.'  Aiiuriraii  Slatv  I'uiurs,  lor.  A''/.,  iv.  804. 


330 


THE  OREGON  QUESTION. 


22,  1818;  while  the  interests  of  Great  Britain  were 
intrusted  to  Frederick  .folm  Robinson  and  Henry 
Goulburn.  The  United  States,  so  far  as  may  he 
judged  hy  ]Mr  Adams'  instructions,  did  not  decui 
j)resent  action  on  either  of  the  two  matti'rs  as  of 
l)ri;ssing  impoitance,  especially  the  determination  of 
rights  and  boundaries  on  the  Pacific,  now  that  its 
right  to  the  Astoria  post  was  admitted.  Indeed,  he 
declared  that  in  that  region,  "save  pretensions,  thcire 
is  no  object  to  any  party  worth  contending  for;"  but 
"from  tlie  earnestne.ss  with  which  the  British  govern- 
ment now  returns  to  the  object  of  fixing  this  boundiuy, 
there  is  rca.s  )n  to  Ivelieve  that  they  have  some  other 
jmrpoio  connected  with  it,  whicli  they  dt)  not  avow, 
but  which  in  th.eir  estimation  gives  it  an  importance 
not  bclongijig  to  it,  consitiered  in  itself'"" 

The  topics  that  interest  us  first  came  up  at  the 
third  conference  in  London  on  the  17th  of  SeptembiM-. 
Each  ])arty  was  (Usposed  to  think  its  nation  had  the 
better  title  to  the  Xortliwest  Coast;  but  the  arguments 
submitted  were  biief  and  superficial.  As  lejioited  l)y 
Gallatin  and  Hush,  "the  British  ])lenij)ot('nti;ii'it'S 
asserted  that  former  voyages,  an<l  principaliv  that 
of  Captain  Cook,  gave  to  (;rreat  Britain  the  i-ight 
derived  from  discovery;  and  they  alluded  t<»  purchases 
liom  the  natives  south  of  the  Columbia  Biver,  which 


M 


2  Adams  to  ( J.-illatiii  iiivl  Rush,  .Inly  "28, 181 S.  He  adds  that  Eii'^lan.l  liaviu.,' 
ptvcn  ii]!  Iicr  il.iiiii  to  ii  lino  to  t'n;  Misniasippi,  iiud  ovi'ii  to  tin'  navi- 
gation of  that  liver,  tlio  nortii-westerii  boiiiidaiy  \\(mlil  sih'Iu  of  no  iiii;)iprtani(! 
toliiT;  Imt  tiio  new  |iii'tcii.Hioii  of  disjmtiiiL,' oiir  titlotothc  Hi'ttlcnicnt  attlii; 
mouth  of  tlu!  ('iihinil)iii  t  illur  ind't^atos  a  dusij^u  on  thoir  part  to  ciiiroarh, 
liy  now  (istahlishini'iitH  of  tln;ir  own,  upon  thu  4!)th  parallel  of  latiliidf, 
Notith  of  wlii.li  tiicv  laii  liavc  no  valid  claiin  upon  tliis  (.•ontlncnt ;  or  it  ni.uii- 
fcsta  ii  j(!aloii  iy  of  Jio  I'liitA-'d  Stfltiis,  aile.sire  tochcck  tho  proi^rcMs  of  our  f-ct- 
tlements.  'J'hcir  iirojicts.  .  .in  lS()(i.  .  .and  iSHwfio  totaki!  4I»  .  .  .^^(■^t,  as  far 
as  till!  territorii-<  of  llie  riiiti'd  St;iti.s  cxtt'iid  in  that  diri'ctii)ii.  with  a  caMat 
a^jtiinst  ita  extension  to  tli  ,'  South  Sea,  or  lieyoiul  tlm  Stony  Mountains,  iipin 
w'hieit  two  oliserv.:tiou<  iir<;  to  he  in:id,('.  .  .si'eoudly,  that  they  always all'eeteil 
t(.>  apply  th'!  indeiiiiite  limit  of  extension  as  far  as  tho  ternt<^)ries  extiiid.  to  tlie 
territories  of  the  United  State.s,  and  not  to  those  of  tireiit  ilritain,  lea\  in;^  a 
uest-e;,"^'  for  future  jireteiisions  on  their  part  .•'outh  of  latitude  4'.K'.  The  eoun- 
ter-i)rojei'ts  for  tho  line  on  our  part  therefore  were.  .  .alon^'  that  parallel,  duo 
MTst,  as  far  lu  the  ti'iritories  of  lioth  parties  extend  in  that  dueetion,  and 
adopting  the  caveat  avj'ainst  extension  to  the  I'acilie.' 


BOUXDARY  PROPOSED. 


ss? 


ik-h 


Ictcil 
I)  tlio 

lo\m- 
(luo 
uiul 


t!oy  alleged  to  have  been  made  prior  to  the  American 
revolution;"  and  the  Americans,  "so  far  as  dis(.'overy 
gave  a  claim,  ours  to  the  whole  country  on  the  waters 
of  the   Columbia  River  was   indisputable.     It   bad 
derived  its  name  from  that  of  the  American  sliip  com- 
manded by  Captain  Gray,     '  o  had  first  discovered 
and  entered  its  mouth.  It  was  first  explored,  from  its 
sources  to  the  ocean,  by  Lewis  and  Clarke,  and  before 
the  British  traders  from  Canada  had  reached  any  of  its 
waters.     The  settlement  at  Astoria  was  also  the  first 
permanent  establishment  made  in  that  quarter;"  still 
"we  did  not  assort  that  the  United  States  had  a  per- 
fect right  to  that  country,  but  insisted  that  their  claim 
was  at  least  good  against  Great  Britain."     The  Brit- 
ish pleni[)otentiaries  showed  a  desire  during  the  whole 
negotiation  to  unite  the  two  subjects,  being  unwilling 
to  agree  to  a  boundary  east  of  the  mountains,  unless 
an  agreement  could  be  made  respecting  the  western 
region.    Accordingly,  the  Americans  proposed  an  ex- 
tension of  the  line  due  west  on  the  parallel  of  49' 
to  the  Pacific  Ocean.^    This  Robinson  and  (Joulburn 
would  not  accede  to,  intimatinjjf  that  the  Columbia 
Kiver  would  be  the  most  convenient  boundary,  and 
declaring  that  they  would  agree  to  none  that  did  not 
give  them  the  harbor  at  the  river's  mouth  in  common 
with  the  United  States.   This  meeting  with  no  favor, 
they  proposed  at  tho  conference  of  (jctober  (Uh  that 
west  of  tlie  mountains  the  territory  between  latitudes 
45  and  49^  should  be  free  for  [)Urposes  of  tratle  to  both 
nations,  neither  to  exercise  sovereign  authority  within 
those  limits,  but  this  agreement  was  not  to  prejudice 
the  claims  of  either  or  of  any  other  power.*     Ilather 
than  assent  to  this,  the  Americans  [)referred  to  leave 

"  AniiPX  B.  to  protcx-'ol  of  tliird  conference.  Tliis  was  to  aflcct  only  tho 
rijjlits  «f  tlic  i)artii'3  without  rcforcnco  to  the  chiims  of  any  other  nation.  Tho 
stiliji'cts  of  both  powers  were  also  to  '"'vo  free  access  witii  tiieir  ships  anil 
caixoes,  and  imjuuI  privileges  of  trade,  s  i  all  places,  ports,  and  rivers  on  tlio 
Northwest  Coast,  and  tho  navigation  of  all  rivers  llowing  into  tiio  I'licilic  and 
intersected  by  tho  Iwundary  was  tol)o  free. 

'Annex  B.  ('.  to  protocol  of  lifth  conference.     In  connection  with   the 
boundary  of  4!r  it  stipulated  fo:  free  navigation  of  tho  Miiisissippi  Uivcr. 
UWT.  N.  W.  CoAiT,  Vol.  II.    i23 


338 


THE  OREGOX  QUESTION. 


the  Avholo  nuittcr  on  both  sitles  of  the  mountains  in 
abeyance;  but  at  the  next  conference  they  proposed 
anien«huents,  niakinix  the  whole  western  region  free 
for  trade  instead  of  that  portion  between  45°  and  40  . 
Tlie  jjroposition  thus  amended  with  other  verbal 
cliani»'es  was  again  presented  by  the  Englishmen  on 
October  10th,  and  after  another  amendment  submitted 
by  the  Americans  at  the  eighth  conference,  by  which 
the  agreement  was  limited  to  the  period  of  ten  years, 
it  was  ap[)roved  by  botli  parties,  and  the  treaty  Mas 
signed  on  October  20,  1818. 

By  this  convention,  or  treaty  of  joint  occupation, 
the  Northwest  Coast  became  free  to  subjects  of  Great 
Britain  and  the  United  States  for  a  period  of  ten 
years.  The  question  of  title  or  national  sovereignty 
was  left  exactly  as  it  stood  before.  As  far  west  as  the 
Boeky  Mountains  the  parallel  of  49^  was  made  the 
permanent  boundary.^ 

As  I  have  previously  remarked,  the  treaty  of  1818 
left  the  two  nations  in  respect  of  their  rights  on  the 
Northwest  C  .ast  exactly  where  they  stood  before,  the 
natural  and  equitable  right  of  English  or  American 
sul»jects  to  trade,  hunt,  and  settle  where  they  pleased 
being  now  formally  acknowledged.  Each  party  merely 
reserved  the  right  to  prove,  or  insist  on,  ten  years 
later,  an  exclusive  ownership,  founded  on  events  pre- 
ceding 1818,  not  to  be  affected  by  anything  don(^  by 
either  side  after  that  date.     There  was  no  quarrel; 

''TIio  troaty  iiefjotintioiis  and  prcliininnry  corri'.«pomlenco  are  given  in 
full  ill  tiio  J'r<s!,l,-'iil'.'<  J/rNN.  mill  Jhr.,  Deo.  '2{),  1818,  l-jlh  Vomj.,  .M  ,SV.v>., 
niitlcr  licadiiif^  <!ri'(tt  llr'ilitiii,  ('oiirriilionof  (Mohi  r  ..'0,  JSJS,  in  Ami  r  Iran  Stri'it 
/'iijHr.t,  For.  111'.,  iv.  S4S— 407.  'J'lio  yAvin  ii'liitiiii?  luirticuliirly  to  tin*  huIi- 
jfct  aro  oil  |ip.  ;»71  •-',  ."iTt,  .'ITU-T,  .'ISO- 1,  .'Wl,  3'.)l-'.'{,  .'W."),  :i!»7,  4(Hi.  'Art.  :{. 
It  is  arr''''t''l  tliJit  any  country  that  may  l>o  olaiiiietl  by  eitiior  party  oi;  tin- 
Northwi'st  Coiistof  AiiR'vii'a  wostwanl  of  tiio  fStoiiy  Monntiiiiis,  sliail,  toj^atln  r 
witli  itH  liarijors,  hays,  and  creeks,  and  tlie  navigation  of  all  rivers  within  tlio 
same  1)0  fi'co  and  open,  for  the  tonii  of  ten  yearn  from  the  datu  of  the  signaturo 
of  tlio  present  convention,  to  tiio  vessels,  citizens,  and  subjects  of  the  two 
powers,  it  boiny  well  understood  that  this  agreement  is  not  to  be  coiistrmd 
to  tlio  prejudice  of  any  claim  which  either  of  the  two  high  contracting' p-'irtiis 
may  have  to  any  part  of  the  said  country,  nor  shall  it  bo  tiikc;n  to  atl'cct  the, 
claims  of  aisy  other  power  or  state  to  any  part  of  tho  said  country,  the  only 
object  of  th(!  lii^di  contracting  ra''ti''s.  i»  tnat  respect,  being  to  prevent  dis- 
putes and  dili'c'.'cnccs  among  themselves.' 


JOINT  OCCUPANCY. 


8pp' 


i  tlio 
'.  the 


,'(j 


Laii 

ised 

erc'ly 

ills 

l.y 
■rrl; 

^011    ill 

.V(W.. 

uiSln'i'. 
Art.  S. 

)ll    tilt! 

mutln  r 
liin  tl:'i 
;u:itliT<' 
iio  t"'> 

jiarti' « 
ret  tli<- 
le  (inly 
lit  ilis- 


but  cacli  party  reserved  the  right  to  quarrel  at  a 
later  date,  and  under  favorable  circumstances,  should 
the  country  prove  worth  the  trouble.  Neither  at- 
tached great  importance  to  the  subject  at  the  time; 
neither  had  much  faith  in  its  own  exclusive  right, 
beyond  a  vague  idea  that  it  was  at  least  equal  to  tliat 
of  the  other.  Neither  really  expected  ultimately  to 
prove  the  validity  of  its  old  exclusive  title,  indess 
possibly  it  might  sometime  be  enforced  by  war,  or 
to  avert  war;  but  should  it  appear  in  the  end — and 
they  more  than  suspected  perhaps  what  the  reader 
knows,  that  it  must  so  appear — that  there  was  no 
exclusive  title  on  either  side  in  1818,  then  subsequent 
acts  of  occupation  would  become  potent,  and  in  this 
lespect  each  was  willing  to  trust  the  future.  It  was 
not  expected,  however,  that  ten  years  would  make 
any  radical  change  in  the  situation,  and  each  l>arty 
hoped  for  some  advantage  from  the  slight  modifica- 
tions likely  to  occur. 

Eiigland  saw  the  territory  in  the  actual  possession 
of  the  English  Northwest  Company,  who  would  nat- 
urally extend  their  operations;  it  was  doubtful  if 
Aster's,  or  any  other  American  company,  would 
reenter  the  field  as  rivals ;  it  was  not  likely  that  set- 
tlers would  be  attracted  to  this  distant  country  for 
many  jxars,  especially  while  the  title  remained  unde- 
termined; and  still  less  likely  that  the  United  States 
government  would  maintain  posts  in  advance  of  com- 
mercial and  agricultural  occupation.  The  Americans, 
on  the  other  hand,  had  little  fear  that  any  other  Eng- 
lishmen than  fur-hunters  would  occupy  the  coast; 
they  Ijelieved  the  Pacific  Company  would  renew  its 
operations;  they  hoped  settlers  might  be  induced  to 
ci'oss  the  continent;  at  any  rate  they  had  unlim- 
ited faith  in  v'hc  future  development  of  their  nation, 
and  were  content  to  leave  their  rights  in  abeyance 
until  such  time  as  they  might  be  ready  to  exercise 
Ihtnn.  The  decision  was  a  wise  and  equitable  one  for 
both  parties. 


340 


THE  OREOOV  QUESTION. 


M, 


Throughout  the  ten  years  named  in  the  treaty  the 
EngHsh  fur-hunters  remained  in  possession  of  the 
territory,  their  rivals  faihnf^  to  exercise  the  privilejjrcs 
conceded  to  them.  Meanwhile  there  occurred  a  series 
of  events  which  had  an  influence  on  this  sul)ject,thoUirIi 
the  importance  of  some  of  them  in  this  respect  has 
generally  been  exaggerated. 

The  first  was  the  signing  of  the  Florida  treaty 
between  the  United  States  and  Spain  on  Feb.  22, 
1819.  The  negotiations  preceding  this  treaty  were 
long  and  complicated ;  but  the  boundary  in  northern 
regions  was  an  unimportant  feature  in  the  discussions. 
In  1 805  the  United  States  had  proposed  a  line  run- 
ning north  from  the  sources  of  the  Red  River;  while 
Spain  had  preferred  a  boundary  connnission  to  explore 
the  unknown  region  north  of  Red  River  and  investi- 
gate documents  bearing  on  the  title;  but  nothing 
was  done.'  At  the  beginning  of  1818  the  Spanish 
plenipotentiar}',  Luis  do  Onis,  wrote:  "The  right  and 
dominion  of  the  crown  of  Spain  to  the  Northwest 
Coast  of  America  as  high  as  the  Californias,  is  not 
less  certain  and  indisputable,  the  Spaniards  having 
explored  it  as  far  as  the  47th  degree,  in  the  expedition 
under  Juan  dc  Fuca,  in  151)2,  and  in  that  under  the 
Admiral  Fonte  to  the  55th  degree  in  1G40."  That 
the  Spanish  claim  was  thus  f  3unded  on  the  fictitious 
discoveries  of  Fuca  and  Fonte  shows  how  little  was 
known  or  cared  about  the  matter;  the  claim  was  not 
disputed,  and  the  subject  was  dropped  until  the  ques- 
tion of  boundary  came  up  near  the  close  of  the  nego- 
tiation. Spain  had  wished  in  exchange  for  Florida 
to  obtain  everything  west  of  the  Mississippi;  but 
attention  was  given  almost  exclusively  to  the  south. 
On  October  31st  Mr  Adams  proposed  as  a  bound- 
ary the  Red  River,  Rocky  Mountains,  and  the  lino 
of  41°  to  the  Pacific.    This  was  the  first  intimation  of 

* Premloit'n  Mcm.  and  Doc,  Dec.  fl,  1805,  8lh  Cong.  2d  Spm.,  in  Atneriran 
Stale  Pajiers,  For.  Bel,  ii.  002,  005;  Twiss,  Or.  Qutnt.,  231,  also  cites  Jh-itUh 
and  Ftirr'Kjn  State  Pajicrs,  1817-18,  321,  but  gives  the  dato  of  a  documt'iit 
cited  incorrectly. 


SPAIN  AND  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


841 


a  claim  to  territory  west  of  tlio  mountains;  and  at 
first  Spain  would  not  listen  to  anythiii;^  of  the  kind, 
but  soon  viewed  the  idea  more  favorably.  In  Jan- 
uary 1810,  Onis  proposed  a  line  from  tlie  source  of 
till-  ^[issouri  to  the  Columbia,  and  down  tluit  stream 
to  the  Pacific.  This  l)eing  rejected,  he  proposed  the 
ui)per  Arkansas  and  line  of  41°  to  the  ^lultnomah, 
or  Willamette,  and  down  the  river  to  the  ocean. 
Adams  in  response  offered  the  U[)per  Arkansas  and 
line  of  41°  to  the  Pacific,  whereupon  Onis  su;^,i,'ested 
■i'l"  from  the  Arkansas  to  the  Multnomah,  and  4.r 
from  the  latter  stream  to  the  ocean.  Finally  Onis 
for  Spain  proposed  42°  from  the  Arkansas  to  the 
I'ariru',  and  Adams  agreed  to  this  in  behalf  of  the 
United  States.  The  treaty  was  siLjned  accord iuL'ly.^ 
]]y  this  treaty  "His  Catholic  ^lajestv  ce<les  t(i  tlve 
United  Stntes  all  his  rij^hts,  claims,  and  pretensions 
to  any  territories  east  and  north  of  the  said  line, 
and.  .  .renounces  all  claim  to  the  said  tei-ritories  for- 
ever." That  is,  tlie  United  States  accpiired  the  Sj)anisli 
title  to  the  Northwest  Coast  above  the  latitude  of 
42°.  I  have  already  shown  that  Sj)ain  had  no  rij^hts 
in  that  territory  except  that  of  makin';^  settlements  in 


[ues- 
jego- 
|)rida 
but 
luth. 
luul- 
iline 
nof 


^Anierirmi  Strife  Papfrs,  For.  lid.,  iv.  45.".,  5.10-2,  Gl.V'J.I,  iK-ing  tho 
PrcsUknt's  Me.is.  and  JJor.,  Feh.  22,  1M9.,  IMh  Cuh<j.,  J>t  Sixs.;  Twiss,  Or. 
ijiiifl.,  22;)-4;i,  cites  also  tlio  Drillsh  itiii/  I'nniiin  .S/alf  I'r])' ri  of  1S17-20  .i.s 
cfiiitaining  tlio  siinic  corrcspoiiilciu-c.  'Art.  3.  Tlie  lK.nii<lary  lii>L-  lictwci'ii 
tlio  tv.i)  cotiiitrit'S,  west  of  tlio  Mississippi,  Siliall  lM;.u'iii  oil  tljo  liillf  of  .Mexico, 
lit  tlio  mouth  of  tlio  rivor  Sabiiic,  in  the  sen,  contiiiniiig  north  ;iloii;-,'  tho 
western  liiaik  of  that  river  to  the  .'!2il  tlegrec  of  latitmle;  theiicc  l>y  n  lino 
due  north,  to  the  ilegrie  of  lutitnilo  where  it  strike!  tin'  Kio  Ituxo  of  Natrlii- 
toelies,  or  IJeil  liiver;  then  following  the  course  of  the  Kio  lloxo  westwaiil, 
to  t!ieile;;rce  of  lougituilc  UK)  west  from  I^iomlon.  .-iiicl  SI  from  Wa.sliington; 
then  ero-siiig  the  said  Ived  Kivt  r,  and  running  tlunec  l)y  a  line  due  north 
to  the  river  Arkansas;  thence  following  the  toiii"se  of  tiic  Mjutliern  li.iiik 
of  the  Arkansas  to  its  source,  in  latitude  42  dej.ri'ecs  north;  and  thence 
hy  (hat  ])ar;!llel  of  latitude  to  the  South  Sea;  the  whole  Ining  ;ss  laiil 
down  in  Melish's  man  of  the  United  States,  pidilishdl  at  I'ldlailclphia, 
iiii[.iiiveii  to  the  1st  of  January  1SI8.  Dnt,  if  the  source  of  the  Arkaiisii.i 
liiver  fiiiall  he  found  to  fall  north  or  south  of  latitude  42  degrees,  then 
the  line  t-hall  run  from  the  Faid  source,  due  nfirtli  or  sfjutli  as  the  ease 
may  he,  till  it  meets  the  said  parallel  of  latitude  42  ikgrees.'  The  jii«  viuis 
iiroj  o' itioHM  were  also  to  be  according  to  Melish's  map;  ami  had  any  if  them 
iieeii  adopted,  great  wouKl  liuve  liecu  the  geognij  liival  coulu-i.  n  c  m  nluully; 
hut  there  was  no  room  for  trouble  in  the  line  as  liiiully  detcnniucd.  'iliia 
treaty  was  BubBeijucutly  ratified  by  Mexico  in  1828. 


842 


THE  OREGON  QUESTION. 


unoccupied  spots,  oven  licr  'claims  and  pretensions' 
liaviiis:^  been  virtually  abandoned  since  1795.  The 
validity  of  the  title  acquired  in  1810  was,  however,  the 
subject  of  much  artjfunient  in  later  years,  as  we  shall  see. 
Immediately  after  the  sii^ning  of  the  treaty,  in 
1819-20,  an  exploring  expedition  was  sent  out  by  the 
United  States  to  the  groat  west."  "One  most  hnpor- 
tant  fact,  in  a  political  point  of  view,"  says  Greenhow, 
"was  completely  established  by  the  observations  of 
the  part}^;  namely,  that  the  whole  division  of  North 
America  drained  by  the  Missouri  antl  the  Arkansas, 
and  their  tributaries  between  the  meridian  of  the 
mouth  of  the  Platte  and  the  Rocky  ^lountains,  is 
uluKJst  entirely  unfit  for  cultivation,  and  therefore 
uninhabitable  by  a  people  depending  upon  agriculture 
for  their  subsistence.  And  late  observ^ations  have 
shown  the  adjoining  regions,  to  a  great  extent  west  of 
those  mountains,  to  be  still  more  arid  and  sterile.  These 
circumstancus  as  they  became  known  through  the 
United  States,  r'^idered  the  people  and  their  rt']>re- 
scntatives  in  the  federal  legislature  more  and  more 
indilferent  with  i-eix-'^rd  to  the  territories  on  the  north- 
wx'stern  side  of  the  continent.  It  became  always 
difficult  and  generally  impossible  to  engage  the  atten- 
tion of  congress  to  any  matters  connected  with  those 
countries;  emigrants  from  the  populous  states  of  the 
union  would  not  banish  themselves  to  the  distant 
shores  of  the  Pacific  whilst  they  could  obtain  the 
l)est  lands  on  the  jNtississippi  and  its  branches  at 
moderato  prices;  and  capitalists  would  not  vest  their 
limds  in  establisliments  for  the  administration  and 
continued  possession  of  which  they  could  have  no 
guarantee.  Prom  1813  until  182.*],  few  if  any  Amer- 
ican citizens  were  employed  in  the  countries  wcsi  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  ten  years  more  ela])scd 
before  any  settlement  was  formed  or  even  attemptetl 
in  that  part  of  the  world."" 

^  Lnvfj'x  Account  of  Exploniif/  Exprdltion,  8vo,  2  vols,  riiilatlelphia,  ISi.l. 
^  Gnciihoiv'ti  Or.  and  t'al.,  '62'2-'6, 


R.VXDOM  STATEMENTS. 


343 


In  1821  tlie  Northwest  Company  was  mcrjjfod  in 
the  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  the  latter  rcmainini,^  in 
])ossession  of  the  western  country.  The  cliange  liad 
no  healing  whatever  on  the  question  of  title. 

At  the  endof  1 820  the  Northwest  Coast  madeits  first 
iipl)earance  in  the  congress  of  the  United  States.  "On 
motion  of  Mr  Floytl  a  committee  was  ajjpointed  to 
inquire  into  the  situation  of  the  setth^ments  upon  the 
]*acilic  Ocean,  and  the  cxi)ediency  <jf  occupying  the 
Cohnnbia  Iviver."  This  was  on  December  IDth,  and 
(»n  January  25,  1821,  the  report  of  the  committee  was 
ii'ad  in  the  house.  In  this  document  the  question  of 
title  was  discussed  at  some  length  with  frecpient  allu- 
sions to  facts  of  doubtful  accuracy.  For  instance 
con^'ress  was  told  that  "in  the  year  178r)-()  an  estab- 
lishment  was  made  at  the  mouth  of  the  Colundjia 
Kiver  by  i\[r  Hendricks;"  that  Lewis  and  Clarke 
'•built  Fort  Clatsop,  yet  to  be  seen" — reall}'  the  ex- 
])Iorer's  winter  camp — those  events  biing  at  a  time 
when  the  Spanish  settlements  were  "in  latitude  02' 
north  iii)on  the  Colorado  of  California;"  and  that  five 
)>osts  besides  Astoria  had  been  cstablislied  by  Astor's 
company.  Great  force  was  given  to  the  Sj)anish  exclu- 
sive title,  which  even  England  had  virtually  acknowl- 
e<lgod  in  17D0  by  lier  willingness  "to  treat  for  the 
enjoyment  of  privileges  on  that  coast."  That  the 
1  iiited  States  through  Spain,  France,  and  her  own 
cstaldishnients  had  the  undisputed  sovereignty  of  the 
coast  from  latitude  GO'  down  to  ViC)^  there  could  be  no 
doubt;  and  it  was  equally  clear  that  the  occupation  of 
her  legitimate  territory  would  be  most  profitable. 
Accordingly  a  bill  was  introduced  in  twelve  sections 
lor  the  occupation  of  the  Columbia,  grant  of  lands  to 
settlers,  and  regulation  of  Indian  all'airs.'"  The  bill 
was  .  eferred  to  a  connnittee.  At  the  end  of  the 
year,  on  motion  of  Mr  Flovd,  another  conunittee  was 


^'^Aiinah  of  Comjrt'ss,  ICIh  Coiiru,  Cd.  S<n».,  070,  n.')S-0;  Cnhnnhki  Hli'-r, 
Orriijiu'/oii  I'll  U.  iS'.,  KS-Jl,  report  of  connnittee,  Jan.  'Jolh,  in  Id.,  1)10-06; 
iii iituii'ii  Aljfidjj,  Jjcbatmln  t'viiijnsti,  vii.  7-t-bl, 


344 


THE  OREGON  QUESTION. 


appointed  to  "inquire  into  the  expediency  of  occupying; 
the  Cohinibiu  Kiver  and  the  territory  of  the  United 
States  adjacent  thereto;'  which  committee  reported 
in  January  1M'J2  with  a  hill  ]trobahly  hke  the  former, 
which  was  read  twice  and  conunitted  as  bet'on:. 
Meanwhile  a  resolution  had  also  been  ado[jted  callin«^ 
for  information  from  the  secretary  of  the  navy  re- 
spectiuLi^  tlie  expense  of  sur\'eyin<^  Pacific  )»brts  of  the 
United  States  and  of  trans[)ortin<^  artillery  to  the 
Columbia." 

At  the  end  of  the  year,  Dee.  iTth  to  18th,  the  mat- 
ter came  up  for  discussion  in  conunittee  of  the  whole, 
and  alter  a  lon;.,^  speech  by  Mr  Floyd,  other  members 
showiuL?  no  disposition  to  speak,  the  bill  was  re[)orted 
to  the  house.  In  the  following  debate  two  members 
8poke  in  its  favor  and  one  against  it;  but  the  house 
was  apathetic  and  further  consideration  was  deferred. 
A  remarkable  leature  of  the  debate  was  the  absence 
of  allusion  to  the  treaty  of  1818.  There  was  not  tlu; 
slightest  doubt  ex[)ressed  as  to  the  title  of  the  United 
States  t«>  the  Northwest  Coast.  Those  that  favored 
the  measure  dwelt  on  the  value  of  the  fur-trade  and 
the  whale -fishery,  and  the  grandeur  of  a  republic 
stretching  from  sea  to  sea;  while  Mr  Tucker  opposed 
it  simply  because  he  did  not  wish  to  accelerate  the 
inevitable  ])rogress  of  the  population  westward,  believ- 
ing that  the  peoples  east  and  west  of  the  mountains 
"nuist  have  a  permanent  separation  of  interest."^" 

The  Columbia  project  was  again  discussed  in  the 
house  of  re])resentatives  in  January  1823,  and  increased 
interest  was  manifested,  though  not  enough  to  pass 
the  bill.  The  debate  doubtless  had  its  effect  in  edu- 
cating the  American  people  into  an  implicit  fiiith  in 
the  validity  of  their  national  claim  to  the  Northwest 
Coast;  for  as  before,  no  opponent  of  the  measure  cx- 

"  Ainiiili  of  C(}ii'jr<:tK,  17th  ('nnf/.,  1st  SctK.,  520,  TmX  ,")00-1,  744. 

'■'  ISciitoii'K  Ahrid'j.  /Irlidfin  ill  t 'niiijrcti.i,  vii.  S!C2-4()7;  Aniinl.t  of  Cotujri/it, 
17th  ('"iiij.,  ,.'(/,  iSV'.s,-!.,  .Tw,  .'{(Ki-4'J4,  4,'JO.  AccoriUuj'  to  iiiiiendmciit.s  it  was 
pr()jK)so(l  to  occupy  tlie  country  'with  a  military  lorco,'  aiul  a  salary  waa 
iiunieJ  for  tho  '(jtovonior  of  Oregon.' 


BEFORE  CONGRESS. 


M5 


pressed  doubt  of  the  pcrf'eet  right  to  occupy.  They 
d()ul)te(l  the  value  of  the  territory  in  (piestion;  dwelt 
on  its  (UstuMce  from  Aineriean  civiHzatiou;  ohjeeted 
to  anytliiiig"  like  colonization  under  a  republican  govern- 
ment; deemed  the  occupation  practicable  but  inex- 
])edient,  at  least  for  the  present;  and  alluded  to  the 
Kockv  Mountains  as  a  natural  boundary,  across  which 
iiollneof  connnercial  connnunication  could  ever  extend. 
The  advo' ates  iin  the  other  hand  alhiined,  instead  of 
silently  assuming  as  before,  the  validitx  of  the  title; 
hut  no  arguments  were  wasted  in  proving  what  nobody 
doubted;  and  their  elo([uence  was  exjx'nded  in  show- 
ing how  glorious,  profitable,  and  politic  a  thing  it 
would  be  now  to  extend  the  republic  across  the  whole 
continent.  I  a})peiid  a  few  extracts  from  the  debate.'"' 
The  bill  was  tabled;  and  by  a  vote  of  one  hundred  to 
sixty-one  the  house  refused  to  take  it  uj)  again.  In 
all  this  there  was  not  a  hint  at  the  riijfhts  of  Eni,dand 
under  the  treaty  of  joint  occupation. 

In  1  ebruary,  Mr  Benton  brought  the  matter  up  in 
the  senate,  with  a  motion  and  a  speech.  The  motion  was 
"that  the  committee  on  military  ali'airs  be  instructed 


the 

|sed 

liass 

|;du- 

in 

,'est 

ex- 


was 


'•''  'Tho  only  nations  on  earth  who  have  over  made  any  claims  to  tlicsc  regions 
nri'  Spiiiii,  J'lUssia,  ami  England.  S)>ain  novcr  liail  any  jin^tensions  other  than 
wciv  (.■iini]irise(l  by  lier  jirox  iiico  of  J^ouisi;ui;i,'  anil  lici'  ri,i.,'lits  were  traii:*- 
frncil  to  tliij  United  States  aho\e  4'J'.  ''{"lie  tiiiiii  ror  of  Riissiii  uill  m  rcr 
c|uanvl  with  us  for  anyliiini;  we  may  do  sonlli  of  lii.s  latitude  (jf  51 '.'  Iv.iLdaiid 
'liiis  never  had  any  i>os.session,  and  I  hulievo  iic\er  juetemled  to  iiiiy  tith;  no 
low  lis  the  mouth  of  the  ('olnnd)ia.  'J'o  territoi-y  "loio  to  the  north  ^iio  had 
r.iade  t'.iiims,'  hut  in  I.SIS  .she  'would  have  eontinuid,  it  m.iy  he  jircHumed, 
tlio  Intitiiile  4!!'  as  the  houndary  lictween  us  iK'yoml  the  lloeky  Motintiiins,  if 
we  Woiilil  have  ronsi'Uted.'  'Sh(^  restored  to  us  possession  of  our  settlement 
lit  tlie  niouth  of  the  (Joluniliia,  without  the  least  intimation  in  all  her  iiej^otia- 
tiiins  oil  the  suhjeet  of  any  ([uestion  as  to  our  title.'  'If  sueh  a  eoimtry 
sliould  lie  Kt't  miooi'iipied  l»y  us,  fiin  we  IxOieve  that  other  nations  will  ri'sju-ct 
our  titli'  and  nfi'Mlii  from  oeeupyin;,'  it?  Jf  they  do  nut,  an<l  we  siiould  learu 
to-uiorro\v  tliat  S[);iin,  or  liussia,  or  Kn^liiml  had  possessed  itself  of  the  n)outli 
of  the  ('oluml)ia,  wliat  should  we  do?  We  sliould  tlnii  ]><;  ohliLii'd  to  assert 
oiir  ri'.'Jit,  anil  defend  the  intc'irity  of  our  territoi'v.  We  iiave  swoi-n  to  .sup- 
]Miit  tile  eonstitution  of  thc^  United  States,  and  eannot  aliandon  any  part  of  it 
to  any  other  ]>oWer, '  ( 'ohli'it  <>/  ^V,  }'.  '  How  often  are  we  reihinili'd  of  Amer- 
ii'uii  eutnpi'ise  !  It  is  made  a  constant  hoast,  anil  yet  we  ap]>ear  to  he  alarnieil 
at  the  idea  of  oeeupyinj;  our  own  domnin!'  Md'ldt-ij  of  IV.  '  l"or  his  ]iart 
he  was  satistied  that  no  extensive  eivili/.cd  scttlenu'nt  would  or  eould  he  niaile 
in  cliat  country  within  anj'  period  of  tinii,'  to  wiiieli  as  ration:. 1  and  praotieal 
men  we  can  exteml  our  views.'  'To  my  mind,  sii',  no  .scheme  cm  appear 
more  visionary  than  that  of  an  internal  eonnneree  between  the  Hudson  and 


340 


THE  OREOON  QUESTION. 


f 


to  iii(|iiirc  into  tho  ^'X|i(!(lit»iK'y  of  malciiiij  an  ap])ro- 
jjiiatioii  to  cnablo  the  j)resi(loiit  of  the  United  Slates 
to  take  and  retain  possession  of  tlie  tei-iitories  of  the 
Ignited  States  o.n  the  Northwest  (Joast  of  America.  " 
]^enton's  motives  and  nietliods  of  tivatinL^  the  snb- 
jeet  were  radically  diiferent  from  those  of  eonL;ri'ssnien 
who  had  sp<jken  before.  ]lis  aim,  he  said,  "was  to 
j)revent  the  country  in  question  i'roni  falliuLf  into  the 
hands  of  anoiluT  power."  .lie  knew  that  the  public; 
mind  was  tiancpiil  uiMm  this  ])oint;  but  he  believed 
that  this  tranquillity  arose,  not  i'rom  an  indillerence  to 
th(>  loss  of  the  Columbia  lliverand  the  great  country 
drained  l)y  it.s  waters,  but  from  a  belief  that  our  title 
to  it  was  undisputed,  and  the  possession  open  to  our 
citizens  whenever  the  government  would  pi'rmit  them 
to  ent(.'r  upon  it.  The  contrary  of  all  this  ho  held  to 
be  the  fact,  and  he  would  undertake  to  sIkjw  to  the 
senate:  "First,  that  our  claim  of  sovereignty  is  dis- 
l>uted  by  l^ngland.  Second,  that  ]']n^dand  is  now  tin; 
jtarty  in  possession.  Third,  that  she  resists  the  ]ios- 
session  of  the  iJnited  States.  Fourth,  that  the  party 
in  j)ossession  in  1828  will  have  the  right  of  possession 
luider  the  l;iw  of  natifius  until  the  question  oi'  sctv- 
ereignty  shall  bo  decided  l)y  war  t»r  neg(jtiation." 
]n  support  (»f  these  ]>ropositions  ]^enton  rel'erred  to 
documents  with  Avhieh  the  reader  is  familiar;  he  re- 
garded the  nominal  restitution  of  F<jrt  Astoria  as  by 
no  means  a  relinquishment  of  the  English  title;  and  in 

C<jluiiil)i;i.  'J'lic  (lod  of  nature  has  interposed  obstacles  to  this  coiimctidn, 
M  liiili  luitlui'  tlii^  t!itcrjiiis(!  nor  the  science  of  lliis  or  any  otlur  ai^o  laa  over- 
iiiiMc'  '  lii"  \x;is  rcaily  to  admit  that  neither  Knghind,  Sjiain,  uuv  Jlu.s.sia  had 
tlie  ri.Ljht,  nr  ]iri.l)alily  won  hi  jiavo  the  di-sp'  aition,  laeoniiil;;iiuil;  the  i.ieasiirc.' 
''J'hc  nic'isiiic  ii  not  ialh'(l  i'(ir  liy  any  j"iat  iiuhlie  interest.'  YViry  1/  .W  )'. 
Mr  Malhiiy  <ili'enil  an  aineiidnient,  or.';nl)Stitiile,  of  uhieh  the  li^.■it^ee■l.i(ln  wa.i: 
''J'iiat  tlie  pu^sidcnt  lie  autliori/ed  and  required  tooeeiipy  tl;at  ]ii)rli'in  of  the 
territory  of  tlie  I'nited  States  on  tlio  I'acilie  (.)cean,  nortli  of  4J  ,  and  west  "f 
tlie  liocky  Jluiintains,  with  a  military  tone,  and  to  eanse  a  sniialile  foit  to 
he  I'rected  on  the  UieLTon  jtiver.  .  .wiiieli  traet  ,if  eounlry  io  heiehy  declared 
to  be  the  territory  of  Oi-c<,'(in.'  '(Jentlemen  are  taliiint^of  natural  boundaries. 
Sir,  our  natural  lioiindary  is  the  I'acilie  Ocean.'  Jknilici  <;/"  ,1/tt.t.  'The  spirit 
«>f  niignition  kihould  rather  be  repressed  in  your  eili/ens  than  encouraged.' 
JlniLciirldijf  of  Kit.  Jlr  Little  of  Maryland  jireserted  a  piitition  of  faiiiici.s 
and  mechanics  in  favnr  ef  the  bill.  Annuls  of  Co/('//vw,  I!t/i  Comj.,  ~'t/  iV*-'., 
f)b3-i;0-',  li7S-7tK),  J077-li'UO. 


POSITION  OF  .UIERICAX  STATESMEN. 


.•W7 


lu'ction, 

llll  OVl  T- 

V.V.   >'■ 

|i  of  tlu'_ 
I'ol-t   I" 

liavuiiis 


support  of  this  third  point  ho  noted  that  tho  Tlritisli 
miiiisttr  in  two  intvrviewH  with  the  secretary  ol'  state, 
rel'erriii;^'  to  tlic  hills  for  the  oe(Uj)ation  of  the  Cohun- 
l>ia  "su;4gested  that  Great  IJritain  had  ehiinis  on  the 
nortli-west  coast  of  America,  with  wliieli  lie  conceived 
that  such  oc  upation  on  the  part  of  the  United  States 
W(»uld  contlitt;  and  requested  to  he  infoinu'd  wliat 
Ml  10  the  intentions  of  the  government  of  the  United 
{States  in  this  resi)eet."^' 

While  the  reader  who  is  acquainted  with  the  facts 
may  not  bo  unduly  inlluenced  by  the  assurance  with 
which  American  statesmen  a.ssumed  the  unfjuestion- 
ahle  validity  of  their  country's  exclusive  till;  and 
ridiculed  (J  reat  Britain's  '[)retensions,'  ami  while  it  is 
truo  that  the  measure  m'ixed  in  some  of  its  features 
was  contraiy  to  treaty  obligations,  yet  it  must  be 
boinc  in  mind  that  the  measure  was  defeated,  and 
lliiit  the  agitation  at  this  time  was  in  certain  res[)ects 
a  legitimate  and  necessary  one.  The  United  States 
had  no  title,  it  is  true,  but  citizens  had  a  right  by 
»K(  upation  to  lay  for  their  country  the  foundation  of 

'^Dciilmi's  Ahi-klfj.  Dihntei*  of  Comjrcx,  vii.  .30.1,  300-0;  Amidli  of  Con. 
fli'tiix,  r,lh  Ciw;/.,  ^(l  .9('.<,i.,  'J.'),"),  I'tO-."!!,  "JTI.  Tlic  coiniiiitti'i!  <<i  fin'ei,L;n  rclii:i 
ti(ii;s  li..viii','  I'ceii  biiljstiliiUil  for  tliut  of  military  alliiiis,  tlic  iiiDtioii  war 
ugrt  i'll  to ;  hut  oil  February  "J.-jtli,  that  ccjuiiiiittt'c  was  tli.s(:iiaiL,'('<l  from  furtiii'S 
coii.-iiloralion  of  tlio  matter.  A  few  additional  quotations  from  ^Ir  ]<enton"t 
s)i((Lii  may  lie  nccessjiry  to  show  liis  npirit.  'This' — referi'in^'  to  tiio  las. 
i|Uolati()ii  ill  my  text — 'is  resistance  ami  resistance  in  the  most  iiiiposini;  form- 
It  i:iK-.i  the  whole  len.^'tli  of  iimiualilied  oitjiositiou. .  .England  has  virtually 
iittcmiiti'd  to  arrest  the  pro'^rcss  of  a  legislative  act  in  tliu  eon,i:ress  of  tho 
("iiitud  ^Uates — an  nttenipt  whieli,  if  1  am  not  greatly  mistaken  in  the  temiier 
'  t  thi'  American  iiei>iile,  will  accelerate  the  measure  it  was  inteiidid  to  iiii- 
])e(l('.'  Ill  tlie  case  before  tlio  senate  the  United  States  have  a  right  of  jios- 
scssion  under  the  treaty  of  ( iheut' — really  only  to  Astoria  by  the  terms  of  tlio 
nsloration — 'ami  a  right  of  entry  under  the  treaty  of  liSIS;  but  tiie  latter 
is  alieady  half  lun  out,  and  the  former  mu.st  be  considered  as  abandoned  if 
not  renewed  and  clleetually  asserted.'  lie  siieaks  of  two  wide-sjireail  errors, 
'tir.-t  that  tho  English  recognixcd  the  *l'.)th  degree  as  the  boundary  to  the 
I'iuilic;  and  si'cond,  that  the  I'niteil  States  granted  to  iier  the  use  of  tho 
rolumbia,  and  the  trade  of  its  iniiabitants  for  the  period  of  ten  years.  The 
faets  arc. .  .each  letains  jiosscssion  bj'  virtue  of  his  own  claim  to  sovcrii'_'nt> , 
and  each  ogrce:i  to  tolerate  the  possession  of  the  other  for  ten  years.'  '  1  see 
the  linger  of  Itu.isia  in  tlie  treaty  itself.  .  .I'.vcrj-  one  may  see  the  policy  of 
England,  .securing  to  herself  the  means  of  strengthening  hir  own  ]iretensit)ii.s 
by  joining  to  them  the  "chiinis"of  all  other  "powers  and  states.'"  'Tho 
rejiublic,  partly  tlirough  its  own  remissness,  partly  from  the  concessions  of 
our  ministers  in  London,  but  chiefly  from  the  Ijold  pretensions  of  linglaiid,  ia 
in  immiueiit  danger  of  losing  all  its  tenitory  bcyoud  the  Itocky  Mountains.' 


m 


TEE  OREGON  QUESTION. 


; 


a  loj^itiinatc  title  to  a  large  part  of  the  territory;  and 
it  was  important  that  the  people  should  not  be  caught 
naj)ping,  and  so  j)ennit  their  prospective  title  to  go  oy 
detiiult.  There  doubtless  was  such  a  i)opular  inn)res- 
sion  as  Benton's  warning  was  intended  to  remove. 
His  tour  points  were  sdl  well  made  and  timely.  More- 
over, it  was  well  to  create  a  public  sentiment  for  the 
time  when  negotiations  tor  a  new  treaty  would  be  in 
order.  IJut  tor  many  years  the  (piestion  attracted 
very  little  popular  attention  either  in  the  United 
States  or  in  England.'^ 

Meanwhile,  in  lH'2l-4,  there  were  iU  progress 
certain  negotiations  between  the  United  States  and 
llussia  which  should  be  noticed  here. 

A  dozen  years  eai-lier  there  had  been  some  unsuc- 
cessful negotiations  for  the  regulation  of  trade,  during 
whicli  th(i  liussians  luul  inii)'it;d  that  their  T.ossessions 
rightfully  exiejided  at  least  down  to  tlie  Columbia, 
while  the  United  States  gave  expression  to  the  idea 
that  th(!  Spaiiish  title  prol)ably  had  extended  up  to 
r.O  .  Now  on  September  4,  IH-JI,  the  empi'ior,  in  a 
formal  e<!i(t  apjiroving  ceitain  lules  of  the  Kussian 
Ameiican  i'ur  company,  deelai'i-d  that  the  Nt>rthwest 
(N)ast  down  to  latitude  f)!'  belonged  exclusively  to 
Jiussia,  and  ])ro]iii»ited  all  foreign  vessels  I'rom  ap- 
]'ro;i(  Iiing  within  a  hunch'ed  Italian  mile^  of  any  part 
of  that  coa.'^t.  in  Februai'\'  1  Silii,  Secreiarv  A(huns 
called  on  M.  J?olctica,  the  JUissian  envov,  lor  an  ex- 

'■'.V/7r*'  H<;)"'')r,  nlwnvH  rcfU'ctiiij,'  very  fiil!y  tlic  Hpirit  of  tlie  Ainerii'iin 
i>rfH«,  liiin  littli-  oil  tliis  ti>j)ic)>i  Ntii'tliui'st  ( 'oiisi  m  cniiMtinu  l)(fui("  \s'M.  Jii 
'S'JI,  liDWcvir.  XX  '.T'l.  It  tnki's  ti.iiii  till'  Xa/iimtil  /ii/<  ///tji-iin-r  ;i  (•(iinliiiiiii- 
catioii  tVniii  W'illiiini  ]).  n<>l>iii'-iiiiiliit<'*l  .laii.  I.'itli,  ;.'iviiiu'  ai>  iiccoiiiit  <if  tlic  nM 
ixpltui  IK,  ni''iii;<  tilt!  iiiiiM'i'tiiiK'i- (if  furtlu'i'  <xiil(iiatiiiii  liv  llu'  I'liitril  Statf^, 


iiiiil  itwiliiii'ij  jiIm)  on  'till-  |Hiliry  iiikI  luci'ssity  <'f  orr  p>vcrniii«iit  lixiiiL;  <>ii  a 
|>lac<'  on  tli<-  I'ji'itu' Oiiiin  lorn  cn-iiiiiii'iial  iiinl  iiiilitiiry  uost.'  '\\>  it  i.s  juiind 
II  .-liipitri'  iii'ticlc  on  the  wiiiii'  topic  viitlcii  liv  ( 'oiiiinoildn'  I'oitci'  in  |S|,"i,  in 
vliiili  lie  t-jiVH,  ■  \Vi'  |kps(«>s  a  <■  "iiiitry  wlioxr  shorts  air  wa.slifil  liy  the  At- 
lantic iiml  llu-  I'aiilic'  Aiul  a.-*  lati'  IS  I.S'J."i  the /i''.'/ij<^/',  .\.\ix.  I.'tl,  sayH:  ' 'llin 
|)ri  jcct  o|  t'Ntalili-liii.^'  'I  cliaiii  of  military  posts  to  tlii'  i'acilic.  niiil  of  ImiMiii;^ 
(III  colony  111  (ioMif  j'<..nt  near  the  iiioiitli  of  tli''  « 'oliiiuliia  JJivir,  is  ai.Miii 


►>)ioki  !i  of  in  tiic  111  w?]a|.  I 


A  <•  liopc  that  it  will  1m 


istiio: 


post] 


(1 


\  ct  a 


littl 


vliilc.    Il  ih  till'  iliti  rtht  o;  eitliiT  tho  old  Atlantic,  or  of  the  new  blatisi  in 


til' 


vest,  that  a  iiimnt  of  |  o|iiilatioii  sliuiild  uow  be  forced  bcyoud  ..  i;  present 
ttetUed  buUuUtti  iet)  uf  tliv  iv^ublic' 


-il 

.1  • 


THE  RUSSIAN  Sx.  t<:  OF  IT. 


349 


plaiiation  of  that  extraordinary  edict.  In  reply,  that 
:jfKciai  d'jfendcd  the  right  of  his  nation  to  the  terri- 
tory claimed,  on  the  grounds  that  the  discoveries  of 
Beiinjx  and  Chirikof  in  1741  had  extended  to  40°; 
that  Haro,  in  1780,  had  found  eight  Russian  estab- 
lishments in  latitudes  48°  and  40';  and  that  51°  was 
midway  between  Sicka  and  the  Colund>ia,  besid«^s  the 
usual  protestations  of  undisputed  rights  of  discovery 
and  possession.  The  first  two  statements  were  not 
true,  and  the  third  not  relevant;  to  say  nothing  of 
there  being  no  ]>ossible  defence  of  the  hundred-milo 
prohibition.  Mr  Adams  allude*)  to  the  fact  that  the 
eliarter  of  the  fur  company  did  not  extend  liussian 
claims  below  5;')',  and  trusted  that  an  interdiction 
iiianil'etstly  incompatible  with  American  rights  would 
not  be  enforced;  while  jVI.  Poletica,  with  a  warning 
against  trouble  for  wliich  American  traders  could  only 
atcuso  their  own  imprudence,  promised  to  refer  the 
matter  to  his  em[)eror.'" 

]|esultin«;  nejxotiations  between  Russia  and  the 
United  States  were  carried  on  in  lS2.'5-4  by  ]\Ir  Mid- 
dleton  and  Count  Nesselrode  at  St  Petersburg.   Rus- 

'"/Vfi/f/rji/'s  J/pA"!.  rf?)*/ Av.,  April  17,  18'22,  '\\\  Annah  of  Civ\ijrcM,  Dih 
i'limi..  Id  Sens.,  '2l',iO~!i'J;  ulso  in  Aimrli'un  Stair  I'li/trrx,  Fur.  ItiL,  iv.  8ri<>-(i4. 
Ill  tlio  <^>iMrt<-i-lii  /{iviiti;  xxvi.  .')4;{-(i,  of  Jiinuaiy  18'J'-',  hoiiio  coimiiu  iits  wtro 
iiiadc  (in  tlio  UnM»iuii  iKjlicy  nntl  tiio  oilict  of  KS'Jl:  'Wiictlici-  tliis  wliolcmilo 
iisiir|>ati(>n  of  12,000  inifpa  of  Hca-coaHt,  to  thcgrcatfr  part  of  wiiiili  l!iii'.f;iii  ivm 
luiv<'  nil  posxihli!  claim,  will  lio  tacitly  i>asHt'<l  over  by  Kn(,'lan(l,  Sjiain,  ami  tlui 
rnitt'ii  StatcH,  tlid  tliri'o  jiomxts  most  interosttMl  iu  it,  \vc  |iiii<'nil  not  to 
l.iiow  ;  liutno  c!intCia\  'y  be  mistaken  in  iircdictiug  that  his  lni)i<  rial  Majesty 
will  discover,  at  no  liis;  nt  pcrioil,  that  ho  has  nssuiiu'il  an  iiiithoritj  ami 
iissertcd,  (I  principK  which  ho  will  hardly  ho  permitted  to  exercise.'  Two 
sonii'wliat  eurioim  adnuHHions  by  this  Knf,'lisli  writer  nix?  the  tolluu-iiijr;  '()ii 
tile  j.;roiind  ,'  priority  of  discovery  it  is  Hiillicieiitly  clear  thi.t  Kn;,'i)>"i! 
hiis  III)  claim  to  territorial  iiosscssion.  On  thi.s  principle  it  would  joint./ 
Iii'lon^r  to  KiiHsia  and  Spain;  and  'the  whole  country  fnnii  Int.  ."t(i  ',i>\'  to  ilio 
iMDiiiiLiry  of  the  I'liited  States  in  latitude  4.S',  or  thereahonts,  is  now  mid  lia« 
Imiil;  heeii  in  tlic  nctual  poHsession  ol  the  JSritisli  Northwest  ( 'oniiiaiiy.'  In 
llie  iXnr.h  AiiK r-i'iiH  A'ciwVic  of  Oct.  iH'i'J,  xv.  ;170-4()I,  was  also  jmlilislied  an 
'ixaiiiinatioii  of  the  liussian  claims  to  the  Northwest  Coast  of  .\mciica,' 
written  aiiparently  hy  ('a|)tain  William  Stiirgis.  The  arj,'uiiieiin  is  a  soiiml 
line,  hut  (foes  not  claim  territorial  s.ivereignty  for  the  Viiited  State",  only  tlio 
l'iivile;^e  of  free  trade.  He  says:  ''i'h(' siiliject  has  heen  itci  nlly  noticed  iu 
the  Itritish  parliament,  and  appears  to  have  created  eonsideii.hlc  (Aclteiiniit.' 
\il<s'  /I'niist,)-,  of  .Inly  *_'7,  18'.''J,  xxii.  ;U!t,  cfmtains  extracts  fruin  tlie  I.iiikIiih 
TiiiiiH  and  Ihe  Linrimol  Mi  rriin/.  The  former  Hays:  'Sohuiik  has  (ho  country 
been  by  its  misfurtuuvs  that  the  impuriul  ducuuiunt  liua  bvcu  permitted  tu 


i 


350 


THE  OREGON  QUESTION. 


I 


sia  made  a  feeble  cffert  to  substantiate  her  claims  as 
based  ou  discovery;  tried  to  avoid  the  issue  by  the 
assertion  that  the  boundary  question  was  one  between 
lu'rself  and  JCnixland,  in  which  the  United  States  had 
no  interest;  even  set  up  the  plea  that  the  treaty  with 
S})ain  u^avc  the  United  States  a  right  only  to  territory 
north  of  42°,  and  not  to  anything  west  of  the  merid- 
ian where  that  line  touched  the  coast;  struggled  some- 
what earnestly  against  every  proposition  involving 
free  trade  on  her  coasts;  and  finally  consented  lo  a 
treaty  on  reasonable  terms.  So  far  as  her  exclusix  e 
pretensions  below  55°  were  concerned,  Russia  was 
altojiether  in  the  wrong,  even  if  her  rival  was  not 
entiri'ly  in  the  right;  and  the  intricacies  of  the  negci- 
tiation  have  but  slight  importance  in  history.  The 
treaty  was  signed  on  April  5th  ( I7th),  1H24.  ])y  it  the 
boundary  was  fixed  at  latitude  54^  40',  beyond  wliich 
neither  nation  was  to  found  any  establishment  or  to 
resort  without  permission  to  those  of  the  other;  though 
for  a  )K>riod  of  ten  years  the  vessels  of  either  nation 
were  to  have  free  access  for  trade  and  tisiiery  to  all 
interior  watei-s  of  the  other's  territory.  Thus  liussia's 
claims  below  54""  40'  were  relincpiished,  as  had  Ijcen 
those  of  S[)ain  above  42°,  to  the  United  States;  and 
the  field  of  controversy  between  the  latter  and  Great 
J^ritain  was  clearly  defmed."  In  February  1825  a 
treaty  was  concluded  between  England  and  Iiussi;i, 
by  which  the  latter  again  relin(|uished  her  claim  not, 
only  to  the  region  below  latitU(lo  54°  40',  but  to  tiu; 
broad  interior  u[>  to  the  frozen  ocean."    The  United 

pnss  '.vitliout  (inc  imliviilual  of  tho  llritinli  pnrliamont  having  v'-nturi'd  t(» 
oli.Mfi'vi'  iiiHiii  it.  I.ucliily  for  tlicMVdilcl  tin-  riiitoil  Stntj'sof  Aiiu'ricji  luivis  nc^r, 
sill>initt(il  uitli  ciiiiiil  |i!itioiii'(i  to  tlic  dfcrccs  <if  ♦lie  uutocrat.'  'I'lu'  Hiij'i.-t,  ,• 
of  lsi':«.  wiv.,  Iiiis  n  f.i-.iiccs  to  tin;  matter  on  iip.  IC,  1 1".',  IK!,  24."., 'JSI ,'  .'110. 
'I'lii.s  Milijcit  iittrmtcil  iiiiicli  iiiorc  ]io|iu1ar  atti'iitioii  tlian  tli<^  tlispuli:  u  illi 
(ll'cat  lU'itain.  In  tlic  la.st,  item  allinhvl  to  the  ili'liatc  in  tlu:  r'n^lisli  )>ailin 
mcnt  i:<  (li'sciilicil,  wlicn  in  rcL'aril  to  a  ipicstion  of  Sir  .lanii's  Mcintosh,  Mr 
f'annini;  ri'iilicd  tliat  liisfiovo'nnicnf  liail  jiroti'sti'd  agaiiitit  the  ItuBsian  \ik,i.'M', 
mill  tiial  n(';,'oti»tions  wire  Htill  iH'iiilin;;. 

"All  the  eorrespondenee,  (.-ti'.,  ineludin.n  tI(o  treaty,  is  fonn<l  in  the  /V'»i- 
il<iit'n  MfuM.  and  J)ur.,  l)vc.  l.'t,  iS'Jt,  ill  A m<rivaii  S((tte  I'ujurM,  Ihr,  licL,  v. 
4:VJ-TI. 

'"The  boundary  waa  54°  40',  Portland  Ciuiimel,  t«  50",  summit  of  coast 


ENGLISH  TRETEXSIOXS. 


3.j1 


lation 
to  nil 
issia's 
Item 
;  ant  I 
hvat 
•Jf)  a 
ussia, 
11  not 
o  tho 
iiititl 

Jtnvi'il  M 
liiivo  nut, 
1 /,''•./;■'•'• 

|si,  :n(t. 

li  ])arli;i 
|.)sli.  Mr 

I /.'.v.,  V. 

lot  I'Oilst 


States  made  no  foi  1  1  o])j(H'tion,  tliouuli  tliat  power 
!ia(l  j)rotcstc(l  in  advance  that  it  ".vonld  not  l)o  bound 
by  any  convention  made  by  England  separately. 

But  the  record  of  these  negotiations,  while  unim- 
portant so  far  as  the  Kussian  asjiects  of  the  matter  are 
concerned,  had  much  importance  in  its  bearing  on  tin.' 
J]nglish  pi'etensions;  because,  in  the  lirst  place,  it  con- 
taiiieil  incidentally  a  much  fuller  statement  of  tho  early 
litle-ij^ivinLT  transactions  than  had  bei'ore  been  extant; 
and  secondly,  it  included  very  delinite  assertions,  not 
only  of  an  exclusive  claim  on  the  jiai't  of  the  United 
States,  but  of  the  princij»les  constituting  what  was 
];no\vn  later  as  the  ^lonroe  doctrine.  It  was  the  desire 
ol'  tlie  United  States,  since  English  interests  as  well  as 
American  wereat  stake,  that  a  jvunt  convention  between 
the  three  powers  should  be  formed,  similar  to  that  of 
ISIS;  and  a  clause  was  also  suggested  to  t  he  effect  tha  t 
Jtussia  should  found  no  establishments  south  of  lati- 
tude 55°,  the  United  States  noun  north  of  51°,  and 
(Jreat  ]]iitain  none  north  of  55",  or  south  of  af, 
though  there  was  indicated  a  willingnciss  to  accept 
41)  instead  (»f  5l^  After  some  hesitation  JOngland 
nfused  to  join  in  tho  nt>gotiations,  partly,  as  we  may 
suj)[)ose,  ])ecause  of  the  latitude  suggested,  but  chietly 
lu'cause  of  the  recent  action  of  the  American  conuress 
and  pronndgation  of  the  ]\Ionroe  doctrine,  which  not 
only  was  displeasing  to  (Jreat  JJritain,  but  was  likely 
to  lie  eijually  so  to  Russia,  and  might  cause  a  kind  of 
defensive  alliance  betwt'en  the  two  ]towers  against 
American  [iretc-nsions.  I  apjx  nd  a  si'ries  of  biirf 
fpiotations,  to  ilhu;trate  tho  poNition  now  assumed  by 
the  I'nited  States."' 

iiMiiiiitaiiH.  and  Mist  iiiciidiiin  nni'tli  c.i  tlio  ocoiiii.  fi'nriifiinr'x  Or.  ntiil  ChI., 
1711  "'I.  'I'liis  writt'i  ihiiiiis,  |i|>.  .■!;:';>,  that  tliis  tiiaty  viitiially  aiitniHril 
tliatot  1S'_'I ,  liut  it  is  til  111'  iiidi'd  *.li." t  in  tlii'  fnrnii'i',  llus.sia  liail  iiicrcly  ;il,'i»i'i1 
imt  to  s(  till'  south  of  tlic  line;  ,v|ii,i!  in  the  latter  that  line  is  <  ailed  '  the  line 
of  deiiiai'iation  lietweeii  tile  jxissi's.sioiis  of  the  lii:,'h  conti-aetiiiu'  parties.' 

''•' ■ 'I'hi'  rijiht  of  tlie  I'liiied  States  from  I'J'  to  Jil  on  tiio  I'aeilii;  Occ^aii  wo 
roiisider  MS  iiinjiiotioiiaMi'.'a.''  founded  on  tlie  treaty  of  |N|'.*,  <  Jiay's  diseoveiy 
<if  tlie  ('iijiinilii.i,  Lewis  and  ('laili"'M  exploration,  and  tliesettieiiieiit  of  Asto- 
rill.  '  Till  I  territory  is  to  the  I'nited  Stiitis  of  an  iiiiportanee  \\  iiieh  no  pos- 
bcsNion  in  North  Anierieu  cun  he  to  uny  Fiiropean  iiutioii.'     'It  is' not  to  Ixj 


M 


852 


THK  OREOON  QUESTION. 


In  coiiirrGsa  the  matter  was  ai^ain  brought  up  at 
tlio  end  <)f  1823,  b}^  a  motion  of  Mr  Floyd  to  "in(|uiro 
into  the  exi>odiency  (»f  occupying  the  Columbia  or 
Oregon  river,"  and  by  the  committee  then  a])pointed 
a  bill  was  reported  in  January  1824.  An  estimate  of 
expense  for  the  transportation  of  troops  was  obtained 
from  the  quartermaster-general,  the  amount  being 
630,000.  In  April  a  letter  was  submitted  from 
Genijral  Jesup  on  the  advantage's  and  difficulties  of 
the  j)roposed  occupation.  This  otlicer  strongly  favored 
the  measure  from  a  military  point  of  view;  expressed 
the  opinion  that  there  should  be  at  least  three  posts 
on  the  Cohunbia;  and  added:  "They  would  afl'ord 
present  protection  to  our  traders,  and  on  the  expi- 
ration of  the  privilege  granted  to  British  subjects  to 
trade  on  the  waters  of  the  Columbia,  would  enable 

iloulited  that  long  hrforc  the  expiration  of  that  time  (ten  jTnra)  our  settlement 
lit  tlio  month  of  tlu'  ('(ilnnil)ia  Ifivcr  will  heeomo  ho  c'on8iilcral)l(!  as  to  oII'it 
means  of  usofiil  commercial  intercourse  with  tiio  Iiiissiuii  KctUcments.'    'J  he 

tirini'ipli!  of  the  convention  of  18IS  wna  that  the  Northwest  ("o;;st  '  could  not 
m;  considereil  ns  tlio  exclusive  jirojierty  of  an;/  I'luroiiean  nation.'  '  With  the 
excejition  of  the  ])riti»>h  establishments  north  of  tho  I'niteil  Slates,  the  remain- 
der of  iKitli  t'te  .'\meriean  continentn  inust  henceforth  l>e  left  to  the  iiianaKc- 
ment  of  American  iiunds.'  '  Tho  ri^jht  of  tho  United  States  to  tho  Coliimliiii 
River,  and  to  the  interior  territory  washed  liy  its  waters,  rests  n]K)n  the  di-i- 
I'overy'  hy  (iray,  (exploration  hy  Lewis  and  ("lurke,  settlement  <;f  Astoria,  and 
HC(iuisition  of  the  rights  of  Spain,  '  tho  only  European  power  who,  prior  to 
the  discovery  of  tho  river,  liad  any  pretensions  to  territorial  ri /hts.  .  .tho 
waters  of  the  ('olnmbia  extend  hy  tho  Multnomah  to  4'2' .  .  .and  hy  Clarke'.s 
River  to  M)'  or  .">! '. .  .To  tho  territory  thus  watered,  and  immediately  contigu- 
ous to  the  original  possessions  of  the  L'nitcd  States.  .  .they  consider  their 
ri;j;ht  to  l>e  now  established  by  all  thcpriiH^iples  which  have  I'vcr  been  applied 
to  Kuro]K'an  settlciiuints  on  tlm  American  hemis]>herl^'. .  . '  It  is  not  ima^^inahle 
that  in  the  jircscnt  condition  of  tho  world  any  European  nation  should  eiiter- 
t4iin  the  project  of  settling  a  colony  on  tho  Northwest  Coast.  That  the  l'nitcd 
States  should  form  est4iblislinients  there  with  views  of  absolute  tcriitoiial  ri;^lit 
iiiid  inland  eommnnication,  is  not  only  to  be  expected,  but  is  pointetl  out  by 
tho  finder  of  nature,  and  has  Iwen  for  many  years  a  subjetet  <if  serious  delibera- 
tion in  cou}j;ress.  A  jilan  has  for  several  sessions  been  before  them  for  estah- 
lidiin^a  territorial  (government  on  tlu?  Iionh-rs  of  the  Columbiii.  Itiver.  It 
will  unthmbtedly  be  resumed  at  their  next  session,  and  even  if  then  aj^'aiii 

tK)stponed  tiiere  cannot  be  a  doubt  that  in  tho  course  of  a  few  years  it  must 
le  carried  intoellect.'  'The  American  continent  henceforth  will  no  louKer 
be  subject  of  colon i^iition  .  .  .  tlieapplicatioif  of  colonial  princii>les  of  exclusion, 
tlu-refore,  cannot  lio  admitted  by  the  United  States  as  lawful  njionany  parlof 
the  XorthwestC'oast,  orasbeloniu'in^,'  to  any  Europea/i  nation.'  .  I  (A»  ;«>,•' n  ly --. 
1>>'2'A.  '  It  app'ars  probable  that  these  two  nations  (Spain  and  Kiiu'land)  lia\  n 
not  now  any  possession  upon  the  Northwest t-'onst  between 4'J  and  (it)'.'  Mhl- 
till  tun.  Mir(>at  Itritain,  having  no  est^dtlishment  or  imHsession  upon  any  |>art 
of  the  Northwest  ( 'oast  of  America,  she  can  have  no  right  or  preteiision,  except 
iHUcli  :ui  may  result  from  her  convention  with  Spain.    /(/.,  Jlijivrl  ^>  Aiituim. 


IN  CONGRESS  AGAIN. 


US  to  leiiiovf  tlioiii  from  our  territory  and  to  soeui'o 
tli(>  whole  to  our  citi/Ans."'"' 

Ill  tlie  discussions  ot'  December  some  siinflit  allusion 
was  made  to  English  ri^dits  under  the  treaty,  Itut 
alwaA's  to  ti'iiiporary  i-i<jfhts  only,  there  heiiii;'  nodouht 


cxnresKe 


'^ 


(I   of  the   title  of   the    riiited    Stat 


,es. 


Ml 


jJuchanan  thought  that  the  free-trade  of  t  lie  treaty  was 
diaiiictrically  iu  oj>[>ositioii  to  the  estahlisliiuent  of  the 
|tro|iosed  |M)ft  of  entry.  Mr  Smyth  admitted  that  I'^ii-^- 
lainl  liad  a  military  post  at  tlu!  mouth  of  tlie  ( 'olumhia, 
jiiid  a  light  to  retain  it  until  the  (xpiration  of  the  term 
of  tfii  years.  Mr  Trimhle  held  that  ";)ur  rights  will 
cease  at  the  end  often  yivirs;  and,  instead  of  our  people 
having  the  exclusive  right,  to  trade  then;  ai'ter  ( )ctol)er 
IS-JS,  we  shall  l)e  excluded  from  the  trade  entirely; 
wliefcas  if  we  take  possession  now  as  wi'  ought  to  d 
and  have  a  clear  ri'dit  to  do,  the  ri'>'lits  of  tin;  Ihitish 


<). 


traders  and    naMifators  there  wi 


cease  in 


Octol 


>er 


IS'JS.  Kngland  has  only  the  coh.r  of  a  claiiii,  hut  to 
'his  she  has  wrongfully  superadded  mi  actual  posses- 
sion: and  we  must  speedily  reoccn|»y  the  country,  or 
We  >hall  have  to  ti'eat  for  its  reclamation  at  an  ol,\i- 


ous  (lisa( 


Ivant; 


C'C 


Mr  Cook  even  "wished  to  [)!•( 


upon  the  hoiisi-  tlu^  (jUestioii  whether  the  estalilishment 
of  the  conteni[fiated  [)ost,  taking  formal  and  elfectual 
possession  of  tliat  region,  would  not  he  viewed  hy 
]"]ii<'land  as  an  infraction  of  tin  treaty."  lint  for  tin; 
nii>st  |tai't  the  discussion,  as  hefore,  I'elated  ti>  the 
e\|teiliency  rather  than  the  right  of  oecupntion.  sonie 


iininlters  a 


Iso    f; 


iNoniig  a  coloiiv  and  a  territorial  gov- 


d 


eninieiit  for  Oregon,  v.hile   otliei>.  ])refei'red  a  men^ 
military  ]»ost.     The    hill    was    pas.sed    DecemlHi-    'j;!, 


I(SL'4,  hy  a  vote  of  I  I  :>  to  .")7.  As  it  iiexcr  heeaiae  a 
l;iw  it  is  not  necessary  to  iiotiei'  its  fe;itui»'^^  nmie 
hillv.^' 


"AiiiinU  i<f  r»,iiir<x-<,  }ff>h  f'lih,.,  /st  S'^.1.,  8«iO,  108-t.  117s.  |-_»on.  HI12, 
'-;I4.">.     .Icsiiii'm  i'f|Mirt  W1I8  (liitfil  April  'JU,  |S'_M. 

'^  AiiiiiiIh  11/  Ciiii;ir'-<^,  I'll)  ('ni>:/..  .'il  S(  -.<.,  1 4  "JT.  .'!'•  "!:  li' iih.n  ■  Ahri'l  1. 
I>i>i(ii, ,  n/ I'oiiiirim,  viii.  •.*<)•_'  •_'!.  Mr  T'lovil  luUoil  iittinliuii  t.)  the  CdIuiiiIh.i 
i-egiiiii  'us  tlu'  >>nh  imiiit  mi  tlir  >,'li>l)i'  wlieic  u  ii>i\al  juiwcr  laii  I'la -li  tiit^ 
Uwi'.  N.  Vv.'CuAMi,  Vol.  11.    'li 


354 


THE  OREGON  QUESTION. 


In  his  nie.ssaj'e  to  conjjfrcss  of  December  1823, 
President  Moiinje  liad  said,  refenin<(  to  the  iiejj^otia- 
tions  aflectiiij^  the  Northwest  Coast:  "The  occasion 
lias  heeii  JiidLjed  ])roper  for  assertin*^  as  a  j)rincii)lo  in 
which  the  rij^hts  and  interests  of  the  United  States 
are  involved,  that  the  American  continents,  by  tho 
free  and  indejtcndunt  coiKhtion  which  they  have  as- 
sumed and  maintain,  are  henceforth  not  to  be  con- 
sidered as  sul)je('ts  for  future  colonization  by  ajiy 
European  jtowers."  This  was  the  subsequently  famous 
*  ^lonroe  doctrine.'  Of  course  this  announconent  had 
no  ett'ect  on  the  respective  rights  of  (jrreat  Britain  and 
the  United  States;  but  it  naturally  offended  the  former 
power,  and,  as  sup|)li'n)ented  by  the  policy  of  con^i^ress, 
and  espcci.dly  by  .lesup's  ])roj)osition  to  "removt- 
British  subjftts"  nt  the  expiration  of  the  ten  years, 
was  a  most  foi'inidable  obstacle  to  the;  suc(!uss  of  tho 
ney,otiations  to  be  recordeil  in  the  next  chapter.  In 
his  messai,'e  at  the  end  of  1824,  Piesident  Monro*; 
su<^'gested  "the  propriety  of  establishing  a  military 
post  at  the  mouth  ol"  the  Columbia,  or  at  some  othei- 
j)oint  in  that  Huarter  within  our  acknowledged  limits," 
recommending  an  ap[)ropriation  to  send  a  frigate  ibi- 
the  necessary  exploration."^ 

Efist  Iii(l;.T.  posMissiona  of  our  ftornal  ciicniy  f treat  Britain.'    Hy  ocenpyin;,'  it, 
'we  take  tin;  .stroii^'i'st  niid  surest  m'liirity  ot   liritain  t'nr  her  future  f;no(l 
lieliavior.'    We  also  "in^x'ui'e  and  jirotci.  tlie  ftii-trade,  worth  to  lCn;.'laii'l 
tin'ue  millions  oi  di  )lars  a  year.'     England  'wants  tmlhing  now,  to  j,'ivo  lit  r 
till!  eiitii'e  eontiol  ot  all  the  eoniinereL'  of  (In-  ^^ orld  for  aj."  -<  to  ( onii',  lait  ,i 

IKjsitiou  ouoiir  we.-ttein  i:oasi.  which  ^lie  will  !<iH>a  have  uuli  .>.s  vou  pa.is  this 
.ill.'  *       ' 

"/l»Mericu«  Slitlv  7'o/V/jf,  J-\>r.  /.'</.,  v.  -44i,  3.">8. 


CII^VPTER  XVI. 


THE  OREGON  QUESTION  COXTINXED. 

18J4-18J9. 

NKOOTiATioNa  OF  1824 — IlrsKissoN  AND  CA.vy:x« — Adams'  iNSmnCTIONS 
To  Rcsu — Statk.mknt  ok  the  AMt:i:i<  an  am>  liiiiTisii  Cl^vims — Pkoi-- 
ociTiONS  RuKfTKi) — Meiuts  OF  TiiK  Cask— Mknuok  Do(  tuine— Oc<r- 

I'ATION     OP    OkKOON     is     TIIK     SENATE,    ISi'l — VlKWS    OF    UeNTOV     ANI> 

Otiikus— Key- NOTE  OF  American  Sentimknt— lUvLiEs'llErouT,  IS-Ji! — 
Neootiaiions  of  182(i-7-  Um.laiin  vek.->i  s  Hi  .s;;is.s<iN  am»  Aodinu- 
TON — Claims  ano  Coi!nteii,-cl.\ims— Kx>u  sivk  Titlk  of  the  L'mteo 
States,  wnii  Bkitish  O'uections— I»is«(>vi.i;v— Seitlement— Cos- 
Tiiii  ity — Si'ANisH  Title— XooTKA  Convention — CiMr  laitv  e  Title  — 
UxiTEi)  States  Oekeu  49'  ano  Xavii;ation  oe  the  C<ilimiiia— Evt;- 

LAMJ   OkEEUS  the  COLIIMltIA  ano   SoITMEKN   SiIoKE  OF    FlC  A  STKAIT  - 

Nor  AivEiTEL'— Joint  Oo  rpAscv  Inoekinitely  Kxtenoeo — (Ialla- 
tin's  SiJooESTioNa  OF  Policy — Co.no uessional  Disci»si(»n  of  ISJs-'.l. 


In  the  negotiations  of  London,  1S"J4,  Knj^land  was 
n'presented  l>y  William  liu>.lviss(»n  and  Stratford 
Canninj^,  and  the  l'nito<l  Statos  by  ^[r  Rush.  The 
iiistriictions  of  8c«'r<  tary  \danjs  t<»  the  latter  lia\»! 
;ilivady  boon  cited  at  sotin."  l«-nL,4h.'  In  thoia  it  is 
.staled  as  a  ri'asitn  for  <  |»ellin^•  noLC'tiations  so  loii^- 
before  tho  expiration  of  tbo  e-xistiii'^  treaty:  "This 
iiitiiost  is  connecto'd  in  a  ni.iniier  be.-. .minn^  from  day 
to  day  moiv  iin}»ortaMt  with  our  territorial  rii:;bls; 
with  the  boinulai'y  relati.n^  between  us  and  the  JJiit- 
i>h  Xorlh  Anicrieaii  deiuiiiious;  with  the  whole  sysLem 
of  our  intercourse  with  tije  Indian  tribes;  with  tin; 
I'ui-trade:  the  iisherie-  '\n  the  I*aeiti<'  ( )cean;  the  coin- 
iiierce  with  the  Sandw  ieh  IsUnds  and  (  hina;  with  our 
lioundary  uixm  Mexi«  •;  and,  Ia>tly,  with  our  political 

'Sec  note  11)  of  the  pii'ttMling  .Imptcr. 


.'{.jO 


THE  OREGON  QUESTION  CONTINUED. 


.standing  and  intercourse  with  the  Russian  Ein]>ire."- 
Af'ter  Clreat  ISritain's  refusal  to  treat  for  a  joint  conven- 
tion with  the  United  States  and  Jiussla,  the  Anieriean 
cnsoy  continued  liis  effcnls  to  si-cure  a  separate  treaty, 
c()U)liininL;'  tliis  subject  with  sevei'al  others  respectini;' 
wliich  negotiations  were  pending.  It  canio  up  first 
at  the  ek'venth  conference  on  April  1,  1824,  and  was 
discussed,  verl)ally  for  the  most  part,  at  several  suhse- 
<|mnt  conferences,  until  July  lUth.  The  s])irit  of  the 
(liscussion  on  Itotli  sides  was  shown  in  Mr  Hush's 
report  of  August  12th,  in  which  he  announced  tho 
failui-e  of  his  efforts.^ 

INIr  Hush,  in  accordance  with  his  instructions,  made 
a  dt'tinite  announcement  of  his  government's  claim  to 
exclusive  ownership  of  the  Northwest  Coast,  From 
S})ain  the  Unit(.'d  States  had  ol)tained  in  1819  a  riglit 
"surpassing  file  riglit  of  all  other  Kuro})ean  })(jwers  on 
liiat  coast,"  Sjtain  ha\ing  losl,  "all  her  exclusive  colo- 
nial 1  i''lits  reco'niized"  hy  the  Nootka  convention  of 
I  "'.HI,  l)()th  hi't-ause  of  tlie  independence  of  the  Spanish 
American  States,  and  of  her  renunciation  of  all  claims 
ahove  latitude  4.1  .  Ihii  apart  from  the  right avquiicd 
from  S|»ain,  "the  United  Stat((s  claimed  in  their  own 
right  and  as  their  ahsohitc^  and  exchisivt'  sovei'eigiity 
.-ind  dominion  the  whole  of  the  country  west  of  tlie 
Jiocky  Mountains  from  the  42(1  to  at  least  as  far  uji 
as  the  .Olst  degree  of  north  latitude,"  a  right  de- 
|»ending  on  the  discovery  of  the  Columhia  by  (jlray 
iVom  the  sea  and  by  Lewis  and  Clark*;  from  the  inte- 
I'ior,  and  on  tin;  Astor  settlement.  Moreover,  he  an- 
nouni-ed  the  Monroe  doctrine,  that  no  }>art  of  tlie 
American  continent  was  longer  open  to  colonization 
bv    foreiL-iiers.      ]  lavinijf  thus   clearly  set    forth   the 

-  Tliu  instructions  ofJuly'J'J,  1823,  aro  givi'u  also  in  Ainrncnn  Stale  /'(i/h  /•■<, 
For.  /.'./.,  V.  7!)l   :t. 

'^  Aiii<  rirtiii  Sliitc  J'ti/tiri,  For.  J'rI.,  v,  ."i.Vl-lit,  ">S2,  lu'iii,!,'  tli(>  rtimrt  of 
liiisli,  |iiMtiM ols  of  tlio.st!  oonfcrciu'i's  at  wliicli  tlic  Nortliwo.st  ('o:i^t  was  cdii- 
»-;ili'i('il,  a:i<l  a  IVw  otlier  jiapcis  on  the  fiuliji'ft.  'I'lic  xn'ioIo  coiTcspi'iidcnif  on 
hix  to|iii'i  of  discussion,  of  which  tlic  Xoithwrst  Coast  was  only  one.  ami  not 
a  |ironiini.'nt  one,  is  found  in  /</.,  .">IO-iSJ,  licing  ihv  J'nsiJcid's  .Udif.  uml  jMic, 
Jim.  -JO,  IbL'J. 


rPOPOSALS  RKTECTKD. 


3:7 


))riM('ii)U's  Involved,  the  Ainericiin  envoy  proposed  ns 
ii  settlement  of  the  <|iiestion,  an  extension  of  arti.'le 
;')  of  the  eonvention  of  1818  for  an  additional  pe)  iod 
often  years,  with  a  stiimlation  that  during  that  time 
no  Hi'ttlements  should  he  made  hy  the  subjects  of 
(heat  Britain  south  t)f  latitude  51°,  or  by  Americans 
north  of  that  line. 

Th(!  Enolish  commissioners  refused  to  accept  eitlier 
principles  or  proposal.  "They  saiil  that  Great  l^rit- 
ain  considered  the  whole  of  the  unoccuj)ie(l  parts  of 
America  as  bein<^  open  to  her  future  settlements  in 
like  manner  as  heretofore,  as  well  that  portion  of 
the  Northwest  Coast  between  the  42d  and  the  .list 
•  It'Hrees  as  any  other  parts.  She  had  not,  by  her  con- 
vention with  Spain  in  1700,  or  at  any  other  period, 
conceded  to  that  power  any  exclusive  rifjhts  on  that 
coast  where  actual  settlements  had  not  been  fornu-d. 
She  could  not  concede  to  the  United  States,  who  lield 
tlie  Spanish  title,  claims  which  she  had  felt  liersclf 
oblin'i  d  to  resist  when  atlvanced  by  Spain."  Xoi-  would 
(Ireat  ]^ritain  atlmit  the  validity  of  the  discovery  by 
('a))tain  Gray;  or  that  tlu;  entrance  of  a  private  indi- 
\  idual  into  a  river,  even  if  it  were  the  discovery,  could 
L;ive  the  United  States  a  claim  up  and  down  the  coast 
to  regions  that  had  been  previously  exjtlored  l>v  ofii- 
cially  despatched  ]>ritish  expeditions  like  that  ol'Cook. 
It  was  added,  in  part  erroiuiously,  that  "on  the  coast, 
a  few  degrees  south  of  the  Columbia,  Britain  had  made 
purchases  of  territory  from  the  natives  before  llu^ 
United  States  were  an  independent  power,  and  ujion 
that  river  itself,  or  u[)on  rivers  that  ilowed  into  it,  her 
'subjects  had  foinied  settk'ments  coeval  with,  if  not 
pi'ior  to,  the  settlenunt  by  American  citizens  at  irs 
mouth."  Drake's  exploration  uj»  to  48  was  also  ab 
iuded  to,  the  Americans  in  reply  settin;_>'  the  liiuil  at 
4:5  ,  antl  referrinjj;"  to  Fuca's  voy.i«j;c  and  Ai»;uilai"s  up 
to  45°.  The  Enijflislimen  denied  most  emphatically 
tliat  the  restoration  of  Fort  Astoria  under  the  treaty 
of  Ghent  had  any  bearing  on  the  title;  and  also  that 


H^ 


n:.8 


TIIK  ORKCION  QUESTION  COXTINrKI). 


lli(>  N<K>tka  oonvontion  Imd  iccojjfnizccl  or  impliod  any 
I'xclu.sivo  title  holoiij^inj;  to  Spain. 

Groat  l^ritaiii  proposed,  liowever,  prctentlinfj  con- 
ceHsion,  to  accept  as  a  l)oun(lary  the  line  of  4I>^  from 
the  mountains  to  the  north-east  branch  of  the  Colmn- 
hia,  known  as  McCiillivray  River,  ami  down  the  river 
io  the  sea,  neither  party  to  found  estahlishnients  he- 
yond  this  line,  but  those  already  founded  not  to  lu- 
disturbed  for  ten  years,  the  whole  region  to  be  free 
lor  trade;  to  both  parties  for  the  same  pi-riod,  and  the? 
navigation  of  the  Columbia  to  be  forever  hv.o  to  the 
v(!ssels  of  both  nations.  This  was  rejected,  as  was 
in  its  turn  the  amended  proposition  of  the  Americans 
offiring  the  latitude  of  41)"  instead  of  51°  as  a  boun- 
darv.  Thus  nothing  was  effected  by  the  Americans, 
and  the  convention  of  IHIS  remained  in  force.  Mr 
Jvush  found  the  ]]ritish  representatives  very  inde- 
pendent in  their  tone,  and  by  no  means  disposed  to 
be  conciliatory,  but  leather  to  complain  of  the  attitude 
recently  assumed  by  the  Unite«l  States. 

Thus  the  United  States  openly  asserted  exclusive 
ownership  of  the  Northwest  ('oust.  The  title  resting 
on  the  Spanish  claim  and  on  the  operations  of  (Jiay, 
Lewis  and  Clarke,  and  Astor  was  now  deemed  |»er- 
I'ect.  Apparently  each  «»f  the  two  elements  consti- 
tuted about  thiee  fourths  of  a  title,  the  two  combined 
amounting  to  a  title  and  a  half;  whereas  if  either  had 
been  ]ieriect,  and  the  other  consequcntl}"  nothing,  tin; 
sum  total  would  have  been  only  one  title.  Thus  each 
elenu'ut  was  ingeniously  lel't  weak  enough  to  give  the 
other  str(!ngth.  (ireat  Britain  disputed  the  exclusive 
title  of  the  United  States,  but  claimed  none  for  her- 
self 

Though  not  jjresented  in  its  full  strength  l\y  Tlus- 
kisson  and  Canning,  who  made  more  blunders  than 
Rush,  the  position  assumed  was  a  sound  one,  how- 
soev(>r  the  proposition  to  adopt  the  Columbia  as  a 
boundary  might  be  regarded.  That  Gray's  entry 
into  a  river  previously  discovered,  on  a  coast  repeat- 


FUUIirXTITiS  AM)  SKXTLrRS. 


n.-.o 


fdly  txi)lori'<l  hy  vi-ssi-Ih  of  jlilliri'iii  iiiitioiis,  even 
.IS  snpim'mcntod  V)y  J^cwis  and  Claikii's  t'xjilinatinii 
».r  eastern  liranclios  up  to  47°,  could  ^'ivc  to  tlic 
rnilod  States  a  title  to  tlie  whole  coast  north  and 
south  to  the  suppo.sc<l  hea«I-\vaters  of  the  main  ( '<»hun- 
hia.  lirst  cxi»lored  for  hundreds  of  miles  hy  Ihitisji 
sul»je<tH;  and  of  the  ^[ultnomah,  explon-d  hy  VjU*^- 
lish  hunters  if  at  all,  is  a  proptisition  that  eaimot 
wholly  he  sustained.*  The  rij^ht  of  (ireat  ]Jritain 
ri'sted  solely  on  the  actual  occupation  hy  her  fur- 
hunti'rs  of  several  points  in  the  territory;  hut  occupa- 
tion hy  fur-hunters  is  (piito  diflerent  i'rom  occu[)ation 
hy  settlers.  The  ri;i^ht  of  the  United  Stat(\s  n-sted 
on  the  occupation  of  Fort  Astoiia  and  a  few  other 
points,  the  validity  of  which  had  Ix^en  conceded  hy 
KaL^land.  How  lonj^  the;  validity  of  such  a  possession 
wctuld  continue  without  actual  oec.'Upation  is  a  (juestion 
that  seems  never  to  have  been  discussed;  ])erhaps 
until  the  (>xpiration  of  the  ten  years.  Neither  rii;ht 
amounted  to  anythinj^  like  an  exclusive  title,  hut  the 
Ihitish  was  a  little  less  ahsurd  than  the  American. 
Had  each  claimed  the  right  to  exclude  the  other, 
tliey  would  have  been  about  upon  an  ecjuality.  I 
cannot  thiidv  that  the  United  States  j)ossessed  the 
right  to  exclude  English  settlers  south  of  the  Colum- 
bia, or  that  the  English  had  the  right  to  exclude  the 
Anieiicans  north  of  that  line;  indeed  the  latter  claimed 
no  such  right.  At  this  stage  of  the  procec^dings  and 
for  these  many  years  it  was  simi»ly  a  matter  for  ar'oi- 
t  ration."* 

'  It  mIiouM  also  be  iiotetl  tlmt  Fvancr  Iiivcr,  (lincovorfil  by  tlif  Spiiui.in1><  in 
111  licfori!  l"!*"-,  WU8  oxploreil  fur  some  (listaiit'i^  l»y  MiuUcn/ic  iit  ]~'Xi.  'J'I.i.h, 
iiriniiliii^'  to  tlio  American  tlieory  of  lS'J4,  would  ciM'tjiiiily  give  I''.n;r1aiiil  a 
lii'ttiT  title  down  to  •to' than  Lewin  and  ClarkeH  later  operations  cnuld  jiivo 
tlie  I'nited  St^ttvH  al)ovo  that  latitude.  'J'wisn,  Or.  (Jmsl.,  '2H-1-'),  ))oints  out 
the  iiii'onvcniencu  of  UuhIi'h  theory  as  applied  to  such  streams  as  the  I'olumliiii 
and  Fiaser. 

■' Mr  (irccnhow,  Or,  and  Cnl.,  340-1,  eomnients  ns  follows  on  one  ]ihase  of 
tiie  negotiation:  'The  introduction  by  him  (Mi'  ISusli)  of  the  NiMitka  lonven- 
-ion  as  an  olcMuent  in  tho  controversy  was  aeeordinj;  to  e.\i)ress  iri.-itnictions 
from  his  j^ovcminent.  It  appears  to  have  iK-en  wholly  unneee.ssji-.y,  and  was 
I'lrtaiidy  im[>olitie,  ,  No  allusion  had  In-en  made  to  that  arran^^'cment  in  any 
of  the  pruvioua  Ui»cu8»ioua  with  regard  to  the  north-west  cojiats,  ami  it  was 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


jiO     "'"= 

>?  IIIIIM 
I!:  m 


IIM 

Z2 
2.0 


1.8 


1-25      1.4      1.6 

^^     ^    ^ 

^ 6"     

► 

V] 


^. 


(^ 


//, 


O 


>W^ 


/ 


w 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIM  STiiliET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.     4580 

(716)  873-4S03 


£: 


ip 


\ 


w 


h 


\\ 


% 


V 


^ 

% 


v^'   ^ 


^ 


^t^^ 


■4f 


A 


300 


THE  OREGON  QUESTION  CONTINUED. 


The  announcement  of  the  Monroe  doctrine  had,  of 
course,  no  bearing  on  the  merits  of  the  question,  or 
on  the  rights  of  European  nations.  The  United 
States  liad  a  right  to  announce  and  maintain  this  pol- 
icy of  self-defence,  and  by  force  or  a  standing  tliix'at 
to  employ  force,  to  prevent  Eur<^pean  colonization  on 
the  Northwest  Coast,  or  in  any  other  part  of  Amer- 
ica, if  they  possessed  the  power." 

At  the  end  of  1824,  as  we  have  seen,  the  lower 
house  of  congress  had  passed  a  bill  for  the  occupation 
of  the  Oregon  Territory,  and  President  Monroe  had 
rcconunended  the  measure  in  his  last  message.  In 
February  1825  the  bill  was  discussed  in  the  senate, 
chiefly  by  Barbour  of  Virginia,  Dickerson  of  New 
Jersey,  and  Benton  of  Missouri.  The  two  questions 
considered  by  Mr  Barbour  were,  Have  the  United 
States  a  right  to  the  territory  proposed  to  be  settled.'' 
and,  Is  it  politic  now  to  occupy  it  in  the  way  proposed 
by  the  bill?  Both  of  these  questions  he  decided  most 
emphatically  in  the  affirmative, without  entering  very 
fully  into  detail,  but  referring  with  approval  to  the 
arjjuments  of  Mr  Rush  in  the  recent  neji^otiations.^ 

douhtlcsa  considered  extinct;  but  ■when  it  was  thus  brought  forward  l)y  t!io 
Aniericau  goveinnient  ill  connection  with  the  declarjit'  ainst  European 

colonization,  as  a  settlement  of  general  principles  with  i  to  these  coasts, 

an  ai'gunu'nt  was  atl'orde<l  in  favor  of  the  Rubsistencc  the  convention  ui 
which  the  British  government  did  not  fail  to  take  ail\antage,  as  will  ]»; 
hereafter  shown.  If  the  Nootka  convention  were,  as  asserted  by  the  secre- 
tary of  state,  a  detinitivo  settlement  of  general  principles  of  national  law 
respecting  navigation,  etc.,  it  would  be  difficult  to  resist  the  pretensions  of 
the  Brrtish  plenipotentiaries  with  regard  to  the  territories  west  of  the  llocky 
dountains.' 

"The  Monroe  doctrine  is  believed  to  have  been  devised  secretly  by  rcjirr- 
sentatives  of  the  United  States  and  ]"]ngland  as  a  measure  against  the  lloly 
xUliance,  to  prevent  the  re-occupation  by  Spain  of  her  former  American  col- 
onies. To  assert  it  against  England  so  soon  and  in  so  petty  a  matter  was,  to 
say  the  least,  a  very  peculiar  phase  of  American  diplomacy. 

'  '  If,'  as  Mv  Barbour  l>elievc<l,  'America  in  the  spiritof  friendship  and  ftir- 
boarancc  had  made  a  sacrilice  to  Russia  of  five  degrees  of  her  just  claims  on  tlm 
Northwest  Coast,  and  in  the  same  spirit  had  been  willing  to  make  nii  eiiiml 
sacrifice  to  Great  Britain  ( I),'  he  hoped  'on  her  part  she  would  eagerly  sei/c  this 
pi'oof  of  good-will,  antl  close  with  the  terms  proposed.  Bo  that  as  it  may,  tlic 
United  States  can  yield  no  further.  As  a  consecinence  our  claim  must  be  licld 
as  uiKiuestionablc  many  degrees  to  the  iiortli  of  the  proposed  settlement.  .\s 
a  matter  of  curiosity,  and  indeed  as  connected  with  the  (juestion  in  hand,  oiu- 
may  be  permitted  to  recur  to  the  pretensions  of  the  European  nations  to  tho 


FRESH  DISCUSSIONS. 


m 


to    tilt 


rd  by  the 

coasts, 
ntiuii  «)t' 
will  1»^ 
socrc- 
oiial  liiw 
uijionH  of 
ic  Kocky 

hy  rcpri'- 
tiu!  Holy 
•icaii  >-'ol- 
r  was,  to 

ami  for- 

UH  oil  tll<' 

nil  o<|Uiil 

s('izt' tlii-i 
may,  tlu^ 

t  1)0  llL'ld 

lout.  A-i 
land,  oiif 
IS  to  tlio 


Mr  Dickcrson  in  opposing  the  measure  did  not 
doubt  the  validity  of  liis  nation's  title,  tlioiigli  ho 
more  nearly  took  that  ground  than  aii}*  American 
speaker  that  had  preceded  him.  *'  It  is  true,"  he  said, 
"by  the  operation  of  certain  causes  we  have  acquired 
that  territory;  but  that  circumstance  surely  imposes 
upon  congress  no  obligation  to  provide  for  its  occupa- 
tion or  population,  unless  the  interests  of  the  United 
States  should  require  it;"*  and  this  he  denied.  "Ore- 
gon can  never  be  one  of  the  United  States.  If  we 
extend  our  laws  to  it,  wo  must  consider  it  as  a  colony." 
And  he  expressly  declared  that  the  adojition  of  the 
measure  "would  interfere  with  existing  relations 
between  the  British  government  and  ours."  "This 
treaty  expires  in  1828,  until  which  period  it  will  be 
highly  improper  to  take  possession  of  this  territory 
by  military  force,  or  to  establish  a  port  of  entry  there ; 
or  indeed  to  exercise  any  act  of  possession  or  occupa- 
tion we  did  not  exercise  at  the  period  of  making  this 
treaty;  more  especially  in  that  part  of  the  territory 
to  which  the  British  government  laid  claim,  however 
unfounded."  The  measures  could  but  j^rovoke  a  col- 
lision needlessly;  at  any  rate,  diplomatic  methods 
should  first  be  exhausted;  and  "should  the  negotia- 
tions occupy  many  j^ears,  it  ought  to  excite  no  regret, 
as  it  would  give  the  unhappy  natives  of  that  region  a 
little  more  time  to  breathe  upon  the  face  of  the  earth, 
before  the  final  process  of  extermination.  If  the 
two  governments  would  malie  a  perpetual  treaty,  to 

(litTcrent  portions  of  the  new  world.  Spain,  under  whom  wc  claim  (?),  has  un- 
iiui'stionably  the  undividetl  credit  of  ita  lirst  discovery,  and  to  the  extent  to 
«  IulIi  this  fact  goes,  the  ))est  title,  to  which  she  Jias  superadded  the  j,'raiit  of 
the  head  of  the  Christian  world,  in  the  person  of  the  pope ;  and  liowever 
I'iiliculoiis  the  latter  may  seem  at  this  time,  at  the  time  of  the  exercise  of  this 
liiyh  ]irerogativo  it  was  respected  by  the  civilized  world.' 

"  Ho  describes  the  bill  as  follows :  '  \'>y  the  present  bill,  that  portion  of 
country  lying  on  the  Pacilic  Ocean,  north  of  the  4"2d  degree,  and  west  of  tlie 
Koiky  ^lountains,  is  to  be  erected  into  the  territory  of  Oregon,  without 
(li'tiuing  its  northern  boundary.  The  president  to  occupy  the  same  with  a 
military  force,  and  cause  a  suitable  fortilication  to  be  erected.  The  Indian 
title  to  bo  extinguished  f<n"  a  tract  not  exceeding  30  miles  sriuare.  To  erect  ii 
port  of  entry. .  .whenever  ho  shall  think  the  public  good  may  reiiuiro  it,  and 
to  appoint  otlicers,'  etc. 


302 


THE  OREGON  QUESTION  CONTINUED. 


take  no  further  possession  of  that  territory  than  they 
now  have,  they  would  do  more  for  the  cause  of 
humanity  than  has  been  done  in  the  present  age." 
On  tliis  senator's  motion  the  bill  was  laid  on  tlie  table. 
But  it  was  taken  up  again  a  few  days  later,  thougli 
it  appears  from  remarks  made  at  the  time  that  tlierc 
was  no  intention  of  passing  the  bill  during  this  session, 
in  order  to  give  Mr  Benton  an  opportunity  of  express- 
ing his  views.  The  senator  from  Missouri  regarded 
Mr  Dickerson's  speech  as  "a  general  assault  upon  the 
principle,  tlie  policy,  and  the  details  of  the  bill;"  and 
his  own  avowed  purpose  was  "to  expose  and  confute 
those  parts  of  the  gentleman's  argument  in  which  he 
had  favored  the  pretensions  of  Great  Britain  at  the  ex- 
])ensc  of  the  rights  and  interests  of  his  own  country." 
Beginning  with  the  false  assumption  that  Dickerson 
had  admitted  the  validity  of  the  English  title  north 
of  the  Columbia,  the  speaker  proceeded  to  indulge  in 
a  series  of  brilliant  misrepresentations  of  the  question 
at  issue.  The  spirit  of  his  remarks  and  the  accuracy 
of  his  statements  are  clearly  illustrated  by  the  appended 
extracts  from  his  speech." 

'  'The  moment  we  discovered  it  [the  Cohimbia]  she  [England]  claimed  it; 
and  without  a  color  of  title  in  her  hand  she  has  labored  ever-sincc  to  overreach 
us  in  tlie  arts  of  negotiation,  or  to  bully  us  out  of  our  discovery  by  menaces 
of  wai'.  In  1700  Captain  Gray  of  Boston  discovered  the  Colund)ia;  and  in 
1803  Lewis  and  Clarke  were  sent  to  complete  the  discovery  of  the  whole  river, 
and  to  take  formal  possession  in  the  name  of  their  government.'  No  sucli 
possession  was  taken,  to  say  nothing  of  the  inaccurate  dates.  'In  1793  Mac- 
kenzie had  been  sent  to  effect  the  same  object ;  but  ho  missed  the  sources  of 
the  river. .  .and  struck  the  I'acific  500  miles  north  of  the  Columbia.'  Yet  lie 
found  a  river  flowing  into  the  Pacific  farbclowthe  head-waters  of  the  Columbia, 
us  Mr  IJenton  docs  not  add.  Having  at  lirst  alleged  the  discoveries  of  Cook  and 
the  purchase  of  lands  from  the  natives,  'in  subsequent  negotiations  the  Britisli 
agents  further  rested  their  claim  upon  the  discoveries  of  Mackenzie  in  1793, 
the  seizure  of  Astoria  during  the  late  war' — no  such  point  had  been  urged — 
'and  the  Nootka  Sound  treaty  of  1790,'  which  in  fact  had  as  yet  been  mentioned 
only  by  the  United  States.  '  Such  an  exhibition  of  title  is  ridiculous,  and  would 
be  contemptible  in  the  hands  of  any  other  power  than  that  of  Great  Britain.  Ol. 
the  live  grounds  of  claim  which  she  has  set  iip,  not  one  is  tenable  against  the 
slightest  examination.  Cook  never  saw  any  part  of  the  Northwest  Coast  in 
tlie  latitude  of  the  Columbia' — but,  yes,  in  latitudes  claimed  by  the  United 
States.  As  to  the  sale  of  lands,  the  natives  'are  said  to  have  resided  to  the 
"south"  of  the  Columbia;  by  consequence,  they  did  not  reside  upon  it,  and 
could  have  no  right  to  sell  a  country  of  whicli  they  were  not  possessors; '  yet 
tho  land  was  still  within  the  United  States  claim,  or  would  have  been  had 
not  the  sale  and  land  been  entirely  mythical.     Mackenzie's  trip  haa  been 


CLAIM  TO  EXCLUSIVE  OUTfERSHIP. 


363 


The  argument,  like  many  another  presented  in  later 
years,  derived  its  force  or  plausibility  from  the  un- 
founded assumption  that  England  like  the  United 
States  claimed  an  exclusive  title  to  the  Northwest 
Coast.  Moreover,  attention  was  drawn  almost  wholly 
to  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  and  to  the  post  of 
Astoria.  It  was  not  difficult  to  show  that  Enjjland 
liad  no  right  to  expel  the  Americans  from  Astoria; 


already  mentioned.  On  the  seizure  of  Astoria  Mr  Benton  says:  'Mr  Bagot 
[ill  Its  17]  was  remonstrating  against  tlie  occupation  by  the  United  States  of 
the  Culumbia,  and  reciting  that  it  had  been  taken  posseision  of  in  his  majesty's 
name,  during  the  late  war,  "and  had  since  been  considoud  as  forming  a  pai't 
of  liis  ilajesty's  dominions."  The  word  "since"  is  exchisive  of  all  previous 
pretensions;  and  the  Ghent  treaty,  which  stipulates  f(U-  the  restoration  of  all 
the  captured  posts,  is  a  complete  extinguisher  to  this  idle  prctcns-ion. '  Now 
this  is  a  deliberate  misrepresentation.  Instead  of  the  words  'during  the  late 
war,' Mr  Bagot  had  used  tho  word  '  early, '  referring  to  a  period  long  pre- 
I'cdiiig  the  war,  as  Mr  Benton  well  knew.  The  clause  of  tho  Nootka  con- 
vention relied  upon  by  England  '  is  that  which  gives  the  right  of  landing  on 
parts  of  the  Northwest  Coast  not  already  occupied,  for  the  purpose  of  carrying 
on  commerce  and  making  settlements.  The  first  inquiry  is  whether  the  coast 
ill  tho  latitude  of  the  Columbia  was  unoccupied  at  the  date  of  the  Nootka 
treaty.  The  answer  is  in  tho  affirmative.  Tho  second  is,  whether  tho  English 
lauded  upon  this  coast  while  it  was  so  unoccupied.  The  answer  is  in  the  nega- 
tive'— this  is  not  true  ludess  by  latitude  of  the  Columbia  its  mouth  only  is 
considered — 'and  this  answer  puts  an  end  to  all  pretension  of  British  claim 
fouuiled  upon  this  treaty,  without  leaving  us  under  the  necessity  of  recurring 
to  the  fact  that  the  permission  to  land  and  make  settlements,  so  fur  from  con- 
templating an  acquisition  of  territory,  was  limited  Ijy  subsequent  restrictions. ' 
There  were  no  such  restrictions  to  the  erection  of  temporary  huts  for  the  per- 
sonal accommodation  of  fishermen  and  traders  only.  'Tiie  truth  is,  Mr  I'resi- 
dent,  (.Jreat  Britain  has  no  colorof  title  to  the  country  in  question.  She  ^et8 
up  none.  There  is  not  a  paper  upon  the  face  of  tho  earth  in  which  a  British 
minister  has  stated  a  claim . . .  the  claim  of  Ctreat  Britain  is  nothing  but  a  naked 
pretension,  founded  in  the  double  prospect  of  benefiting  herself  and  injuring 
tlie  United  States.  The  fur-trader,  Sir  Alexander  Mackenzie,  is  at  the  bottom 
of  this  policy.'  Mr  Benton  inaccurately  stated  that  tho  line  of  49'  was  fixed  by 
commissioners  under  the  treaty  of  Utrecht.  '  This  boundary  was  accpiieseed  in 
for  a  hundred  years.  By  pi'oposing  to  follow  it  to  the  summit  of  tho  Rocky 
Mountinns  the  British  government  admits  its  validity;  by  refusing  to  follow 
it  out  they  become  obnoxious  to  the  charge  of  inconsistency,'  etc.  Benton 
Would  not  consume  the  time  of  the  senate  in  tracing  the  titles  of  Spain.  They 
wei'c  universally  known  to  have  been  valid  against  Russia  to  latitude  oS",  antl 
against  England  throughout  its  whole  extent.  Having  disposed  of  the  ques- 
tion of  title,  Benton  took  up  that  of  possession.  On  this  point  he  took 
four  p(  sitions:  '  1.  That  the  United  States  had  the  right  of  possession' — True 
only  so  far  as  the  post  of  Astoria  was  concerned.  '"2.  That  Great  Britain  ha<l 
the  actual  possession.  3.  That  she  resists  the  possession  of  the  United  States' 
—not  the  possession  of  Astoria.  '4.  That  after  1828  the  party  in  possession 
will  have  the  right  of  possession  until  tho  question  of  title  shall  be  decided 
liy  arms  or  negotiation.'  But  for  some  gross  exaggerations  of  Dickerson's 
positions,  the  arguments  on  these  points  were  similar  to  those  employed  by 
Ik'nton  in  an  early  session,  as  already  noted.  Finally  he  presented  an  argu- 
ment in  favor  of  the  desirability  and  expediency  of  occupying  the  territory. 


304 


THE  OREGON  QUESTION  CONTINUED. 


that  slie  claimed  no  such  right  was  left  entirely  out 
of  sight.  The  real  question,  tlie  right  of  the  Unitefl 
States  to  exclude  British  subjects — who  had  preceded 
the  Americans  on  the  coast  both  as  explorers  and 
traders,  who  had  been  the  first  to  explore  a  large; 
part  of  the  Columbia,  and  who  were  in  fur-trading 
possession  of  the  country — from  the  broad  tract  of 
coast  and  interior  stretching  northward  to  the  head- 
waters of  the  Columbia,  a  right  resting  on  the  facts 
that  Americans  had  been  first  to  enter  the  river, 
to  explore  its  eastern  branches,  and  follow  its  main 
course  to  the  sea — this  question  was  not  discussed 
at  all.  I  am  well  aware  that  it  is  not  my  duty  to 
reply  to  partisan  speeches  in  congress;  but  I  have 
noticed  this  one  at  considerable  length  because  in 
it  was  struck  the  kev-note  of  what  became  later 
the  prevalent  American  sentiment,  one  of  unintelli- 
gent, but  for  the  most  part  honest,  derision  of  the 
British  'pretensions'  on  the  Northwest  Coast,  wliieli 
made  it  well  nigh  treason  to  doubt  the  perfect  validity 
of  the  United  States  title.  INIr  Benton  concluded 
by  stating  that  whatever  use  the  republic  miglit 
eventually  decide  to  make  of  her  Pacific  territories, 
"  there  were  certain  preliminary  points  on  which  hv 
believed  that  both  the  senate  and  the  people  of  the 
United  States  would  cordially  agree,  namely,  neithei* 
to  be  tricked  nor  bullied  out  of  their  land,  nor  to 
suffer  a  monarchical  power  to  grow  up  upon  it."  Then 
the  bill  was  again  laid  on  the  table.^** 

President  Adams  in  his  message  of  December  G, 
1825,  renewed  the  recommendation  of  his  prede- 
cessor, alluding  to  the  plan  of  military  occupation  as 
"already  matured  in  the  deliberations  of  the  last  con- 
gress."" 

The  only  other  congressional  allusion  to  the  subject 
in  1825,  was  a  resolution  introduced  in  the  house 


^'^Avvals  of  Congrexn,  ISth  Cong.,  2d  Sess.,  684-714;  Benton's  Abridtj.  Vc 
hatej<  of  CoiigrcHS,  viii.  18.^98. 

^^  American  State  Pctpers.  For.  nd.fV.IQo. 


IMPERFECT  STATEMENT?. 


865 


ine> 


•hi 


ic 


,f  the 

3ithcr 

liior  to 

Then 

Iber  0, 
procle- 
bion  as 
it  coii- 

^ubject 
house 


trw 


hj.  D<- 


by  Baylies  of  Massachusetts  to  employ  the  sloop -of - 
war  Boston  to  explore  the  Northwest  Coast  between 
latitucles  42°  and  49^'- 

That  portion  of  the  jiresident's  message  relating  to 
the  establishment  of  a  military  post  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Columbia  Avas  referred  by  the  house  to  a  select 
committee  of  which  Mr  Baylies  was  chairman,"  and 
which  presented  two  somewhat  lengthy  reports  dated 
January  16  and  May  15,  182G."  The  former  was 
mainly  filled  with  details  respecting  the  country,  its 
geography,  soil,  climate,  productions,  the  value  of  its 
fur -trade,  and  the  probable  expenses  of  its  occupa- 
tion. The  second  contained  some  additional  and,  to  us, 
]athcr  startling  details  of  north-western  geography, 
derived  from  one  Samuel  Adams  Ruddock,  who  in 
1821  made  a  trip  overland  to  New  Mexico  and  thence 
to  Oregon.  Suffice  it  to  say  of  Ruddock's  trip,  that 
his  route  w'as  by  Lake  Timpanogos,  in  latitude  42^  the 
])rinci[)al  source  of  the  River  Timpanogos,  the  Mult- 
nomah of  Lewis  and  Clarke,  and  down  that  river  to 
tliL"  Columbia  I 

But  this  report  was  chiefly  filled  by  a  narrative  of 
the  early  voyages  of  discovery  and  exploitation,  and  an 
examination  of  the  question  of  title.  The  narrative 
was  naturally  not  free  from  petty  errors,  which  I  have 
no  space  to  chronicle.  Gali,  Fuca,  and  Fonte  are 
given  a  place  as  discoverers  whose  statements  can  no 
longer  be  questioned,  the  discoveries  of  the  first 
extending  to  57°  30'.  The  most  important  errors  were 
the  statements  that  down  to  1792,  "that  long  range 
tit' coast  stretching  from  44°  33'  to  47°  5',  was  wholly 
unknown;  it  had  not  even  been  descried,"  making 
(na}'  the  only  discoverer;  that  no  British  subjects 

'-'  J}tiito)i'!iAbri(Ifi.Dcha/<','iofCnn(iress,\\u.CtOO~^;  Co)if/.I)(h(i/e.<,10l}iCoii<i., 
l.-'t  S'  ys. ,  813-15.  An  ameiidment  urged  was  to  include  in  tlio  voyngo  a  disoov- 
try  (it  tlie  nortli-west  paissagc.  Mr  Jelloison's  message  on  an  expedition  auro.s.s 
the  (.iintinent  (Lewis  and  Clarke's)  was  also  called  tor  in  the  house.  JJ.,  Sl2H, 
828- !(,  Mi-J. 

'  ■  Probably  on  Dec.  7, 182o.     Coin/.  Delmtcs,  19th  Conrj.,  ht  Se.ts.,  797. 

"  A'dW/Ncr.sY  Count  of  America,  lleportK  of  Sjxcint  Committee  of  CotxjrcHS, 
IS'Jti,  in  U.  S.  Gov.  Doc,  I'Jth  Comj.,  1st  Sens.,  II,  liepts.,  No.  Jo,  "213. 


3G0 


THE  OREGON  QUESTION  CONTINUED. 


had  any  posts  whatever  on  the  western  side  of  the 
mountains  before  the  founding  of  Astoria;  and  that 
consequently  all  the  posts  of  the  united  Northwest 
and  Hudson's  Bay  companies  "for  all  national  and 
legal  purposes  are  now  and  have  been  for  several 
years  in  the  possession  of  the  United  States."  With 
this  view  of  the  facts  it  is  not  strange  that  the 
coniniittee  decided  the  American  title  to  be  indis- 
putable; while  as  to  the  British  claim,  "never  was 
a  great  nation  driven  to  such  miserable  expedients 
to  cover  that  inordinate  ambition  which,  not  satisfied 
with  half  the  world,  seeks  to  add  this  little  territory 
to  her  unwieldy  colonial  empire."  Drake's  vo^'agc  is 
the  only  clement  of  the  English  title  that  is  deemed 
worthy  of  serious  consideration,  and  naturally  presents 
but  few  difficulties.  "After  a  careful  examination  of 
the  British  claim  the  committee  have  unanimously 
come  to  the  conclusion  that  it  is  wholly  unfounded. 
Neverthless,  the  minute  examination  which  has  been 
made  by  the  English  navigators  of  parts  of  this  coast, 
ought  perhaps  to  secure  to  the  nation  who  patronized 
them  something  more  than  could  be  claimed  as  a 
positive  right;  but  we  think  the  offer  of  Mr  Rusli  to 
continue  the  boundary  along  the  49th  parallel  of 
latitude  was  as  great  a  concession  as  would  be  com- 
patible with  our  interests,  our  honor,  or  our  rights." 
And  the  report  concludes  as  follows:  "The  indift'cr- 
ence  of  America  stimulates  the  cupidity  of  Great 
Britain.  Our  neglect  driily  weakens  our  own  claim, 
and  strengthens  hers;  and  the  day  will  soon  anivo 
when  her  title  to  this  territory  will  be  better  than 
ours,  unless  ours  is  earnestly  and  speedily  enforced." 
With  these  reports  a  new  bill  for  the  execution  of  the 
proposed  measures  seems  to  have  been  introduced, 
but  if  so  it  was  laid  on  the  table;  and  there  was  no 
further  action  on  the  subject  till  the  end  of  1828.^^ 


'''The  report  of  May  15th  is  indorsed  as  'referred  to  the  committee  of  the 
whole  house  to  ■which  is  committed  the  bill,'  etc.,  showing  that  there  was 
Buch  bill.    And  Grecnhow,  Oi:  and  CaL,  344,  says  a  bill  was  introduced  aud 


AN  AGREEMENT  DESIRABLE. 


307 


There  were  several  special  reasons  why  a  definite 
settlement  of  the  Oregon  Question  at  an  early  date 
was  desirable  to  both  parties.  England  looked  with 
much  anxiety  upon  the  agitation  in  congress,  indi- 
cating a  disposition  on  the  part  of  the  United  States 
to  occupy  the  territory  in  spite  of  the  treaty.  Should 
such  a  step  be  taken  it  would  be  necessary  either  to 
rclinquisli,  in  a  manner  repugnant  to  British  pride, 
rights  well  founded  and  often  boldly  asserted,  or  to 
use  force  in  defending  the  possession  of  a  country  not 
wortli  fighting  for.  Neither  was  a  collision  desirable 
to  the  United  States.  However,  there  was  the  warn- 
ing of  Senator  Benton  that  after  1828  by  the  law  of 
nations  Great  Britain  would  be  the  party  rightfully 
in  possession  if  no  steps  of  occupation  were  talvcn 
ljof(n"c  that  time.  But  it  had  become  apparent  to 
statesmen  that  such  occupation  as  the  treaty  justified, 
that  is  the  founding  of  posts  at  unoccupied  spots 
giving  only  local  title,  was  not  practicable  for  the 
government,  while  no  individuals  or  companies  were 
Hkely  now  to  enter  the  field  of  commerce  as  rivals  of 
the  English  company.  Settlers  might  cross  the  moun- 
tains in  time,  but  not  yet.  T]ie  only  way  to  avoid  an 
undesirable,  costly,  and  disadvantageous  quarrel  Avas 
to  obtain  from  Great  Britain  an  acknowledgment  of 
American  rights  by  a  settlement  of  boundaries,  or, 
that  being  impracticable,  to  sccui'e  a  contuiuauco  of 
the  joint  occupation  of  1818. 

Canning,  British  secretaiy  of  foreign  affairs,  made 
known  in  April  1826  to  the  United  States  minister. 
King,  the  disposition  of  his  government  to  resume 
negotiations,  and  in  June  Cla}^  sent  Gallatin  his  in- 
structions. He  was  authorized  to  offer  an  extension 
of  the  line  of  49°  to   the   Pacific   as  a  boundary. 


Ittce  of  the 
I  there  was 
Iduced  auil 


laid  on  the  table.  But  in  the  printed  record  of  congressional  debates  I  find 
not  the  slightest  record  of  any  such  bill,  nor  even  of  the  reception  and  refi  r- 
encc  of  Baylies'  reports.  And  when  the  matter  came  up  in  IS'28,  tlie  record 
begins  abruptly  with  the  consideration  of  'a  bill,'  etc.  Mr  Greenhow  is  evi- 
dently somewhat  confused  in  the  matter,  for  he  does  not  mention  the  pasasgo 
of  the  bill  in  1S24. 


368 


THE  OREGON  QUESTION  CONTINUED. 


"  This  is  our  iiltiiiuitum,  and  you  may  so  announce  it. 
Wc!  can  consent  to  no  line  more  favorable  to  Great 
Britain."'"  If  no  boundary  could  be  agreed  upon,  the 
treaty  of  1818  might  be  continued  in  force  for  an- 
other term  of  ten  years.  Huskisson  and  Addington 
represented  tlie  British  government,  and  the  tirst 
series  of  negotiations  took  ])lace  in  London  in  Xo- 
vember  and  December  182G.''' 

In  these  negotiations,  as  recorded  in  the  protocols 
of  the  different  conferences,  in  the  various  proposi- 
tions offered  on  one  side  or  the  other,  in  Gallatin's 
reports  to  his  government,  and  in  the  formal  state- 
ments of  national  claims  presented  by  both  parties, 
the  Oregon  Question  was  nmcli  more  fully  and  satis- 
factorilv  discussed  than  ever  before.  Errors  of  fact 
were  largely  eliminated,  and  missing  links  in  title  were 
supplied  as  a  rule  by  complicated  arguments  on  points 
of  international  law,  usage,  and  justice,  rather  than 
1  )y  misstatements  of  early  explorations.  I  shall  attem})t 
to  give  as  complete  a  view  of  the  respective  claims  as 
is  possible  without  undesirable  repetition  of  what  has 
been  said  in  ])reccding  pages. 

For  the  United  States  was  claimed  as  before  an 
exclusi^'c  ownership  of  the  north-west,  founded,  first, 
on  the  discovery  and  exploration  of  the  Columbia 
River  by  Gray,  and  Lewis  and  Clarke."     On  the 


"'Yet  if  the  line  should  bd  found  to  cross  the  Colnmliia  or  any  of  its 
Iminclios  Ijclmv  the  head  of  navigation,  Britisli  subjects  may  have  the  right  of 
ji.ivigation  to  the  ocean.  Five  years  may  be  allowed  for  removing  any  set- 
tlements existing  beyond  the  line. 

^' Prtmli„t\f  M(sg.  and  Doc,  Dec.  12,  18'27,  20th  Coiif/.,  M  Sess.,  in  Awur- 
ican  SUdc.  I'lijia-ti,  For.  I'd.,  vi.  G39-70G.  Two  other  topics  ■were  negotiated  at 
the  same  time,  a  conmiercial  convention  and  one  respecting  the  north-eastern 
boundary. 

'■'By  these  discoveries  the  United  States  had  a  right  to  claim  against 
Oreat  Jiritain  and  every  other  nation  the  whole  territory  drained  by  that 
river  and  its  various  branches ;  together  with  a  certain  portion  of  the  coast 
north  and  south  of  the  river,  citing  the  usage  of  J'aigland  and  otlu'r  nations 
in  granting  charters  to  all  territory  watered  by  certain  rivers.  '  The  cxtt'iit 
of  territory  which  would  attacli  to  first  discovery  or  settlement  might  not  iu 
every  case  be  precisely  determined;  but  that  the  first  discovery  and  subse- 
quent settlement  within  a  reasonable  time  of  the  mouth  of  a  river,  particidarly 
if  none  of  its  branches  had  been  explored  prior  to  such  discovery,  gave  the 
right  of  occupancy,  and  ultimately  of  sovereignty,  to  the  whole  country  drained 
by  such  river  antl  its  several  branches,  has  been  generally  admitted.' 


LATER  AROUMEXTS. 


300 


other  hand  it  was  denied  that  Gray's  entry  into  tlio 
river's  mouth  was  anythin;^  more  than  "a  step  in  the 
pi-ogrcss  of  discovery,"  since  other  navii^ators,  ])ar- 
ticularly  jSIeares,  had  preceded  Gray  on  tliat  part  of 
the  coast,  and  had  even  visited  and  named  tlie  bay 
into  which  the  river  Hows;  while  Broughton,  innne- 
diately  after  Gray,  made  much  more  extensive  explora- 
tions. And  especially  was  it  denied  that  Gray's  act, 
I'vcn  if  it  had  been  the  real  discovery,  could  confer  a 
title  in  exclusive  sovereignty  to  such  a  vast  extent  of 
territory  as  was  claimed.  The  argument  was  not  a 
conclusive  one,  though  it  might  have  been  strength- 
ened by  an  idlusion  to  Heceta's  discovery  of  tho 
mouth  of  the  Columbia.^" 

The  title  of  the  United  States  was  founded,  sec- 
ondly, upon  the  establishing  of  Fort  Astoria,  preced- 
ing that  of  any  other  power  on  the  river.  On  behalf 
of  England  it  was  claimed  that  some  of  Thompson's 
posts  on  the  Columbia  were  built  before  Astoria, which 
was  not  proven.  It  was  admitted  that  the  United 
States  had  a  rvAit  to  Astoria,  but  denied  that  such 
a  post  at  the  mouth,  any  more  than  Gray's  entrance, 
could  give  title  to  so  vast  a  territory.    In  this  con- 

'"  The  charters  cited  by  the  United  States  were  declared  to  ho  valid  only 
as  against  other  subjects  of  the  power  granting  them.  That  is,  'Had  the 
United  States  thought  proper  to  issue  in  1790,  by  virtue  of  their  national 
iiuthority,  a  charter  granting  to  Mr  Gray  tho  whole  extent  of  country  watered 
directly  or  indirectly  by  the  river  Columbia,  such  a  charter  would  no  doubt 
liiive  been  valid  in  Mr  Gray's  favor  as  against  all  other  citizens  of  the  United 
States.  But  can  it  be  supposed  that  it  would  have  been  acquiesced  in  by 
citlior  of  tho  powers — Great  Britain  and  Spain — which  in  that  sanxc  year  wcro 
jneparing  to  contest  by  arms  the  possession  of  the  country?'  'As  relates 
til  discoveries,'  says  Gallatin,  'they  refer  to  Meares'  and  Dixon's  voyages  to 
prove  that  the  prior  right,  as  respects  the  Straits  of  Fuca  or  Gulf  of  Georgia, 
is  iiicontestably  theirs,  several  English  vessels  having  entered  them  bcforo 
( 'aptain  Gray  did.  The  inference  which  I  understood  them  to  draw  was,  that 
HO  far  as  tlio  United  States  and  British  discoveries  could  constitute  a  title,  wo 
luuld  establish  none  along  tho  sea-coast  north  of  the  Columbia,  the  wliole 
ciiast  having,  without  reference  to  Drake  or  Cook,  been  explored  by  British 
navigators  prior  to  tho  date  of  any  American  discovery.'  In  defence  of  Gray's 
act  as  a  discovery  tho  Americans  alleged  that  'the  fact  of  the  coast  extending 
fiom  4"2''  to  50°  being  once  known,  the  sole  object  of  discovery  for  subsecpicnt 
navigators  was  the  entrance  of  straits,  or  of  a  large  river  communicating  witli 
the  interior  of  the  country.  It  was  what  Meares  sought  and  what  he  failed 
in,  as  had  been  tho  case  with  Maurellc,  and  others  of  his  predecessors,  and 
as  was  also  the  case  with  Vancouver,  who  had  in  his  journal  recorded  tho 
fact.' 

Hist.  N.  W.  Coast,  Vol.  II.    2i 


370 


THE  OREGON  QUESTION  CONTINUED. 


m 

\  i 


ncc'tion  the  ^Viiiericans  claimed  that  the  restoration 
of  Astoria  in  1818  was  a  recoi^nition  of  the  validity  of 
their  title,  while  the  others  held  that  the  post  had 
been  restored  under  the  treaty  of  Ghent,  and  had  no 
beariiiiL,^  inipliofl  or  expressed  on  the  title  of  adjoining;- 
territory.  This  had  been  clearly  enough  exprcsstid 
verbally  and  in  instructions  at  the  time;  but  Gallatin 
considered  rather  the  absence  of  any  written  and  foi- 
mal  reservation  from  the  act  of  restoration. 

A  third  ground  on  which  Gallatin  based  his  country's 
claim,  was  that  the  territory  in  dispute  if  not  a  part  oi' 
the  L(juisiana  acquired  in  1803,  was  at  least  contiguous 
to  that  region,  and  therefore  belonged  more  naturally 
to  the  United  States  than  to  any  other  power.  Occu- 
pants of  Atlantic  frontage  or  undefined  inland  area 
usually  claimed  back  to  the  Pacific.  Moreover,  tho 
destiny  of  Oregon  to  be  settled  from  the  United  States 
rather  than  from  Europe,  was  made  an  element  of  a 
kind  of  natural  title.  Addington  denied  that  Louisi- 
ana had  ever  extended  to  the  Pacific,  nor  would  he  ac- 
cept the  theory  that  contiguity  and  destiny  were  to  bo 
deemed  as  solid  foundations  of  exclusive  sovereignty.-" 

Fourthly — I  pay  no  attention  to  the  original 
order  of  the  propositions — the  United  States  title 
was  that  derived  from  Spain  by  the  treaty  of  1811),  a 

^^ '  The  United  States  claimed  a  natural  extension  of  their  territoiy  to  tho 
Pacific  Ocean,  on  the  ground  of  contiguity  and  population,  which  gave  tlicni  a 
better  right  to  the  adjacent  unoccupied  land  than  ■'"lat  of  any  other  nation. 
This  was  strengthened  by  the  doctrine  admitted  to  i  fullest  extent  by  ( Jrcat 
Britain,  as  appeared  by  all  her  charters,  extending  n'om  the  Atlantic  to  the 
Pacific,  to  colonies  established  then  only  on  the  borders  of  tho  Atlantic.  In 
point  of  fact  the  occupancy  on  which  Great  Britain  principally  relied  \\a8 
solely  owing  to  that  westwardly  extension  of  their  trading  settlements  of 
Hudson  Bay  .and  its  waters.'  'It  will  not  be  denied  that  tho  extent  of  con- 
tiguous territory  to  which  an  actual  settlement  gives  a  prior  riglit,  nuist 
depend  in  a  considerable  degree  on  the  magnitude  and  population  of  tliat  settk'- 
iiient,  and  on  the  facility  with  which  the  vacant  adjacent  land  may,  within  a 
short  time,  be  occupied,  settled,  and  cultivated  by  such  population  ;  com- 
pared with  the  probability  of  its  being  thus  occupied  and  settled.'  'B^  refer- 
ring to  the  most  authentic  French  maps  it  will  be  seen  that  New  France  was 
made  to  extend  over  the  territory  drained,  or  supposed  to  bo  drained,  by  rivci.s 
emptying  into  the  South  Sea.'  From  1717  Louisiana  'extended  as  far  as  the 
most  northern  limit  of  the  French  possessions  in  North  America,  and  thereby 
west  of  Canada  or  New  France.  The  settlement  of  that  northern  limit  still 
further  strengthens  the  claim  of  the  United  States  to  the  territory  west  of  tho 
Rocky  Mountains  J '  how,  is  not  very  apparent. 


THE  srAXisn  title. 


371 


title  rofjarded  as  perfect  against  that  of  any  othor 
European  power  at  the  time  of  transfer,  and  for  a 
territory  extending  up  to  latitude  G0\-'  But  Englan<l 
denied  that  Spain  had  in  1819  any  title  whatever.  If 
the  matter  had  not  otherwise  been  set  at  rest,  said  ^Ir 
.Huskiss(;n,  "nothing  would  he  more  easy  tlianto  demon- 
strate that  the  claims  of  Great  Britain  to  that  country 
as  opposed  to  those  of  Spain,  were  so  far  from  vision- 
ary or  arbitrarily  assumed,  that  they  established  moiu 
tlian  a  parity  of  title  to  the  possession  of  the  country 
ill  question  either  as  against  Spain  or  any  other 
nation."  This  was  hardly  true;  but  Great  Britain 
could  not  be  expected  now  to  admit  tho  validity  of  a 
title  about  which  she  had  been  ready  to  fight  thirty - 
six  years  earlier. 

However,  the  whole  question  had,  it  was  claimed — 
and  this  was  the  key-stone  of  the  British  positioii  in 
the  negotiations  of  182G-7 — been  definitively  .  I  at 
rest  by  tho  Nootl-'a  convention  of  1790.  "  Whatever 
the  title  may  xiave  been,  either  on  the  part  of  Gr<  it 
Britain  or  on  the  part  of  Spain,  prior  to  the  con- 
vention of  1790,  it  was  from  thenceforward  no  longer 
to  be  traced  in  vague  narratives  of  discoveries,  several 
of  them  admitted  to  be  apocryphal,  but  in  the  text 
and  stipulations  of  the  convention  itself."-^ 

Previously  to  that  time  Spain  had  asserted  an  ex- 
clusive right,  which  England  had  disputed;  but  by 
the  treaty  the  Northwest  Coast  was  thrown  open  to 
the  subjects  of  both  powers,  and  practically  to  those 
of  other  nations,  for  all  purposes  of  conmierce  and 
settlement,  the  sovereignty  remaining  in  abeyance. 
This  convention  preceded  not  only  Gray's  discovery, 

-'  Mr  Clay  says:  '  By  the  renunciation  and  transfer  contained  in  the  treaty 
with  Spain  of  1819,  our  right  extended  to  the  COtli  degree  of  north  latitude.' 
And  Gallatin :  '  By  virtue  of  their  treaty  with  Spain,  the  United  States  claimed 
all  wlduh  Spain  might  have  lawfully  claimed  north  of  42',  either  as  derived 
from  Spanish  discoveries  or  by  virtue  of  I'ights  of  sovereignty  acknowledged 
by  other  nations,  and  by  Grreat  Britain  particularly ; '  and  again:  'The  United 
States  have  an  undoubted  right  to  claim  both  by  virtue  of  tho  Spanish  discov- 
eries and  their  own.' 

'^^HusLisson  and  Addington's  Statement,  663.  This  statement  and  Gallatin's 
Coiintcr-stcUement  are  reproduced  in  Greenhow's  Or.  and  CaL,  44&-Co. 


n:2 


THE  OREGON  QUESTION  COXTIXUED. 


but  tlic  Spanisli  transfer  of  Louisiana,  and  the  later 
(juitclaim  above  latit;  i  Je  42°.  Therefore  with  the  rights 
acquired  in  1819,  they  said,  "the  United  States  neces- 
sarily succeeded  to  the  limitations  by  which  they  were 
defined  and  the  obligations  under  which  they  were  to  be 
exercised.  From  these  obligations  and  limitations,  as 
contracted  towards  Great  Britain,  Great  Britain  cannot 
be  expected  gratuitously  to  release  those  countries 
merely  because  the  rights  of  the  party  originally  bound 
have  been  transferred  to  a  third  power."-^ 

This  position  was  a  new  one,  and  one  to  which  the 
American  envoy  was  not  prepared  to  make  a  full 
reply.  ITis  objections,  besides  the  evasive  one  that 
this  plea  could  affect  only  one  of  the  several  elements 
of  the  American  title,  Vv'cre,  however,  threefold.  First, 
that  the  Nootka  convention  was  an  instrument  mercl}- 
of  a  commercial  nature,  by  which  Spain  without  re- 
linquishing hei'  exclusive  rights  or  acknowledging  any 
I'ights  on  the  ]iart  of  England,  made  a  series  of  tem- 
])orary  concessions  in  return  for  others  made  by  Fng- 
land,  the  settlements  permitted  being  temporary  ])osts 
for  trade  with  the  natives.  Second,  that  even  if  the 
word  'settlement'  was  meant  in  its  most  unlimited 
sense,  the  stipulations  were  not  made  with  a  view  to 
the  ultimate  territorial  claims  of  the  parties;  the 
promiscuous  and  intermixed  settlements,  each  free  to 
subjects  of  either  nation,  were  declared  "  incompatible 
with  distinct  jurisdiction  and  sovereignty;"  and  indeed 
the  exclusive  dominion  was  expressly  left  in  abeyance. 
In  other  words,  the  right  of  exclusive  sovereignty 

"'  Or,  fis  Mr  Gallntin  puts  the  Britisli  claims:  '  The  United  States  caniuit 
claim  under  their  treaty  -with  Spain,  any  greater  right  than  Spain  then  had; 
and  as  the  Nootka  convention  has  no  reference  to  the  discoveries,  and  is  un- 
limited ill  its  duration,  they  cannot  resort  to  any  Spanish  discovery  in  support 
of  their  presumed  title  to  any  part  of  the  country.  This  convention  must  i)o 
considered  generally  as  having  become  an  international  law,  at  least  for  the 
I'aeilic;  superseded  the  claims  ascribed  to  mep^  prior  discovery;  set  aside  the 
exclusive  pretensions  of  Spain  to  the  north-west  part  of  America,  and  opened 
it  to  the  commorec  and  settlements  of  all  countries  whatever,  including  tho 
United  States.  Actual  occupancy  and  regard  to  mutual  coiivcnience  are, 
therefore,  the  only  basis  of  any  {irrangcincnt  for  the  establishment  of  a  boun- 
dary, for  the  partition,  between  the  only  powers  having  settlements  or  laying 
claims  thereto,  of  a  country  which  was  heretofore  held  in  common.' 


EFFECT  OF  THE  NOOTKA  COXVEXTIO?^". 


373 


was  simply  suspended  instead  of  extinguished,  on  Loth 
sides;  so  that  when  the  question  of  ownership  should 
iinally  come  up,  each  claimant  must  rei'er  not  to  the 
settlements  founded  since  and  under  the  convention, 
hut  to  the  oriijinal  rights  before  the  convention. 
Third,  the  Nootka  convention,  unless  of  the  purely 
commercial  character  indicated  above,  was  terminated 
by  the  war  between  Spain  and  England. 

As  to  the  first  objection,  that  the  convention  of 
1700  was  a  mere  commercial  and  temporary  concession, 
implying  an  exclusive  title  on  the  jxirt  of  Spain  rather 
than  destroying  it,  and  also  that  the  settlements  per-- 
mitted  were  not  compatible  with  the  exercise  of  local 
sovereignty,  I  have  already  expressed  decided  opinion, 
and  said  perhaps  all  that  is  needed  respecting  the 
Nootlca  convention  in  all  its  aspects.  The  second 
objection  involving  the  true  meaning  of  the  stipula- 
tion which  left  the  sovereignty  in  abeyance,  and  the 
third,  that  the  convention,  not  being  such  an  aclaiowl- 
edgnient  of  rights  as  the  British  deemed  it,  was  ter- 
minated by  war,  might  give  rise  to  a  very  complicated 
discussion  on  points  of  international  law.  TJio  ques- 
tions involved  are  such  as  cannot  be  decided  positively. 
I  excuse  mj^self,  however,  from  the  discussion,  with 
its  confusin<x  net-work  of  citations  from  numerous  con- 
ilicting  authorities,  because  I  do  not  deem  the  decision 
in  any  sense  essential.  If  the  Xootka  treaty  was  still 
in  for('e  in  1811),  Spain  clearly  li.ul  no  exclusive  title 
to  transl'er  to  tlie  United  States;  but  if,  on  account 
(if  the  war,  it  was  no  longer  in  force,  it  by  no  means 
lollows  that  she  had  such  a  title.  Whatever  may  be 
the  intei-pretation  ol'  the  treaty,  I  cannot  admit,  nor 
tlo  I  believe  any  intelligent  man  will  claim  at  this  date, 
that  Spain's  title  resting  on  dis(^overy  was  strong 
enough  to  remain  intact  and  merit  unlimited  i-espeet 
from  the  nations  alter  formal  abandonment  of  the  tt'i'- 
jitory  in  1705.-^    Spain  had  the  right,  in  conunon  with 

'-'Even  Mr  Gi'ccnhow,  Or.  mid  Cat.,  3'21,  admits,  'Under  such  circiim- 
btiincua  the  title  of  .Spain  to  tho  coimthcs  north  of  tlio  bay  of  Sun  i'raucisco, 


374 


THE  OREGON  QUESTION  CONTINUED. 


fj  1 


other  nations,  particularly  England,  to  settle  on  un- 
occupied parts  of  the  Northwest  Coast.  This  was  all 
the  right  the  United  States  could  obtain  from  her  in 
1819;  and  it  was  worthless,  because  that  right  was 
already  possessed. 

Finally  Gall? tin  urged  that  if  no  one  of  the  ele- 
ments of  United  States  title  was  quite  perfect,  alto- 
gether they  had  a  cumulative  force  amply  sufficient 
to  constitute  an  exclusive  ownership.'^^  On  the  other 
side  it  was  held  that  one  only  of  the  three  claims,  those 
based  respectively  on  discovery,  acquisition  from  Spain, 
and  contiguity,  could  be  valid.  **  They  arc,  in  fact, 
claims  obviously  incom])atible  the  one  with  the  other. 
If,  for  example,  the  title  of  Spain,  by  first  discovery, 
or  the  title  of  France  as  the  original  possessor  of  Lou- 

howovcr  strong  it  may  have  hccn  in  1790  or  1790,  in  virtue  of  discoveries  and 
settlements,  must  bo  allowed  to  liavo  become  considera))ly  weaker  in  IS  I!) 
from  disuse,  and  from  submission  to  the  acts  of  occupation  by  other  poweis. 
Thus  whilst  it  may  be  doubted  that  either  of  those  powers  could  in  justice 
claim  the  sovereignty  of  the  country  occupied  by  its  subjects  without  the  con- 
sent of  Spain,  the  latter  could  not  have  chiimed  tlio  exclusive  possession  of 
Nuch  country,  or  have  entered  into  comiiacts  with  a  third  power  resiK'cting 
trade,  navigation,  or  settlement  in  it  agiceably  to  any  recognized  principle  of 
international  law.  Still  less  could  Gi'cat  Britain  have  claimed  the  right  to 
<xchule  other  nations  from  the  sovereignty  of  the  i-egions  traversed  liy  the 
(Joluui))ia,  in  which  her  subjects  had  made  no  discoveries,  and  which  had  been 
lirst  occupic<l  by  the  United  States,  unless  iiiion  the  ground  of  con(jucst  <luring 
war,  barred  by  the  treaty  of  (Ihent.  'Thus  wliilst  tho  title. .  .derived  by  the 
United  States  from  Spain.  .  .was  undoubtedly  imperfect,  though  not  from  any 
po.ssible  cfl'eet  tif  tlie  Nootka  convention,  yet  that  title,  in  addition  to  tliosc 
previously  possessed  by  the  Americans.  .  .appears  to  constitute  aright  in  their 
favor,  stronger  than  could  bo  alleged  by  any  other  nation,  if  not  amounting 
to  an  absolute  right  of  sovereignty.' 

'-'' '  To  eacli  f>t  them,  taken  by  itself,  objections  might  bo  made,  tending  to 
show  tliat  it  did  not  constitute  .a  complete  right  of  sovereigntj'.  ConsidcriMl 
together,  and  supporting  each  otJier  as  they  did,  they  appeared  to  us  to  estuli- 
lish  our  claim  on  the  most  solid  f(Jundation. '  'lint  it  is  the  ])cc\diar  eluiiac- 
ter  of  the  clnim  of  tlie  United  States  that  it  is  founded  on  both  prinei|)les, 
wliieli  iu  tliis  case  unite  both  in  its  support,  and  convert  it  into  an  incontes- 
table vight.  It  is  iu  vain  tliat,  in  order  to  avert  tliat  conclusion,  an  iittempt 
is  niiule  to  consi(h'r  the  several  grounds  on  which  that  right  is  urged  as  iiuoui- 
jiatilile  one  with  tlie  other,  as  if  the  United  States  were  obliged  to  select  only 
one  and  to  abandon  the  others.  Iu  different  luimls  the  several  claims  would 
conlliet  one  with  the  other;  now,  united  in  the  siune  poM'er,  they  support  each 
oiher.  The  possessors  of  Louisiana  might  jiave  contended,  on  the  ground  of 
contiguity,  for  the  adjacent  territo)-y  on  the  IV.cillc,  with  the  discoverers  <if  tho 
coast,  or  of  its  main  rivers.  Tlie  several  discoveries  of  the  Spanish  and  Ainei  i- 
can  navigators  mig''t  si'paratcly  have  been  considered  as  so  nianj*  steps  in  the 
progress  of  discovery,  ami  giving  only  imperfect  claims  to  each  party.  All  thoso 
various  claims,  from  •whatever  considerations  derived,  arc  now  brought  united 
ugauist  the  pretensions  of  any  other  nation.' 


■Ii!i 


CUMULATIVE  TITLE. 


375 


isiaiia  be  valid,  then  must  one  or  the  other  of  those 
kingdoms  have  been  the  lawful  possessor  of  that  ter- 
ritory at  the  moment  when  the  United  States  claim 
to  have  discovered  it.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  the 
Americans  were  the  first  discoverers  there  is  neces- 
sarily an  end  of  the  Spanish  claim;  and  if  priority  of 
discovery  constitutes  the  title,  that  of  Fi'ance  falls 
equally  to  the  ground."  The  objections  seem  well 
taken,  notwithstanding  the  ingenious  American  device 
of  admitting  one  element  to  be  not  quite  perfect  in 
order  to  give  some  value  to  others,  and  secui'e  a  large 
and  more  than  perfect  aggregate. 

The  following  quotations  from  the  statement  of 
Huskisson  and  Acldington  will  put  the  Britisli  position 
in  a  clear  light,  their  arguments  in  opposition  to  tlic 
^Vmerican  claim  having  been  already  presented.  "It 
is  highly  desirable  to  mark  distinctly  the  Ijroad  differ- 
ence between  the  nature  of  the  rights  claimed.  Over 
a  lai'gc  portion  of  that  territory,  namely,  from  the  42d 
to  the  -lOth  degree,  the  United  States  cliiini  full  and 
exclusive  sovereignty.  Great  ]3ritain  claims  no  ex- 
clusive sovereignty  over  any  portion  of  that  territory. 
I£er  present  claim,  not  in  respect  to  any  [)art,  but  to 
the  whole,  is  limited  to  a  right  of  joint  occupancy  in 
common  with  other  states,  leaving  the  right  of  exclu- 
sive dominion  in  abeyance.  In  other  words  the  pre- 
tensions of  the  United  States  tend  to  the  ejection  of 
j'.ll  other  nations,  and  among  the  rest,  of  Great  Britain, 
IVom  all  right  of  settlement.  The  pretensions  of  Great 
Britain,  on  the  contrary,  tend  to  the  mere  maintenance 
of  ]icr  own  rights."  "  It  only  remains  for  Groat  Brit- 
ain to  maintain  and  uphold  the  qualified  rights  wliich 
slie  now  possesses  over  the  whole  of  the  teri'itory  in 
((uestion.  These  rights  are  recorded  and  defined  in  the 
convention  of  Nootka.  They  embrace  the  right  to 
navigate  the  waters  of  those  countries;  the  right  to 
settle  in  and  over  any  part  of  them;  and  the  right 
i'leely  to  trade  with  tlie  inhabitants  and  occupier-s  of 
the  same.    These  rights  have  been  peaceably  exercised 


870 


U 


THE  OREGON  QUESTION  CONTINUED. 


ever  since  the  date  of  that  convention — tliat  is  for  a 
period  of  nearly  forty  years.  Under  that  convention 
vahiable  interests  have  grown  up  in  those  countries. 
It  is  fully  admitted  that  the  United  States  possess  the 
same  rights,  though  they  have  been  exercised  by  tlieni 
only  in  a  single  instance,  and  have  not  since  the  year 
1813,  been  exercised  at  all;  but  beyond  these  riglits 
they  possess  none.  To  the  interests  and  establish- 
ments which  British  industry  and  enterprise  have 
created  Great  Britain  owes  protection.  That  pro- 
tection will  be  given,  both  as  regards  settlement  and 
freedom  of  trade  and  navigation,  with  every  attention 
not  to  infringe  the  coordinate  rights  of  tlie  United 
States.  Fully  sensible  at  the  same  time,  of  the 
desirableness  of  a  more  definite  settlement,  the  British 
government  will  be  read}''  at  any  time  to  terminate 
the  present  state  of  joint  occupancy  by  an  arrange- 
ment of  delimitation.  But  such  arrangement  onl}'  can 
be  admitted  as  shall  not  deroufate  from  the  I'ight  of 
Great  Britain  as  acknowledged  by  treat}',  nor  prejudice 
the  advantages  which  British  subjects,  under  the  same 
sanction,  now  enjoy  in  that  part  of  the  world. 


"^a 


Such  were  the  respective  views  entertained  as  to 
title.     j\Ir  Gallatin's  ofier  in  behalf  of  his  country  was 


'-'"' '  It  is  a  fact  admitted  by  the  United  States,  tliat  Mith  the  exception  of 
the  Coliiniljia  lUvor,  there  is  no  rivci-  wliich  oiiena  far  into  the  interiufon  tlu' 
vholi>  M"c.slcni  coast  of  the  I'acilic  Oceun.  In  the  interior  tlio  subjcots  of 
(ircat  Britain  havo  had  for  many  years  numcrona  Bcttlcniont;!  and  tradini;- 
posts;  several  I ;f  thcao  posts  on  thy  tributary  streams  of  tho  (.'olumhia  itself; 
some  to  t'.iu  northward,  and  others  to  the  southward  of  that  river;  and  tliey 
navigate  the  Colunibiaas  tlio  sole  channel  for  the  conveyance  of  their  jirod- 
uce,'  etc.  'Mv  (jallatiii  in  reply  denies  'that  the  trading-posts  of  tlic 
Xortlnvcst  Compnny  give  any  title  to  the  territory  claimed  by  America,  not 
only  because  no  such  post  was  estaljlished  wit'.iinthe  limits  claimed  Avhcn  tiic 
lirst  Americiiu  settlement  was  made,  but  becauao  the  tiilc  of  the  United 
States  is  consiilered  as  having  been  comidetc  before  any  of  those  traders  had 
appeared  on  the  waters  of  the  Columbia.  It  is  also  believed  that  mere 
faelorics,  established  solely  for  tlio  purpose  of  trallleking  ■wiih  the  natives, 
and  ■without  any  view  to  cultivation  and  permanent  settlement,  cannot  of 
themselves,  and  unsupported  by  any  other  consideration,  gi\e  any  better  title 
to  dominion  and  absolute  sovereignty  than  similar  establisliments  in  a  eivili/ed 
country.'  Mr  Twisa,  Or.  (^>ll<i.sf.,  310,  cleverly  points  out  that  this  would 
utterly  undcruiiiic  any  claim  of  the  United  States  resting  on  the  Astoria  set- 
tlcmeut. 


SO-CALLED  COXCESSIONS. 


377 


ptiou  of 

oil  the 

ects  of 

iiliui;- 

L  itst'lf ; 

1(1  tlioy 

r  ])roii- 

of  tho 

cii,  not 

1(11  the 

United 

CIS  liail 

it  mere 

natives, 

unut  of 

tor  titlo 

;ivili>x'(l 

would 

ria  sct- 


thc  line  of  49°  as  a  boundary  from  the  mountains  to 
the  ocean,  together  with  navigation  of  the  Cohnnbia 
should  that  river  or  any  of  its  branches  prove  to  bo 
navigable  above  the  line.-''  This  ofter  was  made  "in  a 
genuine  spirit  of  concession  and  conciliation;"  since 
by  accepting  it  England  would  get  a  clear  title  to  five 
doirrces  of  latitude  on  the  Pacific,  over  most  of  which 
tlie  United  States  title  properly  extended.  The  only 
modification  of  this  offer  which  Mr  Gallatin  showed 
any  disposition  to  allow,  though  it  was  not  formally  pro- 
posed, was  to  give  up  the  southern  end  of  Vancouver 
Island,  or  the  mouth  of  Eraser  River  if  it  should 
pi'ove  to  be  below  latitude  49°,  in  return  for  regions 
above  the  lino  in  the  interior;  but  this  was  not 
apj)roved  by  Mr  Clay. 

The  British  offer  was  to  make  the  Columbia  the 
boundary  up  to  latitude  49°,  accepting  that  line  be- 
tween the  liver  and  mountains.  The  navigation  of 
the  liver  v;as  to  be  forever  free  to  vessels  of  both 
nations."^  This  also  was  offered  as  a  concession, 
])Ocauso  ''to  carry  into  effect  this  proposal,  Great 
.l)iitain  v.'ould  have  to  give  up  posts  and  settlements 
south  of  the  Columbia.  On  the  part  of  the  United 
States  there  could  be  no  reciprocal  withdrawing  from 
actual  occupation,  as  there  is  not,  and  never  has  been, 
a  sinu'lo  American  citizen  settled  north  of  the  Colum- 
l)ia."  j\Ir  Gallatin  objected  that  this  division  would 
leave  England  in  exclusive  naval  command  of  the 
coast;  since  the  harbor  at  the  river  mouth  was  fitted 
only  for  commercial  purposes,  while  north  of  Euca 
Strait  the  coast  abounded  with  deep  ports  for  naval 
stations.     Whereupon  Mr  lluskisson,  admitting  the 


Tho  li'.i 


to  bo  cstal)lislic(l  '.vitliin  fifteen  years,  and  nieamvliilo  tli- 


naviLratiou  of  th'-  liver  was  to  be  free.  It  was  anticipated  tiiat  lliis  would 
jii'ovt^  to  lie  a  perpetually  free  navi,LTati(jn  of  the  Columbia,  as  there  was  no 
d'lubt  that  the  river  was  navigable  above  4!)'.  Tliero  was  a  clianee,  however, 
for  dispute  as  to  what  should  lio  considered  a  navi,Ltal)le  stream. 

-'*(.)n  the  Americans  oljjccting  that  tho  channel  of  the  C(jlumbia  near  its 
mouth  was  !u)  close  to  the  northern  kink  as  to  give  the  British  entire  conimaiiil 
of  tlie  entrance,  the  la'.ter  ofl'ered  a  sti]nilation  that  no  wvn-ks  should  ever  lie 
ereeU'd  at  tho  mouth  or  on  the  banks  of  the  river  to  huider  tho  free  naviga- 
tion by  vessels  or  boats' of  either  party. 


378 


THE  OREGON  QUESTION  CONTINUED. 


i 


force  of  the  objection,  offered  to  concede  a  detached 
territory,  namely  the  peninsula  formed  by  the  Pacitic 
above  Gray  Harbor,  the  Strait  of  Fuca,  Admiralty 
Inlet,  and  Hood  Canal,  including  the  fine  harbor  of 
Port  Discovery. 

Naturally  with  views  of  national  rights  so  radically 
different,  neither  party  would  accept  the  offers  of  the 
other;  and  it  soon  became  apparent  that  no  boundary 
could  be  agreed  upon.^  Accordingly  the  other  alter- 
native, a  continuance  of  joint  occujmncy  was  con- 
sidered. On  account  of  certain  conditions  desired  by 
England  this  matter  had  to  bo  referred  to  the  gov- 
ernment at  Washington;  and  the  negotiation  was 
consequently  suspended  until  June  1827,  when  the 
confei-ences  were  resumed,  continuing  until  August. 
Charles  Giant  took  Huskisson's  place  before  the 
matter  was  concluded. 

In  negotiating  for  a  continuance  of  joint  occupancy 
the  Americans  preferred  a  simple  renewal  of  the 
treaty  of  1818  for  an  additional  period  of  ten  years, 
without  anv  other  alteration  than  the  omission  of  the 
clause  relating  to  the  claims  of  other  powers,  both 
Spain  and  Russia  having  relinquished  their  claims 
since  the  date  of  the  treaty.  The  British  government 
preferred  a  longer  period,  and  earnestly  contended  for- 
the  addition  of  certain  conditions.  The  following 
additional  clause  was  first  proposed :  "  It  is  further 
agreed  that,  during  the  said  term  of  fifteen  years, 
neither  of  the  contracting  parties  shall  assume  or  exer- 
cise any  right  of  exclusive  sovereignty  or  dominion 
over  any  ])art  of  the  said  country,  nor  form  therein 
any  establishment  in  support  or  furtherance  of  any 
such  claim."  ^'     Subsequently  the  latter  part  of  the 

'■"•  A  settlement  of  title  on  parts  of  the  territory,  leaving  an  intermediate 
space  for  joint  occupancy,  was  informally  pi'0))ose(l  by  (irallatin,  but  was  not 
favorably  receivcil  either  by  the  British  representatives  or  by  the  United 
States  Government. 

'•"'  Says  Gallatin :  '  The  second  article  is  intended  not  only  to  prevent  the 
establishment  of  a  ton'itorial  government  by  the  United  States,  Imt  also  to 
establish  the  general  doctrine  that  uo  exclusive  sovereignty  can  be  assumed  or 


JOINT  OCCUPANCY  AGAIN. 


379 


BVCnt  till! 

it  also  to 
isumuil  or 


clause  was  modified  to  read:  "Nor  shall  any  settle- 
Hiciit  which  may  now  exist,  or  which  may  be  hereafter 
formed  therein  by  either  party  during  the  said  term 
of  fifteen  years,  be  at  any  time  adduced  in  support 
or  furtherance  of  any  claim  to  such  sovereignty  or 
dominion."  And  finally  Addington  contended  for  the 
insertion  in  the  treaty  of  some  article  tlefining  the 
liglits  of  the  parties  under  the  joint  occupancy,  or  at 
least  for  ati  expression  in  the  records  of  the  English 
A'iew  respecting  those  rights.  But  Gallatin  declined 
to  accept  anything  of  the  kind.  If  there  was  any 
doubt  respecting  the  rights  of  his  nation  under  the 
treaty,  that  doubt  must  not  be  removed. 

In  these  propositions  and  refusals  both  parties  had 
ill  view  the  action  of  the  United  States  congress. 
The  proposed  occupation  of  the  Columbia  was  con- 
trary in  several  respects  to  the  spirit  of  the  treaty, 
as  was  well  known  to  both  parties;  therefore  Great 
i3ritain  desired  and  the  United  States  opposed  an 
agreement  on  what  steps  the  latter  might  legally  take. 
( Jallatin  clearly  thought  it  might  be  advantageous  for 
Ills  c(nnitrv  in  the  near  future  to  consider  wliat  Eiig:- 
land  would  jicrmit  rather  than  what  might  be  right- 
fully claimed.  In  the  verbal  discussions,  however,  he 
made  one  good  point  in  defence  of  the  proposed  estab- 
lishment of  a  territorial  government;  namely,  that  as 
iMigland  had  already  extended  her  criminal  juris- 
<liction  over  the  territories  occupied  by  the  trading 
<<»mpanies,  the  United  States  would  be  obliged  to 
establish  some  form  of  government,  having  no  other 
May  of  exercising  a  similar  jurisdiction  for  the  pro- 
tiotion  of  subjects. ^^     It  was  also   maintained,  and 

(xt'icised  over  nny  part  of  tiic  coxintry  in  its  present  situation,  ami,  I'v  implica- 
tii  111.  that  a  concurrent  jurisdiction  may  be  exercised  suflicient  to  preserve  order 
uiiK  111,1,'  tlie  traders.' 

"'Says  ifr  Clay:  'The  form  of  territorial  government  is  that  which  h 
must  approved  by  our  experience ;  but  such  a  government  might  be  considered 
iiiiiini]iatible  with  the  second  article  if  it  were  agreed  to.  If  there  lie  a  simple 
rcntwal  of  the  third  article  of  the  convention  of  1818,  Great  Britain  will  have 
aljuiidant  security  in  the  good  faith  of  the  United  States  for  the  fulfilment 
of  all  its  stipulations.'  And  Gallatin:  'I  understood  it  to  be  the  opinion 
of  the  British  plenipotentiaries  that  there  could  be  no  objection  to  the  cstab- 


380 


THE  OREGON  QUESTION  CONTINUED. 


1'  ^^i 


I|.  i! 


plausibly,  that  the  proper  medium  for  cither  party  to 
express  its  view  as  to  what  would  bo  an  infringonicnt 
of  the  treaty  was  neither  the  treaty  itself  nor  the 
records  of  the  conferences,  but  a  diplomatic  note 
through  the  ordinary  channels. 

The  English  plenipotentiaries  refusing  their  assent 
to  a  renewal  of  the  treaty  for  a  fixed  period  without 
conditi(jns,  and  the  Americans  declining  to  accept  any 
conditions  whatever,  a  compromise  was  agreed  to  at  the 
conference  of  July  27tli,  to  the  effect  that  the  treaty 
of  joint  occupation  should  be  indefinitely  renewed  sub- 
ject to  abrogation  at  any  time  by  either  party  on 
twelve  months'  notice;  and  this  convention  was  signed 
on  the  8th  of  August."^ 

Thus  the  question  at  issue  was  left  exactly  in  its 

lishmcnt  of  militaiy  posts,  or  to  a  jurisdiction  confiilcil  by  each  power  to  its 
own  citizens  or  subjects,  antl  tluit  anv  outrages  committed  by  either  .such 
citixcns  or  Hubjeets  on  those  of  tlic  otlier  nation  ouglit  not  to  be  considered  lis 
acts  of  nutiouid  aggression  unless  authorized  by  government.'  'Any  inqjedi- 
ment  to  the  free  navigation  of  harbors  and  rivers,  the  layhig  dutiis  or 
establishment  of  any  customdiousc,  the  removing  or  disturbing  any  British 
settlement,  and  the  exercise  of  any  jurisdiction  over  British  subjects,  would 
be  considered  as  infractions  of  tiie  condition.  But  it  nuist  be  observed  tliiit 
tiiey  would  bo  eciually  considered  as  infractions  of  the  existing  article  without 
the  additional  eoi'litiou.'  'The  establishment  of  a  distinct  territorial  gov- 
cnnnent  west  of  the  Stony  Mountains  woflld  also  be  objected  to,  as  an  attemjit 
to  exercise  exclusive  sovereignty ..  .It  was  suggested,  and  seemed  to  be 
acquiesced  in,  that  the  dilhculty  might  be  obviated,  pmvided  the  erection  of 
a  new  territory  Mas  not  confined  exclusively  to  the  v.'est  of  the  mnuntains; 
that  it  should  bo  defined  as  embracing  all  the  possessions  of  the  United  States 
west  of  a  line  that  should  be  at  siime  distance  and  east  of  the  Stony  Moun- 
tains.' '  By  the  act  of  parliamentof  July  2,  1821,  Great  Britain  has  assmned 
such  jurisdiction  as  suited  her  own  piu-poses.  The  United  States  on  their 
part  have  not  assumed  or  exercised  any  sovereignty  or  jurisdiction.  When- 
ever this  may  become  necessary,  they  have  the  same  right  to  do  it  in  tiie 
manner  m(j.,t  suitable  to  their  institutions  and  to  the  pursuits  of  Iheir  subjects. 
The  same  reliance  may  bo  placed  on  their  violating  no  existing  agreement.' 

'•''Article  1.  All  the  provisions  of  the  third  article  of  the  convention  on 
the  20lh  of  October  1818,  shall  l)e,  and  they  are  here])y  indelinitrly  extended 
and  continued  in  foi'cc,  in  the  same  manner  as  if  all  the  provisions  of  the 
said  article  were  herein  speeilically  recited. 

'  Ai'ticle  2.  It  shall  bo  eom]ictent,  however,  to  either  of  the  contracting 
parties,  in  case  cither  should  think  fit,  at  any  time  after  the  20th  of  October 
18-8,  on  giving  due  notice  of  twidvc  months  to  t!ie  other  contracting  party,  to 
annul  and  abrogate  this  convention;  and  it  shall  in  such  ease,  be  accmdingly 
cntirel J' annulled  and  abrogated  after  the  expiration  of  the  saiiltcrmof  notice. 

'  Article  li.  Nothing  contained  in  this  convention,  or  in  the  third  article  «.f 
the  convention  of  the  20th  of  October  1818,  hereby  continued  iji  force,  shall 
be  construed  to  impair  or  in  any  manner  afleet  the  claims  which  either  of  tiie 
contracting  ])arties  may  have  to  any  part  of  the  country  westward  of  the 
Stony  or  llocky  mountains.' 


NATIONAL  PRIDE,  NOT  UTILITY, 


381 


former  state.     Both  nations   formally  reserved   tho 
ri'-'ht  to  assert  their  full  claims  in  future  iinaifectcd  by 


olfcrs  made  during  the  negotiations.  The  remarks 
made  in  the  preceding  chapter  about  the  settlement 
of  1818  will  for  the  most  part  apply  equally  well  to 
that  of  1827.  "No  unworthy  concession  was  made, 
iio  loss  of  dignity  or  i-ight  was  sustained  on  either 
side;  and  to  break  the  amicable  and  mutually  profit- 
able relations  then  existing  between  the  two  countries, 
on  a  question  of  mere  title  to  tiie  possession  of  terri- 
tories from  which  neither  could  derive  any  immediate 
benefit  of  consequence,  would  have  been  impolitic  and 
unrighteous,"  says  Greenhow.'^  The  nature  of  tho 
res[)ectivc  claims  being  alone  considered,  the  result 
was  a  triumph  for  Great  Britain.  That  nation  had 
also  the  advantage  of  actual  possession  and  of  pros- 
pective profits  in  the  fur-trade.  But  so  far  as  per- 
manent possession  was  concerned,  the  advantage  was 
ou  the  side  of  the  United  States;  for  under  tho 
arrangement  they  might  defer  tho  final  assertion  of 
their  pretended  exclusive  rights  until  the  circum- 
stances should  be  favorable,  permanent  settlers  being 
much  more  likely  to  come  with  time  from  the  United 
States  than  from  England. 

Thus  each  nation  obtained  what  most  favored  its 
own  real  interests.  For  it  was  clearly  evident  from 
the  spirit  of  tho  whole  negotiation,  and  particularly 
from  the  offer,  that  neither  existing  settlements,  nor 
others  formed  during  a  period  of  fifteen  years,  should 
ever  be  adduced  in  support  of  title,  that  Great  Britain 
did  not  look  forward  to  a  permanent  possession  of  tho 
Xorthwest  Coast.  Indeed,  according  to  Gallatin's 
icportto  Clay,  Huskisson  in  the  course  of  the  discus- 
sion several  times  repeated  that  there  was  no  inten- 
tion to  colonize  the  country.  "  They  have  certainly 
no  other  immediate  object  than  that  of  protecting  tho 

^^Or.  and  CaL,  SrA.  'No  settlements  could'  (were  likely  to?)  'be  formed 
in  tho  territory  beyond  tho  Rocky  Mountains,  by  which  it  could  acquire  a 
population,  while  the  arrangement  subsisted.' 


382 


THE  OREGON  QUESTION  CONTINUED. 


Northwest  Company  in  her  fur-trade."  In  every  other 
lespect  the  question  a})i)caretl  to  he  with  them  rather 
one  of  national  \n''u\e  than  anythin^f  else.**  Again, 
and  exaetly  to  the  i)oint:  "National  pride  prevents 
any  abrupt  relinquishment  of  her  pretensions;  but 
Great  Britain  does  not  seem  indisposed  to  let  the 
country  gradually  and  silently  slide  into  the  hands  of 
the  United  States,  and  she  is  anxious  that  it  should 
not,  in  any  case,  become  the  cause  of  a  rupture  between 
the  two  powers."" 

In  his  report  of  August  10,  1827,  in  which,  as 
already  cited,  he  explained  the  national  feeling  of 
England  respecting  the  territory  in  dispute,  Mr  Gal- 
latin also  took  the  liberty  of  making  some  very  perti- 
nent suggestions  on  the  policy  liiat  should  be  observed 
by  the  United  States  under  the  renewed  treaty;  that  is, 
as  to  what  steps  of  occupation  might  be  taken  without 
causing  a  collision  with  Great  Britain.  That  nation 
would,  he  believed,  insist  on  three  restrictive  condi- 
tions. First,  "that  no  custom-house  should  be  erected, 

"  It  was  tloubtful  if  the  offer  respecting  the  settlement  was  not  intendeil 
'to  establish  clearly,  and  to  impress  on  their  subjects  that  Great  IJi-itaiu 
neither  now  nor  hereafter  means  to  claim  such  exclusive  sovereignty.'  'Xot 
only  from  tliem,  but  from  several  other  distinct  quarters,  it  is  certain  that 
their  pride  was  sorely  wounded  by  that  part  of  the  late  president's  message 
which  declared  that  America  was  no  longer  open  to  European  colonization. 
Those  parts  of  the  seco'id  report  of  a  committee  of  the  house  at  the  last 
session. .  .gave  great,  fnsh,  and  .additional  oifence.  I  think  it  notimprobablij 
that  we  might  have  come  to  an  arrangement  had  it  not  been  for  those  causes. 
The  Northwest  Company  is  also  very  inimical,  and  has  no  inconsiderable 
weight.'  Mr  lluskisson  said  that  'the  removal  by  the  United  States  of  any  set- 
tlement made  ))y  liritish  subjects  would  be  considered  as  an  act  of  aggression ;' 
but  Astoria  was  considered  as  in  possession  of  the  United  States,  and  liad 
indeed  been  abandoned  in  favor  of  Vancouver  across  the  river.  'In  making  a 
tinal  agreement  with  the  United  States  she  considered  the  whole  country  as 
still  open  equally  to  both  parties,  and  to  be  divided  as  such  and  on  that 
principle.'  'There  was  in  the  course  of  the  conversation  more  susceptibility 
shown  by  the  British  plenipotentiaries  than  was  called  for  by  my  observations. 
That  the  United  States  had  no  right  to  dispossess  a  single  British  subject,  or 
in  any  way  to  exercise  jurisdiction  in  any  part  of  the  territory  in  question 
was  again  repeated,  saying,  however,  that  they  claimed  no  such  right  on  their 
side.     The  latter  part  of  the  conversation  was  more  conciliatory.' 

^''I  have  been  unable  to  find  'the  gross  misstatements  with  regard  to  the 
discoveries  of  the  Americans,  the  extravagant  and  unfounded  assumptions, 
and  the  illogical  deductions  in  the  document  presented  by  them  (the  British 
plenipotentiaries)  to  Mr  Gallatin,'  mentioned  by  Mr  Gieenhow,  Or.  and  Cal., 
349. 


CONDITIONS. 

nor  any  duties  or  charges  on  tonnage,  nicrcliandiso,  or 
coiunjercc,  be  raised  by  either  party  in  the  territory 
west  of  the  Rocl^y  Mountains."  And  this,  indeud, 
Mould  favor  the  United  States  by  promoting  settle- 
ment, especially  as,  with  duties  on  articles  for  trado 
with  tlie  Indians,  Americans  could  not  compete  with 
the  English  company.  Second,  "that  the  citizens  and 
subjects  of  the  two  powers  residing  in  or  I'osorting  to 
the  territory  in  question  should  be  amenable  only  to 
the  jurisdiction  of  their  own  country  respectively." 
This  subject  should  be  determined  l)y  a  positive  com- 
pact, as  might  readily  bo  done.^"  Third,  "that  no 
military  post  should  be  established  by  either  party  in 
the  territory."  That  is,  the  right  of  the  United 
States  to  establish  such  posts  was  not  denied,  but  if 
the  right  were  exercised  Great  Britain  would  l)e 
obliged  to  found  similar  posts;  and  with  such  forts  ex- 
isting on  both  sides,  the  dangers  of  collision  and  the 
j)r()bable  difficulties  of  a  peaceful  arrangement  would 
be  greatly  increased.  This  was  as  clear  from  thu 
American  as  from  the  British  standpoint.  "Its  real 
difficulty,"  says  Gallatin  frankly,  "consists  in  that 
Great  Britain  having  a  much  larger  military  estab- 
lishment than  the  Unite  ^  States,  may,  with  no  greater 
inconvenience,  make  larger  detachments  for  any  ser- 
vice of  this  kind;  find  that  if  she  once  takes  posses- 
sion in  this  way,  independent  of  the  collisions  it  may 
occasion,  it  will  render  an  ultimate  relinquishment  of 
that  portion  she  would  naturally  occupy  much  more 
difficult  on  her  part."  The  United  States  would  have 
]>referred  that  the  American  military  posts  should  bo 
deemed  a  kind  of  equivalent  of  English  trading-posts 


'"Respecting  the  jurisdiction  at  Astoria,  the  post  naturally  to  bo  first  occu- 
pied, Mr  Gallatin  suggests  'that  the  settlement  and  restitution  of  Astoria 
may  be  forcibly  urged  as  strengthening  the  claim  of  the  United  States  to  tlie 
whole)  territory;  but  that  it  would  be  dangerous  to  adduce  those  incidents  as 
giving  a  stronger  claim  to  the  absolute  sovereignty  over  tliatspot  than  on  any 
otlier  part  of  the  territory.  As  there  can  be  no  higher  title  or  right  than 
that  of  such  sovereignty,  the  argument  could  not  bo  pressed  witliout  acknowl- 
edging tliat  the  right  of  the  United  States  to  the  residue  of  the  territory  was 
something  less  than  one  of  absolute  sovereignty.' 


3S4 


TIIR  OREGON  QUESTION  CONTINUED. 


for  tlio  protection  of  subjects  and  eitizcnis;  l)ut  Groat 
Britain  was  not  likely  to  ap[)reciate  the  benelits  of 
such  an  arianj^cnicnt. 

It  was  believed  by  Gallatin,  with  nuich  reason, 
that  all  these  conditions  nii^ht  be  arran,t,^ed  to  the 
satisfaction  of  both  parties;  that  of  the  military  posts, 
presenting  the  greatest  difficulties,  by  "the  erection 
<jf  a  territory'  having  for  its  eastern  bound  a  lino  within 
the  acknowledged  limits  of  the  United  States,  and 
descril)ing  the  country  over  which  the  jurisdiction 
was  to  extend,  generally,  or  in  terms  similar  to  those 
used  in  the  act  of  parliament."  The  chief  prospective 
obstacle  to  the  success  of  this  moderate  policy,  and 
that  which  these  su^iiestions  were  doubtless  intended 
to  aid  in  removing,  was  the  policy  of  an  over-patriotic 
and  excessively  anti- British  minority  in  congress. 
Could  these  men  bo  kept  in  the  minority  by  the  con- 
tinued union  of  members  who  saw  the  subject  in  its 
true  light  and  those  who  did  not  believe  Oregon  to 
be  worth  the  occupation,  the  prospects  of  the  United 
States  on  the  Northwest  Coast  were  very  bright. 

Before  the  treaty  and  negotiations  of  1827  were 
published,  there  was  reported  by  the  congressional 
committee  on  the  Oregon  Territory,  of  which  Floyd 
was  chairman,  "a  bill  to  authorize  the  occupation  of 
the  Oregon  River,"  which  came  up  for  discussion 
after  the  treaty  was  made  public,  and  occupied  the 
attention  of  the  house  of  representatives  almost  ex- 
clusively from  Dec.  23,  1828,  to  Jan.  9,  1829.=='  This 
bill  provided  for  the  military  occupation  of  the  North- 
west Coast  from  latitude  42°  to  54°  40',  and  the  erec- 
tion of  a  fort;  for  the  establishment  of  ^  territorial 
government  over  that  (  ctent  of  country,  including  tlie 
appointment  of  civil  of^  'ers;  for  the  establishment  of 
a  port  of  entry,  with  t    itom-house,  revenue  officials, 

"  Congressional  Dehates,  20th  Ci  >.,  2d  Scss.,  125-95;  Benton's  Ahridfj.,  x. 

273-315.     Of  this  bill,  before  its  pcarance  iu  committee  of  the  whole  on 

Dec.  23,  I  find  no  record  whatevc  not  even  a  copy  of  the  bill  itself  in  its 

original  form,  its  purport  having  t'  be  made  up  from  the  debate. 


VALIDITY  OF  TITLE. 


385 


and 


and  c'liforooincnt  of  United  States  revenue  laws;  and 
for  tyrants  of  lands  to  Anierican  settlers."^  It  anpean^d 
that  [)etitioiis  were  extant  from  companies  in  dilferent 
states  composed  of  men  who  were  willinj^  to  emigrate 
to  Oregon  if  assured  of  protection  and  favored  with 
certain  privileges.  Accordingly,  at  an  (iarly  stage  (  ' 
the  debate,  an  amendment  was  i)roi)osetl  to  grant  largo 
tracts  of  land  to  these  as8t)ciations,  and  to  a  certain 
extent  to  take  their  proposed  establishments  under 
government  protection. 

As  to  the  perfect  validity  of  the  United  States 
title  to  the  Northwest  (Joast  no  s[)caker  expressed 
tlie  slightest  doubt;  but  beyond  this  point  there  was 
hopeless  divergence  of  opinion.  Floytl,  as  in  earlier 
times  the  chief  defender  of  the  i^'  .asure,  in  several  long 
b[)eeches,with  two  or  three  associates,  maintained  that 
Oregon  was  a  \ory  desirable  p6ssessi(jn  in  every 
respect;  that  it  rightfully  belonged  tt)  the  United 
States;  that  Great  J3ritain  would  not  fight  in  support 
of  her  unfounded  pretensions;  and  that  if  she  did  re- 
sist the  righteous  claims  of  the  republic,  so  much  tho 
worse  for  Great  Britain.  They  also  tried  to  make  it 
ajipear  that  the  proposed  occupation  was  not  contrary 
to  the  spirit  of  the  treaty,  being  no  more  than  Eng- 
land had  already  done  by  the  establishment  of  trading- 
])osts  which  were  really  forts,  and  by  extending  the 
jurisdiction  of  Canada  over  those  regions 


3D 


'^  Sonio  friends  of  tho  measure  claimed,  that  as  no  definite  time  was  speci- 
fied for  its  being  carrieil  into  efloct,  it  practically  provided  for  tlio  previous 
ulirogatiou  of  the  treaty  Ijy  the  recpiircd  notice  of  twelve  months.  This  was 
not  achnitted  hy  its  opponents. 

"''•'Mr  Floyd  said:  '  Tlierc  is  nothing  more  clear  than  that  the  title  of  tho 
United  States  was  good  to  all  the  territory  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  from 
'M')'  to  01 '.'  'It  is  the  only  point  on  the  globe  where  a  strong  power  can  strike 
at  the  British  possessions  in  tliu  East  Indies.'  'Is  it  possil)lo  for  an  American 
congress  to  sulimit  not  only  to  the  murder  of  our  citizens  in  those  regions,  hut 
to  tiic  daring  outrage  of  tlie  IJritisii  parliament  in  passing  a  law  extending 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  courts  of  upper  Canada  over  tlie  whole  Indian  co\intry? 
Sir,  my  country  ought  not  to  submit  to  this  for  a  single  moment.  If  Kngland 
has  not  yet  learned  to  respect  tli..  sovereignty  and  rights  of  tho  confederacy, 
she  must  he  taught  that  lesson;  and,  sir,  it  nmst  and  shall  be  taught  her;  and 
that,  too,  at  no  distant  daj',  in  a  way  which  she  will  not  easily  forget.'  Mr 
llichardson  deemed  the  title  indubitable,  and  the  country  well  worth  the 
probable  cost.  He  would  be  ashamed  to  favor  the  surrender  of  such  a  country 
Hist.  N.  W.  Coast,  Vol.  II.    25 


I 


386 


THE  OREGON  OUESTIOX  COXTIXUED. 


But  few  congressmen,  however,  took  this  radical 
ground;  arid  they  were  apparently  outnumbered  by 
those  who  regarded  the  Oregon  territory  as  worthless, 
not  worth  occupying  even  if  there  were  no  opjwsition. 
Let  Great  Britain  have  it  if  she  cared  for  so  barren 
and  inaccessible  a  tract,  which  was  doubtful.  More- 
over, they  dreaded  any  future  extension  of  a  republic 
that  was  already  large  enough.  ]3ates  of  Missouri 
"could  not  repress  the  utterance  of  his  solemn  wish 
that  the  Ijase  of  the  Rocky  jSIountains  were  an  ocean 
bounding  tlie  United  States,  instead  of  the  vast  wil- 
derness that  extended  beyond  them."  That  Oreoron 
(X)uld  ever  be  a  state  ni  the  union  was  not  admitted 
for  a  moment,  Mitchell  of  Tennessee  opposed  the 
measure  as  involving  useless  expense,  besides  the  risk 
of  complications  with  England. 

Polk  of  T'-nnessee  made  an  able  speech  to  prove 
that  certain  portions  of  the  bill — that  is,  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  territorial  government,  the  enforcement 
of  revenue  laws,  and  the  granting  of  lands  to  set- 
tlers, were  contrary  to  the  treaties  of  1818  and  1827, 
and  a  violation  of  the  national  faith.  In  this  incon- 
trovertible position  he  was  supported  by  Strong  and 
Storrs  of  New  York,  and  by  others.  Some  of  these 
men,  if  not  convinced  that  the  bill  was  a  violation  of 
the  treaty,  did  believe  it  would  be  so  regarded  by 
Great  Britain,  leading  to  a  useless  collision;  and  they 
evidently  appreciated  the  advantages  of  "lottint^Avell 
enough  alone,"  being  like  Gallatin  assured  of  Eng- 


to  Great  Britain;  Lut  he  did  not  Ixjlicvc  Enc;land  would  'readily  wage  war 
witli  the  United  States  to  inuke  conquest  of  tiiat  country;'  it  M'onld  be  too 
risky.  Mr  (lurley  siiid:  The  convention  'confers  reciprocal  rights,  and  im- 
poses reciprocal  obligations.  Great  Ikitain  lias  given  a  pi'actical  construction 
of  the  convention.  Siie  has  erected  forts,  and  in  IS'Jl  extended  lier  laws  aii<l 
civil  jurisdiction  over  the  country.'  He  thougiit  tlie  United  States  niiglitdo 
the  same.  'H  (ireat  IJritain  had  violated  tiie  convention,  it  was  no  longer 
binding  upon  us;  if  slie  had  not,  neither  sliould  we  by  tlio  passage  of  the  l)ill. 
...We  would  not,  abaiulon  our  rights  even  at  the  expense  of  war.  Great 
Britain  had  as  much  to  lose  by  a  war  as  we  had,  and  slie  had  too  nuich  prudence 
and  foresight  to  engage  in  it  unnecessarily.  Ve  had  come  out  of  two  wars 
witli  tliat  nation  with  honor  both  at  home  and  abroad;  and  if  it  was  the  will 
of  lieaven  that  wc  should  again  be  involved  in  that  calamity,  the  same  result 
would  follow. ' 


PROPOSED  SETTLEMENT. 


387 


wage  war 


land's  difsposition  to  let  the  country  "gradually  and 
silently  slide  into  the  hands  of  the  United  States;"  or 
at  least  they  believed  it  but  right  to  give  the  required 
notice  of  twelve  months  before  taking  any  steps  what- 
ever toward  occupation.*'' 

There  was  a  strong  opposition  to  the  project  of 
granting  lands  with  special  j^rotection  and  privileges 
to  companies,  on  the  ground  that  such  action  would 
promote  monopoly,  proprietary  government,  coloniza- 
tion, and  injustice  to  the  mass  of  immigrants.^^  This 
amendment  was  therefore  defeated;  the  features  ob- 
jected to  by  Mr  Polk  were  dropped,  and  other  amend- 
ments were  adopted ;  so  that  the  bill  was  completely 
changed  from  its  original  form  when  finally  submitted 
to  vote.  It  now  provided  that  the  president  should 
be  authorized  to  erect  one  or  more  forts  west  of  the 
mountains,  and  between  latitude  42"  and  54'  40',  and 
to  garrison  them  with  troops  for  the  protection  of  citi- 
zens engaged  in  commercial  or  other  pursuits;  that  he 
sliould  cause  the  country  to  be  explored  before  sending 
troops,  if  1)0  deemed  it  best;  and  that  the  jurisdicti<»,i 
of  United  States  coui'ts  should  be  extended  over  the 
country  in  such  a  way  as  to  punish  all  crimes  com- 
mitted there.  The  sum  of  $2.'), 000  was  to  be  ap})ro- 
priated  to  carry  into  effect  the  provisions  of  the  act. 

The  measure  was  now  in  its  strongest  form.  There 
was  nothinsx  in  the  bill  which  the  United  States  mii^ht 
not  do  in  accordance  with  the  treaty;  and  there  were 
many  who  felt  that  the  United  States  ought  to  make 
some  use  of  the  privilege  of  joint  occupancy,  instead 
of  leaving  the  Brii^sli  in  sole  possession.  So  firmly 
had  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  become  established 
in  the  country  that  no  great  American  company  was 
likeh"  to  enter  the  field  against  them.     If  the  country 


^'H'Jnrliam  of  Mussjicluisctts  pointed  out  very  forcibly  that  there  were  at 
this  time  no  new  discoveries  respecting  the  vahie  of  tlie  country,  no  new 
•u'tiou  on  the  part  of  Kughmd.  ami  no  new  circumstances  whatever  to  cause  a 
necessity  for  any  change  of  policy  by  the  Uniteil  States. 

*'  Ml-  AVeenia  also  objected,  on  the  ground  of  the  injustice  to  be  done  to 
the  Indians. 


388 


THE  OREGM)N  QUESTIOX  COXTIXTED. 


was  to  bo  occupied  at  all  it  must  bo  by  individual 
hunters  and  small  associations.  There  were  absurd 
reports  afloat  that  American  hunters  had  recently  been 
killed  by  or  at  the  instigation  of  the  Englisli  com- 
pany;*- few  perhap.s  really  believed  such  reports;  but 
it  was  obviously  essential  to  afford  protection  for  the 
lives  and  rights  of  Americans  if  they  were  expected 
to  occupy  the  country,  even  if  danger  from  Indians 
or  from  each  other  only  was  to  bo  apprehended. 
And  there  were  but  few  who  opposed  exploration. 

The  difficulty  was,  as  Gallatin  had  suggested,  that 
while  the  United  States  had  a  perfect  right  to  estab- 
lish military  posts.  Great  Britain  had  the  same  I'ight, 
with  superior  advantages.  Witli  garrisoned  forts  on 
both  sides  the  chances  of  a  peaceful  settlement,  and 
especially  of  a  peaceful  abandonment  by  England 
wt)uld  be  much  diminished.  This  view  of  the  matter 
doubtless  influenced  many  to  join  their  votes  to  those 
of  the  members  who  did  not  want  Oregon  at  an}'  \mce. 
By  a  vote  of  ninety-nine  to  seventy-iive,  the  house 
I'ofused  to  order  the  bill  to  its  third  reading,  and  thus 
defeated  it. 

In  negotiations  and  discussions  of  later  date  no  new 
liglit  whatever  was  thrown  on  the  Oregon  Question; 
but  its  real  merits  were  rather  obscured  by  the  popu- 
lar excitement  in  America.  It  will  therefore  be  no 
longer  necessary,  as  in  niy  limited  space  it  would  bo 
impossible,  to  give  a  detailed  le^ume  of  discussions  in 
(u)ngi'ess  and  in  the  public  journals,  though  both 
^;peakers  and  writers  succeeded  in  twisting  the  subject- 
matter  into  a  variety  of  interesting  forms. 

^-'.Saiil  Everett:  'The  truth  is,  something  should  1;(3  doue  to  keep  pace 
M'ith  the  British  settlements,  ami  to  protect  our  hunters  and  trappers.  Tlio 
toil itory  is  now  overrun  witii  the  servants  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company. 
L' iider  a  nominal  joint  oceupaney  they  monopolize  it.  They  are  there  in  great 
liumljcrs;  armed  of  course,  supported  by  a  cliain  of  forts,  and  whenever  the 
-Vnierican  trappers,  comparatively  few  in  nnmhcr,  and  unsupported  l)y  any 
forts,  make  their  appearance  they  are  driven  off,  and  if  they  make  resistiince, 
are  killed.'  He  had  lately  heard  from  reliable  .sources  'that  eight  Americans 
l.iive  been  shot  by  the  British  hunters,'  and  others  to  the  same  effect.  Dray- 
t^ln.  Cambreling,  and  IngersoU  wcif  among  the  most  prominent  iii  urging  tiio 
liiuasure  fur  protection  alono. 


il! 


CHAPTER   XVII. 


THE  OREGON  QUESTION  CONCLUDED. 

1830-1840. 

A  PorrtAR  QuESTiox — American  TRAPrKits — Tnic  Missioxarif.s— The  Gov- 
ernment Seeks  Information — Repouts  on  the  Oregon  Territory— 
The  Agitation  Renewed  in  Congress,  1841 — Senator  Linn's  Ef- 
forts— Presidents'  Messages — Congressional  Deisates— Patriotic 
Faith  in  the  Title — Political  Campaign  of  1844 — Polk's  Policy — 
The  QcESTioN  in  Paklia.ment — Hostile  Rumors — Speeches  and  Bills 
OF  1844-5— Final  Debate — A  Resolution  Passed  to  Annul  the 
Treaty — Pa:mpiilets  Circul^vted — Diplomatic  Settlement— Great 
Britain  Yields-  Treaty  of  1840 — Authorities  Cited— Greenhow, 

TWISS,  AND  other  WRITERS   ON   THE  OREGON  QUESTION. 

For  about  ten  years  after  the  discussion  noted  at 
the  end  of  the  preceding  chapter,  nothing  was  said  of 
the  Oregon  Question  in  congress;  and  the  to]:)ic  Avas 
inueli  kniger  neglected  in  dipk)matic  circles.  Nor  did 
anythinijf  occur  durinij  this  i)eriod  to  affect  ."'»  the 
slightest  degree  the  rights  of  the  respective  parties  to 
the  controversy.  Yet  though  congress,  absorbed  in 
other  matters,  no  longer  paid  attention  to  the  Oregon 
Question,  the  people  had  taken  it  uj),  to  some  extent. 
Colonization  and  trading  schemes  were  often  j>ro- 
poscd,  and  so  far  as  the  latter  were  concerned,  some- 
times carried  out. 

The  American  fur  companies,  under  several  names, 
explored  the  Rocky  ^fountains,  and  ventured  to  com- 
pete with  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  beyond  them/ 

'  The  iclinfinishinent  of  the  Oregon  Territory  to  the  Hudson's  Ray  Company 
Avas  Voluntary  ou  tlie  part  of  the  lirst  American  eumpany-  tliat  of  Sniitii, 
Sublette,  and  Jaekson — that  vent  into  it.  Smith  having  lieiii  attaeked  on 
the  Ump(|\ui  River  liy  Indians,  eseaping  only  with  his  life,  and  arriving 
iit  Fort  Vuucouvtr  in  u  destitute  and  tiuii'cring  cuuditiuii,  late  in  the  autumn 


390 


THE  OREGON  QUESTION  CONCLUDED. 


though  inconsiderably  for  a  period  of  j^ears,  or  until 
the  increasing  number  of  companies  forced  all  into 
active  rivalry  with  each  other.  Of  the  adventurers 
who  tried  their  fortunes  in  this  field,  Wyeth  and 
Bonneville  were  conspicuous  examples,  and  failures. 
Their  exploits  arc  elsewhere  recorded.  Of  thost;  who 
ventured  to  attempt  colonization  was  Kelley,  whose 
schemes  ended  in  even  more  disastrous  failure.  It 
was  not  until  American  missionaries  entered  in  and 
possessed  the  country  as  neither  traders  nor  colonizers, 
tlK)ugh  in  reality  very  willing  to  become  both,  that  a 
foothold  was  gained  for  the  occupation  of  Oregon  by 
American  settlers.  For  the  history  of  this  move- 
ment, and  the  subsequent  emigration  to  Oregon,  the 
reader  is  referred  also  to  the  Ilistori/  of  Oregon.  From 
tlie  time  the  missionary  reports  connnenced  to  reacli 
the  United  States  from  Oregon,  together  with  the 
petitions  of  these  and  other  tirst  settlers  in  the  val- 
ley of  the  Willamette,  congress  was  frequently  re- 
minded of  the  expectations  of  the  people,  uj)  to  the 
time  when  the  first  real  emigration  party  set  out  to 
cross  the  plains  for  the  Columbia  River. 

Thoufjh  congress  had  for  some  time  ceased  to  discuss 
the  Oregon  title  openly,  the  government  had  not  been 
idle,  but  was  collecting  information  from  every  source, 
and  placing  it  within  reach  of  the  people,  in  the  form 
of  congressional  documents.'^    Such  was  the  report  of 

of  18'29,  was  kindly  entertainctl  through  the  winter,  his  furs  recovered  and 
pui'chiiised  from  him  by  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  and  ho  assisted  upon  his 
return  to  the  rendezvous  in  the  mountains.  Later,  a  keen  competition  was 
carried  on  all  over  the  middle  ground  between  the  head-waters  of  the  Lewis 
vv  Snake  river  and  the  main  Columbia.  The  story  of  Jedediah  Smith  is 
fully  told  in  chap,  xix.  this  volume.  See  also  Hist.  Cal.,  this  series;  also 
JIiKt.  Or.,  passim. 

-In  a  note  to  Orcenhow's  Or.  and  Cal.,  377,  he  names  several  of  these  gov- 
ernment documents,  as  the  following:  'Report  to  Senate,  with  maps,  ami  a 
Kill  for  the  Occupation  of  Oregon,  presented  by  Mr  Linn,  Juno  G,  1838;' 
'  Reports  of  the  Committee  on  Foreign  Ail'airs,  of  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives, respecting  the  Territory  of  Oregon,  with  a  map,  presented  Jan.  4  and 
I'Y'bruary  l(i,  1839,  by  Mr  Cushing,  accompanied  by  a  bill  to  provide  for  tlic 
j)r()tection  of  the  citizens  of  the  United  States  residing  in  that  territory,  or 
t  ading  on  the  Columbia  River,  and  various  documents  in  proof ' — from  wliich 
I  have  made  several  extracts  in  other  parts  of  tiiis  history;  'Memoir,  His- 
torical and  I'olitical,  on  the  Northwest  Coast  of  North  America,  and  the 


THE  CONGRESSIONAL  VIEW. 


391 


the  committee  on  foreign  aflfairs,  by  Mr  Cusliing, 
which  contained  the  reports  of  Wyeth,  Slacuni,  and 
Kelley,  the  letter  of  Jason  Lee,  the  first  petition  of 
the  Oregon  settlers,  and  other  matter.  From  this 
time,  bills  were  annually  brought  before  congress, 
having  for  their  object  the  civil  and  military  posses- 
sion of  the  country.  They  came  up  in  every  shape, 
in  both  branches  of  the  national  legislature,  and  ema- 
nated, not  as  formerly,  from  one  or  two  individuals, 
but  from  many. 

In  1842  Lord  Ashburton  arrived  in  the  United 
States,  furnished  with  instructions  and  powers  for  the 
settlement  of  certain  c|uestions  long  pending  between 
the  United  States  and  Great  Britain;  and  the  im- 
pression generally  prevailed  both  in  Great  I3ritain 
and  the  United  States,  that  the  Oregon  Question 
would  be  disposed  of  with  the  others.  In  this,  how- 
ever, the  people  were  disappointed.  The  introduction 
of  this  subject  being  known  to  be  prejudicial  to  nego- 
tiations at  that  time  very  important  to  the  nation  in 
other  respects,  the  president  regarded  it  as  most 
advantageous  to  waive  this  one,  which,  though  equally 
important,  was  not  so  pressing.^  The  exclusion  of  the 
Oregon  Question  from  the  treaty  of  August  1842, 
increased,  says  Greenhow,  the  excitement  respecting 
that  (X)untry  in  the  United  States,  and  an  excitement 
was  soon  after  created  in  Great  Britain.* 

As  early  as  January  8,  1841,  Linn  of  Missouri  in- 
troduced in  the  senate  a  joint  resolution  to  authorize 
the  adoption  of  measures  for  the  occupation  and  set- 
tlement of  the  territory  (^f  Oregon,  and  for  extending 

adjacent  countries,  •with  n  map,  and  a  geographical  view  of  tlioso  countries, 
liy  Robert  fireenhow,  Translator  and  Librarian  to  the  Department  of  State," 
presented  Fel).  10,  1840,  by  Mr  Linn;  '  Report  of  Hon.  J.  R.  Toinsett,  Sec- 
retary of  War,  ill  relation  t(j  the  establishment  of  a  line  of  Military  Poata 
from  the  Missouri  River  to  tin;  (,'olumbia,  1840;'  '  Rejuirt  of  the  Military 
Committee  of  the  House  of  Ivejiresentativcs,  on  the  subject  of  tlie  Occupa- 
tion and  Defence  of  the  Columbia  Countries,'  presented  by  Mr  rendletou, 
Mav  •-'.").  1842. 

'■>  /'rrsulnit  .1  ^fc<t.,  Dec.  0,  1S42. 

^Ornjihoic'n  Or.  andCal.,  ST'J. 


392 


THE  OREGON  QUESTION  CONCLUDED. 


certain  portions  of  the  laws  of  the  United  States  over 
the  same.  At  the  be<xinnin<»:  of  the  second  session  of 
the  same  congress  he  introduced  a  bill  providing  for 
its  occupation  and  settlement;  and  again  in  December 
he  reported  another  bill  for  the  sa  ae  purpose,  making 
a  speech  in  its  support  April  13,  1842,  and  contin- 
uing to  bring  it  up  at  every  opportunity  during 
the  session,  notwithstanding  the  pending  negotiations 
concerning  the  north-eastern  boundary,  which  other 
senators  urged  as  a  reason  for  ren)aining  silent  on  this 
question.  This  bill,  which  I  have  occasion  to  notice 
elsewhere,  passed  the  senate  early  in  February  184;3', 
and  had  the  effect  of  stimulatinuf  enii«j[ration  to  Orejjon. 
Many  went  to  Oregon  in  the  belief  that  they  were  to 
receive  not  only  government  protection,  but  a  gift 
of  land  also,  as  a  reward  for  occupying  the  country 
for  the  United  States  in  opposition  to  Great  Britain 
as  represented  by  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company.  The 
failure  of  any  bill  to  pass  both  houses  left  the  people 
of  Oregon  in  that  anomalous  condition  which  makes 
their  history  unique  among  the  other  states  of  the 
union. 

But  every  year  that  now  passed  added  to  the 
interest  of  the  subject.  It  was  not  only  talked  of 
in    congress,^  but  in   the  public  prints  of  England 


*  President  Tyler,  in  liis  message  of  Decciii1)er  .">,  1 S43,  informca  that  bodj' 
that  tlic  Uiiitcil  States  Minister  at  Lcjiidou  liiid,  under  i'.istructionK,  again 
l)roiif,'lit  the  sul>jcot<)f  the  Ore^iron  Ixnindai'V  ti)  the  notice  of  the  govi'rnnient 
of  (ireat  Ih-itain,  and  tliat  '  wliilc  nothing  wouhl  lio  done  to  compromise  the 
riglits  of  the  United  States,  every  proper  expedient  wonhl  bo  resorted  to,  in 
order  to  bring  tiie  negotiations  in  progress  of  resumption  to  a  speedy  and 
Jiappy  termination.'  Conij.  Ulnbc,  ,:,'l/i  Coir/.,  J--/  .'>''.<>■.,  pt.  i.  (!.  On  the  lltii 
of  l)eeenil)er  JInghes  of  Missouri  gave  notice  of  a  bill  f(jr  tlie  organization  of 
a  territorial  government,  to  be  called  the  Oregon  'I'erritory;  and  also  a  bill 
for  surveying  and  constructing  a  military  road  from  Fort  Leavenworth  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Columbia  Kiver,  and  for  establishing  militaiy  post.s  on  the  same. 
/(/.,  4L  Several  attemi)ts  were  made  to  have  that  portion  of  the  president's 
message  that  related  to  Oregon,  referred  to  tlie  etimmittco  on  territories,  in- 
stead of  the  connnittee  on  military  affairs,  where  it  made  no  progress.  Dec. 
20th  We-itworth  of  Illinois  introduced  a  resolution,  'That  the  prcsitlent 
should  be  requested  to  furnish  the  house,  if  consistent  with  the  public  interest, 
all  the  correspondence  between  the  United  States  (lovernnient,  or  any  other 
power,'  in  relation  to  the  di.scovery,  possession,  title,  and  boundary  of  the 
Oregon  Territory.  /</.,  .'Vl,  The  correspondence  here  asked  for  was  afterwards 
iuriiished  by  President  I'olk  to  congress,  in  Tebruary  lS4o,  and  is  to  be  found 


ifKCMiiaii 


CONGRESSIONAL  DISCUSSION. 


393 


and  the  TTiiited  States,  as  also  in  those  of  France  and 
(jrcrnian}';  and  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic  books 
and   pamphlets   appeared   arguing  the   Oregon  title, 

ill  the  Coiuj.  Globe,  xv.  333-").  On  Jau.  4,  1844,  Owen  of  Indiana  intro- 
duced a  resolution  in  tlie  house,  that  the  president  he  required  to  give  the 
twelve  months'  notice  to  Great  Britain  required  by  tiio  second  artii'le  of  tiie 
convention  of  1S:27,  and  that  on  the  expiration  of  that  time  the  United  States 
sliould  annul  and  abrogate  the  said  convention.  /(/.,  i^iSt/i  Coinj.,  1st  Svsn.,  pt. 
i.  10:i.  The  same  day  Hughes  introduceil  the  bill  for  the  organization  of 
Oregon  Territory  of  which  lie  had  given  notice,  which  was  referred  to  the 
conunittee  on  territories,  and  ordered  to  be  printed.  On  the  sauie  day 
Wentwovth's  resolution  asking  for  information  of  the  president  on  the  Oi'egon 
(Question,  was  considered  and  adopted.  To  this  request  the  presiilent  replied, 
on  the  18th,  that  'all  sncli  correspondence  had  from  time  to  time  been  laid 
before  congress,  except  some  recent  correspondence  with  our  minister  near 
the  court  of  St  .James,  which  it  was  not  deemed  expedient  to  Liy  befcjre  con- 
gress on  tiie  eve  of  the  arrival  of  a  minister  from  England,  with  whom 
negotiations  would  be  opene<l  at  an  early  period.'  Id.,  Ki.'t.  Hughes,  on 
tile  '2M\,  olFered  a  resolution  similar  to  Owen's,  requiring  tlio  president 
t)  give  the  twelve  UKmths'  notice,  which  resolution  was  negatis'ed.  /(/., 
KiS.  On  the  'J.'id  Ingersoll,  from  the  committee  on  foreign  relations,  to 
which  Owen's  resolution  had  been  referred,  returned  answer  that  it  was 
cousidered  inexpedient  for  congress,  at  tliat  time,  to  act  in  any  manner 
upon  the  subject  referred  to  in  tiio  said  resolution.  Iil.,  ITS.  On  tlio 
following  day  Owen  made  a  speech  on  the  Oregcni  boundary,  in  which 
he  aninuidverteil  upon  the  practice  of  senators  and  others  in  letting  fall 
remarks  which  might  prejudice  the  claim  of  the  United  States,  an<l  quoted 
a  .sentence  from  one  of  Calhoun'.s  speeches,  in  which  that  gentleman  had 
said  that  'the  portion  of  territory  really  in  dispute  between  the  two  countries 
was  aliinit  three  degrees  of  latitude,  that  is,  about  one  fonrch  of  the  whole." 
This,  he  thought,  was  leading  to  an  admission  concerning  the  extent  of  terri- 
tory claimed.  Did  any  one  imaghie  that  I'ackington  ha  1  not  read  that  speech, 
or  doubt  that  ho  would  come  prepared  to  bdcc  advantiige  of  it?  He  advocated 
a  more  independent  position  toward  Great  Britain,  and  made  an  clixiuent 
ap])eal  for  protection  for  the  Oregon  settlers,  drawing  at  the  .same  time  a 
.striking  picture  of  the  frontiersmen  who  were  taking  possession  of  the  country. 
'Oregon  will  soon  be  occupied — an  armed  occupation,  too.  And  occupied  by 
whom?  Not  by  smooth-chinned,  trim-uniformed  cadets  from  West  I'oint,  but 
by  veteran  pioneers,  from  whom  old  age  itself,  though  it  whitens  tlie.ir  locks, 
cannot  .steal  their  strength  Jind  their  fire,  by  fierce  young  hunters  of  the  fron- 
tier who  heard  the  warwhoop  in  tlieir  cradles,  and  who  burn  to  emulate  tlie 
exploits — ti)  avenge  the  death,  perhaps,  of  their  fathers;  by  a  partisan  ormy, 
in  short,  of  Ximrod  warriors,  who,  with  their  knives  at  their  belts,  and  their 
long  rillcs  on  their  shoulders,  fear  nothing,  red  or  white,  in  tiie  form  of  a 
man.'  He  urgently  advocated  passing  a  'notice'  bill,  after  which  it  would  bo 
unquestionably  proper  to  do  for  Oregon  what  its  people  had  a  right  to  expect. 
/'/.,  bSli.  On  the  11th  of  March,  Brown  of  Tennessee,  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee on  territories,  reported  a  bill  extending  the  civil  and  criminal  juris- 
diction of  th(!  courts  of  the  territory  of  Iowa,  south  and  west  of  said  territoi-y 
to  the  Pacific,  which  was  ordei'ed  to  be  printed  along  with  the  rep(n't  'pf  t!ie 
committee.  The  bill  extended  jurisdiction  west  of  the  Hocky  Mountains, 
from  latitude  42' to  .54°  40'  north.  It  gave040 acres  of  land  Loeach  inhabitant 
of  any  state  or  territory  who  might  have  alreaily  removed,  or  might  there- 
after remove  to  that  country  and  cultivate  and  use  the  same  for  live  years. 
Also  10:)  acres  for  the  wife  of  such  inhabitant,  and  the  like  quantity  to  each 
child  tidcen  there,  or  born  in  the  country.  It  further  provided  for  another 
judge  to  lie  appointed  for  the  territory  of  Iowa,  who  should  resiile  in  Oregon, 
and  also  for  the  appointment  of  justices  of  the  peace.     The  sum  of  §100,000 


394 


THE  OREGON  QUESTION  CONCLUDEI 


some  of  which  I  shall  notice  presently.  It  was  made 
the  issue  on  which  the  presidential  canipaii^n  of  1844 
was  founded.     Conffress  had  sjiven  the  initiative  to 


was  appropriateil  to  buiUl  forts  on  the  main  pass  to  Oregon,  and  within  it, 
and  to  carry  into  effect  the  other  provisions  of  tho  bill.  Id.,  SGO.  Meantime, 
the  subject  was  not  left  out  of  consideration  in  tho  senate.  A  lengthy  debate 
took  place  on  the  8th  of  January  in  which  Benton  as  usual  took  a  conspicuous 
part,  and  in  which  Crittenden  and  Morehead  of  Kentucky,  .\rclior  of  Vir- 
ginia, JJeri'ien  of  (ieorgia,  Allen  of  Ohio,  Woodbury  of  New  Hampshire, 
iiuchanan  of  Pennsylvania,  and  others  participated.  The  <Ubaf:e  va.s  princi- 
pally upon  the  subject  of  the  pending  negotiations,  and  v;a.»  conseijuent  upon 
a  resolution  oft'ered  by  Allen  some  time  before,  that  the  president  should 
be  rcfpiested  to  lay  before  tlie  senate,  if  in  hia  judgment  tlie  public  in- 
terests would  not  be  prejudiced  ))y  hia  so  doing,  a  copy  of  any  in.structiona 
■which  nuiy  have  been  given  by  the  executive  to  tho  American  niinis^-er  in 
England  on  the  subject  of  the  title  to,  and  occupation  of,  Oregon  S'uce 
the  4th  day  of  March  1841,  with  a  copy  of  any  correspondei"je  which  might 
have  passetl  between  the  United  States  government  and  that  of  Grcu*; 
Britain  in  relation  to  that  subject  since  that  time.  Id.,  JSIIi  Coin/.,  Ist  iS'cv.'*., 
pt.  ii.  1)8-104.  The  tone  and  manner  of  this  debate  show  a  jealousy  in  the 
senate  of  the  power  of  the  executive  to  place  tho  nation  in  a  certain  position 
toward  another  power  of  which  it  might  not  approve.  Allen  referred  to  a, 
declarati<jn  of  Lord  I'almerston  in  the  house  of  commons,  March  "21,  1S43, 
that  if  the  senate  had  passed  a  bill,  as  reported,  '  for  immediately  taking 
forcible  possession  of  tho  whole  territory  of  Oregon;  and  if  tiio  senator  who 
brought  iu  the  bill  had  expressed  his  conviction  that  the  American  claim 
would  immediately  be  acquiesced  in  by  Great  Britain,  if  it  was  only  ui-ged,  iu 
what  ho  was  pleaseil  to  call  a  i')roper  manner,  it  ia  impossible,  I  conccix'e,  that 
this  bill  should  pass  tho  other  branches  of  the  legislature;  but  if  it  were  to 
pass,  and  to  bo  acted  upon,  it  would  be  a  declaration  of  war.'  In  partial 
opposition  to  this  Allen  also  quoted  from  Sir  Roljert  Peel,  who  had  reminded 
Lord  I'almerston  that  he  had  '  made  no  allowance  for  the  position  of  a  govern- 
ment so  open  to  popular  influence  as  that  of  America.  We,  however,  deal 
with  till' executive  government  and  not  with  tlic  senate.  Wc  have  proposed  to 
that  government  to  consider  the  laeans  of  effecting  a  conciliatory  adjustment 
respecting  the  Oregon  Territory,  and  have  met  ■with  no  repulse,  but  have 
received  assurances  in  reply  to  our  proposition,  that  the  executive  govern- 
ment of  the  United  States  is  anxious  to  come  to  an  adjustment  of  that  ques- 
tion; and  we  have  every  reason  to  hope  that  unless  wo  revive  the  former 
animosity,  and  embitter  the  feelings  between  the  two  countries,  an  attempt 
to  settle  the  (question  by  negotiation  will  ))0  satisfactory.  The  noble  lord  says 
the  senate  has  passed  a  bill  which  I  believe  it  has  not  passed.  [Linn's  bill, 
passed  February  (J,  1843.]  I  think  the  votes  were  equally  divided;  but  what- 
ever the  senate  may  do,  it  is  impossible  for  the  executive  government  to  ap- 
prove of  such  a  bill,  after  having  cxpres.sed  a  desire  to  negotiate.  Tlic  noble 
lord  says  the  adoption  of  that  bill  would  bo  a  cause  of  war.  I  will  not  discuss 
hypothetical  causes  of  war,  when,  as  I  have  said,  the  executive  government 
has  signitied  to  us  its  desire  to  maintain  peace,  and  to  eiibct  a  satisfactory 
adjustment  of  the  question  of  the  Oregon  Territory.  I  trust  in  the  assurances 
of  the  executive  goverinnent,  and  I  will  not  believe  that  it  will  give  its 
con.sent  to  a  legislative  measure  at  .variance  with  those  assurances.'  'The 
president  is  hero  told,'  said  Allen,  'that  he  haa  already  so  far  pledged  this 
government  to  that  of  England,  on  the  Oregon  Question,  as  to  render  it  im- 
possible for  him  to  sanction  such  a  bill  as  that  which  passed  the  senate.  Con- 
gress is  here  told  that  its  action  will  be  unavailing,  as  the  president  stands 
pledged  to  (treat  Britain  to  interpose  the  veto  power.  Nosv,  sir,  this  declara- 
tion of  the  English  minister  is  either  true,  or  the  contrary;  and  in  either  case, 
and  for  ei^ual  reasons,  the  president  should  inform  congress  of  the  actual  state 


THE  PRESIDENT'S  COURSE. 


395 


the  poo})lo  in  censuring  President  Tyler's  course 
towards  Great  Britain,  as  weakly  conciliatory.  They 
wanted  an  executive  not  afraid  to  assert  the  right  of 
the  United  States  to  the  whole  of  Oregon,"  and  were 


of  the  facts;  because,  whether  tnie,  or  the  contrary,  it  cf|iiiilly  relates  to 
the  action  of  congress.'  Allen  referred  to  tlie  sacrilices  inailo  of  territory  in 
the  recent  Kcttlenient  of  the  north-eastern  houndaiy,  from  fear  of  disturhing 
tlie  liarniony  of  tlie  two  countries,  and  the  same  sacrifices  were  likely  to  occur 
in  the  contemplated  negotiations.  Archer  considered  Allen's  remarks  as 
tantamount  to  a  determination  to  have  war,  ratlier  than  yield  an  acre  of 
territory,  and  thougiit,  tluvt  since  England  wished  to  negotiate  at  our  own 
door,  during  the  period  of  a  peace  mutually  agreed  upon,  it  was  an  attitude 
tliat  ought  not  to  l)0  maintained.  Mr  Morehead  considered  it  only  proper 
under  the  circumstances,  to  leave  the  president  to  the  exercise  of  his  legiti- 
mate functions,  and  the  senate  to  theirs.  He  was  not  so  sensitive  as  tlie 
senator  from  Ohio,  to  the  declarations  of  the  IJritisii  pailiament;  tliey  were 
worth  as  nuicli  as  those  of  the  United  States  senate,  and  no  mon;,  ;uid  neither 
bound  their  respective  governments,  lienton  spoke  in  favor  of  tlie  resolu- 
tion ;  and  contended  that  the  senate  had  a  right  to  assist  in  the  formation  of 
a  ti'caty  before  it  was  made,  and  consequently  a  right  to  know  tlie  state  of 
every  negotiation  before  it  was  concluded.  The  constitution  said  the  presi- 
dent was  to  make  treaties  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate. 
President  Washington  had  given  the  example  of  consulting  tiie  senate,  of 
which  IJentou  adduced  examples.  The  practice  had,  however,  been  departed 
from.  The  treaty  of  1842  was  an  example  of  this  <lepartiii'e;  but  the  treaty 
was  made  and  ratified,  as  it  would  not  have  been  if  tiie  senate  had  l)eeii  t^on- 
sulted  beforehand.  '  In  this  way  a  treaty  was  carried  through  tliis  botly,  which 
was,  in  fact,  almost  unanimously  disapproved,  and  which  has  since  subjected 
us  to  tiie  keenest  ridicule  of  the  British  parliament.'  A  similar  case  was  now 
pending,  and  the  president  had  asked  no  advice;  the  senate  had  oU'ered  none. 
Tlii'ie  was  a  bill  before  the  senate,  the  same  as  had  before  been  j)assed,  which 
Sir  Robert  Peel  had  pronounced  Impossible  for  the  president  to  sign.  A\'hy 
could  not  the  president  sign  it,  if  it  pas.scd  both  houses?  Tlie  facts  should  be 
known,  if  the  president  is  really  committed  to  Great  Britain  on  this  point. 
As  legarded  the  resolution,  the  right  to  information  was  clear.  Mr  Berrien 
denied  the  right  of  the  senate  to  call  for  any  information  relative  to  the  presi- 
dent's negotiations  with  foreign  powers,  or  to  throw  upon  him  the  responsi- 
bility of  refusing  it.  The  right  was  not  expressed  in  the  resolution,  which 
rc([uested  the  president,  if  in  his  judgment  ho  thought  best,  to  furnish  the 
intorniation.  The  practice  of  the  first  president  had  hmg  since  been  discon- 
tinued, and  would  at  present  be  inexpedient.  To  make  public  the  instructions 
to  tlie  American  minister,  would  have  an  injurious  influence  on  the  proposed 
negotiations.  The  instructions  of  the  British  government  would  remain  secret, 
while  those  of  the  United  States  would  be  exposed.  He  urged  the  senate,  in 
case  the  resolution  was  not  withdrawn,  to  reject  it.  A  sharp  <liscu.ssion  fol- 
l(j\ved  on  the  propriety  of  passing  the  resolution.  Mr  Crittenden  tiiought  it 
the  riglitof  the  senate  to  do  so,  if  they  thought  proper,  1)ut  that  it  was  inex- 
pedient. Mr  Buchanan  would  vote  advice  to  the  president,  if  he  sliould  liiul, 
after  the  instructions  had  been  received,  that  this  was  necessary  to  preserve 
the  country  from  any  improper  sacrifice.  He  hoped  the  aullior  of  the  resolu- 
tion would  permit  it  to  be  laid  upon  the  table,  and  that  In;  \\ould  offer  a 
similar  one  in  executive  session.  The  (juestioii  being  taken  on  tlio  adoption  of 
the  resolution,  it  was  rejected  by  31  nays  to  14  yeas.  Voikj.  iUuhc,  JSt/i  (.'oiiij., 
i,s<.SVsA'.,  pt. '2,  98-104. 

"An  election  tract  published  by  the  Democratic  Association  of  Wash- 
ington City,  and  entitled  Onijoii,  commences:  'Whether Oregon  siiall  remain 


39G 


THE  OREGON  QUESTION  CONCLUDED. 


...rU 


liiiif 


villinj^  and  anxious  to  su})j)ort  him  in  doing  so.  The 
I'lc'C'tion  of  Mr  Polk  to  tho  presidency  having  been 
secured,  increased  and  strengthened  the  excitement 
conceining  the  title  to  ()re<;on,  and  at  the  commence- 
ment  of  the  second  session  of  the  twenty-eighth  con- 
gress/ the  question  came  up  almost  immediately,  in 

ours,  or  in  to  l)o  surrendered  to  Oreat  Britain,  is  one  of  the  questions  to  be 
wettled  ill  the  presidential  election  of  1844;  for  ^v°hil8t  Junies  K.  I'olk  is 
pledged  to  retain  the  whole  of  this  great  territory,  Henry  Clay  is  also 
j)led;j;ed  to  surrender  nearly  one  half  of  it  to  England.  In  liis  letter  of  April 
•J.'{,  1S44,  .fames  K.  I'olk  declarcil  that  'the  autiioiity  and  laws  of  the  Uniteil 
States  he  establialied  and  maintained'  in  tlie  Oregon  Territory,  and  'let  the 
fixed  jioliey  of  our  government  be,  not  to  permit  Creat  Britain,  or  any  other 
foreign  power,  to  plant  a  colony,  or  hold  dominion  over  any  portion  of  the 
people  or  territory.'  The  democratic  national  convention  of  Baltimore,  whicli 
nominated  ^Lr  I'olk  for  the  presidency,  unanimously  resolved  '  that  our  title 
to  the  whole  of  the  territory  of  Oregon  is' clear  and  un(juestionable ;  that 
no  portion  of  the  same  ought  to  be  ceded  to  England  or  any  other  power.' 
On  tlie  other  hand  it  was  urged  against  Mr  Clay,  that  in  !8'i(i,  while  secretary 
of  state,  in  his  instructions  to  Mr  (<allatin,  he  lirst  declared  that  (Jreat  Brit- 
ain liad  not,  and  could  not  make  out  'even  a  colorable  title  to  a'.y  portion  of 
the  NortJiwest  Coast.'  Yet  in  the  same  communication  he  liad  authorized 
Mr  Oallatiu  to  'propose  the  annulment  of  the  convention  of  1818,  and  the 
extension  of  the  line  on  the  parallel  of  49",  from  the  eastern  side  of  tlie 
Stony  ^lountains,  where  it  then  terminated,  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,'  together 
with  the  free  navigation  of  the  C'olumbia,  should  the  49th  parallel  cross  any 
navigable  branch  of  that  river.  The  writer  held  that  by  this  oHicial  conunu- 
nication  Mr  Clay  was  ])ledged  to  give  up  all  north  of  49",  and  hence  was  not 
a  suitable  rejircsentative  of  the  nation.  On  such  unexpected  events  do 
the  fortunes  of  men  turn!  There  is  much  more  in  the  tract,  for  which  I  have 
not  room. 

^  Mr  Atchison  on  Dec.  19,  1844,  introduced  a  bill  to  '  organize  the  govern- 
ment of  Oregon,  and  for  other  purposes.'  A  debate  ensued,  on  an  attfmi)t 
being  ma<le  to  refer  it  to  the  couunittee  on  foreign  relations,  which  was 
known  to  be  unfriendly  to  any  bill  of  like  import;  Atchison,  Benton,  and 
Bagljy  of  Alabama,  tu'ging  its  reference  to  the  committee  on  territories,  wliile 
Archer,  Morehead,  and  AVoodbury  opposed  it.  The  bill  was  finally  referred 
to  tho  committee  on  foreign  relations,  where  it  seems  to  have  been  quietly 
disposed  of.  Con;/.  Globe,  U'S/h  Coiif/.,  M  Scsx.,  .38,  48.  On  Jan.  I'.i,  1845,  a 
petition  was  presented  to  tlio  senate  by  Allen  of  Ohio,  with  the  proceedings 
and  resolutions  of  a  meeting  of  the  citizens  of  Zanesville,  Ohio,  in  favor  of 
the  annexation  of  Texas  to  tho  United  States,  and  for  the  extension  of  tiic 
laws  of  the  United  States,  by  the  erection  of  a  teiritorial  government  over  the 
territory  of  Oregon.  The  petition  was  referred  to  the  couunittee  on  f(jreign 
relations.  /'/.,  l'J8.  ^Meantime  the  lionse  sent  in  a  bill,  which  was  reported 
back  with  an  amendment.  In  February,  another  bill  from  tho  house,  for  the 
organization  of  a  territorial  government  over  Oregon,  was  presented  in  the 
senate,  and  rej)orted  back  with  an  amendment,  like  the  former.  Jd.,  '250.  On 
the  .'id  of  Maivh,  Atchison  moved  to  postpone  previous  orders,  and  take  up 
the  house  bill  (4;}9)  to  organize  a  territorial  government  in  the  Oregon  terii- 
tory,  and  for  other  purposes.  A  debate  on  the  propriety  of  considering  sucli 
a  bill  during  the  pending  negotiations  and  on  the  last  day  of  the  session  fol- 
lowed, in  M'hicli  it  was  evident  the  measure  would  be  crowded  out,  as  it  had 
been  potstponed  during  the  session.  On  the  motion  to  postpone  previous  or- 
ders, and  take  up  the  Oregon  bill,  the  vote  stood  '21  for,  and  23  against  it. 
/(/.,  387-8. 


POLK'S  MESSA(!E. 


3)7 


govern- 

lich  Wiis 
ton,  and 
icH,  whili! 
•iffviod 
([uiutly 
1845,  a 
yccedinga 
favor  <if 
Ml  of  the 
over  tlio 
foreign 
reported 
,  for  tlio 
A  in  the 
'J.m    On 
take  np 
on  terii- 
mg  such 
ision  fol- 
iis  it  hud 
vious  or- 
'ainst  it. 


botli  liousos,  thoui^h  in  tlie  soiiato  it  was  not  jx'i'iiiitti'fl 
to  ••■o  hovond  an  occasional  clcl)ato  on  the  pivtpi-iftv  ol" 
discLissinf,^  the  (|uestiou  at  all,  during  tliu  eunsidcrution 
of  it  by  the  plenipotentiaries. 

All  scruples  of  the  nature  professed  by  tlu^  senate 
were  weakened,  if  not  removed,  by  the  inauguial 
address  of  President  Polk,  who  asserted  it  to  be  his 
duty  to  "  maintain,  by  all  constitutional  means,  tlie 
ri<jjht  of  the  United  States  to  that  poition  of  our  ter- 
litory  which  lies  Ijeyond  the  Kocky  Mounttiins.  Our 
title  to  tlie  country  of  Oregon  is  clear  and  uiKpies- 
tionable;  and  already  are  our  })eo})le  preparing  to  per- 
fect tliat  title  by  occujiying  it  with  their  wives  and 
children."  He  declared  it  the  duty  of  congress  to 
jii'otect  the  Oregon  emigrants;  and  that  the  laws  of 
the  United  States  should  be  extended  over  them  in 
the  distant  region  they  had  selected  for  their  homes, 
and  that  every  obligation  imi)osed  by  treaty  or  con- 
ventional stipulations  should  be  sacredly  res})ected.'' 

It  is  not  to  be  sujiposed  that  the  agitation  in  tlie 
T'nited  States  was  passing  unobserved  in  England." 
Mv  Roebuck  asked  Sir  llobert  Peel,  in  the  house  of 
connnons,  what  measures  had  been  taken  to  counter- 
a(^t  the  efforts  in  the  United  States  congress,  to  annex 
Oregon;  asserting  with  a  spirit  even  more  partisan 
than  that  of  the  Oregon  emigrants,  that  the  United 
States  had  no  rights  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.*" 
Lord  John  Russell  also  reviewed  the  title  to  Oregon, 
in  tlie  house  of  commons,  April  4,  1845,  on  the  ground 
taken  b}"  Falconer,  citing  also  Farnham  and  Wilkes; 
saving  that  he  had  been  informed  that  there  were 
twenty  thousand  persons  in   the  Oregon   Territory, 

Tonr/.  G/ohe,  1,S44-.'),  398. 

"  The  London  Timcn  said  that  'President  Polk'-s  message  implied  the  terms 
of  war,  or  conclusive  negotiation.  War  was  too  nionstrou.s  to  lie  thought  of, 
except  after  everj'  effort  at  a  compromise  had  been  exhausted,'  etc.  Or.  S/nc- 
tiilnr,  Sept.  3,  1840.  '  The  president's  message  met  witli  very  general  favor, 
and  was  coiisidci'ed  a^  fair  and  »tatesniau-liko  documeut,  botli  at  homo  uud 
abroad.'  /(/.,  Sept.  17,  184(5 

^^  Jlaimard'd  Pari.  Debates,  78,  235-6. 


•i  I 


398 


THE  OREGON  QUESTION  CONCLUDED. 


i 


scarcely  ono  liundrod  of  whom  were  Aincrioans.  Ho 
asserted  moreover,  that  there  was  no  port  in  all  Ore- 
gon except  tlie  Columbia  River,  and  gave  a  history  of 
the  negotiations  of  1824,  referring  to  the  declaration 
of  President  Monroe,  that  colonization  would  not  he 
theieafter  allowed  on  the  American  continent;  which 
position,  as  well  as  the  right  of  the  United  States  to 
the  whole  of  Oregon,  he  said  the  British  connnission- 
crs  had  denied,  and  should  continue  to  deny." 

In  answer  to  a  call  for  information  on  the  subject 
of  the  pending  negotiations.  Sir  Robert  Peel  replied, 
as  he  had  replied  to  Mr  Roebuck,  by  i)rofessing  igno- 
rance of  the  state  of  affairs,  a^  the  correspondence 
had  not  yet  been  made  public. 

On  the  same  day,  the  subject  being  under  discussion 
in  the  house  of  lords,  it  was  inquired  by  Lord  Claren- 
don what  course  her  majesty's  government  would 
pursue,  under  the  circumstances,^-  and  answered  by 

"The  houiidaiy  proposed  by  Mr  Canning  in  1824,  Lord  Russell  declared 
with  much  reason  to  bo  'giving  a  very  considerable  territory  to  tiic  United 
States.  It  was  giving  them  a  valley  watered  by  a  river  as  large  as  tlie  ('uluiii- 
bia  wiierc  it  joins  the  MeOillivray,  called  tlieWilloui'liley  (Willamette?),  and 
all  tlie  territory  south  of  the  Columbia,  and  between  the  Columbia  and  the  4i!d 
parallel,Avliero  the  JJritisli  possessions  commenceil. '  Tliis,  Lord  Russell  tin aight 
as  fair  as  the  United  States  could  reasonably  expect;  and  it  had  l)een  rejected, 
while  the  United  States,  instead,  claimed  the  wliole;  and  the  president  liail 
called  upon  +iie  people,  with  their  wives  and  children,  to  go  and  occupy  it.' 
Nooffer  should  be  made  granting  more  tiian  MrCanning  liad  proposed.  Jhtn- 
sard'n  Pari.  ]k'hat<>t,  Ixxix.  178-'201;  /(/.,  1323;  Id.,  Ixxi.  4!)2;  /(/.,  Ixxii.  22!). 

'■^  Loi'd  Clarendon  resented  the  tone  of  Mr  Polk's  inaugural,  on  the  (juestioii 
of  the  Oregon  boundary,  and  spoke  of  this,  and  otlier  indications,  as  'cir- 
cnmstjvnees  wliicli  seem  but  too  probable  from  the  extraordinary  tone  of  tlie 
president's  address,  and  the  apparently  studied  neglect  of  that  courtesy  and 
deferential  language  which  the  governments  of  difl'erent  countries  are  wont  to 
observe  when  publicly  treating  of  international  questions.  It  is  hardly 
possible  to  believe  that  any  negotiations  upon  this  subject  are  peniling,  or 
that  they  have  ever  been  commenced,  or  even  proposed,  if  we  are  to  ilraw 
from  the  jiresident's  speech  the  inference  which  it  must  naturally  suggest ;  for 
not  only  docs  he  not  make  the  slightest  allii  -"(..n  to  them,  but  he  formally 
announces  that  the  right  of  the  Americans  to  the  <h-egon  Territory  is  clear 
and  unquestionable  ;  and  it  is  consequently  ditlieult  lo  understand  upon  what 
ground  he  could  justify  the  right  of  their  governminit  to  negotiate  at  all  upon 
a  matter  not  doubtful;  for  whatever  predilc'^ti. >xi  Jiey  may  have  for  accpiiring 
what  docs  not  belong  to  them,  they  certainly  exhibit  none  for  giving  up  what 
is  indisputably  their  own;  and  if  their  govennnent  accordingly  did  consent  to 
negotiate,  it  would  seem  that  it  coulil  only  be  upon  the  basis  that  England 
was  unconditionally  to  surrender  her  pretensions  to  whatever  might  be 
claimed  by  the  United  States.'  Lord  Aberdeen,  to  whom  the  inquiries  of 
Lord  Clarendon  were  addressed,  declined  going  into  explanations,  but  said, 


IN  PAnUAMKXT. 


no9 


Lord  AluTdc'cn,  that  "En^^land  liad  lior  rij^lits  and 
dure  maintain  them,"  as  the  .sentiment  was  repeated  in 
OreiTon  itv  Lieutenant  Peel. 

It  must  he  understood  tliat  while  the  diplomatic 
repre.suntatives  of  both  nations  expressed  their  views 
always  ealndy  and  with  courtesy,  thouj^h  usini(  all 
their  .skill  to  keep  out  of  sight  the  weak  points  in 
their  respective  arguments,  outside  of  the.su  negotia- 
tions such  moderation  was  by  no  means  observed.  We 
have  presented  some  specimens  of  the  tone  in  })arlia- 
ment  and  in  congress,  and  that  of  newspaper  arti- 
cles may  be  easily  imagined.  There  can  be  no  doubt 
that  many  Englishmen  and  many  Americans  believed 
in  the  justice  of  their  country's  exclusive  right  to 
Oi'cixon;  and  it  is  therefore  not  .straniife  that  there 
Mas  much  ])opular  declamation,  threatening,  and  tjven 
bluster.  The  Americans  ])roposod  to  take  possession 
of  a  country  that  belonged  to  them;  any  hint  from 
English  sourc'cs  at  possible  resi.stance  was  received  as 
an  insult  and  a  wrong,  and  I'ice  icrsa.  The  most 
prei)osterous  rumors  of  intended  outrages  on  settlers 


'  I  vish  to  state  that  the  negotiation  which  lias  taken  place,  and  is  still  pending 
u)M)ii  this  subject,  was  commenced  immediately  after  tlie  signini<  f)f  the  tivaty 
of  Washin^'tonin  I.S.t'2,'an<l  adverted  to  President  Tyler's  answer  to  the  senate, 
given  on  I'ebniary  10,  1S45,  tiiat  the  negotiation  was  being  carried  on  in  a  very 
amicable  spirit,  and  there  was  reason  to  hope  that  it  might  be  brought  to  a 
close  within  a  short  period.  This  was  the  latest  information  he  had  on  the 
sulijcct.  The  new  cabinet  was  not  yet  formed,  and  nothing  was  known  of  its 
temper.  As  for  Great  liritain,  her  position  was  the  same  as  in  ISbS,  'I  am 
iUL'Ustoined,'  said  Lord  Aberdeen,  'almost  daily  to  see  myself  characterized  us 
pusillauimous,  cowardly,  mean,  dastardly,  truckling,  and  base.  I  hope  I 
neeil  not  say  that  1  view  these  appellati(ms  with  indifference.  I  view  them, 
indeed,  really  with  satisfaction,  because  I  know  perfectly  well  wliat  they 
mean,  and  iiow  they  ought  to  bo,  and  are  translated.  I  feel  perfectly  satislied 
that  these  vituperative  terms  arc  to  bo  translated  as  applicable  to  conduct  con- 
sistent with  justice,  re.ison,  moderation,  and  common-sense.  My  lords,  1  consider 
war  to  be  the  gi-eatcst  folly,  if  not  the  greatest  crime  of  which  a  country  could 
be  guilty,  if  lightly  entered  into.'  His  lordship  concluded  by  saying  that 
'we  possess  riglits,  which,  in  our  opinion,  are  clear  aiul  nnquosti(inal)le ;  and 
by  tlie  blessing  of  God,  and  your  support,  those  rights  we  are  fully  prepared 
to  maintain.'  JfdiiHni-ds  Pari.  DehaUs,  Ixxix.  ll,")-'24.  Lord  Chirendoii  also 
(pioted  the  langn.age  of  President  Polk  conceniing  emigrcition  to  Oregon,  and 
congratulated  himself  that  Great  Britain  was  not  actuated  'by  a  dcsiri'  for 
territorial  aggrandizement,  but  by  a  sincere  love  of  peace,  .and  a  most  friendly 
feeling  towards  the  United  .States.'  But,  on  the  other  h.and,  he  -Niiis  ecpially 
sure  that  the  people  of  Great  Britain  would  be  determined  not  to  yield  their 
own  undeniable  rights  to  encroachments,  or  clamor,  or  menace.  Id. 


400 


THE  OREGOX  QUESTION  CONCLUDED. 


by  Britisli  trappers  and  their  savaijfc  allies  woi-o  widely 
credited.  Errors  in  statement  of  historieal  fact,  so 
connnon  on  both  sides  in  the  earlier  staji^es  of  the  dis- 
j)uto,  wore  ])ointed  ont  as  deliberate  falsehoods,  and 
corrected  with  an  air  of  triumph.  In  congress  a  Mon- 
treal paper  was  quoted,  to  the  effect  that  but  a  'small 
meal'  would  bo  made  of  the  troops  of  the  'free  and 
enlii^htened;'  and  an  old  Indian,  that  the  "crows  will 
soon  be  picking  out  their  eyes."^^  In  England  less 
was  said  and  written  on  the  subject,  and  in  a  (juieter 
tone;  yet  the  fi-iends  of  the  fur  company  were  not  in- 
active; and  in  the  little  that  was  said  on  this  topic* 
there  appeared  from  time  to  time  the  insulting  sneer 
by  which  the  Briton  delights  to  make  himself  ofien- 
sive,  above  all  men  who  dwell  on  earth. 


The  twenty-ninth  congress  opened  with  a  message 
from  President  Polk,  that  promised  the  advocates  of 
'all  of  Oi'egou  or  nonc%'  the  consummation  of  their 
hopes,  lie  gave  a  full  history  of  the  past  negotia- 
tions with  Great  Britain,  and  declared  that  the  civil- 
hcd  world  would  see  in  these  proceedings  a  spiiit  of 
liboi'al  concession  on  the  [)art  of  the  Unitetl  States, 
and  that  their  government  would  be  relie\ed  i'roni  all 
responsibility  which  might  follow  the  failure  to  settle 
the  controversy.** 

"■'Com;/.  a/„I,<^,  ^<ifh  Con;).,  IM  .SV.-t.s'.,  ii.  244. 

"  'All  iittoinpts  at  coinpromiso  liavin.i,'  failed,  it  becomes  the  duty  of  con- 
gress ta  ('(jnsider  what  niensmvs  it  may  lie  ])i<)iior  to  ailopt  for  tin.',  .security 
and  j)i'ot(.'<'ti()ii  of  our  eiti/ens  now  inliahitinj,',  or  who  may  heieafter  iiihaliit, 
Oregon,  ami  fortho  maintenance  of  our  just  title  to  that  toi'i'itoiy.  In  adoji'in'.; 
mi.'aHures  for  this  purpose,  careshonld  he  taken  that  nothing  he  done  toviolate 
the  stipulations  of  the  convention  of  1S'J7,  which  i.s  still  in  force. ..  .I'ndLr 
th.nt  convention,  a  year's  notice  isrecjuircd  to  lie  given  liy  either  party  to  the 
other,  licl'ore  the  joint  occupancy  shall  terminate,  and  helnve  either  can 
rightfully  assert  or  exercise  exclusive  jurisdiction  over  any  ]iortion  of  tlic  tcr- 
ritoi-y.  This  notice  it  would,  in  my  judgment,  lie  proper  to  givi';  and  [ 
reconnnend  that  jirovision  he  made  hy  law  for  giving  it  accor<ling!y,  and 
terminating,  in  this  manner,  the  convention  of  thetitli  of  August  ISJT.  It 
will  hecnnie  proper  for  congress  to  cletei'mine  what  legislation  tliey  can  in  the 
mean  time  adopt,  without  violating  this  convention.  Ileyond  alhiuestion,  the 
protection  of  our  laws,  and  <iur  jurisdiction,  civil  and  cinninal,  onglit  to  he 
innnediatcly  extended  over  our  citizens  in  Oregon.  They  ha\e  had  just 
clause  to  complain  of  oni'  long  neglect  in  this  particular,  ami  lia\('.  in  eon.-c- 
ijuenee,  lieen  compelled,  for  their  own  security  and  protection,  to  establish  a 


•FIFTY-FOUR  FORTY  OR  FIGHT.' 


401 


There  is  a  statement  by  Holmes  of  South  Car- 
ohna,  that  it  was  a  speech  by  Calhoun  in  the  senate, 
that  caused  "public  opinion  to  wane  fiom  its  hii^h 
tone,  the  pulse  of  war  to  beat  fainter  and  fainter,  until 
at  last  the  president  perceived  there  was  an  energy 
In  the  people  that  nmst  come  down  like  a  voice  of 
thunder  against  his  measures;"  thus  throwing  the 
'lifty-four  ibrty'  party  measures  upon  the  shoulders  of 
I'olk,  instead  of  upon  the  people,  whom  he  was  trying 
to  follow. 

He  recommended  that  notice  should  be  given  to 
(jreat  Britain  of  the  abrogation  of  the  then  existing 
convention,  that  the  laws  of  the  United  States  should 
he  extended  over  Oregon,  with  as  little  delay  as  pos- 
sible; that  laws  governing  tlieir  intercourse  with  tlie 
Indian  tril)esof  the  plains  should  be  extended  beyond 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  an  Indian  agency  be  es- 
tablished in  Oregon;  that  for  the  protection  of  emi- 
grants,a  suitable  number  of  stockades  and  block-houses 
for  forts  should  be  erected  along  the  usual  route  be- 
tween the  Missouri  frontier  and  the  Rocky  ^lountains, 
tuid  that  an  adequate  force  of  mounted  riilemen  be 
raisetl  to  guard  and  protect  them  on  their  journey. 
lEe  recommended  also  the  establishment  of  an  over- 
laud  mail,  to  1)0  carried  once  a  month.  Whether 
more  than  this  could  be  done  before  the  expii'ation  of 
the  year's  notice,  he  left  it  for  congress  to  decide.  He 
avowed  it  as  his  opinion  that  the  })ioneers  of  Oregon 
should  receive  donations  of  land  ;  that  to  doubt  that 
this  would  be  done  as  soon  as  the  convention  was 
aniudled,  was  to  doubt  the  justi(  e  of  congress;  and 
pending  the  year's  notice,  it  was  worthy  of  considera- 
tion whether  such  a  promise  might  not  be  made  to 
emigrants. 

"At  the    end    of    the    year's    notice,"    said    ]*olk, 

provisioiml  govemment  for  tlu'inHclvi's.  Tlicy  are  anxious  to  liavc  our  lawn 
I'xtcndoil  ovLT  thorn,  anil  I  ri'coninu'inl  tliat  tlii.s  iu' dono  liy  coul.'ii'ss,  with 
as  litth'  ik'l.'  '  jH)ssil)lL',  in  the  full  oxtout  to  which  tlic  liiitish  |iarliauii'nt 
liiivc  iiroi'cv.;  in  rej/ai'd  to  liritish  suhjci'ts  in  that  territory,  hy  tluir  m-i  of 
July  ■_*,  l.S-JI.'  Coiiij.  I.'liihi,  .."JIh  roiii/..  /s^  .S'-w.,  7. 
Hist.  N.W.  Coabt.  Vol.  :I.    20 


1:1 


I 'Ml 


402 


THE  OREGON  QUESTION  CONCLUDED. 


should  congress  tliiuk  proper  to  give  that  notice,  "we 
shall  have  reached  a  period  wlien  the  national  lights 
in  Oregon  must  either  be  abandoned,  or  firmly  main- 
tained. That  they  cannot  be  abandoned  without  a 
sacrifice  of  both  national  honor  and  interest,  is  too  clear 
to  admit  of  doubt."  ^^ 

Congress  took  the  president  at  his  word.  The  first 
business  brought  before  the  house  was  the  considera- 
tion of  a  petition  from  the  legislature  of  Oregon. ^° 

The  petition  asked  for  all  those  things  which  the 
president  had  suggested  granting,  and  more.  It  called 
for  lands  to  be  surveyed  as  well  as  donated ;  for  navy- 
3"ards,  and  for  the  establishment  of  commercial  regula- 
tions that  should  enable  them  to  compete  successfully 
with  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company.  The  petition  was 
ordered  to  be  printed,  and  was  afterM'ards  referred  to 
the  committee  on  territories. 

On  the  19th  of  December,  Douglas  of  Illinois  re- 
ported a  bill  in  the  house  to  protect  the  rights  of 
American  settlers  in  the  territory  of  Oregon,  until 
the  termination  of  the  joint  occupancy  of  the  same. 
Bowlin  of  Missouri  also  submitted  a  number  of  reso- 
lutions, for  surveying  the  waters  of  Oregon  and  explor- 
ing it  by  land;  for  sending  troops  to  aid  and  protect 
the  emigrants;  for  establishing  an  Indian  agency,  and 
providing  for  the  gradual  extinguishment  of  the  Indian 
title;  for  commencing  the  public  surveys;  for  organ- 
izing the  militia  of  Oregon,  and  arming  it  for  self-de- 
fence; and  for  establishing  a  mail  to  Oregon  by  means 
of  small  detachments  of  otherwise  unemployed  soldiers. 
The  rest)lutions  were  laid  over  for  debate. 

The  memorial  from  the  leoislature  of  Oreijon  was 
ordered  to  be  printed  for  reference  to  the  conunittee 
of  the  whole  on  the  state  of  the  union.     Douglas  on 

"  Cong.  Globe,  xv.  7.  Mr  Polk  here  enunciated  the  doctrines  of  tlio  demo- 
cratic party  of  tliat  period.  'The  United  States,  si ucci'ely  desirous  of  pre- 
bcrviiiy  tiic  reUitions  of  good  understanding  with  all  nations,  cannot  in  silence 
permit  a''y  European  interference  on  the  North  American  continent,  and 
should  liny  such  interference  be  uttemp',ed,  will  be  ready  to  icsist  it,  at  any 
and  all  ha/.anls.'  /it. 

'"  Votiy.  Globe,  xv.  12, 


BRITISH  STATESMEN. 


40.1 


Iiidmu 


tlie  following  day  offered  some  resolutions  in  relation 
to  Oregon."  On  the  9tli  of  January  1840,  Bowl  in 
introduced  a  bill  in  the  house  for  the  organization  of 
a  territorial  government  in  Oregon. 

The  position  of  affaii's  with  regard  to  the  Oregon 
Question  at  the  opening  of  congress,  was  such  that,  do 
wliat  tliey  would,  the  national  legislators  could  not  well 
make  it  worse.  Negotiations  were  suspended,  owing 
to  the  wholly  irreconcilable  views  of  the  plenij)oten- 
tiaries.  One  party  or  the  other  would  have  to  yield, 
or  the  question  would  have  to  be  submitted  to  arl)i- 
t  ration.  This  the  United  States  government  declined, ^'^ 
and  democratic  senators  denounced. 

Nor  were  the  members  of  the  British  parliament 
-ilcnt  in  those  days.  Lord  John  Russell,  the  leader 
,  ■'  the  whig  party  in  England,  and  others,  s})oke 
.somewhat  freely  on   the  subject,  so  much  so  as  to 

"  '  Ist.  Iicfiolred,  Tlmttlietitlotoany  part  of  the  Oregon  territory soutlu)fr)4° 
40'  of  iiortli  latitude  is  not  open  to  compromise  so  us  to  surremlcr  any  ]iiirt  of 
s.iiil  teriit(jry.  2(1.  AVWrpf/,  That  the  question  of  title  to  that  territory  .sliould 
not  1)0  loft  open  to  arbitration.'     Laid  over  for  debate.  Comj.  C'lohr,  xv.  8(). 

"* '  There  are  obvious  eonsiderations  into  which  I  need  not  I'liter  h'jre,  gn  i\v- 
ing  out  of  the  relative  situation  of  that  country  and  ours  witli  tlxtse  jiowers 
of  Europe  from  whom  an  arbitrator  would  almost  necessarily  lie  selected,  and 
out  of  the  inlluenee  she  possesses  over  their  counsel,  and,  1  nuiy  add,  growing 
out  of  the  nature  of  our  institutions,  and  the  little  favor  these  enjoy  at  }jrcsent 
u])on  th(;  eastern  contiujr.t,  which  may  well  have  made  the  government  liesi- 
tate  to  submit  important  interests,  at  this  particular  juncture,  to  sucli  a  tril)u- 
nal.  It  may  well  have  thought  it  better  to  hold  on  to  our  light,  and  to  liold 
on  also  to  our  remedy,  rather  than  commit  both  to  a  royal  arl)itrator.  War  is  a 
J.' cat  calinn'ty,  and  ought  to  be  avoided  by  all  proper  me.ins ;  but  there  are 
cilaniitie:  ..i'  ill  •  than  war,  and  among  these  is  natioiml  dishonor.'  Cass,  in 
the  senni.-.  (  (,/"/.  (ll'jhi',  L'Dt/i  f'oiif/.,  Jst  ScKM.,  4.">.  '  I  am  .'■ure  there  is  no  great 
iiarty.  nt'd  I  ti  i  it  tliere  are  few  individu.als  in  this  country  who  are  prepare<I, 
e  •ell  'n  a)>  <^\ti-f!ne  spirit  of  compromise,  to  accept  the  most  liberal  oll'er  tlii.t 
I'l.V'l.  ul  lins  y  t  mad'^  Her  jiretensious  and  f)urs  are  no  widely  sepiirated 
th:'t  '■I.erc  k  rin.s  no  middle  -round  on  wliieh  to  meet.  Our  most  moilcrato 
claim,  ai.d  li  •  itii'-  liberal  oder,  leare  the  parties  asunder  by  seven  de,i.'rees 
of  latitude,  nn>'  iiy  i)  large  portion  of  the  teiritory  in  question,  ^^'hat  tlirii 
is  our  condition  ?  Can  we  reced.-  '1  Caui  we  stand  still ;  or  must  we  adv.iiKi 'Z 
.As  to  receding,  it  is  neither  to  be  discussed  nor  tlu)uglit  of.  I  refer  to  it  Imt 
to  denounce  it— a  denunciation  which  will  find  a  response  in  every  Ann  ricia 
bosom.  Nothing  is  ever  gaineil  by  national  pusillanimity.  And  the  country 
whicli  seeks  to  purcimse  temporary  security  by  yielding  to  unjust  pii'- 
triisions,  buys  present  ease  at  tlie  expense  of  ))ermanent  JLonorand  safi'ty.  It 
sows  the  \\ind  to  leap  the  wiiirlwind.  I  have  said  elsewliere  what  I  will  repeat 
Ikic.  that  it  is  better  to  light  for  the  first  inch  of  national  territory  than  h'r 
till'  '  "t.  It  is  lietter  toilefend  the  door-sill  than  tiie  lieurth-stoue— the  j»orch 
tli^.  1  i    ..  altai."  /(/. 


404 


THE  OREGOX  QUESTION  CONCLUDED. 


render  justinaule  in  the  eyes  of  many  tlic  belligerent 
tone  of*  the  twenty-ninth  congress.^''  The  "eniarkfs  of 
Cass  were  made  on  his  introducing  some  resohitions 
in  the  senate,  inquiri)jg  into  tlie  condition  of  the  na- 
tional defences.  Mangum  of  North  Carolina,  in  dis- 
cussing the  resolutions,  said,  that  though  he  should 
deplore  a  war,  it  was  to  be  preferred  to  surrender- 
ing the  rights  of  the  United  States  or  coni[)roniising 
their  honor.""  He,  however,  thought  tlie  resolutions 
unnecessarily  pressed  on  the  senate,  and  was  willing 
to  leave  everything  with  the  executive.    Allen  ho[)ed 

'*  'The  president  of  the  United  States  has  made,  as  I  have  already  read  to 
the  house,  a  peremptory  ithiim  to  the  whole  of  this  territory.  He  has  claimed 
the  Avhole  possession  of  ■!  for  the  United  States,  ami  Iian  ia  au  unu.siial  iiiaii- 
uer  tailed  upon  the  pe  ,  "  ■  >"•'  *'"■.  United  States,  with  tlieir  wives  and  cliil- 
dren,  to  occupy  that  terr.  ■  lat  district  is  becoming,  on  account  of  tlie 

ports  on  the  Columbia  Itivei  .  important  every  year.     After  that  state- 

ment of  the  president  of  the  ^  liI  States,  I  consider  it  impossible  that  lur 
majesty's  government  should  not  endeavor  to  obtain  a  speedy  soluticm  of  this 
(luestion.  I  am  sure  they  will  find  it  impossible  to  aUow  the  present  undo- 
lined  and  unsettled  state  of  relations  between  the  two  countries  to  continue 
without  danger;  that  the  people  of  the  United  States,  acting  ujjon  tlio  sugi,-cs- 
tions  of  the  president,  may  endeavor  to  disturb  British  subjects  in  rights  which 
they  hold  in  virtue  of  existing  treaties,  and  may  produce  a  sUite  of  tliin,;,'s 
dangeroiis  to  the  peace  of  the  two  countries.  For  my  own  part,  I  will  s;iy,  in 
all  moderation,  that  I  am  not  prepared  to  say  that  this  country  ought  to  put 
lorward  any  arrogant  pretensions.  I  do  not  pretenil  to  deline — what  it  properly 
belongs  to  her  majesty's  advisers  to  define — the  diplomatic  proposals  tliiit 
should  be  made,  I  will  not  pretend  to  say  what  line  ought  to  be  laid  down; 
but  this  I  will  say,  that  I  do  not  tliiidc  we  can  make  any  proposal  which  will 
be  less  than  the  proposal  made  by  Mr  Canning  [that  was  the  line  on  the  iiarallel 
of  41)',  to  the  Columbia,  near  its  mouth  J,  with  any  regard  for  our  own  interest 
or  our  own  honor.  [Bringing  the  49th  parallel  near  the  mouth  of  theColumbia 
shows  the  geographical  knowledge  of  his  lordship.]  I  may  be  told  that  it  docs 
not  matter  if  this  rocky  and  barren  territory  should  be  claimed  or  occupied 
by  tiie  United  States.  Yes,  sir,  I  must  say  it  does  matter.  It  cannot  be  a 
matter  of  indifference  that  a  large  territory,  to_ which  we  have  a  better  and  a 
juster  title,  should  b(i  yielded  to  wiiat  I  must  call  a  blustering  announcement 
on  the  part  of  the  president  of  the  United  States.'  Londnii  Moriiiinj  Chroiiiric, 
April  5,  1845,  lir/mrt  af  PnrUamcvturji  Proceedinijx.  Sir  Robert  I'eel  also  saicl 
on  the  same  occasion:  'We  trust  still  to  arri\e  at  an  amicable  adjustment  (jf 
our  claim;  but,  having  exhausted  every  effort  for  the  settlement,  if  our  rights 
shall  be  invaded,  we  are  resolved,  and  wo  are  prepared,  to  maintain  them.' 
III.,  Voiiij.  O'lohe,  XV.  4'J,  Lord  Ashburton  was  of  opinion  there  would  be  no 
war.  'It  would  be  madness,'  he  said,  'to  become  involved  in  M'ar  for  a 
country  worthless  in  itself,  and  for  a  mere  q\iestion  of  honor,  for  it  was  ini- 
jiossible  to  deny  that  both  countries  had  pretensions  to  the  territory  in  dis- 
pute.'   //aiimnrn  Pari.  Di'lnifes,  l\Kx[y.  lll'2-20. 

'*"  Whenever  that  extreme  measure  shall  have  been  determined  on,  and  the 
vote  by  yeas  and  nays  recorded  on  our  journals,  he  believed  tliere  would  not 
be  found  in  the  senate,  or  in  the  country,  a  single  anti-wr.r  man.  'No,  sir; 
ditl'iT  among  ourselves  on  all  nunor  (piestions  as  we  maj',  whatever  collis''>ns 
of  opinion  there  may  be  among  us  on  mere  party  topics,  or  subjects  of  domestic 


PREPARATIONS  FOR  WAR. 


405 


u  intt'ivst 

ColiiiiiM.i 

at  it  lUn's 

occiijiic'd 

iiinot  1)0  ii 

ttcr  ami  a 

iniicciiK'ut 

hrviiiclr, 

also  said 

stiuont  of 

our  rights 

tin  tlu'iii.' 

ukl  Ih!  no 

war  for  a 

it  was  iiii- 

)ry  in  <lis- 

11,  anil  the 

svoiiM  not 

'Xo.  sir; 

collis'Mns 

domestic 


the  resolutions  would  pass  without  the  obstruction 
of  a  solitary  vote.  To  reject  them  would  be  to  vir- 
tually declare  that  they  would  not  prepare  for  any 
emergency  that  might  arise  from  their  foreign  re- 
lations, a  position  which  the  United  States  should 
not  assume.  "Great  Britain,"  he  said,  "is  a  power 
whose  policy  is  known  throughout  the  civilized  world, 
and  need  not  bo  defined.  Great  Britain  is  a  power 
M'ho  conducts  her  negotiations  with  a  fleet  upon  the 
coast  of  the  power  with  whom  she  negotiates;  ever 
ready  to  settle  questions  that  cannot  be  settled  by 
words,  by  resorting  in  practice  to  the  ancient  Gallic 
maxim  of  casting  a  sabre  into  the  scale."  On  the  other 
luind,  the  United  States,  by  the  very  nature  of  their 
institutions,  were  abv^vs  unprepared  for  the  terrible 
emergcnc}'  of  war,  having  no  standing  army  to  depend 
upon.  We  have,  however,  he  said,  a  standing  militia, 
a  nation  with  a  military  organization.^^ 

The  resolutions  of  Cass  continued  to  be  debated 
for  several  days,  the  only  opposition  made  being  in 
the  form  of  a  protest  from  Webster,  Archer,  Berrien, 
Clayton,  and  others,  against  their  being  considered  as 
a  war  measure,  instead  of  a  peace  measure. 

On  the  IGth  of  December  they  Avere  put  to  vote, 
and  adopted  unanimousl}'.  Correspondence  was  en- 
tered into  with  the  navy  df^partmen't.  Several  bills 
were  introduced  for  the  buildinof  of  steam  friijates.-^ 
An  increase  in  the  army  was  attempted,  and  the  as- 
l)cct  of  affairs  was  decidedly  warlike  throughout  the 
first  session.  Getting  bills  as  far  alonsf  as  a  second 
reading  is  comparatively  easy,  when  the  topic  is  a 
popular  one;  but  passing  them,  when  they  involve 
either  money  or  blood,  is  a  matter  of  much  delibera- 
tion; hence  all  the  bills  originating  in  the  Oregon 

policy,  whenever  a  proud,  arrogant,  and,  he  would  add,  grasping  rncniy, 
strilf's  a  blow  at  us,  or  by  trampling  on  onr  rights  or  honor,  conipids  lis 
to  assume  a  belligerent  position,  we  shall  all  be  found  acting  together,  and 
l)rcsenting  an  unbroken  phalanx,  merging  all  i)arty  opposition,  and  deter- 
mined to  resist  the  aggression.'  t'oiuj.  Globe,  xv.  47. 

"  CoiKj.  aioh',  XV.  4!). 

=^  Comj.  Ulobc,  XV.  226,  252. 


406 


THE  OREGON  QUESTION  CONCLUDED. 


controversy  wore  put  off,  on  one  pretence  or  another, 
tliouijfh  hardly  a  clay  passed  during  the  session,  that 
the  Oregon  Question  was  not  brought  up  in  some 
form. 


On  the  10th  of  February  184G,the  president  of  tlie 
senate  announced  for  debate  a  series  of  resolutions. 
First  a  joint  resolution  advising  the  president  of  the 
United  States  to  give  notice  to  the  government  of 
Great  Britain  annulling  the  convention  of  the  Gth  of 
August  1827.  An  amendment  accompanied  the  reso- 
lution, reported  January  8,  184G,  striking  out  all  after 
"joint  resolution,"  and  making  it  read  "  to  annul  and 
abrogate  the  convention  of  the  Gth  day  of  August 
1827,  between  the  United  States  of  America  and 
(jrrcat  Britain,  relative  to  the  countrv  westward  of  the 
Rocky  ]Mountaiu>;." 

Another  joint  resolution  offered  January  2Gth  by 
Crittenden  set  forth  in  very  measured  terms  that 
a  convention  had  been  formed,  which  it  was  now 
desirable  to  terminate,  in  order  that  the  territory  in 
(piestion  might  not  longer  suffer  the  evils  of  a  divided 
allegiance,  and  that  therefore  now  the  necessary  steps 
should  be  taken  to  abrogate  that  convention;  and  in 
his  resolution  authorized  the  president  of  the  United 
States,  at  his  discreti<^n,  to  give  tlie  British  govern- 
ment the  notice  required;  but  provided,  that  in  order 
to  afford  ample  time,  such  notice  ought  not  to  be 
u^iven  till  after  the  close  of  the  existing  session  of 
congress.  Other  resolutions  were  submitted  on  the 
subject  of  the  recent  negotiations,  approving  the  terms 
offered  by  the  president,  as  proper  for  him  to  make, 
in  the  spirit  of  peace  and  compromise;  and  others  to 
the  effect  that  the  country  included  within  the  parallels 
of  42°  and  54^  40'  was  the  property  and  part  and 
parcel  of  the  United  States,  and  that  the  abandon- 
ment or  surrender  of  an}^  portion  of  territory  of  Ore- 
gon would  be  an  abandonment  of  the  honor,  character, 
and  best  interests  of  the  United  States. 


CONGHESSIONAL  DEBATES. 


407 


!Mr  Allen  of  Ohio  opened  the  debate  with  a  few 
remarks  on  the  conduct  of  Great  Britain  toward  the 
United  States  since  the  treaty  of  peace  of  1783,  and 
the  unfriendly  feeling  in  Europe  toward  the  United 
States  and  free  institutions.  Whether  the  notice 
they  were  about  to  give  Great  Britain  should  lead  to 
war,  was  not  a  question  to  be  taken  into  considera- 
tion ;  he  did  not  believe  she  would  go  to  war  in  this 
case;  her  statesmen  were  too  wise  forthat.^' 


The  discussion  of  the  joint  resolution  giving  notice 
to  Great  Britain  of  the  abrojjation  of  the  convention 
of  1827  was  carried  on  until  the  27th  of  April,  when 
the  resolution  was  signed  by  the  speaker  of  the  house 
of  representatives  and  the  president  of  the  senate,"^ 
after   considerable  controversy  concerning  its  foi'ui. 

■•'■'The  limits  of  this  history  will  not  permit  even  a  partial  review  of  the 
spccclR's  iiitulc  on  the  Oregon  Question  during  tlie  lirst  session  of  the  twenty- 
ninth  congress.  They  were  by  every  niun  of  any  note  in  either  house,  '2'> 
seniitois  anil  80  representatives. 

'-'  Tiie  joint  resolution,  as  passed,  was  as  follows :  '  Whereas,  by  the  con- 
vention concluded  the  "JOth  day  of  October  1818,  between  the  United  States 
of  Aiiierica  and  the  king  of  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land, for  the  period  of  ten  years,  and  afterwards  indelinitely  extended  and 
continued  in  fivrce  by  another  convention  of  the  same  parties,  concluded  the 
(ith  day  of  August,  in  tiie  year  of  our  Lord  1827,  it  was  agreed  tliat  any 
country  that  may  be  claimed  by  either  party  on  the  Xorthwest  Coast  of 
America,  westward  of  tiio  Stony  or  Itocky  mountains,  now  connuonly  called 
the  Oregon  Territory,  should,  together  with  its  harbors,  bays,  and  creeks,  and 
tlie  navigation  of  all  rivers  witliin  the  same,  be  free  and  open  to  the  vessels, 
citizens,  and  subjects  of  the  two  powers;  but  without  i)rcjudice  to  any  claim 
which  eitlier  of  tiie  parties  might  have  to  any  part  of  said  country ;  and  with 
this  fnrtiicr  provision  in  the  second  article  of  the  said  convention  of  the  (ith 
of  Augu.st  18l!7,  that  either  party  might  abrogate  and  annul  s;iid  convention 
oil  giving  notice  of  twelve  months  to  the  other  contracting  party.  And 
whereas,  it  has  now  become  desirable  that  the  respective  claims  of  tlio 
United  States  and  Great  Hritain  should  be  definitely  settled,  and  that  said 
territory  may  no  longer  than  need  be  remain  subject  to  the  evil  consequences 
of  the  divided  allegiance  of  its  American  and  British  population,  and  of  tlio 
confusidii  and  conflict  of  national  jurisdictions,  dangerous  to  the  cherished 
jieaceaiid  good  understanding  of  the  two  countries.  \Vith  a  view,  therefore, 
tiiat  steps  l)e  taken  for  the  abrogation  of  the  said  convention  of  the  (Jtii  nf 
August  IS'27,  in  the  mode  prescribed  in  its  second  article,  and  that  the  atten- 
tion of  the  governments  of  both  countries  may  be  more  earnestly  directed  to 
tlie  adoption  of  all  ju'oi'.er  measures  for  a  speedy  and  amicable  adjustment  of 
tiie  ditierenees  and  di.spntes  in  regard  to  said  territory;  nutolnd  hij  th<'  Sen- 
all'  (Hi)/  J/oiisr  (if  I!(  prcsi  nldtircs  of  the,  Viiilal  S/cilia  of  Aiiiiricd  in  ('oii'jns.t 
asKciiihleil,  That  the  president  of  the  United  States  be,  and  he  is  hereby 
authorized,  at  his  discretion,  to  give  to  the  government  of  Great  Ijritain  tho 
notice  reipiired  by  the  second  ai'ticle  of  the  said  convention  of  the  Otli  of 
August  1827,  for  the  abrogation  of  tlie  game.' 


408 


THE  OREGON  QUESTION  CONCLUDED. 


'"1 


Those  who  bchcvccl  the  title  of  the  United  States  un- 
questionable from  the  42d  parallel  of  north  latitude 
to  54°  40',  were  unwilling  to  leave  it  to  the  discretion 
of  the  president,  but  wished  the  president  to  be  re- 
quired by  congress  to  give  notice  to  Great  Britain  of 
the  abrogation  of  the  convention,  and  at  the  same 
time  that  measures  should  be  taken  to  enforce  the 
United  States  claim  at  the  expiration  of  the  period 
of  twelve  months.  More  moderate  counsels,  however, 
prevailed,  and  the  resolution  was  passed  as  stated,  and 
immediately  approved  by  the  president,  who  caused 
McLane,  the  American  minister  at  London,  to  be 
instructed  to  give  the  requisite  notice  to  the  British 
government;  which  was  done  the  22d  of  May. 

Congress  and  the  people  understood,  at  this  time, 
the  actual  [)osition  of  aft'airs  between  the  two  govern- 
ments, the  late  correspondence  of  the  plenipotentiaiies 
having  been  laid  before  the  house  of  representatives 
by  tlie  president  on  the  7th  of  February  184G,  and 
published.-^  Mr  Faran  of  Ohio,  in  a  speech  deliv- 
ered April  14tli  in  the  house  of  representatives,  pre- 
sented the  case  as  it  stood,  very  clearly.""  He  showed 
that  in  the  offers  of  Great  Britain,  she  had  not  moved 
from  the  position  of  claiming  the  Columbia  River  for 
the  boundary  line.  This  was  in  fact  the  real  subject 
of  the  dispute.  To  possess  the  Columbia  in  whole  or 
in  part  had  been  the  determination  of  both  govern- 
ments from  the  commencement  of  negotiations.  A 
climax  had  now  been  reached  in  the  strufjffle,  when 
one  or  the  other  must  recede  from  its  position. 

The  conciliatory  language  of  the  joint  resolution, 

'^ron.7.  Globe,  XV.  333-5. 

'■""'  Tli«3  offers  made  in  the  recent  negotiations  of  1844-.'5,  in  addition  to  what 
had  been  oll'ered  in  earlier  years,  were  as  follows  :  British  otter  of  August  2(3, 
1844  :  'In  addition  to  the  previous  offers  of  July  13,  1824,  and  Decemher  1, 
182(i,  to  make  free  to  the  United  States  any  port  or  ports  that  the  United 
States  might  tlesire,  either  on  tiie  Mainland  or  on  Vancouver's  Island,  south 
of  latitude  49".  Kejected.  United  States  offer  of  July  12,  1845:  To  divide 
the  Oregon  Territory  by  tlie  49th  parallel  of  north  latitude,  from  the  Rocky 
Mountains  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  to  make  free  to  Great  Britiiin  any  port  or 
ports  on  Vancouver's  Island,  south  of  this  parallel,  which  Great  Britain  might 
desire.     Rejected.'  2'Jth  Comj.,  lot  Sens.,  (Jong.  Ulobe,  app. 


ENGLISH  IGNORANCE. 


409 


as  adopted  by  congress,  and  approved  l)y  the  president, 
had  a  good  effect  in  England,-^  where  the  war  feehng 
in  the  United  States,  and  the  numerous  pubhcations 
on  the  subject  of  the  United  States  title,  had  begun 
to  be  viewed  with  sonic  alarm. ^**  The  number  of  the 
latter  was  very  great.  Many  of  the  speeches  of  both 
senators  and  representatives  were  printed  in  pami)h]tt 
form,  and  circulated  wherever  the  United  States  mail 
was  carried.^'* 

In  addition  to  the  congressional  documents  with 
which  the  people  were  liberally  supplied,  a  number 
of  writers  took  up  the  question  and  discussed  it  in 
a  variety  of  forms,  which  I  notice  elsewhere.  The 
nature  of  the  subject  precluded  the  possibility  of  add- 
ing any  new  facts  to  those  already  known.  The  object 
of  the  writers  seemed  to  be  to  keep  the  subject  belbro 
the  people,  and  impress  upon  them  their  right  to  the 
country  in  dispute.  In  this  respect  the  instituticms 
of  the  United  States  gave  them  an  advantage  over 
(jircat  Britain.  While  Englishmen  did  not  disixuise 
their  contempt  for  a  government  in  which  the  people 
liad  a  controlling  influence,*'  it  was  none  the  loss  true 
that  this  very  intimacy  of  the  people  and  the  govern- 


"  ITnnsnrd's  Pari  Dehafe.f,  80,  1424. 

^^Lord  Clarendon  asking  for  infonn!ition  from  the  secretary  of  forcijm 
iiflfairs,  on  the  subject  of  the  negotiations  going  on  in  Wasiiington,  Marcii  17, 
l.S4(),  said:  'Your  lordship  will  bear  in  mind  that  although  the  languai^'c  iif 
the  two  governments,  as  far  as  we  are  acquainted  with  it,  has  been  iuspircil 
by  iMiblic  sentiment ;  and  although  the  infonnation  which  reaches  us  fi'oin 
America  is  of  the  sanie  character,  yet  wc  cannot  tlisguise  from  ourselves  tliat 
tlie  two  countries  appear  to  be  gradually,  but  involuntarily,  drifting  towards 
war,'  to  which  Aberdeen  replied,  that  from  papers  in  his  possession,  'an 
inference  might  fairly  be  drawn  not  favorable  to  the  probable  future  results 
of  the  negotiations.'  Hansard's  Pari.  Dehateit,  IxxxW.  1112-20. 

-"Some  of  these  congressional  documents,  stained  by  time,  are  before  me: 
Oirtii',f  The  OcciipatwnofOre(jo)i,.hin.'2ti-4, 1844;  Vrittendoi'x  Speech  on  tln'  On- 
i/f)»(,;»c.s<;on,  AprillO,  1840, 10 pages;  Nilcs'SpeerhoHthi'Ore(foii  (Jwnftdii,  .March 
1!),  lS4(i,  11  pages;  liarrow'n  Speech  on  the  Oregon  (Jiientloii,  UOth  of  Maicli 
184().  10  pages;  Wick's  Speech  on  the  Oregon  Qnestton,  Jan.  30,  1840,  7  pages; 
Weidirorth'ii  Remarks  on  the  Orei/on  Bill,  Jan.  27,  1845,  0  pjiges;  Id.,  Spierh 
.bin.  24,  1844.  A  conciliatory  speech  of  Webster's,  delivered  at  IJoston,  on 
the  Oiegon  Question,  is  quoted  in  the  Poh/nesian  of  March  14,  184<<. 

'"Roberts,  in  his  liecollectioiis,  calls  this  'a  government  froiii  below.'  He 
was  annoyed  and  injured  by  the  way  in  which  American  ius!,itutions  conflicted 
w  ith  personal  rights  derived  from  a  decaying  corporation,  toward  which  they 
entertained  a  national  antipathy. 


4i0 


THK  OREGON  QUESTION  CONCLUDED. 


inent  was  what  defeated  the  pretensions  of  Great 
Britain  in  the  settlement  of  the  Oregon  Question. 

While  the  people  and  the  parliament  of  Great 
l^ritain  wore  far  less  well  informed  on  the  merits  and 
the  ])rogress  of  the  question  than  the  Americans,  they 
also  had  their  writers  who  took  up  the  subject  with 
])artisan  zeal,  and  discussed  it  with  some  ability, 
though  with  a  small  degree  of  fairness. 

In  the  midst  of  this  excitement  the  question  Mas 
suddenly  brought  to  a  close.  On  receipt  of  the  notice 
and  joint  resolution,  the  British  government,  without 
loss  of  time,  instructed  its  plenipotentiary,  Packingtou, 
to  make  a  new  proposition  for  the  settlement  of  the 
controversy,^^  which  was  accepted  with  as  little  loss  of 
time  by  the  United  States. 

The  treaty  offered  by  Great  Britain  was  considered 
by  the  senate,  to  whom  the  president  sent  it  for  advice 
on  the  18th  of  June,^"  when  Benton  made  a  speech 

'•  Lord  Brough.am  again  desired  to  know  of  Lord  Aberdeen  whether  tlie 
reports  in  circulation  ia  the  American  and  English  public  prints,  tluit  tlie 
Oregon  boundary  ((uestious  liad  'been  )>rought  to  an  amicable  conclusion,  and 
one  honorable  to  both  parties,'  were  true.  Aberdeen  replied  that  they  were, 
and  saiil  that  wlien  he  saw  that  congress  had  adopted  resolutions  of  sucli  a  con- 
ciliatory and  friendly  disposition  ho  'did  not  delay  for  a  moment,  but  putting 
aside  all  ideas  of  diplomatic  oticpiette'  prepared  a  draft  of  a  eonveiitiouwliii.ii 
was  sent  by  the  packet  of  May  18th  to  I'aekington,  to  be  proposed  for  tlie 
acceptance  of  the  United  States  government.  I'aekington  had  written  tliat 
his  proposal  liad  been  submitted  to  the  senate  by  tlie  presiilcnt,  who  was 
advised  \>y  that  bodj',  after  a  few  hours  deliberation  on  three  several  days,  by  a 
Vote  of  Its  to  \'2,  to  accept.  The  president  had  immediately  acted  on  the 
advice,  and  Buchanan  had  sent  for  and  informed  Pa'.'kingtonthat  'tlie  condi- 
tions ottered  by  her  majesty's  government  were  accepted  without  the  addition 
or  alteration  of  a  single  word.'  HavHard's  Pari.  Deb'ifes,  87,  1038. 

'■'  Treaty  between  the  United  States  of  America  and  Her  ^Majesty  the  Queen 
of  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  concluded  at  '\Vasliingtou 
on  the  l.lth  of  June  1846. 

Article  I.  From  the  point  of  the  49th  parallel  of  north  \v '  itude  where 
the  boundary  laid  down  in  existing  treaties  and  conventions  bi.cween  C!rcat 
Britain  and  the  United  States  terminates,  the  line  of  boundary  between  the 
territories  of  the  United  States  and  those  of  her  Britannic  Majesty  shall  lie 
continued  westward  along  the  49th  parallel  of  north  latitude  to  the  middle  of 
tlie  channel  which  separates  the  continent  from  Vancouver's  Island,  and  tlieiice 
Bouthcriy,  through  the  middle  of  the  said  channel,  and  of  Fuca's  Straits,  to  tlie 
Pacific  Ocean.  Provided,  however,  that  the  navigation  of  the  whole  of  tlio 
said  channel  and  straits  south  of  the  49th  parallel  of  north  latitude  remain 
free  and  oiien  to  both  parties. 

Article  II.  From  the  point  at  which  the  49t]i  parallel  of  north  latitude 
BJiall  be  found  to  intersect  the  great  northern  branch  of  the  Columbia  lliver, 
the  uavigatiou  of  the  said  branch  shall  be  free  and  open  to  the  Hudson's  Bay 


THE  FORTY  NINTH  TAKALLEL. 


411 


upon  its  ratification.  The  view  taken  l)y  tlie  senator 
Avas,  that  the  4!)th  i)arallel  was  the  real  line  of  right 
anil  convenience  between  the  two  powers;  the  one 
ottered  Great  Britain  since  the  time  of  Jefterson;  antl 
wonderfully  adapted  to  the  natural  divisions  of  the 
country,  and  the  actual  possessions  of  the  two  countries. 
It  parted  the  two  systems  of  water ^ — those  of  the 
Columbia  and  Fraser  rivers— as  naturally  and  coni- 
niodiously  on  the  west  of  the  mountains,  as  it  parted 
on  the  east  side  of  the  same  mountains  the  two  systemn 
of  waters  which  belonged,  on  the  one  hand  to  tho 
gulf  of  Mexico,  on  the  other  to  Hudson  Bay;  and  on 
both  sides  of  tho  mountains  it  conformed  to  the  actual 
discoveries  and  settlements  of  both  parties.  There 
was  not  on  the  face  of  the  earth,  he  said,  so  long  a 
line,  and  so  straight,  and  so  adapted  to  the  rights  of 
the  parties  and  the  features  of  the  country.  Jefferson 
juul  offered  it  in  1807;  Monroe  in  1818,  and  again  in 
l,s-J4;  Adams  in  1820;  Tyler  in  1842;  and  Polk  in 

(  oiniiiiiiy,  and  to  all  Britisli  subjects  trading  with  tlic  same,  to  tlic  point  wlioro 
tlit'Siiicl  I)r:incli  meets  tho  main  strcuTn  of  tlie  C'olnmliia,  and  tlience  ilown  tlio 
h:.id  main  stream  to  the  ocean,  witli  free  access  into  and  tliroiigh  tlie  said  river 
or  rivers:  it  l)einij  nnderstootl  tliat  all  the  iisnai  portages  along  the  lino  tlm.i 
ik'scril)ed  shall,  in  like  manner,  be  free  and  open.  In  navigating  tho  said  river 
or  rivers,  British  snbjects,  witii  their  goods  and  produce,  shall  lie  ti-eated  mi 
tlic  same  footing  as  citizens  of  the  United  States ;  it  being,  however,  always 
iiiideistood  that  nothing  in  this  article  shall  be  construed  as  preventing,  or 
iiitciiiled  to  prevent,  the  government  of  the  United  States  from  making  any 
regulations  respecting  the  navigation  of  the  said  river  or  rivei-s  not  inconsist- 
ent with  the  present  treaty. 

Article  III.  In  tho  future  appropriation  of  the  territory  south  of  the 
4!tth  parallel  of  north  latitude,  as  provided  in  the  first  article  of  this  treat}', 
til','  possessory  rights  of  the  Huilson's  Bay  Company,  and  of  all  British  sub- 
jects who  may  be  already  in  the  occupation  of  land  or  other  property  lawfully 
aciiuiix'd  within  tho  said  territory,  shall  bo  respected. 

Articlt;  IV.  The  farms,  lands,  and  other  property  of  every  description 
belonging  to  tlie  Puget  Sound  Agricultural  Company,  on  the  noi-th  side  of  tho 
Cohiiiibia  River,  shall  be  continued  to  the  said  company.  In  case,  however,  the 
situation  of  those  farms  and  lands  shouM  lie  consi<lercd  by  the  United  States  to 
be  of  public  and  political  importance,  and  the  United  SUites  govcriinient 
slioulil  signify  a  desire  to  obtain  [wssession  of  the  whole,  or  of  any  jiarfc 
tliereof,  the  property  so  required  shall  be  transferred  to  tho  said  government 
at  a  proper  valuation,  to  be  agreed  upon  between  the  parties. 

Artich  \.  The  present  treaty  shall  be  ratitied  by  the  president  of  tho 
United  States,  by  and  Mith  the  advice  and  consent  of  tho  senate  thereof,  and 
by  her  Britannic  majesty;  and  tlio  rutitication  shall  be  exchanged  at  London 
at  the  expiration  of  six  months  from  the  date  hereof,  or  .sfK)ner  if  jiossible. 
(Imuhoir'x  Or.  and  Co/.,  48'2;  Vrfijon  Sptrfafor,  March  4,  1847;  Trlbuue  Al- 
inunuc,  1S47,  10;  Oreijov,  Unjanic  Laic  and  Treaty  LimiU,  34-0. 


412 


THE  OREGON  QUESTION  CONCLUDED. 


1845.  Thus  for  a  period  of  about  forty  years  the  United 
States  governnient  luid  tendered  this  boundary  to  the 
government  of  Great  Britain. 

The  deflection  throuifh  the  Strait  of  Fuca,  leavins; 
out  Vancouver  Island  instead  of  dividing  it,  was  right 
and  proper  also.**  It  left  the  United  States  all  they 
desired  in  the  waters  of  Puget  Sound  and  all  the  bays 
and  inlets  connecting  therewith;  and  with  them  the 
small  cluster  of  islands,  probably  of  no  value,  between 
the  Haro  channel  and  the  continent.** 

Of  the  second  article  of  the  treaty,  with  regard 
to  the  free  navigation  of  the  Columbia,  Benton  said 
that  it  fell  so  far  short  of  what  Great  Britain  had 
previously  demanded,  and  the  United  States  offered, 
that  it  amounted  to  a  relinquishment  of  the  whole 
pretensions  with  regard  to  that  river.  The  navigation 
was  to  be  free  to  a  few  British  subjects  during  the 
term  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company's  present  charter, 
who  were  to  be  subject  to  tlie  laws  and  regulations 
applying  to  United  States  citizens.''" 

Respecting  the  third  article  of  the  treaty  whicli 
regarded  the  possessory  rights  of  the  Hudson's  Bay 

'^  Uenton  held  that  the  island  was  worthless,  and  not  necessary  for  a  port, 
since  tlie  mouth  of  the  Columbia  was  better  known  as  a  good  harbor;  and  tliat 
there  M'as  no  necessity  'to  go  north  three  hundred  miles  to  hunt  a  substi- 
tute port  in  the  remote  and  desolate  coasts  of  Vancouver  Island.  Tliat  islan<l 
is  not  wanted  by  the  United  States  for  any  purpose  whatever.  Above  all,  tlio 
south  end  of  it  is  not  wanted  to  command  the  Straits  of  Fuca.  It  so  happens 
tliat  these  straits  are  not  liable  to  be  commanded,  either  in  fact  or  in  law. 
Tliey  are  from  fifteen  to  thirty  miles  wide — rather  too  wide  for  batteries  t(i 
cross  their  shot— and  wide  enough,  like  iril  the  otiier  great  straits  of  t'.o 
world,  to  constitute  a  part  of  the  high  seas,  and  to  be  incapable  of  appropri- 
ation by  any  nation.  We  want  nothing  of  that  strait  but  as  a  boundary, 
and  that  the  treaty  gives  us.  With  that  boundai-y  comes  all  that  wo  want  in 
that  quarter,  namely,  all  the  waters  of  Puget's  Sound,  and  the  fertile  Olympic 
district  which  borders  upon  them.'  Comj.  Globe,  app.,  184G,  867. 

^*Cong.  Globe,  app.,  1846,  867.  Mr  Benton  did  not  foresee  the  strife  that 
in  a  few  years  was  to  grow  out  of  the  adverse  claims  to  these  islands. 
He  also  remarks  'neither  the  Spanish  discoveries,  nor  our  own  discovery  and 
settlement  of  the  Columbia,  would  have  given  us  those  waters.  Their  British 
names  indicate  their  discoverers,  and  the  line  of  49°  gives  them  to  us.'  Mr 
Benton,  in  his  desire  to  have  the  treaty  confirmed,  was  willing  to  sacrifice  both 
Spanish  and  American  discoverers,  when  at  another  time  he  might  be  at  great 
pains  to  defend  their  claims. 

*5  This  clause  in  the  second  article  was  overlooked  by  the  British  plenipo- 
tentiary, and  even  Mr  Benton  does  not  refer  to  it  in  the  sense  in  which  it  after- 
Wards  became  objectionable  to  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  when  they  were 


FINAL  TREATY. 


413 


Company  and  all  British  subjects  who  might  bo  in 
tlic  occupation  of  land  or  other  property  lawfully  ac- 
(|uiied  within  the  said  territory,  Benton  thought  that 
the  limitation  of  a  'lawful  ac(piisition,'  to  property 
within  the  territory,  would  exclude  the  company  alto- 
gether, as  neither  the  United  States  laws  nor  those 
of  Great  Britain  admitted  the  validity  of  Indian  sales 
to  individuals;  and  possessory  rights  under  the  joint 
occupation  convention  could  only  continue  till  the  end 
of  the  company  in  18G3.  The  article,  he  thought,  was 
meant  for  the  quiet  of  the  coujpany  until  they  could 
remove.^'* 

The  fourth  article,  treating  of  the  Puget  Sound 
Agricultural  Company,  was  considered  by  Benton 
as  leaving  it  optional  with  the  United  States  to  con- 
firm the  lands  to  the  company  or  to  pay  for  the 
improvements  upon  them  at  an  equitable  valuation, 
there  being  no  doubt  of  the  action  of  the  United 
States  in  this  matter,  the  government  not  being  likely 
to  consent  to  the  presence  of  a  foreign  coninany  on 
the  waters  of  Puget  Sound.  Hence  the  treaty,  as  a 
wlu)lc,  was  favorable  to  the  United  States,  and  he,  as 
a  constitutional  adviser  of  the  president,  should  urge 
its  ratification.  The  country  at  large,  and  Oregon  in 
l)articular,  required  that  the  long  debated  question 
should  be  settled. 

On  the  vote  being  taken  in  the  senate,  fortv-ono 
iiiembcrs  were  for  and  fovu'teen  against  the  ratifica- 
tion of  the  treaty,  one  member  being  absent."^^     The 


culled  upon  to  pay  duties  on  goods  imported  from  England.  RobtTts,  in  his 
IhadkclloHs,  (i,  says:  'The  treaty  was  very  lame,  so  far  as  the  eonipany  was 
coiitenicd.  They  never  contemplated  payinj,'  duties  at  Vancouver;  this, 
coupled  with  the  disorganization  and  demoralization  of  their  men,  was  the 
downfall  of  the  company.' 

•"^  'I  am  willing  to  imderstand  the  article  liberally  and  to  execute  it  gen- 
erously; but  in  strictness  there  can  be  no  lawful  possessions  in  Oregon  (iinh'Sii 
llie  defunct  treaty  would  impart  that  character),  tlie  persons  now  there  boinj^ 
in  the  eye  of  our  law  intruders  and  tresp.tssers. '  Co//;/.  Gl<il)C,  apji.,  1S4(),  .SUS. 
This  was  the  doctrine  of  the  American  settlers  in  Oregon  from  the  first. 

■'^  The  treaty  was  signed  by  Messrs  Packington  and  Uuchanan  on  the  1  r)th  of 
Juno,  the  advice  of  the  senate  being  given  on  the  i;>th,  .ind  the  president  sign 
iiig  it  (in  the  IStli,  immediately  after  its  confirmation  by  the  s-c-nate.     It  wua 
fiigued  by  the  queea  of  Great  Britain  on  the  17th  of  July,  134G. 


414 


THE  OREGON  QUESTION  CONCLUDED. 


president  without  tV  lay  acted  on  the  advice  of  the 
senate,  and  in  a  month  from  that  time  the  Oregon 
Question  was  finally  settled  by  the  consent  of  the 
queen  of  Great  Britain  to  the  treaty  as  ratified  by 
the  president  of  the  United  States.^^  The  exclusive 
claim  of  the  United  States  was  not  altogether  sound ; 
but  the  people  had  been  educated  into  a  belief  that 
it  was  so;  they  were  ready  or  nearly  so,  to  resort 
to  force  in  defence  of  their  rights ;  and  England  did 
not  deem  her  own  actual  right  in  the  matter  worth 
fighting  for.  Therefore  the  country  between  tlio 
Columbia  and  latitude  4l>°  was  peacefully  surrendered 
to  the  United  States. 

''  Authorities  consulted  on  the  subject-matter  of  this  chapter,  not  ah'cady 
quotei!,  are:  American  State  I'(>p<rs,iim.  G2.3-4,  xiv.  745-G;  (.'oii'/.0'lof>e,  lSI)S-!», 
7,  lo;  /(/.,  1837-8,  lO-'J'J,  app.,  oG.");  A/.,  18;W-40,6;  /(/.,  1S40-1J1,  80,  00,  l(K), 
app.,  lOo;  /(/.,  1841-2,  vi.,  app.,  7.'W;  /'/.,  KMl,  vi.;  A/.,  1842-3,  vii.,  aj)])., 
iii.  132;  Id.,  1842-3,  vii.  \iii.  app.,  iii.  iv.;  Id.,  1843-4,  i.v.  xix.  app.,  v.;  /•/., 
1844-5,  vii.  xiii.  app.,  410;  Id.,  IS4ti-0,  xii.  xxix.  xxx. ;  Id.,  184r>-G,  14."),  l.")3; 
iS'fVcs'  Hi'!/.,  xxxiii.  213;  hi.  231-0;  Ixx.  341;  Id.,  Ixviii.  l.Jl-2.  184,  2.).V7, 
213,  224,  23G-0,  2o2,  3G4;  Ciishhi</s  Ife/.t.  on.  Or.  Tcr.,  1839,20-51;  llnnmnr.^ 
Pari.  Dcliatfs,  Ixxxiv.  1277-0;  Ixxxviii.  88,  078.  9SLV  003;  roussln's  Qiir.tii<,ii 
dc  rOrC'ioii,  87-88  ;  U.  S.  Cl'nrtcrs  and  CoiinliliitioiiM,  :i.  1482-3  ;  Irriiiii',i  ,l>- 
Irhi,  407;  IJcnns'  Jliit.  Or.,  Ms.,  113,  'liHiISutler's  WUd  2iorf/i  Lam!,  .•«■.(•; 
I'Kshin'i's  Treatii  of  Washiin/toii,  211-14;  North  American  L'cvtcir,  vi.  45;t, 
/(/.,  xxvii.  400-512;  Id.,  hi.' 45;}-40G,  xviii.  40G-512,  Jan.  1840,  04,  103-00, 
132-44;  Id.,  xv.  370-04;  Eilinbiir>jh  Urview,  Iwxii.  238-205;  Soiitlirrn  Ouurt. 
Ilcriew,  .Tuly  1845,  217-13;  Perkins^  Aiiuals  of  the  \Vest,\\\.  xxiii.;  Ilohcrti:  ih'k 
Pi'jhtniid  Til  If  t)  Or.,  app.,  i-xxiv. ;  SaxtoiCs  Or.  Tir.,  30;  Suriioit'.i  Life  of 
I)r  Linn,  105;  I  Unci'  Ex.  to  Or.,  3()5-375;  Rept.  Com.,  A'o.  31,  i.'7lh  Cuiuj.,  o<l 
SiKs.;  I'fc/or'f  Or. ,  0-34 ;  Tribune  Almaitac/or  IS-iC,  17-43;  1847,0-7;  /'«/•"- 
/inni',H  1/ixf.  Or.,  51;  McKai/'n  Ilecotl.,  3;  l.aphue,  Campuijne,  vi.  1-30,  Zura.- 
iiKhiii,  0-7;  Oiddinijn'  Speeches,  148-03;  Sim])non''s  Nar.,  i.  2G2-C;  IlHniholdt'>i 
Neil!  Spain,  Black;  Tratis.,  ii.  310-IS,  Winthrop\i  Speech  Or.  Qtient.,  10;  A'- /- 
Vifx  ('ohniy.utioH  of  Oregon,  17,  42-51;  Letter  cf  J.  II.  Kelle.i/  in  Thornton* 
I'liM.  Or.,  :SIS.,  84-03; 'y/««w'  ItipL,  No.  S;iO,  27th  Comj.,  I'd  .SV,w.;  Scinile 
liept..  No.  470,  L'ftlh  Comj.,  M  Scsx.;  Evans'  Northirest  Boundary,  1-8;  Tlvirn- 
ton^xOr.and  ('<;/., 30-1;  Pa/iecn  Itelalini/to  the  Treat  if  of  Wtuihimjron,  v.  ^\)-ii; 
Andemon's  Norl/in-ent  Const,  MS.,  2G0;  President's  il/cw.,  and  IJor.,  ,.".iik 
Cow/.,  10-14,  i:)0-03;  IJa-stiinis'  Or.,  23;  Proceedimjs  of  the  Mass.  Hist.  Soc, 
1803-4,457;  I )i.i^s  Speeches,  17-50;  Par.  R.  P.  Explor.  and  Sunr!/,2C);  Oreijon 
Spectator,  April  1,  1847;  Messaijes  and  Documents  of  J.  K.  Polk,  1840,  l-3.'{; 
Conij.  (IIoIk;  1845-0,  "0th  Con;/.,  app.;  ('on;/,  (llolic,  1840-7,  app;  Das  Orei/on 
li'ihiet;  or  the  Oilicial  Correspondence  on  the  Oregon  Question,  coniplcic,  1-114: 
iS'.  I.  Friend,  v.  28-0;  Nicola  fs  Or.  Tcr.;  L.  f,  O'rovtr,  iu  Trans.  Or.  i'ionur 
Assoc,  1874,  33-9. 

A^rnxo  contcmporareous  writers  on  the  Oregon  Question,  and  on  the 
events  of  Orej,'on  history  on  which  tluit  question  depen<led,  Kohert  (Jrci'iiliow 
should  deservedly  be  niertioned  in  the  first  place.  He  was  a  native  of  Vir- 
ginia, educated  for  the  nicdicul  profession,  in  1838  established  the  Tricolor,  a 


ROBERT  GREENHOW. 


m 


of  tllO 
Oregon 

of  tlic 
fiod  by 
Lclusivo 

sound ; 
icf  tluit. 
)  resort 
and  did 
r  worth 
sen  the 
endered 


not  already 
(ohe,  1S:{S-!), 
,  89,  00, 100, 
,  vii.,  iipp., 
pp.,  v.;  LI., 
^(i,  14.-),  l'):!; 

1S4,  'ill.-)-:, 

;  Jlniixanl's 

|i//'j«  (JlKHl'tOll 

Jrriiiii'n  /!••*- 
Land,  3-W; 

Icir,  vi.  io'i^, 
94,  10n-()9, 

\tlicni  Omu-I. 

;  liohrr/f  ik'" 

iit'i*  Ij'ife  <•/ 

\th  ('uilij.,  od 

,  0-7;  /'"'■"- 

Iluiilholilt'^ 
4.,  10;  A'./- 
Thornlun* 

1-8;  77-'/-"- 
|oH,v.  39-14; 
JJac,  ,:'.>ih 
Hist.  So<\, 
I,  20;  Omj'"' 

1840,  1  -:t:i; 

Dns  Ori'jiiii 
,lctc,  1  114: 
Or.  I'luiiti  r 


laiul  on  tilt! 

k  (irct'iihi'Ns- 

Uivo  of  Vir- 

Tricolor,  a. 


rrpublican  paper,  in  New  York,  and  later  became  translator  and  librarian  to 
tlic  United  States  department  of  state.  While  so  engaged  he  wrote  his  Memoir, 
Jlidorical  and  Political,  of  the  Northtced  Coast  of  America,  and  the  Adjacent 
Tt rritories; illustratadhya Map andGeographicalView of  tho^^e Countries.  Wash- 
ington, 1840,  8vo.  xii.,  '228  pages.  This  work  was  written  by  direction  of  tlio 
secretary  of  state,  and  published  by  order  of  the  senaie  at  the  request  of 
Linn,  the  great  champion  of  Oregon  settlement.  U.  S.  Govt.  Doc. ,  :Mth  Comj. , 
Ut  Sess.,  Sen.  Doc,  A'o.  174-  Four  years  later  this  work,  much  elaborated, 
iuid  increased  in  size,  was  published  as  The  History  of  Oreijon  and  Ca/ifurnia, 
and  the  other  Territories  on  the  .Northwest  Coast  of  America;  accompanied  hij  a 
(I'eo'jraphical  View  and  Map  of  those  Countries,  and  Kumher  of  Documents  as 
J'roofM  and  Illustrations  of  the  History.  Boston,  1844.  8vo,  xviii.,  482  pages. 
It  was  also  issued  the  same  year  in  England  with  a  London  titlc-j)ago;  and  a 
second,  third,  and  fourth  editions  were  published  in  1845  nn<l  1847.  Tlie  last 
c'iition  contains  some  additions.  The  first  xviii.  120  pages  of  this  work  were 
s('jiariitcly  printed  and  issued  as  The  Geoijraphy  of  Oreijoa  and  CuHfornia, 
I'll-.  Boston,  1845;  N.  Y.,  1845.  The  same  author  also  published  in  1845  au 
A  iiKii-er  to  the  Strictures  of  Mr  Thomas  Falconer  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  on  the  History 
i'j()re<jon  and  California,  Washington,  1845,  8vo,  7  pages,  lie  subsequently 
Vint  to  California  as  associate  law-agent  of  the  United  States  before  the  land 
cunimission,  and  died  in  San  Francisco  in  1854,  at  the  age  of  54  years. 

Mr  Grecnhow  was  an  accomplished  man  and  a  writer  of  ability  and  in- 
dustry, not  without  a  certaiii  brilliancy  of  stylo.  Those  parts  of  his  works 
(k'vntcd  to  historical  and  descriptive  matter  are  worthy  of  the  liighest  praise; 
iuili'i'd,  in  many  parts  they  can  hardly  be  improved  at  this  date,  occupying, 
legitimately  in  certain  respects,  the  place  of  standard  history.  As  nn  argu- 
ment on  the  title  cjuestion,  the  work  also  deserves  praise  as  the  strongest 
jiDssiltle  ])rescntment  of  the  cause.  It  was  to  all  intents  and  purpose^^  a 
brief  in  behalf  of  the  United  States,  though  the  author  denies  this  in  the 
jiiefae'c  to  the  last  edition  in  reply  to  English  critic'ims  in  the  (Juar!crly  I'erivir, 
ls4,V0,  507;  yet  for  a  production  of  this  class  it  M'as  remarkably  free  from 
.special  pleading  and  partisan  unfairness.  The  Quarterly's  charge  that  Green- 
In  iw  had  displayed  'more  art  and  diligence  than  candor  and  accuracy,' 
lieing  an  'unsafe  if  not  faithless  guide,'  was  exaggerated;  yet  it  i-:  hardly 
liii8»^ilil(.'  tliat  so  intelligent  a  man  so  well  acquainted  with  the  suliject  should 
really  have  believed  in  all  that  was  claimed  by  the  United  States  in  regard 
to  the  Northwest  Coast. 

Travers  Twiss,  D.  C.  L.,  F.  R.  S.,  "professor  of  political  ccouomj'  in  the 
university  of  Oxford,  and  advocate  in  doctors'  commons,"  publislied  after  tlio 
iilipearance  of  (ireenhow's  work,  The  Orei/on  Question  examined  in  re.-pert  to 
lints  itnd  the  Law  if  Nations.  Londcm,  18''0,  8vo,  ix.  .'U)l  ])agi's.  It  was  rcpub- 
lislied  as  The  Ureyon  Territory,  its  History  and  Discurery,  itc.  Xew  York, 
lS4(i,  12mo,  204  pages.  Dr  Twiss  was  in  every  respiict  tlie  equal  of  the  Amur- 
i'an  champion,  inability,  knowledge,  and  freedom  from  extrenu; partisanship, 
in  the  technicalities  of  internati(mal  law  he  was  8u,)erior;  he  had  also  tlio 
Ixneflt  of  all  Grccnhow's  researches  in  addition  to  !iis  own;  and  he  had, 
besides,  the  less  ultra  side  of  the  urgunient.  As  a  history  "f  tiie  Northwest 
t'uust  his  work  is  not  equal  to  Grccnhow's;  but  as  an  argument  on  the  Ore- 


416 


THE  OREGON  QUESTION  CONCLUDED. 


gun  Question  it  is  in  all  essential  points  fairer,  in  fact  a  good  work  of  its  class. 
It  contains  many  mistakes  in  minor  historical  points  to  be  corrected ;  but  like 
Greenliow's  work  it  is  in  comparison  with  those  of  other  writers  more  free 
from  such  errors. 

The  subject  is  treated  less  exhaustively,  and  in  most  cases  with  a  more 
pronounced  spirit  of  partisanship,  in  the  following  works :  The  Orei/on  Quen- 
Hon;  or  a  Statement  of  the  British  Claims,  etc.,  hi/  Thomas  Falconer,  Esq.  Lon- 
don and  New  York,  1845,  three  editions.  The  same  author  wrote  On  the 
Discovery  of  the  Mississippi,  and  on  the  Southwestern,  Oreijon,  and  Northwest- 
ern Boundaries  of  the  United  States,  London,  1844;  and  Mr  Falconer's  lieply  to 
3fr  Greenhorn's  Ansicer,  with  Mr  Greenhoiv's  Rejoinder.  Washington,  1845. 
We  have  also  from  the  pen  of  the  United  States  plenipotentiary  in  the  nego- 
tiations of  1826-0,  Letters  of  Albert  Gallatin  on  the  Oregon  Question,  Wasli- 
ingtou,  1846,  8vo,  30  pages;  and  The  Oregon  Question,  Nos.  1-5.  New  York, 
1846,  8vo,  78  pages.  An  ex-officer  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Comjany  wrote  The 
Oregon  Territory,  Claims  thereto  of  England  and  America  considered,  hij  Alex- 
ander Simpson.  London,  1846,  8vo,  60  pages.  See  aiaoBobertson's  Oregon,  tvir 
Bight  and  Title,  Washington,  1846,  Svo,  203  pages;  Murdoch's  Our  True  Title  to 
Oregon — that  is  resting  on  the  Virginia  charter;  Oregon,  the  Cost  and  the  Con- 
sequences,  Phil.  1846;  Tucker's  History  of  Oregon,  Buffalo,  1844,  made  up  for 
the  most  part  from  Greonhow;  Sturgis'  Oregon  Question,  Boston,  1845,  a  lec- 
ture; Furnham's  History  of  the  Oregon  Territory,  ISH:  Will  there  he  War'!  By 
an  Adopted  Citizen,  1846;  also  HallJ.  Kelley's  pamphlets.  The  British  comic 
papers  of  the  time  also  presented  the  great  question  in  cartoons. 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 


OCCUPATION  OF  THE  COLUMBL\. 

1820-1830. 

"Is  Oregon  Woutii  Having?" — Coxfiouratiox,  Soil,  and  Climate — 
Rki^tionh  with  China — A  Terra  Incognita — England  to  India,  by 
way  of  the  Columbia  1{iver — Irreconcilable  Opinions — I'REPARiNa 
TO  Emigr^vte — Proposal  to  Make  Over  the  Territory  to  the  Indians 
—The  Whale-fishery — A  School  for  Seamen — Conflictin(j  State- 
ments—A Hesitating  Government — Why  the  British  Monopolized 
THE  Trade — McLoughlin  Succeeds  Keitu  at  Astoria — Personal 
Appearance  and  Character  of  McLoughlin — His  Administration 
of  Justice — He  Explores  fob  the  Site  of  a  New  Post — Fort  Van- 
couvKR  Founded — Agriculture  and  Commerce — Amalgamation  of 
Fur  Companies — Pebils  of  the  Fur-trade. 


"Is  Oregon  worth  having?"  This  was  a  question 
whidi  first  assumed  importance  in  1820,  and  thencefor- 
ward during  ten  years  exercised  the  collective  wisdoir, 
of  congress.  Many  and  various  were  the  opinions  ot 
legislators  who  took  part  in  the  debates  on  this  sub- 
ject. Many  members  were  entirely  unused  to  the 
c-  isideration  of  vast  national  interests,  while  not  a 
lew  were  profoundly  ignorant  of  the  history  and  con- 
diti(»ns  of  the  region  under  consideration.  This  lack 
of  exact  information  had  its  effect  in  furnishinuf  mate- 
lial  for  the  pleasantry  of  the  better  informed  mem- 
bers, and  endued  with  unwonted  entertainment  the 
usually  somewhat  dull  pages  of  the  Aniails  of  Con- 
<j)rss. 

The  political  aspect  of  the  question  has  already 
been  considered ;  it  may  not  be  without  intei-est, 
however,  in  this  place  to  cast  a  retrospecti\e  glance 
over  the  ideas  of  more  than  half  a  century  ago  con- 
cerning the  nature  of  the  new  north-west. 

'  Hist.  N.  W.  Coast,  Vol.  II.    27  ( 417 ) 


418 


OCCUPATION  OP  THE  COLUMBIA. 


Configuration,  soil,  climate,  and  other  conditions 
governing  population  were  among  the  most  important 
points  upon  which  both  speculation  and  argument  were 
founded.  As  early  as  1821  it  was  confidently  as- 
serted that  "  the  coast  of  the  Pacific  is  in  its  climate 
nore  mild  than  any  part  of  the  continent  in  the  same 
parallel,  and  many  vegetables  on  that  shore  grow  in 
great  abundance  in  the  native  forest  which  are  like- 
wise natives  of  China."^ 

The  mention  of  China  is  in  this  connection  not 
inappropriate,  for  in  all  phases  of  the  Oregon  prob- 
lem that  empire  claims  a  large  share  of  prominence, 
whether  as  a  mart  for  the  distribution  of  coast  prod- 
ucts, or  a  means  of  peopling  the  coast  itself  "It  is 
believed  that  population  could  be  easily  acquired  from 
China,  by  which  the  arts  of  peace  would  at  once 
acquire  strength  and  influence,  and  make  visible  to 
the  aborigines  the  manner  in  which  their  wants  could 
be  supplied  .  .  .And,  though  the  people  of  tliat  country 
evince  no  disposition  to  emigrate  to  the  territory  of 
adjoining  princes,  it  is  believed  they  would  willingly, 
nay,  gladly,  embrace  the  opportunity  of  a  home  iu 
America,  where  they  have  no  prejudices,  no  fears,  no 
restraint  in  opinion,  labor,  or  religior.""^  The  same 
congressional  committee  who  enunciated  the  above 
sentiments  supplemented  them  witli  the  devout  hope 
that  an  establishment  on  such  conditions  "would  essen- 
tially benefit  the  natives,  wliilst  it  v.ould  give  this 
countrv  the  advantaije  of  all  its  own  treasures,  whicli 
otherwise  nmst  l)e  lost  forever,  or  rather  never  enjoy ctl ; 
and  from  all  that  can  be  ascertained  relative  to  its 
present  and  increasing  value,  of  more  profit  to  this 
country  than  the  mines  of  Potosi,""' 

Trade  with   China,  which  whe!i  carried  on- with 

Kl)ina'n  »fCo„<j.,  IGth  Comj.,  2d  Scm.,  956. 

■■•A/.,  [KA\~-t. 

■'  /it.,  1).")7.  The  voxed  question  of  the  Chinese  on  the  Pacific  const  fniila  a 
place  in  nn()tht!r  volume,  l)ut  it  may  lie  opportune  to  remark  liero  that  tiie 
example  of  Cliinese  industry  has  not  alTectecl  the  aborigines  very  ai>preoiahly, 
while  tiie  immigrants  themselves  tan  no  longer  coniplaiii  of  the  absence  of 
prcjuilice  and  restraint. 


VERY  FAR  AWAY. 


419 


eastern  seaports  involved  so  long,  circuitous,  anil 
perilous  a  voyage,  was  always  contidently  pointed  to 
as  the  most  valuable  incentive  to  the  development  of 
the  region  adjacent  to  the  Columbia  River. 

In  December  1822,  Floyd  of  Virginia,  one  of  the 
warmest  advocates  for  the  occupation  of  the  territory, 
remarked:  "The  settlement  on  the  Oregon,  as  con- 
templated by  this  bill,  connecting  the  trade  of  that 
river  and  coast  with  the  Missouri  and  Mississippi,  is 
to  open  a  mine  of  wealth  to  the  shipping  interests 
and  the  western  country,  surpassing  the  hopes  even 
of  avarice  itself.  It  consists  principally  of  things 
which  will  purchase  the  manufactures  and  products 
of  China  at  a  better  profit  than  gold  and  silver;  and 
if  that  attention  is  bestowed  upon  the  country  to 
which  its  value  and  position  entitle  it,  it  will  yield  a 
profit,  producing  more  wealth  to  the  nation  than  all 
the  shi[)ments  which  have  ever  in  any  one  year  been 
made  to  Canton  from  the  United  States."* 

Much  legislative  inaction  and  apparent  coldness  to 
the  new-born  enthusiasm  for  Oregon,  must  be  credited 
to  the  lack  of  reliable  specific  information.^  Its  ex- 
treme remoteness,  too,  appears  to  have  had  an  apj)all- 
ing  effect  upon  most  minds,  though  here  and  there 
was  found  an  ardent  devotee  whose  advanced  idea:-! 
triumphed  over  time  and  space.  "  It  cannot  be  denied," 
says  one  of  these,  "that  the  distance  between  the  seat 
of  government  and  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  is 
very  great.  But  in  reference  to  the  facility  of  com- 
munication between  the  places,  tlie  distance  must  not 
Ite  estimated  by  miles,  but  shoukll  be  computed  by  the 
time  re(juired  to  pass  from  tlie  one  place  to  the  other.  If 
stenm-l;»)ats  were  established  in  all  the  waters  between 
this  ;ind  the  mouth  of  the  Cokunbia  capable  of  steam- 
boat navigation,  th(^  journey  might  be  made,  I  <lo  not 
doubt,  in  less  time,  and  with  greater  ease,  than  tlie 

*Aii,iah  of  Cniiij.,  nth  Cinii/.,  M  Srss.,  SUM. 

'  'All  this  s|iiH'(!  of  the  western  HJioivs  of  ourterritory  is  iwrfectly  unknown 
to  ns,  anil  is  «s  nuicli  tirni  iiivoiiiiita  us  the  wilds  of  Africa.  AiuiuId  i>/  Coioj., 
mil  Coil  J.,  .,'(/  ib'tw.,  58o. 


420 


OCCUiWTIOX  OF  THE  COLmiBIA. 


representative  from  Missouri,  now  on  this  floor,  could 
liave  come,  unless  by  sea,  from  his  state  to  this  city, 
only  ten  years  «igo."" 

The  aspirations  of  such  advocates,  though  neces- 
sarily limited  to  existing  means,  contemplated  a  brill- 
iant future  for  the  unbuilt  city  of  the  Columbia, 

She  Avas  to  be  more  than  a  mere  port  of  entr}^  a 
haven  for  the  whalers  battered  in  an  Arctic  tempest, 
an  emporium  of  furs  destined  for  the  trans-Pacific 
trade;  she  should  be  the  entrepot  of  European  trade 
with  India  and  China.  "  We  must  tak§  into  consid- 
eration a  trade  which,  at  no  distant  day,  must  grow 
out  of  the  great  improvements  we  have  made,  and  are 
daily  making,  in  the  means  of  communication  and 
transportation.  .  .1  do  verily  believe,  that,  in  twenty 
years,  and  if  not  in  twenty,  in  fifty  years,  a  person 
setting  out  from  London  to  go  to  India,  will  find  New 
York,  Albany,  and  Sandusky,  post-towns  on  his  route. 
By  pursuing,  continually,  nearly  a  west  course,  he 
will  cross  the  Atlantic,  reach  Albany,  follow  the  New 
York  canal,  embark  on  Lake  Erie,  pass  through  the 
Ohio  canal,  and  pursue  the  Ohio,  Mississippi,  and 
^lissouri,  to  the  foot  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  over 
which  he  will  traverse  a  turnpike  of  only  seventy-five 
miles,  which  will  bring  him  to  the  waters  of  the 
Columbia;  upon  these  he  will  reach  the  Pacific,  and 
from  thence  he  will  cross  a  ferry  to  the  Asiatic  con- 
tinent, a  ferry  of  some  two  or  three  thousand  miles, 
I  admit, but  one  which,  in  reference  to  steam-boat  navi- 
gation, for  which  those  seas  are  particularly  adapted, 
Avould  be  no  more  than  so  many  hundred  miles  would 
have  been  some  few  years  since.  .  .Is  it  not  reasonable, 
then,  to  suppose  that,  at  some  period,  not  very  remote, 
the  eastern  tratle  may  be  pursued  in  the  course  I  have 
designated  f' 

So  rose-tinted  a  view  could  not  loncf  hold  its  own 
unchallenijed.     Whatever  natural  advantajjes  the  tei- 

'^  Annnh  of  Coii'j.,  17th  Cony.,  "d  Suss.,  580. 
'Id.,  5.S0-O. 


i.:h 


IMPORTANT  THOUGH  RUGGED. 


421 


rltory  miglit  or  might  not  possess,  its  friends  were 
not  destined  to  have  matters  all  tlieir  own  way. 
^Meagre  as  were  the  facts  known,  they  appear  to  have 
been  equally  distributed  between  the  2)ros  and  con.'i, 
and  no  sooner  had  a  partisan  exhausted  plausibility 
in  depicting  the  resources  of  the  new  country,  than 
his  opponent  was  ready  with  a  new  array  of  facts,  or 
the  old  ones  transposed,  to  controvert  his  arguments. 
We  now  find  this  much-debated  land  painted  in  Reni- 
brandtcsque  colors  by  one  who  claimed  to  be  possessed 
of  some  reliable  information,  though  it  was  "  neither 
Intensive  nor  precise."  This  knowledge  had  been 
obtained  from  gentlemen  who  had  spent  some  time  on 
tlic  Columbia,  and  was  in  every  way  trustworthy. 
"  The  coast  in  the  vicinity  of  the  mouth  of  the  Colum- 
l)ia,"  said  he,  "  is  high,  rugged,  and  to  use  the  techni- 
cal phrase  of  sailors,  iron-bound.  The  entrance  itito 
the  river,  or  rather  into  the  estuary  into  which  tlie 
river  disembogues,  is  difficult  and  dangerous,  owing 
to  the  bars  and  shoals  which  stretch  out  from  capes 
Disappointment  and  Adams,  the  two  points  which 
form  the  bay.  These  shoals  approximate  so  much  as 
to  leave  the  channel  between  them  too  narrow  to 
allow  vessels  to  pass  through  with  safety.* 

'J.  B.  Prevoat,  Unitetl  States  commissioner  at  the  surrender  of  Fort 
George,  in  his  letter  to  John  Quiacy  Ailains,  bearing  date  November  11,  181S, 
writes  concerning  the  estuary  of  the  (Jolunil)ia:  '  The  bay  is  spacious;  contains 
several  anchoring  places  in  n  sutiicient  depth  of  water;  and  is  by  no  means 
BO  ditiicult  of  ingress  as  has  been  reprcsenteil.  Those  enjoying  tlie  exclusive 
conunerce  have  prolwbly  cherished  an  impression  unfavorable  to  its  continu- 
ance, growing  out  of  the  incomplete  survey  of  Lieutenant  liroughton,  made 
under  the  onlei-s  of  Vancouver  in  179-.  It  is  true  that  there  is  a  bar  e.xtend- 
iiii;  across  the  mouth  of  the  river,  at  either  extremity  of  which  are,  at  times, 
ii]>iiiilling  breakers;  but  it  is  eipially  true  that  it  oilers,  at  the  lowest  titles,  a 
di|ptii  of  21  feet  of  \vater  through  a  passjige,  exempt  from  them,  of  nearly  i% 
league  in  width.  The  lilotxoiii,  carrying  more  guns  tiian  the  (hitarin,  encoun- 
tereil  a  change  of  wind  while  in  the  channel;  was  comi)elled"  to  let  go  her 
anelior;  and,  when  again  weighed,  to  tack  and  beat,  in  order  to  reach  the 
harlxjr;  yet  fourd  a  greater  (lepth,  and  met  with  no  ditticulty  either  then  or 
on  leaving  the  bay. .  .The  bearing.s,  distiuices,  and  soundings  were  tiiken  by 
Captain  Hickey,  who  was  kind  enough  to  lend  himself  to  the  examination, 
and  to  t'uniish  me  with  this  result.  It  is  the  more  interesting,  as  it  shows 
tiiat,  with  the  aid  of  buoys,  the  access  to  vessels  of  almost  an^-  tonnage  may 
Ix'  rendered  secure.'  1<I.,  1207.  Captain  Hickey  was  in  conuaand  of  111.1 
liritannic  majesty's  sloop-of-war  lihswrn.  Pi-evost's  letter  was  uomiuuni- 
cated  to  the  house  of  representatives,  January  27,  1S23. 


42*2 


OCCUPATION  OF  THE  COLUMBIA. 


"  It  is  only,  tlicrcforo,  with  a  fair  and  free  wind 
that  a  ship  can  enter;  for,  without  a  leading  wind,  the 
strong  tides  which  set  here,  at  the  rate  of  five  or  six 
miles  an  hour,  would  strand  her  on  one  or  the  other 
of  the  capes,  as  the  tide  should  happen  to  be  either 
at  Hood  or  ebb.  The  anchorage  within  i.->  tolerably 
good,  except  that  the  great  action  of  the  tides  is 
( alculatod  to  make  the  anchors  foul,  and  render  much 
labor  necessary  to  keep  the  vessel  safe  at  lier  moorings. 

"  Kut  as  the  winds  which  prevail  on  the  coast  are 
jirincipally  from  the  west,  the  difficulty  in  going  out 
is  much  greater  than  that  of  entering.  Vesselo  in 
the  harbor  would  often  be  detained  for  weeks  before 
all  opportunity  would  present  for  putting  to  sea. 
Upon  the  whole,  the  harbor  must  be  considered,  at 
all  seasons,  bad,  and  during  the  winter  months  almost, 
if  not  altogether,  impracticable.  The  climate,  instead 
of  being,  as  I  have  heard  it  described,  bland  and  salu- 
biious,  is  bleak  and  inhospitable.  It  is  true  that  deep 
snows  or  severe  ft-osts  are  seldom  known  during  four 
or  five  months  of  the  year,  but  the  vapor  arising  from 
the  ocean,  which  is  driven  by  the  constantly  prevail- 
ing west  winds  on  the  high  mountains,  is  condensed 
by  the  ct>ld,  and  descends  in  drenching  rains  almost 
unremittingly. 

"A  dry  day  at  this  season  is  a  luxury  rarely  enjoyed, 
and  the  cheering  ray  of  a  sunbeam  scarcely  ever  ex- 
[>erienced.  As  you  ascend  the  river  the  period  of  the 
rainy  season  diminishes,  and  at  the  first  spurs  of  the 
Ilocky  Mountains,  a  distance  of  four  hundred  or  five 
hundred  miles,  it  is  almost  unknown.  But  the  climate, 
owing  to  this  excess  of  humidity  at  one  season,  and 
the  feeble  influence  of  the  sun  in  the  other,  is  believed, 
from  experiments  which  hav(3  been  made,  to  bo  inca- 
pal)le  of  nourishing  many  of  the  valuable  products 
which  are  cultivated  with  success  in  the  corresponding 
latitudes  of  the  Atlantic.  The  attemi)ts  which  were 
maile  to  cultivate  maize  wholly  failed;  and,  although 
turnips,  cabbages,  and  some  other  culinary  vegetables 


A  LITTLE  GOOD  LAND. 


423 


liavo  succeoclod,  the  prospects  for  wheat,  rye,  oats, 
etc.,  are  miserable  indeed.  The  face  of  the  country, 
for  some  distance  from  the  ocean,  althougli  presenting 
a  strong  and  deep  soil,  is  rugged,  broken,  and  covered 
with  impenetrable  forests  of  hemlock,  sj)ruce,  and 
wJiite- cedar,  of  prodigious  size,  and  affording  the 
most  discouraging  prospects  to  the  settlers. 

"  The  country  generally  continues  of  this  character 
until  you  reach  the  Wallamut  River,  which  enters  the 
Columbia  about  one  hundred  miles  from  the  sea.  In 
this  distance  there  are  occasionally  some  small  tracts 
of  alluvial  land,  which,  being  level  and  less  burdened 
V,  ith  timber,  might  be  more  easily  fitted  f(^r  cultiva- 
tion than  the  broken  uplands;  but  even  these  are 
often  subjected  to  inundation  in  summer,  when  a  dis- 
solution of  the  mountain  snows  swells  the  river.  It 
is  true,  spots  might  be  found  above  the  reach  of  high 
water,  but  they  are  too  insignificant  in  extent  to  be 
considered  in  relation  to  this  object  of  forming  a  com- 
pact and  important  settlement.  There  are  places 
along  the  Columbia  where  a  few  families  might  sit 
down  together,  but  they  are  not  numerous,  nor  is 
there  any  spot  sufficiently  large  for  a  considerable 
population  throughout  the  whole  timbered  country, 
winch  extends  a  distance  of  about  two  hundred  miles 
from  the  sea.  Between  this  point  and  the  spurs  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains  forest-trees  totally  disappear, 
and  nothing  larjjjer  than  the  common  willow  is  to  be 
seen.  This  whole  intervening  tract  is  one  of  gravel 
and  sand,  with  just  soil  enough  to  sustain  a  scanty 
covering  of  grass.  On  the  Wallamut,  a  tract  of  coun- 
try of  moderate  extent  is  found,  which  aftbrds  some 
advantages  of  soil  and  climate  superior  to  those  which 
have  just  been  mentioned;  and  it  is  here,  and  here 
only,  that  the  least  prospects  for  an  agi'icultural  set- 
tlement can  be  found."'* 

He  readily  disposed  of  the  question  of  the  Colum- 
bia becominsr  a  link  in  the  chain  of  counnunication 


*Id.,  591-3. 


424 


OCCUPATION  OF  THE  COLUMBIA. 


between  Europe  and  the  orient,  treating  it  as  an  im- 
possible absurdity  which  could  not  happen  in  any 
case  "until  the  knowledge  of  ship-building  was  lost, 
and  the  art  of  navigation  forgotten,"  "  When  we  re- 
flect," continued  he,  "  that  the  interposition  of  the 
narrow  isthmus  of  Suez,  between  the  Mediterranean 
and  the  Red  Sea,  although  nothing  but  a  level  plain, 
has  interrupted  the  former  intercourse  with  India, 
and  has  for  ages  turned  the  whole  commerce  of  Europe 
with  that  country  into  a  circuitous  voyage  of  many 
thousand  miles,  how  can  we  fancy  that  we  shall  ever 
overcome  the  infinitely  greater  obstacles  which  are 
presented  in  this  imaginary  project?. .  .The  God  of 
nature  has  interposed  obstacles  to  this  connection, 
which  neither  the  enterprise  nor  science  of  this  or 
any  other  age  can  overcome."^" 

As  time  went  on  and  open  discussion  thoroughly 
ventilated  the  question,  the  public  mind  became  inter- 
ested. Persons  were  found  so  convinced  of  the  feasi- 
bility of  a  settlement  that  they  were  prepared  to 
emigrate  thither  with  their  families,"  undeterred  by 
any  evil  report  they  may  have  heard  concerning 
natives,  soil,  or  climate.*^ 


-'  !i 


'"/(/.,  590.  Thia  speech  was  duHvered  in  January  1823;  the  Pacific  Rail- 
way was  an  acconiplisheil  fact  in  May  18(i9;  anil  the  SJiicz  Canal  waa  opciieil 
in  November  of  the  same  year. 

"  '  Eighty  enterprising  farmers  and  mechanics,'  citizens  of  Maryland,  pre- 
sented a  memorial  to  congress  through  their  representative,  Mr  Little,  ja'ay- 
ing  for  legislation  on  the  matter  of  the  Oregon  settlement.  Annals  o/Coinj., 
17 th  Cvwj.,  M  Si'UK.,  1077. 

'-'One  pro-Oregon  debatcrcomparesthe  winter  rains  favorably  with  the  snows 
of  the  Atlantic  coast,  declares  the  climate  one  of  the  best  on  the  glolje,  and  con- 
cludes: 'TIic  lunnming-bird,  one  of  the  most  delicate  of  tlie  fcathereil  tril)e, 
is  found  on  this  coast  as  high  as  latitude  00'.'  /</.,  084.  Prevost  writes  tlins  in 
his  consmunication  to  the  secretary  of  state:  'It  has  been  observed,  by 
exploring  this  coast,  that  tlic  climate,  to  the  southward  of  i).'}  ih^grees, 
assumes  a  mildness  unknown  in  the  same  latitude  on  the  e.astern  side  of  tlio 
.cf>ntinent.  Without  digressing  to  speculate  upon  the  cause,  I  will  merely 
state  tliat  such  is  particularly  the  fact  in  40°  10',  tlie  site  of  Fort  George.  'Mic 
mercury,  during  the  winter,  seldom  descends  below  tiie  freezing-point;  wlien  it 
does  so,  it  is  rarely  stationary  for  any  number  of  days;  and  tlie  severity  of  the 
season  is  more  determined  by  the  quantity  of  water  than  by  its  congelation. 
Tlie  rains  usually  commence  with  November,  and  continue  to  fall  partially  until 
the  latttT  end  of  March  or  beginning  of  April.  A  benign  spring  succeeds; 
and  when  the  summer  heats  obtain,  they  are  so  tempered  l)y  shoM'crs  as  sel- 
Jum  ;<>  suspend  vegetation.   I  found  it  luxuriant  on  my  arrival,  uud,  during  a 


GOIXO  AGAINST  NATURE. 


425 


hcsnowa 

anil  c'on- 

ri'd  tribe, 

.'Stilus  ill 

•veil,  l>y 

(h^gi'ces, 

(ie  of  the 

11  iiiei'i-ly 

ge.     'I'lic 

vlicii  it 

ityof  tlio 

gelation. 

iilly  until 

niccceds; 

rs  us  scl- 

diii'ing  a 


Still,  despite  the  very  evident  wishes  of  the  people 
at  large,  congress  would  sanction  no  scheme  of  coloni- 
zation in  accord  with  the  spirit  of  the  many  memorials 
and  petitions  addressed  to  that  body.  The  matter  was 
doubtless  more  complex  than  the  public  realized. 
Though  it  found  much  earnest  and  zealous  su})[>ort, 
there  was  still  a  preponderance  of  opinion  adverse  to 
any  official  action.  The  subject  of  inaccessibility  was 
revived,  and  treated  with  a  certain  amount  of  sarcasm, 
notably  by  Senator  Dickerson  of  New  Jersey." 

It  was  also  gravely  proposed  to  secure  the  territory 
permanently  to  the  native  tribes.  "If  they  were  made 
secure  in  the  possession  of  this  territory,  their  popu- 
lation would  increase. .  .The  British  fifovernment  arc 
tamed  for  their  magnificent  plans  for  ameliorating  the 
condition  of  the  human  race.  Would  they  not  readily 
join  the  government  of  the  United  States  in  any 
measure  that  might  be  necessary  to  secure  the  whole 
tciritory  claimed  by  both  parties  west  of  the  Rocky 

fortnight's  stay,  csperiencetl  no  change  of  weather  to  retnnl  its  course.  The 
sc  lil  i.-i  good;  all  the  cereal  gramina  and  tuberous  plants  may  bo  cultivated  with 
advantage;  and  the  waters  abound  in  salmon,  sturgeon,  and  other  varieties 
v(  li>!i.'  /(/.,  1208.    Prevost  arrived  in  the  Columbia  on  October  1,  IShS. 

" '  Tlie  distance  from  the  mouth  of  theC'olumbia  to  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri 
is  'i,')do  miles;  from  Washington  to  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri  is  1,10(>  miles, 
iiiiikiiig  the  whole  distance  from  Washington  to  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia 
llivcriiTO.*?  miles,  but  say  4,(jo0  miles.  The  distance  therefoie,  that  a  mendn-r 
of  congress  of  tliis  state  of  Oregon  would  be  obliged  to  travel  in  coming  to 
the  seat  of  government  and  returning  home,  would  lie  9,300  miles,  this,  at 
the  late  of  eight  dollars  for  every  twenty  miles,  would  make  his  travelling 
expenses  amount  to  ^3,720.  Every  member  of  congress  ought  to  see  his  con- 
stituents once  a  year.  This  is  already  very  difficult  for  those  in  the  most 
loinotc  parts  of  the  nnion.  At  the  rate  which  the  members  of  congress  travel 
aiTonling  to  law — that  is,  20  miles  per  day — it  would  require,  to  come  to  tho 
scat  I'f  governiiu'ut  from  Oregon  and  return,  405  days;  and  if  ho  should  lie  by 
f' 11- Suniiays,  say  liG,  it  would  require  u31  days.  But  if  he  should  travel  at 
tlif  rate  of  30  miles  per  day,  it  would  require  30<i  days.  Allow  for  Sundays 
44.  it  Would  amount  to  SfjO  days.  This  would  allow  tho  meml>er  a  fortnight 
to  rest  liimself  at  Washington,  l)efore  he  should  commence  his  journey  home. 
This  ijite  of  travelling  would  be  a  hard  duty,  as  a  greater  part  of  tlie  way  is 
exceedingly  bad,  and  a  portion  of  it  over  rugged  mountains,  whei'e  Lewis  and 
('l;uk('  found  several  feet  of  snow  in  the  latter  jiart  of  June.  Yet  a  young, 
yhk'-bodied  senator  might  travel  from  Oregon  to  Washington  and  kick  once  a 
yii  r;  but  he  could  do  nothing  else.  It  would  be  more  expeditious,  however, 
to  come  by  water  round  Cape  Horn,  or  to  pass  through  Beliring's  Straits  rouiul 
the  north  coast  of  this  continent  to  Baffin's  Bay,  thence  through  l)avis'  Straits 
to  the  .\tlaiitic,  and  so  on  to  Washington.  It  is  true,  this  ])a.ssage  is  not  yvt 
discovered,  except  upon  our  maps;  but  it  will  be  as  soon  as  Oregon  shall  be  a 
.state.'  VoiiijrenDioiuil  Debates,  1824-5,  i.  G02. 


49t 


OCCUPATION  OF  THE  COLUMBIA. 


Mountains  to  the  present  possessors  of  tlie  soil?  It  is 
an  ol)ject  worthy  of  the  united  exertions  of  the  two 
g<nernnients,  of  the  united  exertions  of  Euro]>e  and 
xVinerica.  .  .As  to  the  Oregon  Territory,  it  can  never 
bo  of  any  pecuniary  advantage  to  the  United  States, 
hut  it  may  be  made  the  means  of  promoting,  in  a  most 
nignal  manner,  the  cause  of  humanity."" 

In  1 828,aftercight  years  continual  agitation,  another 
determined  eft'ort  was  made  to  obtain  government  pro- 
tection for  emigrants  to  Oregon.  At  that  time  there 
were  three  associations,  one  in  Louisiana,  another  in 
jMassachusetts.  and  one  in  Ohio,  each  pre])ared  to  set 
out  for  the  far  west  on  the  most  meagre  othcial  assur- 
ances. That  cf'  Massachusetts  comprised  "three  thou- 
sand individuals,  respectable  farmers  and  industrious 
artisans,"  Each  association  had  friends  in  congress, 
straining  every  nerve  to  secure  land  grants,  and  the 
i!xtinction  of  the  Indian  title  within  a  certain  area. 
]''loyd  of  Virginia  was,  as  ever,  foremost  in  the  cause 
of  the  intending  emigrants.  He  was  armed  with  a 
formidable  mass  of  arguments,  facts,  and  statistics; 
but  the  opposition  was  too  powerful.  The  tide  of 
emigration  westward  was  to  flow  witho  t  the  fostering 
of  official  power.  The  enterprise  of  individuals  was 
to  accomplish  unaided  that  which  their  most  ardent 
champions  failed  to  extort  from  government. 

Even  the  enormous  interests  involved  in  the  whale- 
fisheries  of  the  Northwest  Coast  were  powerless  to 
stir  tlie  stagnation,  though  Floyd  made  a  most  stirring 
appeal  in  their  behalf.  "  In  the  year  1818,  there  was 
exported  of  spermaceti  oil,  208,404  gallons;  of  whale- 
oil,  980,252  gallons,  worth  $500,000;  305,102  pounds 
of  spermaceti  candles;   9,300    pounds  of  whalebone; 

^*  Connremnnal  Dehatfs,  1824-5,  i.  694-5.  Senator  Benton  said  of  theses 
Bunie  natives;  'Tliose  Indians  are  estimated  at  140,000  souls,  possess  the  finest 
horses,  and  are  among  tlic  best  horsemen  in  the  world.  The  present  age  hiis 
seen  tlie  (Jossacs  of  the  Don  and  Ukraine,  ravaging  the  banks  of  the  Seine  and 
the  Loire;  the  next  may  see  the  ("ossacs  of  the  Oregon  issuing  in  elonds  fnnii 
the  gorges  of  tlie  Itocky  Mountains,  and  sweeping  with  the  besom  of  desola- 
tion the  banks  of  the  Alissouri  and  Mississippi.'   IiL,  709. 


STATISTirs. 


4'2- 


5:14,1-0  pounds  of  j^inHC!i<^;  of  skins  and  furs,  i?H08,4nf{ 
\V()itli;  all  HUC'cucdin^j;  years  nearly  the  same,  excvpt 
tiie  t'.\})ortati()n  of  whalo-oil,  which,  in  I.S'JM,  was 
l,4o3,l2G  gallons,  and  in  18*J4  and  1825,  u^)\vard  of 
1,000,000.  This  documont  exhihits  the  articUs  and 
tlieir  value  exported  from  the  United  States  to  the 
western  coast  in  prosecution  of  this  trade,  giving  a 
jaactical  illustration  of  my  ideas  of  the  balance  of 
trade,  as  exhibited  in  the  original  i'>[)ort  fiom  the 
committee,  which  I  had  the  honor  to  present  to  the 
house  many  years  ago.  Thus  it  a|)pears,  we  only,  in 
the  yoar  1824,  exported  to  that  coast  .50,70.'),  for 
which  we  got  in  return  what  I  have  already  stated, 
the  rest  being  labor.  This  may  be  considered  a  branch 
of  business  which  rather  creates  a  revenue  than  yields 
ii  jn-ofit,  in  a  connnercial  point  of  view.  The  ship  sails 
from  the  United  S-vtes  with  nothing  or  Imt  little  to 
sell;  that  shi[)  goes  into  the  western  ocean,  where  the 
cri;w  after  taking  whale,  and  catching  seal,  and  cutting 
saiuhd-wood,  go  to  Canton  with  the  result  of  their 
lal>or,  where  it  is  sold  for  lunnlreds  of  thousands  of 
dollars;  and  yet  statesmen  are  foolish  enough  to  talk 
nhout  the  balance  of  trade  being  against  us,  because 
\vc  import  more  than  we  export.  Again,  we  nuiylook 
to  this  branch  of  commerce  to  bo  as  well,  if  not  bet- 
ter, calculated  to  bring  up  seamen  for  our  navy,  than 
( \  en  the  cod  fisheries,  which  have  been  so  unwarrant- 
iihly  fostered  at  the  expense  of  the  treasury  and  the 
India  trade.  One  voyage  to  this  ocean  will  njake  a 
man  a  complete  seaman  who  never  before  had  sailed. 
The  Canton  and  this  trade  gives  employment  to  three 
thousand  and  upwards  of  seamen,  and  brings  great 
wealth  home,  even  though,  l)y  act  of  congress,  it  [)ays 
twenty  per  cent  higher  upon  any  goods  from  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope  and  beyond  it,  than  for  the  same  arti- 
cles from  Europe,  or  anywhere  else."'' 

All  these  years  of  wrangling  discussion  had  not  been 
sufficient  to  place  the  Oregon  country  within  the  jmle 

^'^Cotiij.  Deb.,  V.  194. 


423 


OCCUPATION  OF  THE  COLUMBIA. 


of  explored  lands.  "  Nineteen  twentieths  of  the  space 
between  the  Missouri  and  the  Pacific  Ocean,  beyond 
the  culturable  prairies,  which  were  not  above  two  or 
three  hundred  miles,  was  a  waste  and  sterile  tract,  no 
better  than  the  desert  of  Zahara."  "It  is  not  merely 
an  extensive  region,  but.  .  .a  fertile  one.  If  tliere  are 
rough  and  barren  jiortions,  as  there  naturall^?^  must 
be  in  so  extensive  a  tract  of  country,  bounded  by 
one  lofty  ridge  of  mountains,  and  traversed  by  another 
parallel  to  it;  there  can  be  no  doubt,  even  if  v»'c  had 
not,  as  we  luive,  abundant  testimony  of  the  fact  that 
other  portions,  the  banks  of  the  rivers,  some  of  its 
numerous  islands,  and  the  valley  between  the  two 
ranges  of  hills  are  fertile.  In  that  part  of  the  globe, 
and  in  that  vicinity  to  the  ocean,  if  the  region  be  as 
sterile  as  it  has  just  been  described,  it  is  without  ex- 
ample in  geography."  "It  could  not  be  pretended, . . 
that  our  country  is  oppressed  by  an  excessive  popula- 
tion, too  dense  for  the  extent  of  our  territory,  and 
helice  that  it  has  become  necessary  to  give  an  outlet 
to  those  restless  spirits,  who,  as  ai)pears,  are  willing  to 
go  into  that  sterile,  snowy,  and  mountainous  country, 
fit  only  f(jr  the  abode  of  mountain-goats  and  wild 
beasts,  the  most  ferocious — a  country  inhabited  by  the 
most  degraded  of  human  beings;  .  .  .  where  nothing 
awaited  tlie  infatuated  adventurers  who  visited  it 
but  wretchedness  and  ruin,  and  all  the  horrors  of 
savage  life."  "The  soil  for  the  most  part  is  a  light 
sandy  loam,  in  several  places  of  very  considerable 
depth,  and  abundantly  mixed  with  decayed  vegeta- 
bles. The  vigor  and  luxuriance  of  its  productions 
prove  it  to  be  a  ricli,  fertile  mould.  This  country, 
regarded  in  an  agricultural  view,  I  should  conceive,  is 
capable  of  high  improvement."  "The  cove  is  a  large, 
conunodious  harbor  for  a  fleet;  the  shores  most  beau- 
tiful; soil,  where  the  bears  had  turned  it  up  in  search 
of  roots,  ready  to  nielt  in  its  own  richness;  game  in 
absolute  profusion."  "The  ocean  teems  with  ot^er,  the 
fical  and  the  whale;  while  the  maiidand  affords,  in  in- 


TOUCHING  PATHOS. 


429 


luimorable  quantites,  the  common  otter,  the  bear,  the 
buftlilo,  and  the  whole  variety  of  deer." 

"Admit  that  you  shall  succeed  in  planting  the  pro- 
posed colony.  After  you  have  planted  it  you  will  be 
conipelled  to  protect  it  against  war,  famine,  and  pesti- 
lence. You  nmst  jirotect  it  against  war  with  that 
great  body  of  armed  hunters  who  are  there  i)rosccut- 
iug  the  fur-trade,  and  the  wretched  Indian  hordes. 
Will  you  be  able  to  sit  coolly  by,  and  see  the  blood  of 
your  fellow-citizens  streaming  from  every  pore,  and 
attempt  to  lend  them  no  assistance  ?  Sir,  it  is  impos- 
sil)le.  The  spirit  of  the  nation  forbids  it:  and  we 
must  attempt  their  aid,  cost  what  it  ma}'.  I  say  you 
must  defend  them  against  fc^mine.  How  will  they  bo 
situated?  Among  mountains,  covered  turough  the 
winter  with  masses  of  snow,  which  nothing  could  thaw 
but  the  endless  torrents  and  floods  of  ain  which  fall 
there  in  the  spring  and  early  part  of  the  summer. 
Then  these  valleys  are  perfectly  if  undated;  all  the 
woi'ks  of  man  are  swept  away;  anu  when  the  waters 
have  at  length  subsided,  the  remaininjx  season  is  so 
slioi-t  that  there  is  no  time  to  bring  anything  to  per- 
fection. You  will  therefore  be  compelled  to  furnish 
these  people  with  provisions,  by  vessels  going  around 
Ca[)e  Horn;  and  after  such  a  voyage,  half  the  pro- 
visions would  be  putrid  when  they  got  there.  Sir, 
they  will  suffer  by  famine,  and  famine  will  quickly 
])iiiig  })estilence  in  its  rear.  A  barren  soil,  an  inclem- 
11  it  skv,  the  want  of  all  things,  will  soon  reduce  these 
p 'ople  to  a  situation  in  which  pestilence  will  take 
wl;at  war  and  famine  have  left,  and  you  will  soon  see 
a  destruction  of  human  life  unparalleled  in  the  annals 
of  history." 

SucJi  were  some  of  the  conflicting  opinions  and  state- 
ments throujjfh  whose  mazes  the  colonists  of  Oreufon 
threaded  their  way,  led  by  the  clue  of  shrewd  coiuukmi- 
.selisc. 

Sagacity  after  the  event  is  easy.  It  would  be  ob- 
viously  unjust  to  expect  of  any  statesman  of  the  era 


430 


OCCUPATION  OF  THE  COLUMBIA. 


■ 


under  consideration  an  approximate  conception  of  the 
j)re8ent  propinquity  of  the  region  of  the  Columbia  to 
the  east,  a  provision  of  those  incomparable  though  yet 
imperfect  triumphs  of  science  by  which  the  conditions 
of  time  and  space  have  been  dominated.  As  a  vague 
problem,  an  untried  experiment,  this  new  territory 
had  terrors  for  a  goverimicnt  which  did  not  exist  for 
individuals,  and  it  was  individual  action  which  event- 
ually forced  the  hands  of  congress.  Within  the  bound 
of  modern  history  seldom  has  a  government  shown 
hesitation  to  acquire  territory.  The  deliberation  of 
the  republic  is  conspicuous. 

True  descondints  of  the  horse-leech,  the  kingdoms 
of  the  earth  are  but  too  prone  to  the  lust  of  annex- 
ation. It  matters  little  whether  the  coveted  spot  is 
a  teivrestrial  Edon,  or  an  arid  desei't,  a  Goshen  of 
Hocks  and  herds,  or  a  polar  waste. 

Where  legislators  may,  perhaps,  bo  most  justly 
blamed  is  in  umlerestimating  the  im])ortance  of  the 
then  existing  and  rapidly  increasing  interests  on  the 
Pacific,  where  the  China  trade  and  the  fur-tradt; 
«iemand(!d  the  establishment  of  a  naval  station  in  the 
vicinity  (rf*  their  great  ocean  highway. 

Again,  they  failed  to  realize  the  energy  and  j>crso- 
V(>ranco  of  tlieir  own  countrymen,  who,  without  the 
allu..'ment  of  the  precious  metals  which  lends  a  fever- 
ish lusti'e  to  subsequent  emigration  westward,  dared 
with  their  wives  and  little  ones  to  confrtmt  the  terrors 
of  the  desert  journey  to  the  western  shore,  where 
they  nuuK^  good  tlieir  settlement  in  sj)iteof  the  oppo- 
sition of  foreign  trade  monopoly  and  autochthonous 


savage. 


All  honor,  tiien,  to  the  hardy  emigrants  who  won 
for  their  hesitating  country  a  d(Mninion  west  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  inqierial  in  its  extent,  anrl  price- 
less in  its  intrinsic  wealth  and  its  influence  u[m)U 
oriental  connneree. 

Meanwhile,  tlie  Oregon  trade  was  ontirelv  in 
the  hands  of  l^ritlsh  subjects,  but  sinqtly  from  the 


FOUNDING  OF  FORT  VANCOIAER. 


431 


fact   tliat    A.iiiericans   had  not   elected   to   emigrate 
tliither.'« 

While  time  was  being  wasted  in  discussion,  the 
great  fur  monopoly  was  quietly  gathering  in  its  annual 
luirvest  in  the  distant  north-west,  r  ping  where  it 
luid  not  sown,  and  regarding  with  a  jealous  eye  any 
interference  with  its  traffic.  If  the  country  was  not 
under  the  exclusive  control  of  the  fur  gatherers,  the 
trade  should  be  so  as  far  as  they  could  conunand 
eveui^.  I  will  now  proceed  to  sketch  their  position 
and  influence  subsequfmt  to  1821,  that  which  I  have 
hitherto  said  being  descriptive  of  their  imier  workings 
rather  than  a  history  of  their  external  relations.  An<l 
to  this  end  we  nmst  return  and  continue  that  side  of 
our  story  from  the  time  of  the  union  of  the  two  great 
associations,  the  Northwest  and  the  Hudson's  Bay 
companies. 

Among  the  first  things  to  be  considered  subsecpient 
to  the  harmonizing  of  ancient  antagonisms,  was  a 
new  organization,  and  a  new  metropolitan  j)ost.  The 
former  was  achieved  l»y  Oeorge  Simpson,  and  the  lat- 
ter by  John  ^IcF^oughlin.  As  I  have  before  obst-rved, 
the  most  desirable  elements  from  both  companies  were 
united  in  their  comnum  successor,  and  those  who  went 
tlieii-  way  disaffected  and  engaged  in  rival  enterpiise, 
cither  as  free  trappers  or  as  associations  like  the 
Columbia  b\ir  Company,  the  Xorth  American  (com- 
pany, the  Missouri  Company,  and  the  lloeky  ^loun- 
tain  Comi)any,  were  not  strong  enough  ever  gnsatly 

'''It  must  lie  l>orne  in  iniiiil  that  the  Hmlsfni's  liay  Compaiij'  was  prcsi'iit 
fill  till'  I'iuitic  fiiiist  l>y  II  lict'iisc  *.<>  i"a<li",  .'iinl  imt  liy  vii'tm-  nf  nimjiicst, 
liiiiili.isf,  or  uwiRTsliip.  Their  cliartcrj^avf  tlicm  i(';;al  cxisti'iice  in  pi  r|ittiiit\ , 
iiinl  ilntht'il  thcia  witii  corporate  jiowers,  l)iit  it  was  only  on  thi'  east  .siilc  ot  tliii 
iiioiiiitaiiis  and  round  HtulHon'.s  l>ay  that  any  al)soliite  ^'ralit  or  title  to  ImihI 
v.is  ev»  r  jireteiiiUtl  to  linvc  l>een  made.  I'nder  the  treaty  of  ISIS,  iiovsever, 
\n\ti'^  inooijioiated,  they  miglit  as  lirititsii  .suhjeets  enter  the  Oi-e^'on  Territory, 
Jiiid  Keenre  a  iieense  of  trade  uliieh  should  exeliu'e  all  other  ilritish  suliji'ets. 
'I'lieir  foothold  once  secured,  their  policy  tliei.> .  N'lth  was  lirst  to  hold  iu 
intellectual  and  moral  sulijcetioii  tiio  native  nations,  tiiat  they  nii>:ht  iiiiiiistcr 
as  loiif,' as  possilde  to  tiieir  cupidity ;  and  secondly,  when  settlement  liecaiiie 
evident,  to  liiiii!,'  info  the  country  as  niaiiy  as  ]>osHiblu  of  their  countrymen, 
SI)  that  the  territory  might  eventually  U;  iintish. 


1      t 

:1    f 
1     ; 


ijljl 


1. 
1' 


432 


OCCUPATION  OF  THE  COLUMBIA. 


to  interfere  with  the  plans  of  the  formidable  Hudson's 
Bay  Company. 

James  Keith*'^  was  succeeded  at  Fort  Georf^e  by 
John  McLoughlin,  who  had  entered  the  service  of 
tKc  Northwest  Company  early  in  the  century,  and 
after  having  spent  some  years  at  various  eastern  posts 
was  appointed  in  1823  from  Fort  Frances  at  Rainy 
Lake  to  take  charge  of  the  Columbia  District.'^ 

It  was  not,  however,  until  the  spring  of  1824  that 
McLoughlin  reached  his  destination,  having  waited 
for  Governor  Simpson,  who  had  determined  to  accom- 
pany him  for  the  purpose  of  newly  organizing  the 
Pacific  department.*' 

At  an  early  day  in  McLoughlin's  career  a  natural  apti- 
tude for  business  was  manifest,  which  gradually  tlinjw 
into  the  shade  his  professional  pretensions.  While 
doctoring  for  the  Northwest  Company  at  Fort  Will- 
iam he  was  frequently  given,  during  winter,  little  com- 
missions to  different  trading-posts,  which  were  so  well 
executed  as  to  gain  the  confidence  of  ]\Ic(jrilliviay  and 
Kenneth,  and  when  Mackenzie  was  lost  in  Lake  8u- 
l)erior,  McLoughlin  ruled  at  Fort  William,  the  duties 

"  While  partner  in  the  Xortliwt-st  Company  James  Keith  was  at  one  time 
stationed  at  Atiialtasea,  and  afterward  appointed  to  Fort  (leorgc.  After  the 
eualititin  he  was  yiven  the  snpi'nnteudenee  of  tlie  Montreal  dejiartmeut  with 
lii.-i  lK'a(l-i[uai'ter«  at  Liiehine  llonse.  lieturnint;  to  Scotland  with  a  hii'^^e  for- 
tune lit;  married,  undaft(M'all  his  {lerilous  wunderingti  by  >se:i  ami  land,  tinally 
died  in  his  na'ive  town  of  Aberdeen,  from  so  trivial  an  aecident  as  slipping 
niion  an  (iian;,'e  i)eel  thrown  ujxtn  tlie  iMivemeut.  George  Keith,  his  brotlK.'r, 
likewise  partner  in  the  Nortliwist  Company  and  chief  factor  in  the  Hudson's 
]Jay  ('iini]iiiny,  was  in  bSJJ'i  statiuneil  at  I^dio  Superior  in  charge  of  the  di.<- 
trict.    A  iii/i  r'^iii''.<  y'irl/iircst  t'ou--'t,  MS.,  5.'». 

"* '  ile  was  proUilily  about  forly-livc  ut  that  time.  .  .He  was  to  the  last  an 
active  man.'  Amli  i'soh'k  yorthtrml  Cuast,  MS.,  10.  See  Jlint.  Or.,  i.  thap.  ii., 
this  series. 

'"'I'liere  has  been  no  place  in  this  history  where  I  have  found  the  evidcneo 
so  obscure  as  in  this  lirst  journey  of  iieorge  Sinijison  and  .lohn  ^b■I.onghIin 
to  Astori;i,  and  the  siibHei|uent  founding  of  Fort  \'ancouver.  Xothing  could 
be  made  of  it  from  the  matter  in  ]iriut.  A  comparison  of  aiithoriries  tended 
oidy  to  greater  confusion.  They  were  vague,  contradictory,  and  whnlly  erro- 
neous. Nor  W!is  the  evidence  «>f  those  now  living  in  various  parts  of  the 
country,  and  with  whom  I  ])lace<l  mysvlf  in  active  eorresiMHidenee,  at  llie  lirst 
much  mure  dtitisfactory.  Memories  were  treaclierous.  I'hcrewere  none  now 
living  who  knew  the  facts  from  observation,  or  if  there  were  any  they  were  then 
children.  There  is  great  satisfaction,  however,  in  Ining  able  to  assure  tlie 
reader  that  the  facts  and  dates  tinally  arrived  ut  arc  correct  and  reliable 
beyoml  u  jicrudveiiturc. 


JOHN  McLOUGITLIX. 


4.13 


)  accoiu- 


uf  ti'ader  thus  for  the  most  part  absorbing  tliose  of 

1  •     *  "0 

|iliysician. 

I  shall  sjieak  but  little  hero  of  his  personal  qualities, 
;is  these  will  be  portrayed  as  the  histoi-y  })r()L;i'cssc's. 
The  man  is  known  by  Jiis  works.  Sulliee  it  to  say, 
that  he  was  of  an  altogether  (litt'erciit  order  of  hu- 
manity from  any  who  had  hitherto  a[)[)eared  U[)on 
these  shores.  Onee  seen,  he  was  never  foigottcn. 
lic'fore  or  after  him,  his  like  was  unknown;  for  he  was 
iar  above  the  mereenary  fur-tr'ader,  or  the  coarse,  illit- 
erate immigrant.  As  he  ap[)eared  among  his  [>ygniy 
associates,  white  or  red,  there  was  an  almost  unearthly 
grandeur  in  his  presence.  Body,  mind,  and  heart 
were  all  carved  in  gigantic  jjroportions.  His  tall, 
])owerful  figure,  over  six  feet  in  height,  and  broad  in 
))i'()j>()rtion,  was  usually  arrayed  in  black,  and  crowned 
with  long  snow-white  locks,  fallinir  over  his  shouldei's 
after  the  fashion  of  the  dav,  which  niade  the  name 
White  Eaglu  the  natives  gave  him  singularly  appro- 
priate. Likewise  he  was  their  King  ( George,  while 
liis  tramontane  associates  styled  him  the  Emperor  of 
the  West.  His  eye  was  indeed  that  of  an  eagle,  save 
that  there  was  no  murder  in  it.  He  was  hasty  in 
teni[)er,  and  yet  he  seldom  forgot  himsolf;  on  some 
occasions  he  would  burst  into  a  passion  which  was 
liarndess  and  quickly  over,  then  again  he  was  often 
calm  under  the  most  provoking  circumstances;  nor 
v/ould  he  permit  profane  or  ribald  language  iu  his 
jtresence.'^ 

•"  Ifarvvi/a  Lif<'  of  MrLoiinlil'm,  MS. ,  58-9.  Mrs  I farvoy 's  dictation  makes 
a  luamiHcrijit  of  thirty-nine  pay,cs,  coinposi'd  cliiclly  of  notes  ami  incidents 
ivi'iirding  licr  fatlicr,  and  lifo  ut  Fort  Vuncoiivcr.  Thouyii  Honu'tinius  a  little 
imccitaiu  about  her  thite.s,  a  connnoii  faidt  even  of  tlie  most  |>ractical  minds, 
her  stiitei'ients  are  f;cnei'ally  i  lear  and  iK'cided.  Tlie  dauj,'hter  of  such  a 
t.ither  could  not  but  kindle  into  euthuhiasm  in  eallini<  to  mincl  jiast  j,doriex, 
and  rei'iting  nolde  deeds,  liiijidesdeliveiinv;  to  me  lier  dictation,  .Mis  Harviy 
|ila  "^d  in  my  hanils  u  imndlo  of  herfatiier's  privati>  jiapers,  eontainin;.,',  anionj; 
oilier  thing.'),  full  account.s  of  the  foumlin^ir  of  Oregon  City,  and  .Mi.liounhlin's 
tiouhles  with  till)  niissi'viiioi,  „  These  documents  are  i|iioted  as  MrLoiKi/ilii,'.-) 
J'rirafe  Pa^mm,  1st,  '2d,   3d,    ind  4th  series.     See  llixf.  dr.,  cliuii.  ii.,  this 

Mlil'S. 

-''.\))plegntein.S'«.<yo»VOr.  7''<\,MS.,  i:n  41;  .  I //«//•</.•,/».,  MS.,  4 ;  Towii- 
(sciid,  y<ti:,  KiO,  writing' ill  1.S.S4,  t'.dls  him  'a  large,  digiiilied,  ami  very  nolilc- 
looking  iimii,  with  a  fine  exinessive  couuteuiuice,  uud  reiimrkubly  bUtnJ  ami 
Uui.  N.  \V.  CuABv,  Vol.  II.    28 


434 


OCCUPATION  OF  THE  COLUMBIA. 


■      P 

S        I: 


A  strirt  <llsci|)Hiiariaii,  wliosc  'thority  was  absolutt* , 
his  subordinates  know  what  to  o\j)uct.  In  tho  uianaLjc- 
mont  of  forts  and  tho  Imsinoss  of  the  (lepartnient,  not 
tho  shL;;htest  tloviation  from  fixed  rules  was  aUowod." 
Indood  so  dotorniined  was  he  in  character,  so  hi  nt 
upon  liavini*'  liis  own  way,  that  it  was  with  (hfficuky 
tho  diroctorv  in  London  could  control  him.-''  ()riL;i- 
nally  a  nionihor  of  tho  diurch  of  Euifland,  Fatlni- 
l^lanchot  professes  to  have  converted  him  to  Jesuit- 
ism in  1S41.-* 

His  intluoncc  over  tho  savage  mind  was  most  ro- 
mai'kahlo.  lioforo  his  cominijf  to  the  Northwest  Coast, 
as  wo  have  ohsorved,  it  was  not  safe  for  white  men  ti 
travol  far  except  in  armed  hands.  We  shall  soon  soo 
a  dift'oront  state  of  affairs  in  this  respect  under  his 
honi^niant  rule.  Wo  shall  see  achieved  hy  l.ds  wise 
and  humane  jiolicy  a  hloodloss  revolution,  sava^r 
foes  motamorpliosod  into  steadfast  friends,  a  wilder- 
ness teeming  with  treachery  into  a  gartlen  of  safe 
ropo.se. 

p[is  suf'Coss  in  this  roufard  Avas  due  to  a  just  apprr- 
ciati<)n  of  Lulian  character.  In  his  eyes  a  savage  was 
not  a  monster  hut  a  num,  tho  offsprinu^  of  our  comnKm 
mother  nature,  possessed  of  all  the  conflictinLf  attri- 
hutes  of  humanity,  with  an  intellijjfence  undiscipjini »! 
hy  civilizA'd  trainin^c,  and  manners  untrammolii<l  l>y 
Euroi)oan  conventi(»nalities.     J^eir.,i(   in  reality  their 

plc.'isiiif^Tniinnt'rs.'  His  oiitlmrstsnf  jiassion  were  ho  linrniluRH  iisto  l)o  no  iiiun' 
than  liaif  play,  ami  Vft  tliry  »i>  frijilitciiiil  tlic  natives  a.s  to  rciulci- tlu'iii  ■,\\>-<n- 
liit«'  ill  their (>l)f(lifm-i'.  Forexaiiiple  -s-ivajjes,  s|)Oiikiiigj,'eiienilly,  value  "iily 
what  tlu'y  can  cat  or  wear,  ur  wliateve.  tends  direetly  towanl  Heeiniiii,'  tin >n 
eoiiifort'<,  yet  they  i"ili  learn  to  estimate  gold  or  anytliinj,'  they  nee  their  eivil 
ized  preceptors  covet.  It  happened  on  one  occiasion  in  the  eai'Iy  iiistoiy  "t 
Fort  Vancouver  that  .a  ship  rccpiin'd  hallastingliefore  sailing,  ami  stones  u<r'- 
j:.ithered  for  that  puiiv)se;  the  natives  stood  Ity  watching  for  a  time  tliis 
jiroi-ess.  which  was  nttcriy  Ix-yond  their  comprchcjision,  when  suddenly  th-- 
scattered  hkIvs  upon  their  domain  assumed  great  value,  and  they  demanilnl  ;i;i  v 
for  them.  This  Alcl»ughlin  regardeil  as  the  most  nnjustitiuliie  impiidenii'  he 
ever  encountered,  ancl  he  was  mildly  fuiious.  Seizing  a  stone  :'Md  thrui-tiir.' 
it  into  the  nioutli  of  the  <hief,  he  slionted,  '  Pay?  imy  ?  eat  that,  you  ii»tcal. 
nnd  then  I  will  jwiy  you  for  what  the  ship  ejits  1 

■•-'My  father  w.is  very  (tiirticular  alH>ut  ploughing  straight.'  J/(trv<  ii'  L'/-' 
of  .}fih,ii,ihlli>,  MS.,  I(i. 

^^t'»il(t,,..„n<  lli'i.  V.  /.,  MS.,  'J8,  "0. 

•'•C'l/A.  CA.  in  Or.,  9. 


CHIEF  FACTOR  AND  RULP:R. 


48S 


supc-rior,  ^IcLoughlin  conductod  hiinself  as  sucli, 
treating  them  as  children,  kindly,  firmly,  and  dealinj^ 
with  them  honestly  as  became  a  father.  When  they 
(lit!  w  ronLjf  he  punished  them,  if  not  severely,  none  the 
Irss  surely;  when  they  did  well  he  jiraised  and  re- 
warded tlieni."'*  On  one  occasion  he  bourjht  the  entire 
(■ari;'o  of  a  Yankee  ski[)per,  in  order  that  the  li([Uor 
jKirtion  of  it  might  not  fall  into  the  hands  of  the 
natives.-' 

\l''>^  humaneness  was  in  no  way  more  manifest  than 
ill  the  certain  ]>unishment  (»f  crime,  whether  perpe- 
trated hy  white  man  or  red.  One  of  the  first  cases 
which  came  under  his  jurisdiction  was  that  of  ^Ic- 
Kay,  a  tiader,  killed  by  a  native  near  the  moutli  of 
the  Columbia.  The  fact  being  reported  at  Fort  Van- 
couver by  a  friendly  Indian,  an  expedition  was  de- 
.-patched  to  the  camp  of  the  murderer,  whose  })erson 
was  demanded.  A  shower  of  arrows  was  the  rejdy, 
which  was  answered  by  shots  from  the  attacking  jiarty, 
killing  oni'  and  wounding  several  of  the  natives.  The 
culprit  was  then  surrendered  and  taken  to  h'ort  A"an- 
<t(uver,  ti'ied,  and  hanged.  The  murdereis  of  ^^)ung, 
who  lost  his  lifi!  in  the  Roij^ue  River  countrv,  were 
likewise  s])eedily  caj)tured  ami  executed.-^ 

When  .NlcLoughlin  first  arrived  at  .Vstoria-"^  it  was 
in  the  cai)acitv  of  chief  trader,-'  but  when  fairly  in 
charge,  the  title  of  chief  factor  soon  followed.     X<ir 

■'"I  iilwuys  licanl  that  my  fiitlicr  liiul  ;i  >,'()(kI  hciul.  Jfc  \v;isi|uiik  in  trail- 
iiii;  with  the  liidiaii.'^,  iiiiil  foiiM  tri't  on  well  with  theiii.  Tiicy  \mmi'  afniiil  c.f 
iiiiii.'  /Iiiii;i/\i  l.i/i  if  Mrl.uiKililiii,  .MS.,  ;t(). 

•'''.\lil)lf;,'at('  ill  .Siixloii's  Or.  7V;-.,  MS.,  i:t!t.  The  ship  was  the  Thomn-i 
I'-ik'uK,  Caiitaiii  N'anii'y.  which  untfrt'l  tliu  Cnhiniliia  in  IS4I.  'it  was  .still 
Hiriii;;  Is4)>  in  utore  at  N'uncouvcr.'  M(  LuiniltHui  I'rictti  J'njn  rs,  MS.,  'J.l 
Ml-.    10. 

■'  llini'"'  I'll!,  /iii/linm,  V.  'JO;i. 

-■  .Mrs  Harvey,  Li/f  i>j  Mrl.,,ii>ihliii,  MS,,  1,'J,  states  that  Mlieii  McLoiiiih- 
lili  liist  c.iiiie,  'Sir  (ieorge  Sinip.soii,  fiiciiiniiaiiieil  liv  I  >r  .M<l,iii';^hliii,  hit 
^''l|■k  l^'aetory,  cnissed  the  Uoeky  .Mouiitiiiiis,  .•md  went  cluun  the  < 'olmiilpi,!  ti» 
I'liit  (ieorge.'  When  this  statement  was  lirst  made  tu  me  I  lniinil  twenty  pei- 
•••'•ns  til  eontradiet  it.  1  eiintiliuecl  dili;,'eiitlv.  huwexir,  t"  scareli  <int  the  truth 
until  1  fi)nnd  it, and  found  Mrs  Harvey  to  )«■  ri;;lit,  althnULih  she  mi-hl  e!i>ily 
li.i\e  made  a  mistak<-  ahout  it,  as  she  was  then  i)ut  a  child. and  In  r  tather  was 
not  ill  the  lialiitof  disci>.s.sing  hiiHinessairairs  with  the  laiiiily. 

•■•  I'ollowin^'  his  dan^^liter  Mrs  Harvey,  l/ij'i-  of  Mr/.iiiiii/iliii.  .MS.,  ,'>,  Fit/.- 
geralil,   I'tincotivir  I.,  13,  tttutcH  tliut  liu  wuh  iiiudu  fuctur  in  Iv.'l, 


4P.0 


OCCUrATION  OF  TIT?:  COLUMBIA. 


was  it  lonij^  before  the  position  of  governor  of  all  the 
Hudson's  J3ay  Company's  affairs  west  of  the  Kocky 
]\lountains  was  accorded  him,  with  power  and  impor- 
tance constantly  increasing,  until  finally  his  dealin^js 
direct  with  London  overshadowed  his  accountahiHty 
to  the  magnates  of  the  Eastern  American  slope.*' 

Among  the  first  necessities  of  this  department,  in 
the  o[)iiiion  of  both  Simpson  and  McLoughlin,  was  a 
new  post  to  supersede  Fort  George.  Several  reasons 
existed  for  a  removal.  In  the  first  place,  as  inter- 
national affairs  then  stood,  Astoria  did  not  belong  to 
the  Hudson's  ]3ay  Company.  Though  their  prcdeces- 
sois  had  bought  and  paid  for  it,  yet  the  United  States 
had  compelled  them  formally  to  relinquish  any  exclu- 
sive right  to  it  to  which  they  might  pretend.  Better 
for  them  to  choose  some  sjwt  less  open  to  dispute. 
Should  the  Columbia  be  finally  fixed  as  the  dividing 
line  between  the  possessions  of  Great  Britain  and  tliosu 
of  the  Uniteil  States,  of  which  event  there  was  then  ju 
the  minds  of  the  fur  company  no  small  probability, 
the  northern  bank  rather  than  the  southern  would 
be  the  proper  side  upon  Vvhicli  to  plant  improvements 
and  means  of  defence. 

Again,  both  f  loni  commercial  and  agricultural  points 
of  view,  some  locality  other  than  Astoria  would  be 
preferable  for  the  metropolitan  post.  Some  point 
liigher  on  the  river  would  be  more  accessible  from 
the  interior;  and  it  made  little  difference  to  sea-going 
vessels  if  once  ol)liged  to  cross  the  bar,  whether  their 
anchorajjo  was  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  or  at  the  head 
of  ocean  navitjation.  As  to  agriculture,  althouGfh  there 
had  been  some  small  farming  at  Astoria,  there  wei'e 
places  where  both  soil  and  climate  were  better  adapted 
to  this  purpose.^^ 

'"Mrs  Harvey  asserts,  Life  of  MrLouqhUn,  MS.,  5,  that  while  Simpson 
romiiiiuMl  governor  on  tiie  other  side,  McLoughlin  was  independent  of  every- 
ImmIv,  and  responsible  only  to  London ;  but  in  this  she  errs.  Tlie  title  of  j,'iiv- 
ornor  never  was  properly  applied  to  McLoughlin.  He  was  chief  factor  in 
ihaifie  of  a  department. 

="  See  VuaMiK/a  Nejyt.,  Home  liept.  101,  25th  Conn.,  3d  Sesa.,  Feb.  1831), 
14-17. 


lii 


SELECTION  OF  A  SITE. 


m 


Entertaining  sucli  views  McLounrlilin  Iinmodiiitcly 
set  al)<)ut  their  execution,  lie  careiully  surveyed  the 
Cohnnbia  in  small  boats,  ])artieularly  the  nortlurn 
bank,  from  its  mouth  to  the  blufl's  of  the  Cascade 
ioot-hills."''  He  then  explcjred  the  interioi',  and  made 
himself  I'amiliar  with  the  confiL^uration  of  the  country 
Ibr  one  hundred  miles  and  more  northward;  after  which 
he  drew  a  map  of  the  entire  rej,^ion,  and  placed  tiie 
result  of  his  investigations  befoi'e  the  gcnernor.  The 
place,  which  united  to  the  fullest  degree  the  three 
chief  requisites  of  being  at  once  central,  agricultural, 
and  approachable  by  sea-going  vessels,  was  the  de})res- 
.sion  on  the  north  side  of  the  Columbia  corresponding 
to  that  on  the  south  side,  through  which  ilows  the 
Willamette  River.  This,  therefore,  was  !McLough- 
lin's  selection,  and  as  such  ])laced  before  Simpson 
with  the  map  that  had  been  drawn.  After  full  antl 
frequent  discussion,  it  was  finally  decided  that  a  fort 
should  be  built  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Coliinibia, 


S(-» 


me  six  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  WilUuuette. 


The  spot  chosen  was  some  distance  from  the  livei-, 
on  the  bench  about  a  mile  ensterly  I'rom  the  ])resent 
site.     In  the  spring  of  lSi!5,"*  all  these  preliminaries 

'-'If  our  l.ittcr-diiy  scientists  arc  willini^  to  acccjit  Iiuli;in  trailition,  tlicy 
must  know  that  unco  naviuatiun  at  tliu  Cascadu.-s  was  iinintui-nnitod,  as  tlio 
livir  llowt'il  itcaci'fully  under  tliu  niimntain  tiinjiij,di  a  tunnel  \Uiicli  was 
»HK'".(il  l>y  an  cartlKjuake,  and  the  dihrin  furni  tiio  ]ire.s('nt  olistructinn. 

"^'J'lio  ('uhmdiiaat  tiiat  tiniu  was  iiavi^^atcd  with  ease  liy  sra-^'oinj;  vessels, 
thiiU'ili  its  character  in  tliid  ri'speet  lias  since  suinewhat  cli.ui;,'ed.  Sinipscii 
and  ,Mel,nu^dilin  may  or  may  not  have  liecn  .aware  nt'  the  naviijaliility  of  the 
Willauietto  for  some  distance.  A  knowledge  of  that  fact  would  have  niaiUi 
no  diirrrcneo  to  them  in  determiniiiv;  the  site. 

•"Mrs  llarviy,  Life  a/  MrLoinjhlin,  MS,,  2,  .1,  jdae'es  the  time  of  nioviu'.; 
intiitlie  olil  fort  in  March  IS'Jti.  In  U\h  J'i-ii(itt'  I'a/.i  /■.■','.'>d  ser.,  II,  !MeLou;.'!i- 
liii  himself  says,  speakini;  of  matters  jiertainini,'  to  Oregon  City,  'To  nn',  who 
liii\  e  heen  in  the  country  since  1.S"_'4,'  etc.,  from  which  exiiressiun  we  may  jiretty 
ilearly  infer  the  correct  date.  'J'he  statements  i.f  tuinists  and  those  who  dic- 
t;it(^  tiiim  memoi'y  arc  somewhat  waverinj;.  'I'hus  I'aiker,  A'.r/i':r'ii:i  Tmir, 
1st,  .siys  :  'This  establishment  was  commenced  in  the  year  I.SJt.'  l)inni, 
7V,r  Or.  T(i:,  141,  s  .*;es:  'It  was  founded  in  IS'Jt  liy  (Jovernor  SJMijisnn.' 
On  paL.'i'  .">  of  his  Jii.'iiri/  a/ (hi'  A'o;7/("v.v/  Core-/,  Mr  .\ndeison  cari  lessly 
liliieis  ilie  date  of  removal  IS'J,'!,  and  on  jiage  SS  says  that  1  ort  N'aneouser  was 
liiundeil  in  IS-_>(i.  Father  IWanchet,  ''«//(.  ('Iiiin/i  in  Or.,  S.  places  the  ilate  of 
the  e.stahlishiiiji  of  Fort  Vancouver  KS24,  while  ])e  Smet,  Or.  .l/,.«.i.,  17,  sa.\a 
that  McLouyhiin  '  weut  to  Oreyou  in  \&2i,'    Wo  are  very  sure  he  did  not 


If 


■:  li 


•138 


OCCUPATION  OF  THE  COLUMBIA. 


])l\u<^  fully  (iL'tc'iiiiined,  men  were  put  to  work,  tiuilH  r 
(•ut,tm(l  hol'oiv  the  year  oxi)lrc'(l  n  |)orlion  (»t'tli('  imild- 
ini^^s  and  italisadcs  were  erected,  const itutini^''  what 
was  later  known  as  the  old  fort.  The  post  was  aptly 
named  al'ti-r  the  lanious  Enulish  navi<j|;ator,  \'anr(»u- 
vcr.  Tiiither  durin<^  the  year  18*23  were  removed 
IVom  Astoria  thr  stock  and  eft'ects  of  the  company, 
the  work  of  huildinj^  i^oini,^  on  all  this  time,  aii<l 
indeed,  at  intervals,  to  a  nnich  later  [teriod.  Foit 
( u,'or<;e  was   not   altogether  ahandoned  ;    thr   hou 


scs 


and  fortilicatioiis  were  ])reserved,  hut  the  place  was 
lednced  to  a  lookont  station.  Thri'(^  or  four  men 
in  charge;  of  a  clerk  wei'e  nsuallv  lixini"'  there,  who 
lu'ld  in  suitjection  tlu'  iieiLfhhoi'uiL;'  triljes,  i^ave  notice 
to  the  interior  of  the  arrival  of  shi[>s,  and  assisted  in 
pil(»tin,L,^  V(.-ssels  ovi-r  the  har.  l^ut  little  attenti(»ii 
was  ]>aid  to  di  lenci',  and  trade  was  insin'nilif'aiit. 
\ot\\  ithstandini;- the  fact  that  portions  of  the  ti'act 


of  low  <^roun< 


Ihet' 


tl 


wt'en  Uie  I'lNcr  am 


Itl 


le  ui) 


•land 


Were 


uihject  to  ovt'rliow,  so  inconvenient  was  the  situation 
of  the  old  I'ort  at  such  a  distance  from  the  landinu''' 


Imild  tlio  new  fort  and  move  Astoria  into  it  tli<;  yi'iir  of  Iiin  i 


.1.    r 


this  tlii'iv  lan  In'  no  dimlit  tiiiit  it  was  iS'Jl!  Ini'orf  tlu'  riMnovnl  of  tiic  cnti 


(■!lri.'t.s  from  Astoria 


was  ton.si 


ininiatcii.     In  M'o;'/".-*  .Jn 


il,  yh 


1  4s.  «. 


)in<l  a  party  of  forty  nun  in  three  iirovision.'d  boats  I'mliarkin.;  ficmi  I'mt 
Oeor^e  on  an  exploring,'  joiinuy  to  I'Vasei-  lliver,  and  i-etnrnin.L,'  the  :{uth  of 
I)ecenilier  ISlM  to  tiie  same  lilafe  ;  whieii  Mould  iiardly  lie  t  lie  lase  if  e\(iv- 
lliing  had  lieen  then  removed  to  J''ort  Naneonver.  r)nt  what  settles  (he  mat- 
ter eonelusively  in  my  mind  are  two  statements  from  two  relialile  sources,  one 
I'V  l>a\id  J>oU',das,  the  liotanist,  who  writes  in  l.S"J."i;  '  I  ariived  at  I'ort  N'.iii- 
eouver  on  August  .">th,  and  emjiloyeil  niysclf  until  the  Isth,  in  tliyiuL:  tin' 
hpeeiniens  1  hail  eolleeted,  and  makinj^  short  journeys  in  (juest  of  Heeds  and 
plants;  my  laliors  lieiii)^'  mateiially  retarded  Iiy  the  lainy  Wfatlnr.  As  there 
were  no  houses  yet  l)uilt  on  this  new  station,  I  tirst  oeeuiiied  a  tent,  wliieli  was 
kindly  oll'ered  me,  and  then  reuiovtid  to  a  lartiiT  di'erskiii  tint,  wliieli  soon, 
liowevei',  beianie  too  small  for  me  in  eonsei|m'nec  of  the  auLrnientation  of  my 
eolleetions.  \  hut  eonstriu'ted  of  the  liarkof  '/'/mjti  orfii/i  nhili.i  (nnk)  was  my 
next  liaMtation,  and  there-  I  shall  prolialily  take  up  my  winter(|Uarteivs,'  See 
I >ri  rlniiil  Miiiilhlii,  .\\v^.  J.sTI,  1<H(.     This  (iroves  lieyond  a  doulit  that  at  tli' 


tune  namei 


1   th 


ilaie  was  oeetl 


pied,  lint  that  there  were  no  linddinj.'s  yet 
ereeted.  On  the  other  hand.  Mr  JJo^leiiek  Tiidayson  of  A'ietoi  la.  w  ho.-e 
cvidenee  is  seeond  to  none,  writes  uie  under  date  ISth  (let.  |S7!».  'Sir  (o'or^'i' 
Simjison  visited  tin-  eoast  in    1S"J4.'     'J'he  eontrary  having  lieen  tolil  me  at 


liast  tweiitv  times.      Also.  '  J''ort  Vai 


iver  was  Imilt  liv  J>r  .Mel.ouuddin  in 


lSi;."i,'  and  ''J'lie  property  at  Astoria  was  lemoved  to  Fort  N'aueouvtM'  in  lv_'."i.' 
•''  llesides  licing  so  far  foi-  liie  tiansportation  of  goods,  it  lieing  a  mile  Ironi 
till!  rixer,    'there  was  ii  gruit  dilliculty  ubuut  water.'  JIui'vii/'s  Lij'c  1/  Mc- 
Lotojliliii,  M.S.,  '2,  3. 


RKMOVAL  FROM  FOUT  (JEOKG    .  4IB> 

t!i;it  al'ter  a  residence  there  of  three  <ir  I'our  years"'"  a 
iicw  I'oit  was  erected  about  a  mile  westerly  from  the 
old  fort.  The  new  establi.shnjent,  which  remained  as 
the  head-(|Uarters  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  ilur- 
iw'j;  their  occu])ation  of  the  Orej^on  Territory,  and  was 
liually  established  as  a  United  States  military  post  in 
IbVJ,  was  situated  five  or  six  miles  east  of  the  conllu- 


TirE  Lower  CoLrMuiA. 

ciice  of  the  Willamette,  and  one  hundred  ami  twentv 
miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia.'*'^ 


•"'  Mrs  lliirvoy,  /,//(■  o/  M'-Loii<jhl'iiK  MS.,  '2,  .'!,  inakos  tlit;  occiiiiation  <if  tlic 
I'M  liii't  I'liiir  yi'iiis  from  iSJd,  w  IiIlIi  iihufs  t!u'  ImildiiiL,'  ut'  tlic  luw  fort  ISUO. 
Ill  tliis  stiitrini'lit  sill!  is  iiloiu',  Imt  .she  iiiiiiiDt  be  fur  fnim  enircet. 

"■See  /.'.,!./,  Ilyijiiiiv  r.  S.  Aiiiii/,  Art.  X..  ,s',  \\,ir  J><j>l.,  4.sS.  'FortVan- 
eouverHtaiitls  (III  u  puiiit  near  wliieli  Lieutenant  r.i<'Uj.'lit()n,  (ineof  ^'ane(Hlve^'.■^ 
t'tlieeis,  turned  hack  iVoiii  liis  boat  exiiloration  in  17'J-,  and  IVoiii  tlie  lieaiity 
(it  its  jxjsitiim,  with  Mount  Ihjod  in  full  view  in  the  dl'stunee,  named  it 
liellevue  I'oint.'  AiuUrnou'ii  Xorlhwcst  Cuant,  MS.,  IK). 


''     I  :i 


440 


occur ATIOX  OF  THE  COLUMniA. 


Tlu!  lu'w  |)(».st  is  fiillv  (k'scril)c'(l  cIm-wIuto."''  It 
was  well  |)liiniu'(l  and  solidly  built,  and  fulfilled  its 
|)ur[)()sr  ill  ovi-ry  jiaiticular.  Within  tliu  pirkct-wall, 
Nvliidi  was  twciitv  IV'ct  in  heij^lit,  and  coiMixJsi'd  of 
]ai;n'i!  and  closely  iittin^'  lieanis  j)laee'd  ujirinlit,  \v;ts  ;iii 
enclosure  430  iiy  TTjO  leet,  contnininL,^  dwnliin^s,  halls, 
niachine-sh()[)S,and  stores  with  all  the  re(|uisite  supplies 
lor  cond'ort,  and  implements  of  defence.  Orchard  and 
o-arden  weri;  in  tin,'  rear,  and  j^n-ain  and  pasture-llelds 
beyond.  Jn.due  time  a  little  villa^'e  populuted  l»y 
natives,  half-ljreeds,  enii^'rants,  and  the  servants  of  (he 
fur  company  and  their  descendants,  spran'L?  uj),  whicli 
increased  with  the  settlement  of  the  counti'V,  and 
iinally  developed  into  the  beautiful  and  thriving  town 


Ol 


to-d 


^}' 


Among   othei'  im)>rovcnicnts,    McLoughlin,    nioi'^ 
than  any  ono  before  him,  turned  his  attention  to  agi- 


at 


lUlture. 


Witl 


1  an  a 


bundi 


U1C(,>     ol     iiOCK 


I  land   and   idl 


men  iM)(»u<>]i  to  cultivate  it,  he  wondered  whv  Euro- 
]>eans  should  content  themselves  on  wild  meat  ami 
fi>.li.  It  would  seem  a  small  matter  for  so  powerl'ul  a 
company  to  scatter  seeds  among  its  servants,  to  send 
them  l)reeding  animals,  and  so  have  horses,  and  cattle, 
and  grain,  and  vegetables,  in  abundance.  ]>ut  so  ab- 
sorbed were  they  all  in  gathering  furs,  s(^  migratoiy 
had  they  become  in  their  business,  that  little  attention 
IkuI  thus  i'ar  been  paid  to  cultivating  the  soil  on  the 


'aci 


lie  si 


o 


pe, 


Hitherto  the  impression  had  been  prevalent  on  the 
Northwest  Coast,  as  it  was  at  a  much  later  ])eriod  in 
California,  that  to  attempt  agricultui'e  on  the  Pacific 
coast  would  be  folly.  Some  land  was  Avoody,  some 
sterile.    All  was  wild.    It  was  well  enouLdi  for  savages. 


•I 
ill; 


I  n 


"See  Iflxf.  Koiihiir.t/  Coco'f,  vol.  i.  diMi).  xv. ,  on  Forts  nnil  Foi-t  T.ife. 

""Sco  Kiiiic'h  ]V((iiili  rii'iffi.  171;  H7///i'',s  Or.,  ii'i-<'-  '/''urm'niirs  \nr.,  171; 
KrcaiH'  J/is/.  Or.,  MS.,  is.'i-ii:  JUik'h  Ew.  Or.,  ilwip.  \ii.;  J>iiiiii\i  Or.,  cliiip. 
xi.;  Fiirii/iaiii\i  Trav.,  44!t;  Finliiiimni'x  V.  J.,  MS.,  (m  (I;  Ai.ih  r.toii\'<  ^ti^rih- 
>rint.  VoiLtl,  MS.,  8S;  SiUhnitii's  Jonnnil,  Jjui.  7,  lSo4:  Murlin  .^  II.  11.,  (J4-S; 
/V(r/('/'V'  JoitriKil,  14S;  JJoiii/ln.-i'  J'riaiti'  I'ajirr--',  MS.,  1st  aui, ,  7;  AUuu'a 
Jkiii.,  MS.,  '2;  llislurij  of  Orcjoii,  i.  7,  this)  uerius. 


FRUITS  AST)  FiVRMIXG. 


4il 


and  rm-l)oaiiii^'  beasts,  but  it  was  unlit  for  civilized 
iiilliv;iti(»n. 

JvL-itli,  McLouifliliii's  producessor,  wlini  asked  by 
the  London  directory  if'bri'ad-stuir could  not  be  raisi'd 
there,  answered  "  Xo;  it'  you  stop  su[)j)lie.s  IVoni  beyond 
the  mountains,  you  will  have  to  ship  provisions  rouml 


( 


11  )t! 


1[ 

iltural 


orn. 

CO 


Tl 

untiv 


lere  is  no  alternative.     Tl 

'MO 


US  IS  no  a;4ii- 


IJut  ^rcL(tUL;liiin's  was  a  mind 
above  the  trannnels  of  fixed  impressions.  He  th(jught 
for  himself,  and  then  acted  u[)on  liis  jud.ufment. 

'I'hv'  iif;,i  iVuit-tree  L,n'o\vn  on  the  Cohnnbia  sprang,' 
from  tlie  !<i'vd  of  an  a[)ple  eaten  at  a  dinner-paity  in 
Lomlon.  'I'he  dinner  had  been  given  to  Captain 
S!mi)sop,  of  the  company's  coast  service.  One  of  the 
ladies  present,  more  in  jest  than  in  earnest,  took  from 
the  ap[)les  bi'oii^liL  on  with  the' dessert,  the  seeds;  and 
(h'oppiiin-them  into  Simpson's  pocket,  told  him  to  plant 
them  when  he  should  reach  his  Xorthwe?  t  wildei'ness. 
The  captain  had  t'ori»()tten  the  circumstance  until 
icminded  (d"  it  whiledininjjf  at  FortA^aneouvcr  in  1S"J7, 
by  tindln<_;'  in  the  ])ocket  of  the  waistcoat  which  he  had 
Vv(irn  1.1  t  in  Tjondon,  the  seeds  playfully  put  there  by 
his  lady  friend.  Takin;;"  them  out  he  j^ave  them  to 
Ih'uce,  the  gardener,  who  carel'ully  j>lanted  them;  and 
tluMicewithin  the  territory  of  Oregon  began  the  growth 


'1>1 


tle-tr 


ees 


I  Imd  lit'.nd  Tiiysolf,'  writes  Fiiilayson  of  a  iiiucli  Liter  j" 
7--.">.  '  tli.'ittiiiii 'iiliiiiiljiii  rt'''i(Hi  wiisii  liad,  liaiitu  coimtrv; 


MS. 

jiuit  iif  Siiu  Fiiiminoo  wii.s  )  os.soshoI  with  a  l):ul  ciitiainc  Inr  M'.sscls. 


.(1,  r.  /.. 

ll  tllilttllO 


J!r,,l 


Srii  ///,s7.  Or.,  i.  i(,  thi.s  scries;    It'ijit.  ('oniiiiHtir, 


:ih  (' 


.Hi; 


I'lH-h 


lS-i-.1 


.1//, 


'";/• 


^/  .s', 


(lU  li    III  III. 


MS.,l-;{.    'Mvfi.ti. 


ilMi"  riiiiiliruu  ami  Siiii|iS(iu  wltu  tugetluT,  and  they  flircc  jiliintod  tiuiii  lit 
itlle  Imincs.      'J'licy  kept  littlt^  boxes  in  tiiu  store  soniewliere  wliel'i!  tliey  eonl  1 
not  III)  toiiehoil,  iiiid  juit  ;.;la.ss  over  tiieui.     I  tlo  not  know  how  ion^'  they  wero 


there.     J'.v  iind  hy  niy  fatlier  came  to  nu'  am 


I  said, 


*ow,  eonu^  and  wet';  wti 


It'  fioing  to  have  some  apjihs 


il'l" 


Mr    I'andn-un  was    .Mrs  ^[el'raeken's  latiu 


'J'liey  wer*!  all  ;.'rcen,  and  liy  and  liy  we  ^'ot 


.MV    fat! 


iteh   tlu^  (.rardeii  so  that   no  one  should  touch   them.     At  lir.--t  tl 


inly  one  ii|>])l(;  o 


1   it,  and   tliat  ever 


y  one  nniht  taste, 


l.adv   l)(i 


<l  t( 
lere  w.is 
.las  >\  ill 


iiineinlier  tiiat.  'I'lu;  second  year  wo  had  identy.  They  had  no  a|i|p|es  at 
I'ort  \\'il!iani  tiiat  I  can  lenieniher.  'J'he  first  one  was  not  a  lid  apiih',  hut 
till!  .second  year  we  had  reil  aiiplcs.  It  was  rijie;  the  only  a|iii!o  on  the  littU 
tree.  It  was  a  jli'eat  treat,  for  everyhody  had  just  a  little  slice.  'I'lii  re  wer« 
ii  j,'ooil  many  it  had  to  go  rouml  uniony.'  Uarccy')s  Lij'e  oj'  McLvuijIdiii,  MS.» 

a,  y. 


I  I 


*  2^ 


412 


OCCUPATION  OF  THE  COLUMBIA. 


Astoiiii  stood  ill  tlic  midst  of  thick  woods,  mIiIIc 
round  Foit  N'iUK'OUver  tliuro  was  good  iiraMo  open 
land.  Afur  ^[cLoughlin's  wise  iiiH)roveiii(.'nts,  in- 
stead ol'  the  licavy  cxjuMises  attending  the  slii|)in<'nt 
of  provisions  i'roin  Kngland  round  (ape  Horn,  lahorei-s 
wei-e  l)rougiit  i'roni  the  Hawaiian  Ishuids,  I'roni  Great 
])ritain,  and  Ironi  C^anada,  the  axo  anil  plough  were 
put  t<»  work,  corn  and  cattle  were  cultivated,  and  soon 
enough  was  jtroduced  not  only  to  increase  the  coni- 
i'orts  of  the  IJritish  f'nr-tradeis,  hut  to  sujijily  the 
]lussian  jiosts  also.  Soon  a  Hour -mill  ])ro[iu]K<l  hy 
oxen  was  set  uj)  hehind  the  t'oi't,  and  later  grist  and 
saw  mills  were  ei-i'cted  and  j)ut  in  operation  on  ^[ill 
('reek  li\'e  miles  ahove.''-  In  IS.'}.')  twelve  saws  were 
I'Unniiig  and  |»]'oducing  .'],.')()()  I'eet  of  inch  hoards  t'Very 
twi  :ity-t'otu'  hours.  Tliei'e  was  likt'wise  i-aisi-d  this 
year  .').(Mj()  hushels  of  wheat,  1  '>00  bushels  of  corn, 
1 ,()()()  huslhls  each  of  harley  and  oats,  and  'JjOOO 
hushels  of  peas,  hesides  a  large  variety  of  garden 
\'egetahlts.  There  wei'e  also  in  iH;55  at  this  j)ost  .i.')() 
iK'at  cattle,  100  horses,  200  sheep,  40  goats,  and  uOO 
ho<''s. 


fff^r 


■fR'f 


i 
1 

» 

^M 

j 

In  Vehi'uaiT  1  Sl'!),  the  hrig  Oiri/fioe,  Captain  ])omi- 
nis,  entered  the  Columhia,  and  opened  tradt;  with  tln' 
natives.  A  month  latci-  the  Cmirni/,  (^ij)tain  Thonip- 
soM,  appeared  in  tlio  nscv.  Hoth  of  thesi;  \('ssels 
M'lf  from  l)ost(»n.  J}'ning  th<  sununer  they  made 
a  voyagt-  up  the  coast.  In  thi«  autunni  the  ( hi'i//,('f 
I'eturui'd  and  wintered  in  the  Columhia,  wIiiK'  tlir 
( 'itiic-.'/  |)rocredfd  to  ( )ahu,  winti'red  tliei'e,  and  joim-d 
the  Oiri//,!'    till'  following  spring.'''     IJoth  shi[>s  then 


*'^  Itnii'ilHK'  J'rii't'i  /'>i]uri.  MS.,  1st  mv..  7;  l''iii!n>iniiii'.'<  llisl.  V .  /.,  MS., 
*JS,  li,  IS,'t:i  .Mr  .\ll;ili  ua^  in  rliaifjc  <i|'  Mic  fariu-  lit  l''iiit  \'alir(,ii\ii\  Tin  rci 
Mriv  tinri  7<HI  uiii  .-H  liiiilii'  <ultivaliiiii,  lulihliii.L,'  apiili'  aii>l  pcaili  niilianl.i. 
'  My  iluly  a.s  .Niiiicrinti  ihliut  df  (he  fa.liiM.'  \w  wiitcs,  '  i  iiii.-.i.-ts  iiiainly  in 
m't'iii;,'  tli(>  mill  r.s  nl  tlii'  ^cn' liiiirii  in  «liar.L;<'  nf  tln'  f.stalilislinifiit  lairiril  into 
(■H'l'i't,  and  I  am  tlit'i't'luri'  ulnmst  tuiLstitntly  xii  tout  or  lior»i'liui'li  iluiMig  tlic 
.lay.'  Mhui's  /,',„!.,  .MS..  ;i,  4. 

'"  Mr/.i.K.jli/hi'x  I'nnii,  J*ni„r»,  MS.,  'J.l  f.t.,  '>•;  limine  l,'ii,t.  101,  JMit 
Coiiij.,  ,Ul  Sim..  ,'M;  Tlmntlona  Or.  uiul  Cat.,  ii.  I'r,  Appli-giito  in  Stijctoii'ii 
Or,  Ttr.,  MS.,  U«. 


CATTLE  AST)  HOGS. 


443 


took  their  departure,  aiid  were  seen  in  these  waters 
no  liioro. 

On  iiis  voyaj^e  out  Captain  Douiiuis  toiu-lied  at 
lii'j  island  of  Juan  Fernandez  antl  broui-lit  thenoc 
jieach-trecs  which  were  phmted  in  Oregon.  J  like- 
wise his  vessel  was  the  first  that  took  salmon  from 
the  Columbia  River  to  Boston.  During  n  coast  and 
river  traiHc  of  nine  month: •,  Dominis  secured  a  cargo 
valued  at  61)0,000.  The  fever  which  this  year,  18-Jl), 
i  roke  out  and  which  subseouently  desolated  the  baidcs 
(if  the  h)wer  Columbia,  was  thought  by  the  natives  to 
liave  been  brought  by  the  (Jiri/hrc. 

When  cattlj  were  wanted  that  their  niv-rea.si'  miglit 
<>vers[»read  the  lich  pastures  which  lay  illimitable  <»n 
rverv  side,  for  a  beginning  Captain  Dominis  was  re- 
(|iiesti'd  to  bring  some  sheej)  from  Calilornia.  The 
captain  was  a  better  sailor  than  stock-raiser.  Trui', 
he  l)rought  the  shee})  according  to  ordei's,  a  line  large 
I'lt  of  tliem,  and  in  gocnl  concUtion,  but  when  they 
were  turned  ashore  and  told  tt)  multiolv,  it  was  dis- 
eovered  they  were  all  wethers. 

Jt  was  coarse- wool  shee[)  that  were  first  brought 
up  from  Cahfornia.  afterward  finer  breeds  were  im- 
jiorted  from  Australia.  China  and  the  Hawaiian  Isl- 
ands furnished  hoL>s,  and  the  Itussian  settlement  at 
Kort  Jvoss  the  iirst  cattle.  These  were  driven  up  along 
l!ie  slioi'e,  and  consiilering  the  iidets,  bays,  rivt-rs,  and 
nioimtains,  to  say  nothing  of  tiie  natives,  it  was  an 
ixtreniely  hazardous  m1'  lertakii\g. 

The  tratle  of  the  Cohnnbia  during  this  period  nf 
it>  incipiency,  bi  ^ndes  peltries  consisted  of  lish,  lumber, 
and  agiicultuial  products.  Salmon  sent  to  J^ondon 
(Yn\  not  at  first  ])rove  prt>fitable,  but  ]>art  of  a  cargo 
•  nlKcti'd  by  the  brig  J/c//  J)<(cr(',  in  IS;*"),  brought  at 
ihe  Hawaiian  Islands  twelve  d<>Uars,  and  at  JMtstnn 
■  Atiiteeii  dollars,  a.  bai'rel.  A  few  humhvd  barivls  of 
lour  were  sent  to  the  ishuuls  and  to  San  ]''rancisco, 
tht  price  received  being  from  ten  to  twelve  dollars. 
.Hesides  spars  and  other  timber  for  ships  the  ILudson's 


414 


OCCUPATION  OF  THE  COLUMBIA. 


:  i !  rl 


'     i: 


Bay  Company  sent  several  earj^oe.s  of  sawn  luml)cr  to 
tlie  Islands,  which  brought  about  fit'ty-Hve  dollars  ;• 
thousand  feet.^* 

The  vessels  employed  by  the  company  were  fi-um 
two  to  tliree  hundred  tons  burden,  and  armed  with 
i'rom  six  to  ten  nine-pound  carronades  in  the  waist, 
and  a  iVsw  swivels  and  musketoons.  Coasters  wciu 
provided  with  a  ten-foot  ratline  net  and  chain,  eii- 
closin<if  the  deck.  A  few  boxes  of  hand-grenades  wero 
always  within  convenient  reach.  As  a  rule  native 
Women  were  freely  admitted  on  board,  the  caiKjrs 
which  brougjit  them  returning  for  them  after  their 
errand  had  been  consunnnated." 


Failing  to  convince  tlie  United  States  government 
that  its  interi!sts  lay  in  assisting  his  speculations, 
after  the  downfall  of  tlie  l*acifi{r  Fur  Company  Astor 
abandoned  his  ellbrts  on  the  Pacilic,  but  continued 
opei'ations  about  the  lu\'id-waters  of  the  Missouri 
under  the  name  of  (lie  North  American  Fur  Com- 
}>any.  In  1H'J2  the  discarded  and  disaffected  membeis 
«»f  the  late  Northwest  Company  and  of  the  Hudson  s 
Bay  Company  united  and  foi-med  the  Cohnnbia  Fui- 
Com|»any.  This  association  was  finally  absorbed  int 
the  North  American  Com})any. 

It  was  a  perilous  occu|)ation,  this  constant  contest 
with  wild  men  and  beasts,  an<l  madedoul>ly  so  by  the 
recklessness  of  the  hunters.     In  18'JO  Jlenr\"  lost  six 


<  I 


men  and  fii'tv  hoi 


ses  oi 


\  the  ]\lissoui'i;  in    fS-j;;  t)i 


Missouri  b'ur  Com])any  lost  seven  men  and  sl.'j.ooo 
in  merchandise  on  the  Yellowstone.  Between  iHii.") 
and  lH;}Otw(>  tiflJis  of  all  the  men  liunting  and  trading 
in  these   parts   were  killed   by   Indians   or   accident, 

*'Iii  \KX\  liisidi's  iKitM,  liarlcy.  pc'is,  ami  jiotatoes  in  lart,'<'<|iiaiititii'.i,  tlnii' 
«as  laiscil  iit  l''ort  \'aii(ipuvii'4,(MM»liusliiU  nl'  wlicat.  Tlic  sivnal  |ilantatii)iis 
of  tlir  ri'lirtMlM'ivants  nf  llii^  tiiiii|iaiiy  on  tlio  Willanii'tte  and  i  Istw  ln'ic  rai--ii| 
lint  iittif  in  rxics;*  of  tlnir  iniim  diatti  wants.  Sic  ('ii-^hiii<j'.i  Ji'i/i'.,  Ao.  Ji'l, 
„'.',th  I  <iii;i..  -I'l  Si. ■<.■*,,  I'.li.  l,s:i!»,  17. 

*■  h'uhfrl.-,'   y.Vt.,  MS.,  11;  L'ltniett'H  Ike.,  MS.,  I.  291;  Sukm  Uiiioih>>, 

Ai.hi  i«oy. 


f  ^ 

r     ' 
I      i 

r' 


COMMKRCE  AND  AGraCULTURE. 


445 


(hvincr  to  riv-ahy,  lack  of  system,  in.positlons,  and 
he  sale  of  intoxicating  drinks,  the  loss  of  life  on  the 
1  .nted  States  frontier  was  fourfold  greater  than 
within  the  territories  of  the  English  and  Scotch  com- 
jmmes  north  of  the  49th  parallel. 


CHAPTER  XIX. 


KXi'LORATIONS  OF  UNITKD  STATES  TILUTERS. 
1821-1830. 

UrDIKlfK's    .IdlUNKY— AhIFLKY's  OT'KKATIONS— (iuKK.V    <>N   TlIK  Coi.niuno-, 

(!kkat  Salt  Lake— Utah  Lake — IJEcKwuitTirs  AiiVENxmEs— ,1ki>i.- 
jii  MI  Smith  MsTEits  Camioiinia  ani>  .Tuckvevs  tiiemk  td  iiii:  Coi.i  m- 

llIA  iJlVDli      Ills  KlscOMFITntK  AT  THE  I'MI'IJIA      IIiiW  P.I.AiK  AS  l>  Tlli- 
NEU  ESC'AI'EII  THE    MasSACKK — .IedEIHAH   >MITH  Al"  I'uKT  \'aN' cUVEU  — 

M<'L(iii;Hi.iN'sTuEAT.MENTi)rI)isTUEssEiiSTiiAMa;iis     liETiKN  OF  Smith 
Til    THK    Shosikine    CorsTUV— rE(ii.E(;    Smith— 'I"ai:as((i\'-<    Tiiii' 
.losi.i'M  I..  Mi;ek 's  Adventi'res — riunEii'sExPEiUTiiiN— .Iackson,  Srn- 
i.KTir.,  AMI  Smiih  Send  thk  Fiu.st  Tuain  of  Wa(;()ns  to  the  liniuv 
Mm  STAINS— liiiNUiizvoirs. 


Samukl  Adams  "Ritddock  claims  to  liavo  inadi'  the 
cii'cuit  from  Council  Hliifis,  hy  way  of  Santa  l'\',  ti> 
the  mouth  of  tlio  Columhia  llivcr  in  l,S'21.  Mr  was 
oiu'  ot"  a  tradinu;  [)artv  wliidi  set  out  the  middle  of 
3Iay,  I'onled  the  Platte  just  helow  its  fork,  and 
tuniinn'  southward  reached  Santa  Fe  the  Htli(»t' June 
(Vossin^-  the  Hio  del  Xorte,  they  took  "a  iiorth-wist 
direction  on  thr  north  hank  of  the  river  (liamas.  and 
over  the  mountains  reached  Lake  Trinidad;  and  then 
]»ursuin_o;  the  same  direction  across  the  u[»i)er  hr;inrht  > 
of  the  Kio  ( 'olorado  of  ( 'alil'ornia,  reached  Lakt^  'i'ini- 
»aniii4os,  which  is  intersected  hy  the  4'Jd  paiallrl  of 
atitude,  the  houndary  ln-tween  the  Pnited  States 
of  America  and  tlie  I'nited  States  of  Mexico.  This 
lak«'  is  the  ]»rincij)al  sourc«!  of  the  Piver  'I'impanajjfos, 
the  Multnomah  of  Lewis  and  Clarke."'  Xotwith- 
btandint;-  their  route  and  their  ^'eo^'iaphy  were  hotli 


'  J/mec  Ji'ijit.  „'JJ,  Id  Sena,,  10th  Comj.,  Muy  l.'»,  18'-'0. 


(440) 


ROCKY  MOUXTAIX  COMPAXV. 


447 


so  (Tookc'cl,  followiniif  their  River  Timpaiianos,  wliieli 
ttMlay  we  eall  Willamette,  they  reached  the  mouth  of 
the  Cohimhia  the  lirst  of  Aujjfust,  thus  eoiiiitK'ting  tho 
journey  Irom  Council  Blutt's  in  seventy-nine  days. 

The  chief  of  the  Roeky  ^NTountain  Fur  Company"^ 
was  William  li.  Ashley  of  St  Louis,  Avho  for  manv 
years  had  Ijecn  en<xa},^'d  in  i^atherini^  peltries  u])on  tho 
eastern  slope,  lie  was  one  of  the  few  horder  men 
who  uniteil  bold  energy  witli  shrewd  caution,  and  was 
eniinentlv  successful.  Assisted  l>v  Mr  lleinv  in  1S22 
he  huilt  a  fort  on  the  Yellowstone,  and  sent  out  his 
tra])pers  in  every  direction.  In  IH2;5  he  determined 
to  j>ush  his  fortunes  across  the  mountains.  With 
t\venty-eit,dit  men  he  set  out  upon  his  joui-)iey,  hut 
hefiire  ivachin^^  his  destination  lu,'  was  attacked  hy  tht; 
IJicaras  who  lulled  fourteen  of  the  party  and  wounded 
ten. 

Xothiuij  daunted,  the  followiuijf  year,"''  acconi]>anied 
hy  Mr  (ireen,  who  jj^ave  his  name  to  a  hi'anch 
Colorado,  he  ascended  the    IMatte  ti'   it 


tl 


le 


s   situri'c,  e\- 


jilored  an<l  named  its  northern  hi'anch,  the  Sweet- 


w- 


ater, f  »und  the  South  ]*ass,  after 


\var( 


Is  f 


imous  as 


thi'  Ljreat  national  hi|L,diway,  and  continued  his  courscj 
tlii'oui^h  it  until  he  came  to  (Jreen  ]livei'.  Ilei'e  w  is 
the  rendezvous  of  '824,  when'  were  yathen-d  .'!U(> 
pack-mules  well  laden  with  nunuitain  nierejiandise. 
A  call  for  assistance  l>y  the  Shosliones  l)einn'  nwule 
upon  the  comj)any,  JiOO  mounted  tr;tp|>ers,  if  we  may 
Iielieve  JJeckwourtli,  were  li'<l  hy  Suhlette  against  the 
niackteet.  Al'ter  six  hoiu-s  linhtinn',  the  Shoshdhes 
with  their  white  allies  returned  victorious,  with  l7o 
s(';d|is,  haviiiLj  sustained  a  lo.ssof  hut  eleven  Shosliones 
killed,  and  ei^ht  white  men  wnunded. 


vliici 


Irving',  llnntK'rilli'^  Aili\,  '2H,  dates  tho  beginiiiiit;  of  thi.i  comimiiy  IS.'W, 


I    IS  (illltt'    Willi!  < 


.f  tli: 


•''I'lu'  (late  of  Mr  Aslili'y's  jciiiviK  y  i-<  usimlly  ^'ivcn  iw  IS'i.'l,  Imt  1>v  mrcful 
(■Miiijiiiiisim  of  all  the  <irij.'iii;il  uutln'i  ilics  il  is  I'Iciir  tn  my  iiiiiiil  tlmt  lie  lUil 
lint  cross  tile  liliMllltililiM  until  IV-'I.  It  Wiis  iilltlllllll  W  lu'll  I  '  sUil'ti'il  on  lii.^ 
liiKt  juiiiiii'y,  ami,  tollowiiin  Mr  .Mlrii's  HtattiiHiit,  with  his  party  almost 
iiiuiiliilalt  il,  lie  fouKl  nut  iio.ssihly  liavi;  madi.'  tliu  imssa^'i'  that  wiu'ir. 


Dil       F.xri.on.vnoxs  of  uxtted  states  Tn.\ri'i:n«. 

Til  lS-2r>.  with  I'JO  well  mounted  men,  iUMJ  a  larcjo 
r|uan<ity  of  ii\ri-(liaii(15s»'  parked  on  horses,  Mr  Ashley 
]tnrsued  the  s;une  routo,  and  reached  ( in-at  Salt  I.ake. 
South  «>i'  this  hra<'kish  slu'et.  he  discovc  red  a  smaller 
]ak»','  to  which  ho  f^ave  his  own  name.  'I'liere  he  huilt 
u  I'ort,  and  leavinjjf  100  men,  returned  to  St  J^ouis. 
Two  vears   latt 


er  a  six-pounder  was  drawn    (Vom 


St: 


e. 


ID 


Ijoiiisto  |-'«»rt  \shlev,  a.  distance  of  I  ,'J0()  miles,  which 
denionstiated  the  jiractieahility  ofa  wayon-roudueross 
the  I'ocky  Mountains. 

Ashley  was  a  thoj-ougldy  honest  and  <n>od-natured 
?t)an,and  to  his  Yankee  shrewdness,  with  one  eyi«  over 
on  the  main  cliance,  he-  united  thounhtl'ul  intelliijfence 
enu'endeiiii'Li  inde[»en(U'nt  action.  J>nt  never  yet  was 
lioaven  (»r<'arth  correctly  ma|»|)ed  hy  meditation  alon 
In  the  trackless  wildernos.s  ot'this  oi"oth(-'r  woihls,  tr 
much  theory  may  he  worse  than  none.  Ashley,  \'i>v 
instance,  on  his  ivturn  from  I'tah  Lakc^  attem[ited  a 
nomvwhat  stran!jf(>  feat,  which  was  notliin;^^  h'ss  than 
to  reach  St  J^ouis  in  hoats,  hy  (U'scendin;^  the('ol- 
orado.  I  have  no  doubt  lio,  if  any  one,  could  have 
accomplished  it,  hut  unfoi'tunately  those  waters  Howed 
into  the  J*;ic!lic  instejid  of  till!  Atlantic.  Happily  lie 
was  «»hli',,'eil  to  i-erni((uish  the  und«'riakin^'  at  Ashley 
River,  else  he  nuLjht  have  i'i)\no  upon  worse  i^rii't'.' 
At  the  head  of  a  stron<jr  party  CIreen  explored  the 
country  west  of  Salt  Laki',  trading,'  and  trapping'  in 
that  vieinitv  until  is-JD.  So  rich  in  furs  was  the 
Snake  Hiver  rc'ijion,  which  afterwards  h«eame  the 
favorite  rendezvous  of  (he  United  Stat»  s  trappers,  that 
Ashley  in  three  years  t*ecnr<Ml  .*<l 80,000  w«»rtli  of 
peltries. 

In  lHi!7  Ashley  rotirod  from  tin;  T?octcy  l^fonntnin 
Fur  Company,  lea\ini,'  at  it-i  lu'ad  William   I..  S«h 


letti 


w 


ith  .ledi'diah   Smith   and   lJa\id    K.  .lackson 


as  lieutenants.     Ashley  dii.nl  at  Im  residence  (>]i  the 


*Now  calle*!  Utah  Lake;  or  hy  iv  Mrftw  In  fhint'ii  Mer. 
Loku  Vouta.     It  Wiif*  iliHcovcrcil  l)y  SjKUUurdii  in  ITTU. 
^Itocky  Muun'aiti  Sirmn,  'JtW, 


.,  vi  Slfl. 


I 

) 

-i  ■ 


.TAMKS  V.  RECKWOrnTII. 


4;:) 


li.i    Mill*'   ci'^Iit  miles   from  Boouvillc,  ilu;   "JCitli  of 
M;iiv!i.  im;'.m." 

With  Aslilcy  in  sovoral  of  his  <>xj)('(]iti<)iis  was 
.laiiH's  P,  l>i'ck\V()urtIi,  a  mulatto,  whose  mot  In  r  was  a 
>l;iV('.  Jviily  ill  his  cai'i'iT  iJcckwoiirt h  inTMHif  laiiious 
joi- his  reckless  (.'Durai^c  aii<l  skill  in  hunrmi;' ami  iiMliaii 
liehtiii'L;'.  The  si^ht  of  sttme  murdered  |ilaylell()\vs 
while  yet  a  child,  made-  Indians 'pi/en' ti>  jiim ;  jiiid  if 
(•.iiiipmictioiis  ever  trouhled  his  soul,  tin;  awful  honor 
iliat.  iVo/e  him  then,  arose  a^'ain  hefon-  hiin,  and  ad- 
iiiiui^tered  its  ejiastly  ahsolulion,  SuhsetjUently  he 
was  with  Sultlette  and  \'as(pU'Z,  IJent  and  Saverine, 
and  others.  !  [e  played  the  [tart  of  Ciow  chieftain  i>r 
whilL!  marauder  at  |)Iea>uiv,  mai'i'ie*!  freely  wlien'V<-i' 
he  went,  and  was  not,  always  strict  in  i-es]>i'ct iiiLj  the 
ri;^hts  of  projierty.  He  jtlayed  a  somewhat  cons|)icu- 
<ius  ]tart  in  New  Me\ic(»  and  in  southern  ('alifornia 
diuini;'  th"  war.  Settlinijf  in  I  s.VJ  as  hotel  keeper 
in  a  vallcv'  of  the  SieriM  l''oothills  to  wliitji  he  «;ave 
hi>  name,  lie  was  soon  ohliijed  to  leave  tin-  countrv  on 


acco 


unt  of  undue  intimacN'  with  liorse-thie\i 


Th 

year  18')!)  saw  him  keepini;-  stoic  at  DeiiNcr,  hut  Ik 
soon  sickeiK'd  of  -ucii  a  life,  and  tiiially  in  I  S(iH,  at  tli» 
advanced  a'^e  of  tiiret  score  and  ten  years  ri'tireci  ti 


llie  Wlldeini'S 


to  <li 


In  thesumnieidf  IS*J4Je<Kdiali  S.  Smith  with  a  party 
of  li\e  tra[>pers  crossed  the  niouniains  from  the  ea>t, 
and  came  upon  the  liead-watei-s  .f  the  Snake  ifiscr. 
The  follow  in^' winter  was  pass!  I  .it  the  IIii<l>on'>;  IJay 
(  omiiams  post  amon'"-  the    i''lathea«ls.      In  Isj.)  he 


(irii  tih.ir'^  l>i\  HikI  I'lil.,  '\.~,\  Am.  Sl'tfr  I'l/irf",  /'</•.   /iV/.,  \i.  7'K>. 

'  n<'i'k\vi)iii'tli  Wio  l>>  li'i  iiii'iiiis  a  lunl  Mian,  tli(>ii;^li  lir  liati  liis  fiiiltH.  tlic 
^.Tcati'bt  iif  wliii-li  u  :iF!  twill.'  Ihiiii  Imu  latr.  n»'  hIi..iiIi1  iiavr  ■<«  «tM  tin-  Mra 
iii;iiiil(  r  lilt.  ;• )  iittiiiii  Imixs,  i-jijiitinil  Aix  w  In  n  <  iil'iiu'  f.ir  li^lit,  i>r  «fal|HM| 
A<  liilli's  ill  liis  triit.  'riii'ii  liiiil  mil  Ih-<-ii  .  iiinl  liiiii  tU  liniKH'iif  •Iviii^  like  a 
il'iiiuii  (III  Ills  ^ilil  III,  til  :v  liulitiiin^  111  iaiK-t's,  nr  a  .stnitu  III'  l>l.i<  !a<H>l  liiavcM. 
Umr.  N.  W.  Coabt.  V..i..  U.    -ti 


'f-l 


4:.o 


EXPLORATIONS  OF  UNITED  STATES  TRAPPERS. 


n^tiic'd  oastward,  and  the  followinLj  year  appeared  on 
SiKiko  IJivrr  at  the  head  of  a  still  more  lV)nnidablu 
IkukI  oI"  trappi'is. 

l*usliiijLj  liis  way  westward,  trapjuriLf  as  lio  went, 
ho  entered  ( 'uliloiiiia  with  his  party  in  1 82(5.^  In  1  8L*7 
Sinitli  I'tinid  hinisclt'  on  the  shore  of  San  Franeiseo 
l»ay.  I'lhiice  in  IS-JS  lie  started  northwai'd  for  the 
Oregon  cnmitry.  The  party  consisted  of  nineteen 
nun.  Thr  journey  is  reniarkahle  as  havin;^  been 
made  aloiiLj  the  (roast,  insteail  of  hy  the  more  open 
I'oute  hy  the  Sacramento  and  Willamette  valleys. 
lleachinL,''  Ihe  rnqujua  one  niglit  they  encamped  <m  a 
small  island  neai"  the  mouth  of  the  i-iver,  op[)osite  a 
hrancli  llowin^-  in  from  the  north-east.  Both  island 
ami  hraneli  wen;  named  alter  Smith. 

Tims  iar  tl»ey  had  met  with  remarkable  success  and 
carried  <>n  their  ]>ack-horses  not  less  than  }ii>'JO/)Oo 
worth  ttl'  furs.  The  natives  th(\v  now  met  seemed 
fiiendly,  and  tin.'  niL,dit  was  passed  in  reireshin'j^  sleep. 
Iuunediatel\  al'tei'  breakfast  next  inoininu;',  wliile  tin; 
party  was  makin<^  leady  to  move  forward,  Smith,  ae- 
eompanied  by  one  of  tiie  meti,  left  camp  in  seai'cli 
of  a  ford.  S(.'ar'cely  were;  they  out  of  siL,dit  when  tlie 
camj)  was  altaekcd  and  lifteen  men  killed.  Jlearinj.^ 
the  conunotioii,  Smith  turned,  only  to  see  the  party 
aunihilaleii  and  his  pi'oj)eity  seized.  His  safety  beini;' 
in  tlinlit  alone,  ]\o  hurried  across  the  liver  with  his 
companion,  and  after  sevei-e  sufTe'riiiii^  found  his  way 
to  |'\>rt  \  aiifoiiver.  Two  others  of  the  j)arty,  Ai'thui 
J>iaek  and  one  Turner,  who  had  acted  as  cook  on  the 
fatal  morniuLT,  saved  themselves  as  by  miracle.  IJlack 
was  a  p(»werful  fellow,  as  well  as  active  and  li^^Iit  of 
foot.  Hand  to  hand  he  fouLfht  the  foe,  until  he  man- 
a,<jf«'d  linally  to  elude  his  sj^rasjt  and  hide  himself  in  tin' 
foi-est.  Turnei'  slew  four  savaui's  with  a  firebrand, 
a  half  buined   ])oplar  stick,  and  so  effected  his  escape. 

''raptain  Siiiitli  was  a  nativi!  of  Kiii{;!'8  County,  Iivland,  nccoriliiij;  to 
Oii!;iIiii'm  I  I'ch  lldii'  ill  <  'ill.,  I.Vi,  101)1  (cits,  Trriji/iir'n  Li/( ,  MS.,  I  ,'!,  i.s  of  tin; 
(i|iiiiiiiii  tluit  Smith  wtu  iiuvcr  in  Culifurniu.  Scu,  bowcvui',  Jli»t.  VuL,  thu 
tiei'ii.'ii. 


JEDEDIAIT  SMITH  AT  FORT  VAXCOLTER. 


4ol 


Tliosc  two  moil  likewise  roacliod  Foit  A^'aneouvor  in 
satoty,  thou^Ii  in  a  pitiable  plight,  liaviii<^  on  only 
isliirt  and  pants;  and  haviii«r  snhsisti'd  while  on  the 
way  on  snails,  toads,  huujs,  and  fern-roots." 

It  was  at  a  time  like  this  when  theie  came  to  his 
fortress  an  unfortunate  stranj^^^r,  a  man  of  rival  nation- 
ality, and  a  hot  husiness  competitor,  tiiat  tin;  iniired 
nobility  of  McLoughlin's  nature  blazed  out  in  its  most 
sublime  proportions.  More  dead  than  alive,  bare- 
hfii<l('d,  and  foot-sore,  Jedediah  S.  Smitlicre[»t  into  the 
diniiiuf-hall  at  Fort  Vancouver.  McLoughlin  listened 
attentive^)'  to  his  story. 

"Take  men  and  n^turn  inunediately  to  tlio  i)lace 
of  massacre,"  he  said  to  Smith,  "perhaps  some  of  your 
])arty  are  alive;  at  all  events  you  can  recover  the 
proj)erty." 

"It  is  of  no  use,"  replied  Smith,  disheartened  l»y 
misfortune  and  fatigue. 

"Stay  with  me  tlion,"  exclaimed  ^rcLoughlin,  "I 
will  manage  it."  Taking  off  his  spectacles,  he  threw 
them  on  the  table,  and  snatching  his  cane,  hiu'ritd 
to  the  ])orch  and  shouted:  "Mr  ATcKay!  I'liomas 
^IcKayl  Tom!  where  the  devil  is  ^rcKay.''*'  Prescnitly 
!^^(■Kay  made  his  a[)[)eai'ance,  coming  out  of  the  store. 
"Here,  Tom,  this  American  has  been  robbed,  liis  juirty 
massacred,  'i'ake  lifty  men.  Have  the  horses  driven  in. 
Where  is  La  Framboise,  Miciiel,  Haptiste,  tlac(pies; 

'Tliii  wiilcly  various  vcisioiis  of  this  nfFiiir  nptly  illustnito  tlio  (iiicortiiiiitii-s 
<it'  iiistiiriiMl  <l;it!i.  I'ldlii'i't  NcwlII,  wiitiii^  ill  tlic  />>  niurralir  lliriihl  imiliT 
d\U:  ot  ()<''nil)(  r  ;t,  lS(i(!,  sjiVH,  tliat  ill  li'iivinj,'  cinii])  'Siiiiiii  j^it  i,|iiiii  iiis  lioisd 
to  p)  and  hunt  a  jiliu'C  to  cross  a  slou;.'!!,  ami  to  nswiul  a  Miitf'.'  lliiii's, 
lltlirditimi,  1 10,  asserts  that 'Smilli  took  one  of  his  liirii  aii'l  jirocccilnl  ii|i 
tiiu  liver  on  foot.'  Sir  (Jeor^'o  Sinirson,  ./'"nviri/,  i.  'JJS,  allirnis  th;it  Sinitli 
'aseeiiileil  the  stream  in  a  canoe  with  two  eoiuiianions  of  his  own  jiarty.  ami 
a  native  of  the  iiciL,'h)iorhoo(l.'  I'leseiitly  troiii  thi!  shoic,  in  a  stian:;e 
la!i,i,'ua;;e,  an  Indian  hailed  the  savage  in  the  canoe,  who  ther.iipon  iipsit  the 
hoat,  and  two  of  the  white  men  escaiicil  nnder  a  severe  lir(>  to  the  north  liaiik, 
the  third  hcin;,'  shot.  Mrs  Vii  tor,  llin  r  nj  thr  Wisl,  .'U,  stales  tliat  Smith 
was  oil  a  raft,  and  had  witli  him  'a  little  Kni;lishniaii  and  one  Iiidi.in.  Wli'ii 
thi'V  weiM!  in  the  middle  of  the  river  the  Inilian  siiati  luil  Sniitli's  ;'nn  ami 
iiini]ied  into  the  water.  .\t  the  same  instant  a  yell  from  l!ie  cimi)  |iii'il.iinird 
that  it  w,,s  attacked.  (Jiiick  ;is  tlion^lit  Smith  snatriicd  the  l!ii  ;ii--liiii,iirs 
^'un  and  shot  dead  the  Indian  in  the  river.'  See  MrLnuj/din'ti  I'rii  u'<'  /'njx  rs, 
-MS.,  -Jd  ser.,  1. 


I  I 


EXIM.OUATIONS  OF  UN'ITKD  HTATKS  TRAIM'KRS. 
>\lu'i«'  .ire  all  the  null?     Tak<'  twenty  itack-liorsc 


those   who    liavc   no 


sa( 


hIK 


t's    ride   oil    hlanKcts;    t\V( 


hiankets  to  each  man;  j^o  h^ht,  take  some  sahnon, 
jiease,  i^Tease,  potatoes — now  he  oil',  cross  tlii'  llVer  tn- 
niyht,  and  il"  tin-re  he  one  of  vou  here  at  snnset  I  will 
tie  him  to  tile  t\velve-|toun(l<  r  and  ^i\e  iiim  a  dozen." 
Instantly  all  is  hustle  and  hurry  as  tiie  men  iiiii 
hither  and  tiiitiier  ahout  the  I'ort  makinj,'  ready,  and 
hy  tiie  time  tiie  eonimaiider  lias  his  instructions 
written,  McKay  is  at  tiie  d(»or  ready  for  ids  oidcis. 
"'I'ake  tliis  paper!"  exclaims  Mcliou^lilin,  "and  he  oil"; 


lead  i1  oil  (lie  way;   vou 


il  oi 


>servo 


tl 


le  place  is  In 


yon 


»o 


the  l"nip((iui,    Goetd-hv,  Thomas;   (Jod  l)less  you.     1 

otr:  heoir:" 

Sooiui'  than  Smith  had  tlmu^ht  j)ossihle,  an  Indian 
runner  reported  McKay  returnill!^^  iJoats  were  sent 
across  the  river  to  hriii"^'  <»ver  the  tii«'d  men  and 
latrses.  Nearly  ail  tiie  stolen  furs  iiad  heen  lecoVe|-cd. 
{'or  this  important  service  ri-nderi'd,  ^IcLoii'^hliii 
chai'Li'ed  Sniilli  Imir  dollai'scacii  I'oi-  such  ol'tlie  lioiscs 
as  Were  lost  oil  tile  jourmy,  and  for  tlie  men's  time 
at  tile  rate  oi*  sixty  doli;irs  per  annum,  and  lor  the 
peltries,  at  Smitii's  re((Uest,  \\v.  paid  tlie  marke-t  price, 
niNiiiL;'  lor  ihciii  a  dral"t  on  liOiidoii.'" 

]|eturniiin"  to  tlie  Slioslioiu-  country  the  rollowiii;,^ 
si'asoii,  .ledediali  Smith  descended  t he  ( 'oloiado  trap- 
ping- and  t lading',  hut  in  crossiuij^  the  ii\rr  on  a 
certain  occasion  he  was  aLT^iin  attacked  l)V  the  savaiji's 


and  lost  all.      DuriiiLr  tJii? 


s  I'Xpecmioii 


liti 


li'ter  1 


eavni"" 


^¥ 


'"  Ituli.  It  Xn««ll  ill  tlio  DemocrnUr  Jfmilil,  Oct.  isdd;  M.-l.nwih'hi'x  /' 


,t,'  ]' 


'I" 


.M.> 


'.I  I 


I  II.C  X 


A<lf 


\VX>,  lljip.     \'>'li;it  hliiill  we  ^:iy  "f  !i 


II  wIkpso  pii'ty  mill   |iiitriutiMiii  I'liiry  liiiii.sn  Lir.-n  in  tin'  faci'  (il'llin  l.iiifnl 


iiiii 

iiikI  iiiiist  ii(ii\  iiuiii',' rvjilriu'i' 


\\\ 


Ki  ill  (lie   t' 


ot    Mlill   lliiliji'  lIlTll  *  iH    tllH  I'f 
ill  lliilili  ut  Kill'  111'  till    lie  -t  "f  nun'.' 


M'  l/)ll;_'liliir.s,  «  illiiily  Mjrks  ti>  lii;ili;^ii  tilt 

<ii;iy,  liisi.  <),■.,  'J. 17  s,  iiiiii.'liiiL;  liis  \rinnii  witli  iliv  nssciticim  uf  lliiirs,  tlic 
iiiis.sii)ii;iiy.  niililiitiliiii'ly  tli.ii  .;im  tin'  iinisMirri'uf  Smitii's  pjirty  to  t  lie  HiuIsipii'm 
J>;iV  ( 'iiiiii  iiiiv,  ami  imliivctlv  t')  .\K'Li>n;;liliii.      A  h1;ivi' uf  tlic  rni'Miii:!  \\ilV 


of  "III"'  Mi 


\\i\i  taii'-lit  lit  l-'oit  N'iiiiionvcr,  ho  mjivh  this  fair  ainl  li..iics 


st  liis 


t'liiaii,  that  ir. til  ill,','  wnilil  mi  jiiiioi'  tin'  I  IuiIso.i'k  liay  ( 'uiiipany  lii-niiii'  as  tlm 


Killi 


if  1:0,1. 


kliili'  m<  II  fi'iiin  the  I'tiiti'il  Stair 


\i>  mil'  i,ii<«' 


than  I  ir.'iy  him -I  If  wlii'ii  III' Mi'utc  it  that  tlicstati'miiit  was 


IkimI 
I 


lictti 
y  auil  iiii'|iiail 


licilly  false.    .Icssc  .\[ni|i'^iiti'  in  makiii'j  fur  mr  Mime  iiiai".;iiiil  iinics  niiun  thi4 
bluukcHt  uf  (iray'a  bliu'k  liugcti  say.i;   "1  Ma-i  liviny  in  St  Lmii.-i  at  tiic  liiiiu 


rnn-LKfj  smitit. 


lilt"  Uiii]>:]\i;i  comitrv,  lie  Irll  in  with  the  ;iimiiMl  rriin- 
rurcfiiiiiit  I'iii'ty  uu(l('i*  l''itz|)!iti'ick,  iiuiiiIh  riiiu'"  liltv- 


loiir,  and  of  whom  (icoii^i!  W.  l''J)hcrts  was  <tiii 


W 


shall  iiu'ci  ('a|>tain  Smith  yi't  many  times  in  thrcad- 
iiiLT  the   histoiiral  lahvrinth  of  wi-stcin   fin-liimtin!' 


t  \ 


iloiat 


ions. 


At  the  San  Franriscocity  hospital  irj  Octolifi*  ISCiiJ, 
difd  Thomas  \j.  Smith  sometimes  railed  '  r<'<;'-leiL,' ' 
Smith  Itecause  heciinied  a  wooden  le;^ — at  the  Ji'^-e  of 
>i\ty-nine  yeai's.  His  life  was  the  ty|)e  <»f  a  class, 
lloiii  in  Iveiitneky,  at  theaj^e  of  sixteen  he  ran  away 
from  a  ehilddx-atinLf  fat  her,  served  a  term  as  llathoat- 
man,  made  his  way  into  the  near(>st  Fndian  eomitry  ;is 
fia|t|tei',  attende(l  St  X'rain  on  a  tii|i  for  Laeltd''  and 
('hoteau  to  Santa  Fe,  ti'a|t|)e<l  in  liieClrreii  lki\ei' 
eountry  when  he  discovered  and  named  the  Smith 
hranch  of  IJeai*  lliver,visited  the  \avaJos  and  Mo(|uis, 
liapliedin  Arizona,  ti'a|»|)ed  ai4;ain  in  IH'JSwith  lhidL,'<'r 
and  Sultjette  in  the  I'tah  conntry,  then  worked  over 
on  to  the  IMatte  liiv«>r  where  he  l(»st  his  Ir^-,  in  1S-J1> 
was  aij^ain  in  l-^tali,  aftei*  which  ]\o  <'ameto  ( 'alilitrnia, 
and  when  towns  wtrehuilt  he  di-aidv  his  nnn  in  jteaec, 
snnned  himself  oncnrh-stones.whei-e  occasionally  w  ouM 
hreak  I'rom  his  lij)s  one  of  t  hose  wild  wai'-cries  to  whiih 
in-  had  si»  loni^;  Iteeii  familiar,  to  the  nt.tei- confoundiii'^ 


>taid 


)assers-h\' 


A^ililt'v  siiM   liii  fur  iiiti'vcMt  tn  Smith,  .Tacksoii,  niiil  Stililrtf"'.    Tlu^  winter 


Siiiilli  w.is   iiii-ixin'^',  his  <lis;i|i|>i',inm('i'  was  attiilniti'il  to  the   Iln' 
<  'iiiii|iaiiy ;  iii 


•n  s  IJjiv 


ml  Ins  |):irtiiri's,  ,lin  '-son  ami  SiiMitti',  liirnl  an  <\tia  iiiimln 


.f 


null  timiaicc  war  ciii  tln'  lliiiNiin's  I'liy  < 'i"ii|iaiiy,  t'l  a\i'ii_'i>  the  clcatli 'if  tin  ip 
(laitiiiT,  anil  tu  inaki-  ti'|irisaN  iipiin  tlirm  fur  tlif  |irii)i<i-ty  liny  wiii'  hii|i|"is<iI 


I'l  liavf  t.i 
rlf.  tl 


n  from  liinr,  Imt  afti  r 


Ih"  fa.t-i,  I   |. 


iii-:iiiiii-  fi'iiM  Smith 


ny  wriH^  Halislinl  tin-  lluilsdiiM  jtiiy  < 'iini|iaiiy  arti  il  t  >\\:iiil  liiiii  nut 
iinly  JMHtly  Imt  lilu'ially.  A  ln'ttiT  fcclin,'  rvistcil  after  t!ii*  liclwccn  tlm 
lival  Aninii'an  nn'l  {•ji^li'*!' iiiTiiiianii's. '  St■^'  JJist.  Urrjim,  tliisstriis,  wlnro 
till'  iliaraetcr  iif  (Irav  is  niin'c  fiillv  sit  fnrtli. 


^U:hl„  rta'  'I'nip/iir'x  Uh  ,  MS.,  I   ;i. 

'■'.s'.  /■'.  /liillrfiii.  Oft.  "ji!,  IsilC;  in  lltn/tH  CJ.,  ii,  :tll.     Kl.lirrts  tiUs  s-ni 


^.'OfM 


1     Sti 


iri"s   alHiu 


t    tli«'  two  Smiths,  .Icili-iliali  anil    l'r''-l  -.'.     .Icili'iliah  ainl 


Vrthitr   lll.ii'k  wcru   trajipin^;  oni'  ilay   when  the  former  was  allaelieil  !>\   ,1 
hear,     llhi.k  i-aiseil  his  j.'un  ami  killeil  the  l.nite.     The  ili-eil  w.is  rii>iirfeil  in 


tlierto  wiin'     iiiKitin'' 


■•IVei 


I  oM 


I' 

.nith  s 


1:1 1 


lerts. 


Arthur   lllaek  tuM  me,  kjivs  he 


hf. 


•Well, 


Miys  I  "iliil  ymi  >;et  anythilij,'  fur  il 


Si  pi ire 
he   "n 


[ 


"y-""  I(  "yoii  might  tit  get  a  hullle  of  iiiin."     1  Ulieve  now  that  Mr. 


^4    ) 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


m  _ 
f  IIIIIM 


M    III  2.5 


1.8 


U    III  1.6 


PhotDgraphic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  HSBO 

(716)  872-4503 


^^' 


;  '  >. 


464 


EXPLORATIONS  OF  UNITED  STATES  TRAPPERS. 


-M  ; 

1 

!' 

1 

'     i       V 

■^    ;,] 

■-i;''^ '.  ;'i,  )■- 

■,  ^,  1 

»,):■  ■■!!< 

1,  i) 
■  1 

f  - 

-r 

L.  A.  Tarascon,  who  in  December  1824  asked  con- 
gress to  open  a  wagon -road  to  the  Pacific,  in  the 
spring  of  1826  ascended  the  Mississippi  to  the  head 
of  steam-boat  navigation.^^ 

Of  the  same  age  as  Ebberts  was  Joseph  L.  Meek, 
who  enhstcd  with  Sublette  at  the  same  time  and  place. 
Meek  was  from  Virginia,  and  in  the  same  party  was 
Robert  Newell  from  Ohio,  also  about  eighteen  years 
of  age. 

Up  to  this  time  the  Rocky  Mountain  Company 
had  avoided  direct  collision  with  the  Hudson's  Bay 
Company  on  the  western  side  of  the  mountains.  But 
before  Smith  had  set  out  on  his  California  journey,  it 
had  been  determined  by  him  and  Sublette  that  the 
British  company  had  held  sole  sway  in  territory 
claimed  by  the  United  States  long  enough,  and  they 
now  felt  strong  enough  to  cope  with  them.  The 
result  was  profitable,  as  we  have  seen,  except  when 
the  rich  prizes  were  captured  by  the  savages.  But 
such  was  the  gratitude  of  Smith,  who  was  no  less 
conscientious  as  a  Christian,  than  shrewd  as  a  trader, 
for  the  kind  services  rendered  him  while  in  a  desti- 
tute and  forlorn  condition,  that  on  his  return  to  the 

Smith  ■willed  Ai'thur  Black  ono  tlinn^and  dollars  when  he  got  home.  But 
Black  never  got  homo.'    Jcil  Smith  was  a  wealthy  trader;   I'cg-lcg 

Smith  was  a  poor  trapper.     Ti  or  was  once  left  with  the  Blackfeet  near 

Brown  Hole  in  the  Uintah  ,\i  utains,  left,  by  his  comrades  wlio  were 
stai'ving,  with  a  broken  leg  to  die.  'He  amputated  liis  leg  himself,'  says 
Ebberts,  'and  stayed  and  cured  it  up.'  Trapjier'.-f  Life,  MS.,  3-7.  Turner 
met  with  an  adventure  similar  to  that  upon  the  Umpqua,  subsequently  at 
Rogue  River.  Trapping  becoming  unprofitable,  ho  linally  settled  upon  a 
farm  in  the  Willamette  Valley.  Quigley,  Insh  Race,  iiiC'ul.,  loO,  erroneously 
states  that  Smith  lost  his  life  in  California.  Pegdeg  Smith  'was  a  stout-built 
man,  wiih  black  eyes  and  gray  hair.  He  was  a  hard  drinker,  and  when 
under  the  influence  of  licjuor  very  liable  to  got  into  a  fight.  When  he  found 
himself  in  a  tight  place  his  wooden  leg  proved  very  serviceable  to  him,  as  ho 
had  a  way  of  unstrapping  it  very  quickly,  and  when  wielded  by  his  muscular 
arms  it  proved  a  weapon  not  to  be  despised.'  Jlobbn'  Wild  Life,  40. 

'■'  On  the  1,'Jth  of  Juno  he  writes:  '  I  do  not  thuik  I  am  mistaken,  and  my 
opuiion  is  that  the  way  is  marked  by  nature ...  By  the  St  Peters  you  reach 
Lake  Travers;  from  thence,  now  in  caiTiagc  or  wagon,  but  in  time  all  the  way 
l)y  water,  you  cross  to  the  mouth  of  the  Chaycnuo;  you  ascend  said  river; 
you  take  the  Big  Horn;  you  are  at  the  southern  gap  of  the  Rocky  Mountains 
in  42'',  you  descend  either  Lewis  River  or  the  Multnomah,  or  cross  tho 
country;  you  are  in  the  bay' — meaning  tho  mouth  of  the  Columbia.  Nika' 
lieijister,  xxx,  331. 


JOSEPH  L.  MEEK. 


455 


Shoshone  country  he  insisted  that  his  company 
should  for  a  time  retire  from  the  fur-fields  west  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  Sublette  and  the  rest  re- 
luctantly consented. 

Meek,  as  one  of  a  party  of  hired  trappers,  spent  the 
autunm  of  1829  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Henry  and  Lewis 
branches  of  Snake  River.  In  October  1830  Sublette 
l)egan  movin^^  his  camp  to  the  east  of  the  mountains. 
The  furs  collected  by  Jackson's  company  this  year 
were  cached  on  Wind  River,  while  an  ex[)editiou 
was  made  to  Powder  River.  The  followinij  year  at 
the  Wind  River  rendezvous ,  Smith,  Sublette,  and 
Jackson  sold  their  interests  in  the  Rocky  ^lountaiu 
Company  to  Milton  Sublette,  James  Bridger,  Frapp, 
Fitzpatrick,  and  Jcrvais. 

There  was  a  small  valley  in  the  Bear  River  Moun- 
tains called  Ogden  Hole,  so  named  from  Peter  Skeen 
Ogden,  who  was  there  trading  for  the  Hudson's  Bay 
Company  in  IS^O.  A  bitter  rivalry  had  finally  arisen 
hetween  the  British  and  United  States  hunting  parties 
ill  this  vicinity;  so  that  when  Fitzpatrick  encamped 
near  Ogden  Hole  and  tapped  his  whiskey-kegs,  the 
scenes  which  followed  were  like  a  revival  of  the  old 
times  of  the  Northwest  Company. 

Exorbitant  prices  were  charged  by  the  traders  for 
goods  thus  brought  over  roadless  prairies,  and  sold 
to  reckless  and  improvident  trappers,  among  whom  it 
was  not  uncommon  to  see  spent  at  the  rendezvous,  on 
women,  alcohol,  and  savage  finery,  a  thousand  dollars 
a  day,  as  long  as  their  peltries  lasted. 

In  the  Shoshone  country  at  this  time,  in  return  for 
hoaver-skins  at  $5  a  pound,  the  traders  gave  tobacco 
at  $2  a  pound,  alcohol  at  $2  a  pint,  three  awls  for 
50  cents,  $25  for  a  capote,  or  a  blanket,  §5  for  a 
.shirt. 

On  reaching  the  borders  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Com- 
I)any's  hunting-grounds,  the  free  trappers,  those  who 
were  not  employed  by  the  United  States  conjpanies, 
and   who   did   not   owe   for   outfits,   patronized   the 


456 


EXPLORATIONS  OF  UXITED  STATES  TRAPPERS. 


'•  If  i|f 


British  traders,  from  whom  better  goods  at  less  prices 
could  be  obtained/* 

Competition  between  the  Rocky  Mountain  Com- 
pany and  the  American  Company  was  likewise  strong, 
and  it  was  proposed  at  one  time  to  divide  the  country 
between  them.  Later  there  were  still  further  rival- 
ries among  smaller  partnerships  and  associations,  eacli 
straining  every  nerve  to  be  first  at  the  i-endezvous,  and 
to  circumvent  the  others.  After  eleven  years  of  tra]>- 
ping  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  region,  in  1840  Newell 
and  jNIeek  dropped  dowji  into  the  Willamette  Valley 
and  became  staid  members  of  the  new  commonwealth. 

Dissolved  in  1812,  the  Missouri  Fur  Company  was 
revived  several  years  later  in  the  persons  of  Joshua 
Pilcher,  M.  Lisa,  Thomas  Hempstead,  and  Mr  Pei- 
kins.  On  the  Yellowstone,  in  1823,  a  party  of  this 
com])any  under  Jones  and  Immuel  Averc  attacked  l»y 
the  Rlackfeet,  and  several  persons  including  the  lead- 
ers were  killed. 

With  forty-five  men  and  one  hundred  horses  Pilclur 
left  Council  Blufls  in  1827,  and  crossing  the  moun- 
tains by  the  South  Pass,  wintered  on  Green  River. 
Upon  the  opening  of  spring  he  crossed  to  Snake  River 
and  followed  the  western  base  of  the  mountains  nortli- 
ward  to  Flathead  ]^ake,  where  he  wintered  in  1828-11. 
Next  year  lie  descended  Clarke  River  to  Fort  Col- 
ville,  and  returned  to  the  United  States  by  way  of 
the  northern  Columbia,  Athabasca,  Red  River,  antl 
the  Missouri.^" 

It  was  under  the  auspices  of  Jackson,  Sublette, 
and  Smith,  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  Fur  Com[)any, 

"'Tlie  Hudson's  U-iy  l)laiikct  was  a  heap  better  article,  twice  as  good. 
Tlicy  <.'liiiri,'ed  us  over  tlierc  ten  dollars  a  yard  for  scarlet  to  maUo  leggins, 
what  wo  call  Icggins,  and  here  we  would  give  them  thirty-two  siiilliiigs  for 
them.  Well,  this  scarlet  would  la^t  ten  or  twelve  years,  and  the  other  would 
just  go  to  pieees.'  Ebhcrls'  Truj/jwr'x  L'ifc,  MS.,  li). 

'■"To  Katon,  secretary  of  war,  Pilcher  made  a  report  praising  tlio  climate 
and  soil  of  the  Oregon  country.  Sec  Kellri/'ti  Mitniial,  S,  4;  Evanx'  Or.,  MS., 
201;  /'/•//'.<  Trnrr/lir/i'  (Utiile,  112;  ilray's  Or.,  H!),  wliicli  says  that  the  party 
were  all  cut  otl'hut  two  men  besides  himself,  and  Pilchers  furs  found  their 
way  to  tlie  warercwms  of  the  Hudson's  Hay  (.'ompany.  Orci'iilioir''K  Or.  nitd 
(Jul.,  3r)8;  JJe  How's  Iiid.  iit.s.,  iii.  517;  Aurth  A711.  liev.,  Jan.  1S40,  118. 


WAGONS  UPON  THE  PLAINS. 


457 


that  tlio  first  train  of  wacjons  mado  its  way  to  the 
eastern  base  of  the  liocky  Mountains,  an  aecornplish- 
mont  pregnant  with  imf)ortant  results  to  the  North- 
west Coast. 

Setting  out  from  St  Louis  on  the  10th  of  April  1820, 
with  eiglity-ono  men  mounted  on  mules,  ten  wagons, 
each  drawn  by  five  mules,  and  two  light  mule-carts, 
tlie  party  proceeded  due  west  to  the  Missouri  bound- 
ary, folio wiid  the  Santa  V6  trail  forty  miles,  and 
thence  deviating  to  the  north  of  west,  traced  the  Platte 
Eiver  to  near  its  source,  and  on  the  IGth  of  July 
reached  the  spot  where  Wind  River  issues  from  the 
mountains. 

When  between  the  Arkansas  and  Platte  rivers,  a 
l)and  of  one  thousand  warriors  on  the  war-path  came 
ill  full  charge  upon  them.  The  white  men  thought 
tlieir  time  had  eome,  and  prepared  to  sell  their  lives 
at  as  high  a  ct)yt  to  the  savages  as  possible.  What 
was  their  delight  when  the  warriors  suddenly  drew  up 
and  graciously  deignetl  to  receive  presents  instead  of 
bullets. 

1^'or  food,  before  reaching  the  buffalo  countrj',  they 
(hove  twelve  head  of  cattle,  eight  of  which  only  they 
found  it  necessary  to  butcher,  and  one  milch  cow.  The 
natives  troubled  them  but  little,  stealing  two  horses; 
and  accidents  were  few,  one  man  beuig  killed  antl 
another  wounded  by  the  falling  in  of  a  bank  of  earth. 
Tlie  health  of  the  men  was  perfect;  and  the  grass 
along  the  route  afforded  abundant  sustenance  for  the 
animals.  Each  wagon  carried  eighteen  hundred 
jiounds  of  freight,  and  the  distance  made  was  from 
lit'teen  to  twenty-fi\e  miles  a  day.  Their  trackless 
way  was  for  the  most  part  over  open  prairie,  the 
ehief  obstructions  to  their  progress  being  ravines  and 
the  steej)  bank  of  streams,  which  they  were  obliged  to 
cut  down  before  crossing. 

The  mountains  in  their  vicinit}^  were  covered  with 
snow,  but  the  lowlands  and  passes  were  green  with 
grass.     Returning  in  high  spirits  by  the  same  route 


'Mil 


lip 


'    i     .  1 
I.  I 


1  *'u 


453 


EXPLORATIONS  OF  UNITED  STATES  TRAPPERS. 


with  their  wagons  loaded  with  furs,  the  party  reached 
St  Louis  on  the  10th  of  October.  Reporting  this 
achievement  to  the  secretary  of  war,  tlic  traders  as- 
serted that  they  could  easily  have  crossed  the  moun- 
tains with  their  wagons  by  the  South  Pass  had  such 
been  their  wish.^®  In  1830  Sublette  brought  out  four- 
teen wagons. 

There  were  three  rendezvouses  this  year,  1829, 
namely,  at  Pierre  Hole  in  the  Teton  Mountains, 
Brown  Hole,  and  on  Green  River.  About  this  time 
George  W.  Ebberts  enlisted  with  the  Rocky  Mountain 
Company,  He  was  a  character  in  his  way;  indeed,  all 
border  men  were  characters  in  those  days."  Ken- 
tucky was  his  native  state,  and  1828  saw  him  in  St 
Louis,  eighteen  years  of  age,  and  in  love  with  a  pretty 
French  girl.  His  affections  were  returned,  and  they 
had  engaged  to  marry,  when  his  mother  wrote  him 
that  the  proposed  alliance  would  kill  her.  He  felt 
that  not  to  marry  her  would  kill  him ;  yet,  to  satisfy 
his  mother,  he  joined  Smith,  Jackson,  and  Sublette, 
and  rushed  off  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  After  trap- 
ping on  the  streams  and  carousing  at  the  rendezvous 
for  about  eight  years,  Ebberts  joined  the  Hudson's 
Bay  Company  and  went  to  Oregon. 

The  rendezvous  in  1830  was  at  a  place  called  the 
Blackfoot.  There  as  usual  the  men  divided,  some 
going  one  way  and  some  another.  Jedediah  Smith, 
with  a  party  of  trappers,  struck  out  north-west ;  Jack- 
son directed  his  course  toward  California,  while  Sub- 
lette went  east  for  supplies.  Before  breaking  camp 
the  rendezvous  for  the  following  year  was  always 
named.     Between  the  years   1826   and   1829   there 

'"See  President  Jackson's  Message  to  the  house  of  representatives  tlio 
25th  of  Januai-y  1831. 

"  When  I  took  his  narrative  at  Salem  in  1878,  he  presented  a  slender,  wiry 
form,  about  five  and  a  half  feet  in  height,  with  bushy  hair,  a  wrinkled  faoo 
cleanly  shaven,  and  full  manly  voice.  His  eyes  and  teeth  were  bad.  Every 
motion  and  expression  appeared  to  spring  immediately  from  a  warm,  artless, 
and  happy  heart.  By  his  brother  trappers  he  was  called  the  Black  Squire. 
His  dictation,  called  A  Trapper's  Life  in  the  Uochj  Mountains  anil  in  Oregon. 
from  1829  to  1830,  consists  of  forty-five  manuscript  pages,  and  is  full  of  border 
life  and  stirring  incidents. 


DEATH  OF  JEDEDIAH  SMITH.  459 

wore  about  six  hundred  American  tra])pers  in  these 
parts,  and  also  many  belonging  to  the  Hudson's  Bay 
Company.  So  bitter  was  competition  that  it  was  death 
for  the  trappers  of  one  company  to  sell  furs  to  another 
company  or  to  any  one  other  than  the  person  who 
lurnished  him  with  supplies.  After  some  six  years  of 
exploration  of  the  country  between  the  Colorado  and 
the  Columbia,  m  1831  Jedediah  Smith  fitted  out  an 
expedition  at  St  Louis  for  Santa  Fd,  durino-  which  ho 
was  slam  by  the  Comanches  on  the  Cimarron. ^^ 

^^fiee  St  Louis  Beacon,  Oct.  7,  1830;  Niloa' Renister  xytJv    ^'T^.  n«  n     - 

<^d.,  this  series^     Mr  Craig  who  died  in  November  1SG9,  was  trapperfor  tit 

ls3(),  settled  at  Lapwai,  and  rendered  good  8er^'ice  in  treatin-'with  the  Ind 
lans-to  ^;overnor  Stevens,  on  whose  staflF  ho  was  placed  wilh  the  rLnk 
colonel.   Walla  Walla  Union  and  Saltm  Statesman,  Nov  1860  ' 


CHAPTER  XX. 


DOMINATION  OF  THE  NORTHWEST  COAST  BY  THE 
HUDSON'S  BAY  COMPANY. 

1821-1826. 

Forts  EsTAnusnKD  —  Alexandria  —  Thompson  —  CniLKOTiN  —  BAnixF,-- 

WlFE-LIFl'INO    AND    ReVENGE — JoHN    ToD    APPOINTED    TO    NeW  CaI.I- 

DOMA — .Tames  McMillan  Journeys  to  Fraser  River — John  ^Jc- 
Leod  at  Thompson  River — Establishing  of  CoLvaLLE — James  Con- 
nolly— First  Eastern  Brigade  from  Fort  Vancouver — James  Doii;- 
las  Destroys  a  Murderer. 

We  have  seen  that  notwithstanding  the  restoration 
of  Astoria  to  the  United  States  authorities  in  18 IH, 
the  subsequent  claims  of  congress,  and  the  pretensions 
of  United  States  trappers  and  traders,  the  Hudson's 
Bay  Company  as  successors  to  the  Northwest  Com- 
pany since  1821  are  absolute  masters  of  the  situation. 
That  the  vital  issues  of  occupation  were  not  sooner 
precipitated,  was  owing  no  less  to  the  wise  and  bcni^- 
iiant  rule  of  John  McLoughlin  than  to  the  strength 
of  the  adventurers  trading  into  Hudson's  Bay,  and 
the  weakness  of  their  opposing  fur-traffickers. 

We  have  noticed  the  founding  of  the  establishment 
on  McJ^eod  Lake  in  1805,  those  on  Stuart  and  Fraser 
lakes  in  180G,  tliot  of  Fort  George  at  the  junction  of 
Stuart  and  Fraser  livers  in  1807,  besides  others  at 
different  times  in  various  localities;  and  we  have  fol- 
lowed Fraser  and  his  hardy  crew  down  the  TacootclK^ 
Tesse  of  INIaekenzie  to  its  mouth  in  1808. 

Communication  between  the  Columbia  and  Fraser 
rivers  was  not  opened  until  1813,  and  the  3'cn,r  follow- 
ing saw  merchandise  from  tlie  lower  posvs  on  tln^ 
Columbia  ascending  the  upper  portion  of  the  Frasei'. 


**{? 


KAMLOOP,  ALEXANDRIA,  AND  CHILKOTIX. 


4G1 


Fort  Thompson,  named  for  the  famous  Northwest 
( 'onii)any's  astronomer,  and  later  called  Fort  Kani- 
loop,  was  then  built  at  the  fork  of  Thompson  lliver. 
It  was  a  return  party  with  their  outfit  broui^ht  over 
iVom  the  Columbia  who  in  1821  established  Fort 
.Vlexandria,  so  called  in  honor  of  Sir  Alexander 
^[ackonzie,  on  the  Fraser  at  the  precise  point  where 
that  explorer  turned  back  in  1793.^ 


Northern  Inland  Posts. 

Chilkotin  as  an  outpost  of  Alexandria  was  occupied 
about  the  same  time  as  a  clerks'  station."    Since  1810- 

'  Sir  Alcxamlcr  Mackenzie  '  cainc  to  the  spot  on  wliich  the  fort  was  huilt, 
iiii'l  was  iliKsiiailedby  the  Indians  from  followinjj;  the  coui>o  of  tlio  rivur  to  its 
luoutli.'  (ox's  Adv.,  ii.  ;5(il.  llei-e  the  navigation  of  tlie  I'rascr  is  1)ej;un  V)y 
tlienortlnvard-boiind  brigade.  Wilb  s'  Nai:,U.  S.EjjiIoi-.  K.r.,  iv.  47!).  Itwas 
tilt;  rosidonce  of  a  chief  trader.  Andirmii'!!  I/ist.  Nurihiri'A  ('od.sl.  MS.,  !)8. 
A  hirge  number  of  horses  were  kept  here.  Fnilai/.ion'.i  J/iM.   ['.  7.,  MS.,  (iT. 

'^  U  ilkes'  Xai:  U.  S.  Explor.  Ex.,i\.  479,  jdaces  the  fort  on  the  Cliilkotiu 
hraiieh  of  Fraser  lliver  in  latitude  o'l"  10',  while  ou  Trutch's  map  it  is  located 
nearer  02"  20'. 


4G2 


DOMINATION  BY  THE  HUDSON'S  BAY  COMPANY. 


11  winter  trading  excursions  had  been  made  to  Babino 
Lake,  and  in  1822^  a  permanent  post  was  planted 
there  no  less  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  a  regular 
supply  of  superior  dried  salmon,  than  for  the  procur- 
ing of  furs.* 

The  Beaver  Indians  who  inhabited  the  Rocky 
Mountains  where  Peace  River  flows  through  them, 
were  a  well  fed  race,  and  hence  bold  and  warlike.  In 
the  autumn  of  1823,  Guy  Hughes  and  four  men  were; 
killed  at  Fort  St  John  for  wife-lifting,  as  stealing 
women  from  the  natives  was  technically  termed  by 
the  fur-traders.  Much  alarm  prevailed  at  all  tlu; 
posts  within  a  radius  of  five  hundred  miles.  Th(j 
establishment  was  soon  deserted.  Likewise  Fort 
Dunvegan  was  abandoned  the  following  year  in  con- 
sequence, but  was  reestablished  some  time  afterward 
by  Mr  Campbell.  It  was  never  known  positively  who 
did  the  killing,  although  a  chief  called  Sancho  had 
been  greatly  enraged  against  Mr  Black,  the  officer  in 
charge  of  the  fort,  for  taking  from  him  one  of  his  wivrs 
a  few  days  prior  to  the  revengeful  deed,  and  had  even 
fired  shots  at  the  canoes  of  Black  and  Henry  as  they 
took  their  departure  from  the  fort.  The  natives 
thereabouts  manifested  the  most  friendly  feeling 
at  the  time  and  subsequently,  although  three  or  four 
of  the  St  John  Indians  held  themselves  aloof  forever 
after.  When  Governor  Simpson  passed  St  John  in 
1828,  the  buildings  were  entire,  nothing  about  thcni 
having  been  molested.  But  we  may  be  sure  the  Sabine 
sport  was  never  again  attempted  in  that  region.'^ 


The  oldest  officer  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Comjxiny 
I  hn.ve  had  the  pleasure  of  meeting  was  John  Tod, 
born  at  Levcn,  Scotland,  in  1793.  With  other  vounu" 
recruits  he  enlisted  at  Glasgow  under  the  Red  River 

'  Follow-ing  Stuart,  Anderson,  Northirent  Coaxt,  MS.,  99,  gives  the  date  of 
this  beginning  ISi.S,  and  calls  tlie  post  Fort  Kilinaurs.  It  is  known  as  Fort 
liabine  to-day.     It  was  located  near  the  iiortii-east  end  of  the  lake. 

^Stuarfu  NoteM,  in  Anderson's  Northwest  Coast,  MS.,  23G. 

^McLcoiVa  Peace  liiver,  IG,  85.  - 


JOHN  TOD  IN  NEW  CALEDONIA. 


468 


l);inncr  of  Lord  Selkirk.  After  serving  at  several 
fastcrn  stations,  he  was  appointed  to  New  Caledonia, 
whither  he  proceeded  in  1823.  This  rci^ion  was  then 
n•,L,^arded  as  the  Botany  Bay  of  the  Hudson's  Bay 
Company's  territories  so  far  as  residence  was  con- 
cerned. ]Mr  Tod  attributes  his  appointment  to  that 
then  undesirable  region  to  one  Taylor,  a  servant  of 
Sh-  (jleorge  Simpson's,  an  arrogant  fellow  whom  all 
the  olHcers  hated,  and  whom  Tod  had  mortally 
ollcnded.  One  day  after  a  quarrel  with  the  menial, 
Simpson  sent  for  Tod.     Taylor  was  the  mi^ssenger. 

"  Sit  down,  Mr  Tod,"  smilingly  said  the  governor. 
'■  I  have  to  inform  you,  my  dear  sir,  of  a  new  ap- 
pointment by  the  governor  in  council." 

"Ah,  indeed!"  returned  Tod,  "where  to,  may  I 
ask?" 

"  New  Caledonia,"  replied  the  governor. 

"  The  very  place  of  all  others  I  should  like  to  go 
to,"  exclaimed  Tod,  who  was  determined  that  no  sign 
of  disappointment  should  cloud  his  beaming  Scotch 
countenance  at  that  juncture. 

With  Tod  came  Stuart.  Peter  Warren  Dease  was 
then  in  charge  at  McLeod  Lake,  and  him  Tod  re- 
lieved. Filling  that  post  nine  years,  he  returned  east. 
Tod  related  many  adventures  to  me  which  I  have 
not  the  space  to  give.  He  once  set  London  agog  by 
jKirading  through  its  streets  a  shock-headed  American 
in  all  his  native  habiliments.  After  long  and  faithful 
service  in  the  company,  an  accusation  of  habitual 
drunkenness  was  reported  by  Governor  Simpson  to 
the  London  council,  but  the  charge  was  finally  dis- 
missed.*' 

By  order  of  the  Rupert  governor,  Simpson,  an  expe- 
<Ution  was  directed  northward  from  Astoria  in  1824, 
for  the  purpose  of  discovering  by  sea  the  mouth  of 

"See  Douglan'  Private  Papem,  1st  ser.,  MS.,  80-2;  Tod's  New  Caledonia, 
MS.,  jinssini.  Before  tlie  occupation  of  New  Caledonia,  Norway  House  waa 
the  Sihuria  of  the  company,  wliere  refractory  men  and  headstroiiy  officers 
vere  sent  for  prol>ationary  cooling.  Applcijate'a  Views,  ^IH.,  11;  Saxtoii's  Or. 
Ter.,  MS.,  12. 


iM 


DOMINATION  BY  THE  HUDSON'S  BAY  COMi'ANY. 


ri! 


Iltiifi 


Frasor  Kivcr,  fiiidiiij,''  a  ssituation  for  a  fort,  and  asoor- 
tainiug  tliu  possibilities  of  navigation  u[)oii  that  stream. 
Tlio  country  aloni^  their  route  I)et\veen  tli(;  Cohnnhiii 
and  Fraser  rivers  was  to  be  carefully  examined.  TIhj 
ex[)edition  consisted  of  James  McMillan,  conmiandt  i-; 
Thomas  McKay,  ¥.  N.  Annance,  and  John  Work,' 
clerks;  and  thirty-six  French  Canadians,  Kanakas, 
and  Iroquois. 

Instead  of  taking  the  Cowlitz  River  route  to  Punct 
Sound,  the  one  connnonly  adoi)ted  at  u  later  period, 
it  was  determined  to  enter  that  sheet  by  way  of  t'lc 
Chehalis.  Embarking  on  the  18th  of  November  in 
three  boats  laden  with  arms  and  anniiunition,  besides 
Hour,  pork,  pease,  oatmeal,  grease,  rum,  butter,  snuar, 
biscuit,  and  pcmican,  the  party  proceeded  to  IJakt  r 
Uay,  where  they  landed,  and  to  avoid  the  danger  of 
doubling  Cape  Disappointment,  made  the  portage  by 
way  of  ii  small  lake  and  creek  to  Shoalwater  Bay,"* 
which  they  reached  on  the  20th. 

Carefully  noting  their  course,  and  bringing  within 
the  range  of  their  acute  observation  every  object  of 

'To  none  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company's  officers  is  posterity  iiioro 
indebted  than  to  .John  Work,  whose  journals  of  various  expeditions,  nowlnio 
else  mentioned,  lill  a  gap  in  liistory.  Irish  by  birth  he  entered  tlic  serviL-e  nf 
the  IIudt^on'H  Lay  Company  in  1S14,  served  for  eight  years  on  the  eastern  slipi', 
crossed  the  mountains  to  Astoria,  where  wo  find  liini  i  lubarking  in  tlic  pri'si  iit 
expedition  in  18:14.  lie  planted  at  Colvillt;  tlie  lirst  fann  west  of  the  Hmky 
Mountains.  In  KS'JS  he  jour'yys  from  Fort  Vancouver  to  Okanagan,  in  LSIJI  lu' 
visits  the  Mis.'^ouri  River,  a.  in  18^1  makes  a  trip  southward  from  Fort  Van 
couver.  For  fourteen  years  lext  following,  he  is  in  charge  at  Fort  Sini]isoii. 
From  elurk  he  rises  to  the  positions  of  chief  trader  and  chief  factor.  Ju  IS'iT 
he  is  made  member  of  the  cotnicil  of  Vancouver,  which  position  he  tills  ti 
the  day  of  his  death,  in  1801,  at  which  time  he  was  also  nieudierof  the  bo:inl 
of  management  of  the  western  department  at  Victoria.  Mr  Work  was  u  nuiu 
of  strong  rather  than  graceful  physi(iue.  His  mind  like  his  frame  was  cim- 
structed  for  practical  use  and  endurauec,  rather  than  for  beauty  or  brilli:inec. 
Yet  that  strict  integrity  which  commanded  respect  was  no  more  pronuncnt  a 
characteristic  than  the  kindly  disposition  which  won  all  hearts.  Xear  th(; 
residence  of  the  fanuly  at  Hillside,  Victoria,  stands  to-day  a  spacious  lug-In 'Hm; 
in  which  was  peacefully  and  pleasantly  spent  the  latter  part  of  a  useful  lit' , 
whose  earlier  portion  was  fraught  in  no  small  degree  with  privation  airl 
peril.  It  was  Jlr  W^ork's  rcrjuest  that  this  logdionse  should  be  preserved.  -Mr 
Work's  Jounnth,  for  which  I  am  indebted  to  Mr  Finlayson,  comjiriso  'J  10  pages 
of  most  interesting  detail  without  which  a  complete  history  of  the  Xortliwe-^t 
Coast  could  not  be  written.  Allan,  llcin.,  MS.,  13,  calls  \\'ork  a  kinddicarted 
and  generous  Irishman  who  often  amused  his  associates  by  hia  murder  of  tliu 
French  tongue. 

"Mr  Work  calls  it  Grey's  Biiy. 


KXPKDITIOX  TO  FRASER  RI'  ER. 


465 


interest  on  sea  and  shore,  the  explorers  continue  tlieir 
Mav,  lanchniTf  at  intervals  and  draiifijini'  their  boats 
across  points  deemed  unadvisahle  to  pass  round. 

Arrived  at  the  northern  eiul  of  Shoalwater  Bay, 
IheV  enter  and  ascend  a  small  stream,  and  after  a 
ten-mile  portajjfe,  meanwhih;  drenched  hy  a  diizzlin-jf 
ruin,  on  the  2jth  they  reach  Gray  Harbor,"  and  ascend 


C.Lookoi 


TuE  CnEHALis  Route. 

the  Chehalis  River  to  a  branch  which  from  the  color 
of  the  water  was  called  Black  Iliver.  The  natives 
encountered,  though  they  had  before  met  white  men, 
})ut  on  an  attitude  of  fear  and  defence;  because,  they 
said,  they  had  been  told  the  fur-hunters  had  come  to 
attack  them.  One  of  the  men  becoming  seriously  ill, 
he  was  given  in  charge  of  a  Chehalis  chief. 

•Called  by  the  travcUcra  Chehalii,  ^y. 
HisT.N.W.  COABT,  Vol.  II.    30 


\.  !■  ?■ 


1  ''''V 


466 


DOMINATION  BY  THE  HUDSON'S  BAY  CO-MPANY. 


Up  Black  River  they  sliovc  their  boats  as  far  as 
tlic}'  will  *^o  to  Tuniwater,  the  lake  which  is  the 
river's  source.  Here  they  find  an  Indian  portage 
leadin'ji:  toward  the  north-west;  followiniji:  which  with 
their  elFects,  they  launch  their  boats  the  5th  of  De- 
cember on  Eld  Inlet,  an  arm  of  Pugist  Sound. 

Continuing  their  course,  tliey  land  from  time  to  time 
to  camp,  hunt,  and  consult  with  the  natives,  whoso 
lanixuatje  they  do  not  understand.  The  weather  is 
cold  and  wet,  tlie  sky  ov^ercast;  indeed  it  is  a  moist 
inclement  season  for  sucli  a  journey.  One  of  their 
interpreters  fearing  to  meet  the  terrible  people  at  what 
was  supposed  to  be  the  entrance  to  Eraser  River, 
I'efused  to  go  farther.  Another  is  picked  uj),  luiwever, 
as  the  party  proceeds  up  the  fi-igid  waters,  although 
he  can  make  himself  but  dimly  intelligible  to  any  of 
the  Indians  of  the  party. 

Huji-'dng  closely  the  eastern  shore,  often  waiting 
for  the  sea  to  quiet  before  crossing  the  inlets,  they 
pass  the  great  islands  of  the  strait,  and  on  the  13th 
a[)proacli  the  UKJuth  of  the  great  river.  Coming  to  a . 
small  stream,  by  way  of  which,  and  connecting  with 
another  stream  flowing  into  the  Eraser,  the  natives 
made  a  portage,  though  a  difficult  one,  Mc^Iillan  was 
induced  to  take  this  cut-otf,  no  less  by  the  representa- " 
tions  of  his  guides  and  interpreters  of  the  ferocious 
character  of  the  Kwantlums,^"  than  to  avoid  the  long 
and  somewl Kit  dangerous  circuit  for  small  boats  round 
Point  Roberts. 

Inunenwe  Hocks  of  j>lovcr  now  attracted  their  at- 
tention; elk  and  deer  were  plenty,  and  signs  of  beaver 
frequent. 

The  portage"  made,  the  })arty  entered  the  great 

'"Work  calls  the  people  at  tlio  mouth  of  the  Frascr  the  Co^\-cechiiis,  iiiul 
the  river  the  Coweeeliia.  lu  thin  he  was  wholly  iu  error.  The  ( 'om  ithiiis 
lived  ou\';uRoiiver  Island  opposite  the  entrance  toFraser  Jtiver,  which  stvcain 
■was  never  known  ahoriyinally  or  otherwise  as  the  Cowichin  iliver.  See  Sal'^'i'. 
Ji'acix,  i.,  map  Columhian  Oroii]),  I'ltT.  It  mny  have  been  t!ie  Cowichins  U'e 
j)arty  were  alraid  of,  and  livin;,'  in  that  vicinity,  their  fears  may  liave  placed 
them  like  so  many  ogres  ou  the  delta  of  the  I'iver  guardin;^  the  tntranv,e. 

"  The  strcaiu  by  which  the  cut-oil'  was  made  flowed  through  a  phiiu  whose 


AT  FRASER  RIVER. 


407 


river  "as  wide  as  the  Columbia  at  Oal:  Point,  one 
tlioiisaiid  yards,"  tlic}'  said,  at  one  o'clock  on  the  1  Gth. 
Opposite  them  was  an  island.  They  did  not  know 
how  far  they  were  from  the  entrance,  hut  "  fi-oni  tho 
size  and  appearance  of  the  river,  thei-c  is  no  doubt  in 
our  minds,"  Work  writes,  "but  that  it  is  Frazer's." 

Encamping  for  the  remainder  of  the  day,  hunters 
were  sent  out  for  elk;  and  embarking  next  morning 
at  eight,  the  party  passed  the  island  opposite,  also 
other  islands,  and  after  proceeding  up  the  river  in  all 
eighteen  miles,  they  cam^ied  at  the  entrance  of  a  small 
river.  But  few  natives  were  met;  the  Indian  villages 
consisted  of  from  two  to  six  houses,  and  thougji  tlu' 
inmates  seemed  of  an  inferior  order,  some  of  the; 
houses  were  largo  and  well  made.  The  simple  people 
were  pleased  at  the  prospect  of  having  the  white  n)en 
among  them ;  and  the  latter  took  care  to  make  them  so. 

Tiie  next  day,  the  18th,  was  very  rainy.  About 
nine  o'clock  the  ex[)lorers  were  visited  by  a  party  of 
fiftj'-one  Kwantlums^'-  who  came  from  their  \illage 
above  and  amon<if  whom  were  three  women  and  a  bov. 
These  jieople  were  friendly;  presents  were  given  them, 
and  a  few  beaver-skins  jmrcliased.  In  their  possession 
were  two  guns,  a  new  blanket,  a  pair  of  trousers,  and 
other  European  articles  brought  IVom  tribes  alK)\e 
who  obtained  them  from  white  people,  Mucli  infor- 
mation was  ol)tained  from  them  respecting  the  country 
and  its  inhabitants- 

JJeeniing  it  unnecessary  to  ascend  the  I'iver  farther, 
tlie  party  drop[)ed  down  to  their  previous  camp, 
where  they  passed  the  nigbt,  and  next  day,  the  ]!)th, 
descended  the  river  twenty -seven  miles. 

That  night  they  cam])e<l  near  the  mouth  of  the 
river.  Hi^re  thev  Ibund  the  native  ^■illages  iuore 
frequent  and  larger',  one'  consisting  of  owr  ti  liundred 
Jiouses.     Next  day  the  party  discoNered   the  scxcral 

iIlIi  liliiik  mould  wjis  softened  to  the  consistcney  of  mud  liy  tln'  tVnuunt 
licMVv  r.'iiiis.     The  |)()rtji','e  fi'oiii  strejiiii  to  streiim  distance  Wii-i  7,!HKI  yards 
X.XJ-;..  2,!I70  yiird.s  f.f  a'seeut  iind  :{,!i;{0  of  dcsceut. 
'^  Work  says  of  the  ( 'ahoulctt  tril)e. 


408 


DOMINATION  BY  THE  HUDSON'S  BAY  COMPANY. 


channels  througli  which  the  mighty  waters  discharge, 
and  the  many  neighboring  isles.  Carefully  observing 
the  peculiarities  of  the  region,  the  low  swampy  shores, 
the  distant  ridges,  the  small  scattering  pines,  so  dif- 
ferent from  those  of  the  dense  forests  above,  and  taking 
soundings  on  their  way,  the  party  passed  out  through 
the  southernmost  channel  into  the  open  sea,  round 
Point  Roberts  and  encamped  in  Birch  Bay. 

Embarking;  at  six  next  morninfj,  and  followinc^  their 
former  track,  at  two  o'clock  on  the  24th  of  December 
they  arrived  at  Chelacom,^^  the  village  of  one  of  their 
interpreters.  Continuing,  their  former  portage  lead- 
ing to  the  Chehalis  was  completed  the  2Gth.  One 
of  the  boats  was  left  at  the  village  of  their  guide, 
whose  name  was  Sinoughton,  the  crew  and  effects 
l)eing  taken  by  the  other  boats.  Next  day  the  party 
(Hvided.  McMillan,  Work,  an  interpreter,  and  six  men, 
])rocui'ing  hoi'ses  fi'om  the  natives,  crossed  over  to  thu 
Cowlitz,  where  they  hired  a  canoe  from  the  Indians 
and  proceeded  tlience  to  Astoria  by  water,  which  they 
reached  the  30th  of  December;  while  McKay,  An- 
nance,  and  the  remainder  of  the  men  followed  back 
their  former  route  down  the  Chehalis,  and  through 
Shoal  water  to  Baker  Bay. 


m' 


i  1 


Betw^ecn  1822  and  1825  John  McLeod  was  iu  charge 
of  the  Thompson  River  district,  during  most  of  whicli 
time  lie  conducted  the  brigade  of  supplies  into  that 
In    1826  he  went  from  Kamloop  to  Fort 


region 


14 


Vancouver,  and  thence  across  the  mountains  to  Ed- 
monton. He  set  out  from  Fort  Vancouver  for  the 
eastward  the  20th  of  March,  left  Spokane  the  17th  of 
April,  and  arrived  at  Boat  Encampment  ten  days 
later.  There  he  found  the  snow  so  deep  that  he  was 
obliged  to  cut  up  his  leathern  trousers  to  make  sno^^'- 
slioes.  He  reached  Fort  Edmonton  safely,  however, 
on  the  17th  of  May. 

"  Stcilacoom. 

"  Those  supplies  were  '  for  the  wlf-lo  of  the  country  between  the  Rocky 


McLEOD'S  EXPEDITION. 


460 


This  journey  is  memorable  as  being  the  first  in 
Avhich  calves  were  taken  from  Fort  Vancouver  to  the 
country  of  the  upper  Columbia.  It  seems  that  the 
liungry  natives  at  the  portages  were  detcrminctl  in- 
continently to  make  meat  of  the  young  bovines.  What 
earthly  use  these  creatures  were  except  to  kill,  the 
unsopliisticated  savage  could  not  imagine,  and  draw- 
ing his  bow  ho  would  spoil  the  keepers  as  well  as  the 
calves  if  they  interfered  with  his  lordly  purpose.  On 
one  occcasion  the  life  of  McLeod  was  saved  only  l)y 
the  quickness  of  James  Douglas,  who  struck  from  his 
liand  the  weapon  of  an  Indian  in  the  act  of  shooting 
3IcLcod  in  the  back.  Through  all  these  dangers  the 
]irccious  calves  nevertheless  passed  in  safety  to  Fort 
Colville,  where  they  fulfilled  their  mission,  multiply- 
ing rapidly.  A  leave  of  absence  being  granted  him, 
McLeod  started  east,  but  finding  work  on  the  way 
needing  his  attention,  he  stopped  and  built  Norway 
House.  ^° 

It  was  during  this  same  year  of  1820,^"  or  1825, 
that  the  post  upon  the  Spokane  River  Avas  removed 
to  Kettle  Falls  on  the  Columl)ia  and  called  Fort  Col- 
ville, after  the  then  London  governor  of  the  Hudson's 
Bay  Company.  Once  fairly  established,  the  accounts 
of  the  surrounding  posts  centered  here,  thus  saving 
a  trip  to  Fort  Vancouver  for  settlement.  Then  it 
^\•as  that  the  days  of  the  New  Caledonia  brigadt^ 
l)cgan,  and  the  current  of  supply  was  at  last  Avholly 
changed  from  the  Atlantic  westward,  to  the  Pacific; 
eastward,  entering  the  interior  from  Fort  A^ancouver, 
even  such  goods  as  were  destined  for  the  upper  Fraser 
being  carried  up  the  Columbia  in  boats  to  Fort  Col- 
ville, and  conveyed  thence  on  horses  to  Fort  Alej:- 

^lountains  and  the  Pacific,  from  the  Cohiinbia  River  to  the  Russian  liouiulary, 
ancl  far  l)cyon(l.'  McLend'n Prmr  J'irer,  UK). 

^'^  McLeod'^  Journal,  in  McLco-r.-)  Peacf  Hirer,  fll?-4. 

""'The  exact  time  of  removal  is  obscure,  but  in  July  \f^'2t\  wo  find  a  party 
embarking  at  Fort  Vancouver  with  '1'2  pieces  for  I'ort  Colville,'  wliieh  hIiowh 
that  this  establishment  was  then  in  operation.  Work-'-i  Jiiiirmif,  MS.,  4!). 
Kvans,  If  inf.  Or.,  MS.,  ISG,  dates  the  founding  of  (.'olville  IS-J,");  Andonson, 
X<irlh\rei<t  f'lia.sf,  MS.,0,  makes  the  time  18'20;  VVilkes,  Har.  U.i'f.E.cplor.  Ex., 
iv.  473,  saya  1825. 


470 


DOMINATION  BY  THE  HUDSON'S  BAY  COMPANY. 


*'■■  k^ 


r^-:i\ 


*:]■: 


nudria,  tlio  Fraser  between  this  point  and  its  mouth 
running  through  too  rugged  a  country  for  easy  or  safe 
transportation.  Dog-sledges  as  well  as  horses  were 
used  between  the  posts  of  New  Caledonia  in  early 
days,  as  I  have  elsewhere  remarked.  The  round  trip 
from  Foit  Vancouver  and  return  of  the  New  Cale- 
donia brigade  usually  occupied  from  the  middle  of 
April  to  the  end  of  September.  The  navigation  of 
the  Columbia  was  difficult  and  dangerous;  and  yet, 
such  were  the  coolness  and  skill  of  the  voyageurs  and 
their  leaders,  comparatively  few  accidents  occurred. 
Tlie  natives  had  now  learned  to  respect  and  regard  as 
I'riends  the  fur-traders,  who  took  care  to  hold  them  in 
wholesome  fear  of  white  men.^" 

About  this  time^^  a  post  was  established  at  Lake 
Connolly,  or  Bear  Lake,  by  James  Douglas,  and 
named  bv  him  in  honor  of  his  father-in-law,  William 
Connollv.  This  ijentleman  had  been  a  'grev'  of  the 
Northwest  Company,  and  was  in  charge  of  New  Cale- 
donia for  several  years  prior  to  1831,  when  ho  went 
to  Canada  on  a  furlouo'h.^^ 

James  (.^onnolly  was  a  chief  factor  in  the  Hudson  s 
Day  Com|)any.  His  residence  M^as  Montreal,  though 
much  of  his  time  was  spent  west  of  the  mountains. 
He  Mas  a  man  of  great  energy  and  bravery,  both 
these  qualities  being  employed  in  an  eminent  degree 
in  the  ai'duous  and  dangerous  task  of  conducting  the 
brigade  of  supplies  from  Fort  Vancouver  to  Fort  St 
James, 

Later  we  find  in  this  rejjion  Fort  Stager'^"  on  the 

^''Aii(kr.'<ri)i\i  Xorthrest  Coa,«t  MS.,  !i-8.  'Next  in  importance  to  Fort 
Vancouver,' wiiynKvaiis,  J  fist.  Or.,  MS.,  180.  '  Locate<l  on  the  east  bank  of  tlio 
Columbia,  8outii  of  Clark  Fork,  latitude  48"  39'.'  See  Fhthy.mi's  Hid.  V.  /., 
]SIS.,  ().");  Wllhs  \(ir.,  U.  S.  E-vplor.  Ex.,  iv.  471-3.  Two  miles  above  tlie 
Kettle  Falls,  drdii'x  J  list.  Or.,  43. 

'"Mr  AmleiHon,  Hid.  Northved  Coast,  MS.,  14,  thinks  it  was  in  182G  7. 
Stuart  places  the  time  earlier;  but  both  arc  uncertain  as  to  the  exact  date. 
Flcminy  on  his  J/f//)  of  the  Canadian  Pacijic  Railway  places  it  at  the  head  of 
Bear  Lake,  one  of  the  sources  of  the  Skecna  River. 

'"  For  several  years  he  wintered  at  Ljidousac,  below  Quebec.  Upon  liis 
linal  retirement,  he  settled  at  Montreal,  of  Mliicli  city  he  was  afterward 
elected  mayor.  Amiersou's  Hist.  Northwest  Coast,  MS.,  03. 

■^^  Also  called  Fort  Kispyox. 


EASTERN  BOUND  LRIGADE. 


471 


loft  bank  of  Kispyox,  or  Collins  river,  near  the  mouth 
(if  IJabine  River;  Bulkley  House,  at  the  northern 
vA\d  of  Lacla  Lake;  Salmon  House,  on  Salmon  lliver, 
wliich  flows  into  Dean  Channel,  and  other  minor  posts. 

To  o-ive  the  details  of  each  succeedinji;  l)ri<j:a(lc 
would  be  tiresome  and  profitless.  But  I  deem  it 
my  duty  to  chronicle  every  important  journey  made 
(larinij^  this  early  e])och,  as  thereby  alone  may  we 
learn  the  doings  of  the  Europeans,  and  the  progress 
</t"  exploration  and  discovery.  And  among  the  im- 
])ortant  journeys  was  that  of  the  interior  brigade  of 
IS2G,  being  the  first  since  the  entire  removal  to  the 
now  head-auarters. 

Under  command  of  Connolly  this  brigade  consisting 
of  nine  boats,  each  manned  by  six  oars,  and  containing 
freight  for  Colville,  Thompson  River,  Nez  Percy's,  and 
Xew  Caledonia,  besides  despatches  for  York  Factory, 
•  iiibarked  at  Fort  Vancouver  the  fifth  of  July.  As 
jiassengers  went  a  McDonald,  Douglas,  Annance, 
('ortin,  and  Work;  also  three  women  and  nine  chil- 
dren of  the  families  of  McLoughlin,  McDonald,  and 
]\[cKay.-^ 

They  made  the  Cascade  portage  the  7th,  and  on  the 
1 1th  ct)mplcted  the  Dalles  portage,  where  they  met 
F.  ^IcDonald,  McKay,  and  Deans,  who  with  tMo 
boats  and  eighteen  men  were  on  their  way  fr-om  the 
Shoshone  country  and  Walla  Walla  to  Fort  Van- 
couver. Ogden  with  pait  of  the  men  were  en  route 
from  the  same  region  with  horses  l)y  way  of  the 
Willamette.  The  brigade  reached  Fort  Nez  Perces 
tlie  14th.  Horses  being  required  for  transportation 
ill  Xew  Cale'lonia,  several  were  purchased  from  the 
natives,  but  not  as  many  could  be  obtained  as  were 
Manted,  so  a  horse  })arty  was  despatched  up  the  Xez 
Perces  River'"  while  the  boats  proceeded  to  Colville. 

^'  The  flctails  of  this  journey,  which  I  shall  mention  very  liriclly,  are  givuu 
liy  Work  in  his  Joiinialti,  MS.,  49-84. 

'^  The  reader  will  remember  that  Fort  Walla  Walla  was  first  called  Fort 
Nez  I'crcC's,  and  the  Suake,  or  Lewis,  branch  of  the  Columbia,  Nez  Perctis  Kiver. 


47-. 


DOMINATION  BY  THE  HUDSON'S  BAY  CO.MPANY. 


i}..; 


Witli  the  horse-trading  party  was  an  interpreter 
wlio  haranjxucd  the  natives  at  their  several  villasres, 
telHng  them  to  bring  forth  their  horses  and  trade.  But 
the  hjrds  of  that  country  preferred  to  keep  their  ani- 
mals unless  they  could  get  for  them  exorbitant  prices. 
Nevertlicless,  after  narrowly  escaping  a  general  fight, 
the  part}'  succeeded  in  purchasing  seventy-nine  horses, 
and  with  them  proceeded  to  Spokane,  w^iere,  dividing 
the  band,  some  were  taken  to  Colville,  and  some  to 
Okanagan.  At  Colville,  the  5th  of  August,  Work 
examined  the  results  of  the  late  agricultural  eftbrts 
with  some  degree  of  interest.  On  the  whole,  expec- 
tations were  hardly  realized.'^^ 

On  the  IGth  of  August,  Work,  accompanied  by 
Kittson  and  twelve  men,  set  out  from  Fort  Colville, 
having  nine  loaded  liorses,  to  make  the  summer  trade 
with  tlie  Flatheads,  while  one  man  was  to  cross  over 
to  the  Kootcnais  and  toll  them  to  meet  the  traders, 
on  their  return,  at  the  lake. 

While  on  the  way  rumors  reached  them  of  the  inva- 
sion of  the  Flathead  and  Nez  Perce  countries  by  traj)- 
pers  from  the  United  States."  They  had  been  joined, 
it  was  said,  by  deserters  from  British  fur-hunting  ranks. 
Although  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  had  not  been 
troubled  by  any  opposition  throughout  the  vast  North- 
west except  along  the  sea-shore,  the  possibility  of 
unwelcome  interference  was  ever  present  in  their  minds. 
After  buying  what  furs  the  natives  had,  these  mono}' 
missionaries  exhorted  the  savages  to  greater  diligence 
in  hunting  furs  for  them,  and  returned  to  Colville, 
Mhore  they  arrived  the  5th  of  September.^^     McDon- 


-"The  potatoes  .appear  pretty  well,'  Work  writes,  Journal,  MS.,  07; 
'  barley  midilling.  No  wheat  at  all  came  up,  and  only  a  few  stalks  of 
Iiulian  corn.  Green  peas  but  indill'erent.  The  kitchen  garden  stuff,  turnips, 
cabbages  were  so  and  so.  The  soil  appears  to  be  too  dry.'  It  will  be 
remembered  that  this  was  the  lirst  attempt  at  what  might  be  called  farming  in 
all  that  vast  region  north  of  San  Francisco  Bay  and  M"est  of  the  Koeky 
Mountains. 

^*  It  was  Ashley  and  his  party  who  were  thus  filling  the  forest  with  their 
obnoxious  scent. 

^■'  The  result  of  this  trip  was  the  following  articles  secured  to  the  company : 
510  large  beaver,  149  Binall  beaver,  505  nnisk-rat,  1*2  buil'alo,  115  deer,  7  otter. 


DOUGLiVS  AND  THE  SAVAGES. 


473 


iigonco 


cDoii- 


akl  and  Dcasc  with  their  famihes,  and  the  famihes  of 
^McLoughHu  and  McKay,  proceeded  eastward. 

When  Yale  was  in  charjjc  of  Fort  Goorirc,  New 
Caledonia,  two  natives,  who  had  been  employed  at  the 
fort,  by  their  diligence  and  good  behavior  gained  the 
implicit  confidence  of  the  white  men.  While  on  a  long 
journey  in  company  with  two  Canadians,  who  consti- 
tuted besides  Yale  almost  the  entire  force  then  at 
Fort  George,  the  natives  rose  one  night,  slew  their 
companions,  and  fled.  It  was  impossible  at  that  time 
to  pursue  the  murderers,  as  there  were  none  who  could 
bo  spared  from  the  fort. 

A  year  or  two  passed,  when  it  became  known  that 
one  of  them  had  been  killed  by  the  Blackfeet.  Douglas 
was  then  in  cliarge  at  Fort  St  James,  where  were 
gathered  a  concourse  of  natives  to  celebrate  a  feast. 
One  night  a  woman  approached  the  pickets  and  whis- 
pered to  the  guard, 

"I  want  to  see  Mr  Douglas." 

"What  for?" 

"I  will  not  toll  you." 

"Then  you  cannot  see  Mr  Douglas,"  replied  the 


guard. 


"Promise  not  to  betray  me  and  I  will  tell  you,"  the 
woman  said.  "  One  of  the  murderers  of  Mr  Yale's  men 
is  at  the  lodge." 

Douglas  was  called.  Taking  with  him  young  Con- 
nolly, and  another  man  who  affirmed  that  he  could 
identify  the  offender,  Douglas  proceeded  to  the  Indian 
encampment  near  by.  Save  a  few  old  women  the 
lodges  were  vacant;  but  in  one  of  them  was  a  large  pile 
of  camp  cquipvige,  in  turning  over  which  Douglas 
found  his  ej'o  in  close  proximity  to  an  arrow-point. 
Quick  as  a  flash  he  drew  his  pistol  and  fired.  One  of 
his  companions  rushed  up  and  fir(>d.  Connolly  then 
seized  the  object  underneath  the  baggage  by  the  hair, 

and  about  200  other  skins,  besides  some  4,500  lbs.  of  meat,  21  pack-saddles, 
i  liairs  leggings,  and  other  small  articles. 


in 


Ml 


47i 


DOMIXATIOX  BY  THE  HUDSON'S  BAY  COMPAXY, 


and  draj^ging  liim  forth  despatched  him  with  the  butt 
end  of  his  musket.  Returning  to  the  fort,  the  gates 
were  left  open  as  usual,  and  each  went  about  his  busi- 
ness. 

When  the  Indians  returned  and  found  the  body 
of  the  slaughtered  man,  tliey  raised  a  fearful  howl. 
It  was  n(jt  the  killing  that  troubled  them  so  much  as 
the  place  in  which  it  was  done.  The  man  deserved 
death,  and  was  not  of  their  tribe;  but  their  law  was 
sucli  that  for  the  safety  of  a  stranger  in  their  tent 
they  were  responsil)le.  For  the  life  thus  taken  the 
relatives  of  this  unhallowed  carcass  must  bo  paid. 
Hence  the  howling.  Reason  in  due  time  returnin<>-, 
they  resolved  that  as  they  had  not  killed  him  they 
would  not  pay  for  him.     Then  the  howling  ceased. 

At  the  fort  it  was  thought  the  matter  was  over; 
when  suddenly  there  entered  at  the  open  gate  two  hun- 
dred savages  with  blackened  faces  presaging  mischief 
While  some  stood  with  uplifted  weapons  over  the  heads 
of  Connolly  and  the  rest,  others  seized  Douglas,  and 
amidst  much  struggling  and  swearing,  bound  him 
hand  and  foot,  and  carrying  him  away  to  the  mess 
room  laid  him  at  full  length  upon  the  table. 

Although  a  pretty  morsel  for  the  gods,  the  young 
commander  of  the  fortress  did  not  fancy  his  situation; 
so  he  roared  most  lustily,  and  struggled  most  stren- 
uously, and  swore  most  vehemently  that  if  he  was 
not  inmiediatoly  released  he  would  blast  to  ashes  all 
New  Caledonia. 

"  Calm  yourself,"  said  the  ruler  of  the  redskins. 

"  I  tell  you,"  spluttered  Douglas,  "  I  w^ll  cut  your 
whole  nation  into  mince-meat  if  you  do  not  instantly 
release  me." 

"How  if  we  mince-meat  you?"  asked  the  chief 
"  Nay,  if  you  will  not  lie  quietly  we  must  await  your 
pleasure." 

Finally  Douglas  saw  the  folly  of  his  fury,  and 
expressed  his  willingness  to  parley. 

"  What  do  you  want?"  he  demanded. 


RELEASE. 


475 


"  Pay  for  the  man  j^ou  have  slain,"  was  the  reply. 

"  I  will  give  you  nothing,"  returned  Douglas  strug- 
!.;ling  to  rise  and  free  himself. 

"  Lie  down,"  cried  the  chief,  shoving  him  back. 
"  We  want  clothing,  axes,  tobacco,  and  guns  for  the 
j;it]ior,  mother,  brothers,  and  sisters  of  the  deceased, 
tliL'  payment  of  which  we  are  responsible  for,  though 
wo  know  the  man  was  a  murderer,  and  deserved  death 
at  your  hands." 

Seeing  the  savages  in  so  earnest  a  mood,  and  sensi- 
ble withal,  the  wrath  of  Douglas  left  him,  so  that  he 
linally  came  to  terms  with  them,  pledged  his  word, 
tlie  word  of  a  Hudson's  Bay  ofiicer,  which  all  sav- 
agodom  had  learned  implicitly  to  trust,  and  was  re- 
leased.^" 

-''  ToiPs  Neio  Cale'lonia,  MS.,  25-34.  Thia  story  liaa  been  harped  in  varia- 
tions ))}'  almost  as  many  authors  as  have  given  us  gunpowder  plots.  It  was 
11  tirave,  resolute  act,  and  under  the  then  existing  state  of  things  it  seemed 
necessary ;  but  in  liunting  and  killing  their  savage,  I  sec  nothing  to  call  forth 
s]ieeial  ailmiration.  There  wan  no  more  noble  daring  about  it  than  in  the 
slaughter  of  a  bear  or  a  rattlesnake.  Most  writers  throw  round  the  murdered 
man  armed  warriors,  glaring  deadly  revenge,  and  through  whose  midst  the 
lieio  stalks  unscathed;  when  the  fact  is  there  were  only  a  few  old  women 
lll■e^^ent  when  the  deed  was  done;  and  in  the  final  settlement  it  seems  to  mo 
tliat  the  childlike  savages  lia<l  rather  the  better  of  it.  Any  one  who  wishes 
to  take  the  trouble,  may  compare  such  writers  as  Gray,  Ilisl.  Or.,  44;  Hines, 
Urujoii  Hist.,  3U2,  et  seq. 


1118. 


chief 
t  your 


ci 


ij 


M 


CHAPTER  XXI. 

FOUNDING  OP  FORT  LANGLEY. 

1827. 

Advent  of  the  Schooxer  'Cadboro' — Her  History  axd  her  Captain  — 
Occupation  of  the  Nortuern  Shore — McMillan  Proceeds  to  tiik 
MorTii  OF  THE  Fraser — Enters  the  Stream — Andtheke  Establisuks 
a  Fort— The  Fort  Routine — A  Notable  Call — The  Salmon  Tiluie  - 
James  Douolas  Explores  Connolly  River. 

At  Vancouver  in  the  spring  of  1827  appeared  the 
Hudson's  Bay  Company's  schooner  Cadboro,  seventy- 
two  tons  burden,^  John  Pearson  Sawn,  master,  whiih 
sailed  from  London  the  autumn  previous. 

The  Cadboro  is  as  much  an  historical  character  in 
the  early  days  of  Oregon  and  British  Columbia,  as 
McTavish,  McLoughlin,  or  any  other  man,  for  in  the 
progress  of  civilization  she  did  the  work  of  many  men. 
Stanchly  built  at  Rye  in  1824,  before  sinking  to  hi'i- 
final  rest  in  18G2  she  saw^  buried  every  human  body 
brought  by  her  from  England,  save  one,  John  Spence, 
ship-carpenter,  who  was  seventy  when  the  good  old 
ship  yielded  up  the  ghost.  In  round  figures  she  was 
fifty-six  feet  long,  seventeen  feet  in  her  broadest 
])art,  depth  of  hold  eight  feet,  had  two  masts,  out; 
deck,  a  standing  bowsprit,  no  galleries,  and  was  what 
was  then  technically  called  square  and  curve  built. 
Thirty  men,  including  the  crew,  servants  of  the  com- 
pany, came  out  in  her,  and  as  she  took  her  place  in 
the  coast  trade,  with  six  guns  and  a  picked  crew  of 
thirty -five  men,  she  was  the  pride  of  the  Pacific. 

On  reaching  Fort  Vancouver  Sawn  relinquished 


*  Or,  to  be  exact,  71"  tons. 


(476) 


AN  HISTORICAL  SHIP. 


477 


f'ominand,  and  was  succeeded  by  Emilius  Simpson  ,■  a 
jiiival  lieutenant,  who  was  captain  until  June  18.'5l, 
when  Sinclair  took  his  place.  Two  years  after,  Will- 
iam Ryan  was  Installed  captain,  and  in  1835  Brotchio, 
who  held  rule  until  1838,  when  James  Scarborouixh 
took  command  for  the  next  ten  years,  and  was  suc- 
coedod  for  six  years,  after  1848,  by  James  Sangster. 
In  1854  J.  L.  Sinclair  succeeded  Sangstcr.  The  ship 
L>'ave  her  name  to  the  beautiful  Cadboro  Bay,  the  placid 
waters  of  which  hers  was  the  first  keel  to  ruflle.  She 
was  the  first  vessel  to  enter  Fraser  River.  Then  sho 
]ikniged  headlong  in  the  scramble  for  gold.  Her  use- 
fulness and  beauty  fading,  sho  was  sold  in  18G0  to 
1  Toward  for  $2,450,  and  made  to  do  duty  carrying 
coal  and  lumber  from  the  mines  and  mills  to  Victoria. 
Old  age  creeping  on  apace,  in  18G2,  to  escape  a  gale, 
she  ran  ashore  at  Port  Angeles,  and  there  rested  from 
her  labors.^ 


In  the  progress  of  business  it  became  necessary  to 
establish  a  post  which  should  command  the  lands  and 
waters  in  the  vicinity  of  the  lower  Fraser.  To  this 
end,  as  we  have  seen,  one  excursion  had  been  made 
thither,  and  now  another  was  planned,  and  the  scheme 
carried  into  execution.  Twenty -live  men  were  de- 
tailed for  this  work,  and  the  mission  placed  in  charge 
of  James  McMillan,  the  commander  of  the  original 
exploration.* 

^  For  a  British  tar,  and  a  brave  man  on  duty,  dealing  rum,  molassea,  beads, 
iiiiil  blankets  to  savages  in  the  dank,  dismal  shores  for  wild  beasts'  skins, 
Miiipson  was  excessively  the  gentleman.  Though  an  eflScient  officer  he  was 
HMincAvliat  eccentric.  For  example,  his  hands  must  be  incased  in  kid  before 
lio  could  give  an  order  on  his  own  deck,  in  the  daylight,  and  if  the  occasion 
was  perilous  or  peculiar,  his  gloves  nuist  be  of  white  kid.  Form  was  nino 
teiitiis  of  the  law  with  him,  and  the  other  tenth  was  conformity. 

^  Jicgistfr  Schooner  Cadboro,  MS.,  London,  Sept.  4,  1820;  Haxlon's  Or.  Ter., 
MS.,  8;   Victoria  Chronicle,  Oct.  30,  ISG'i. 

^With  McMillan  were  Donald  Manson,  Francois  Annance,  and  George 
P)arnston,  clerks,  and  Arquoitte,  Baker,  Boisvert,  liouchard,  Charles,  Como, 
Curnoyer,  Dubois,  Ettcn,  Faron,  Kennedy,  Anawiskum,  Peopeoh,  the  Pior- 
rault  brothers,  Piette,  Plomondean,  Satakarata,  Sauvt5,  Xavier,  and  Vincent, 
servants  of  the  company.  Fort  Lawjleij  Journal,  MS.,  1,  2.  ^eo  Anderson's 
Korthrcfit  Coast,  MS.,  13,  83.  !Most  of  the  information  concerning  this  expe- 
dition is  derived  from  the  books  of  the  establishment,  than  which  no  source 


473 


FOUXDINCi  OF  FORT  LANG  LEY. 


Leaving  Fort  Vancouver  in  two  boats  early  on  iho 
morning  of  tlio  27th  of  June  IS'27,  the  i)arty  [mu- 
eeeded  up  tlie  Cowhtz  River,  arrived  next  day  at  tliu 
Cowlitz  Portage,  over  which  a  portion  of  their  etfccts 
were  transported  on  horses  ol)tained  from  the  nativis 
to  Puget  Sound.  There  they  purchased  from  tlio 
natives  tliree  canoes,  liaving  left  those  with  wliitU 
they  started  at  the  lower  end  of  the  long  portage. 

Eml)arking  the  3d  of  June,  they  next  day  entered 
Port  Orchard,  where  according  to  previous  arrange- 
ment they  were  to  meet  the  Cadhoro,  having  on  board, 
besides  goods  and  provi.sions,  implements  for  the  erec- 
tion of  buildings,  also  horses  and  carts  to  assist  at  tlu; 
lab(jr;  but  the  schooner  had  not  yet  arrived.  Camping 
at  night  upon  the  shore,  and  supplying  their  table  by 
hunting  and  purchases  from  the  Indians,  they  con- 
tinued northward  until  the  10th,  when  as  they  cauic 
t(^  Wiiidbey  Island  they  heard  the  boom  of  a  great  gun 
reverberating  through  the  silent  wilderness.  Next 
day,  paddling  along  the  western  side  of  Whidbey  Island 
another  and  nearer  gun  was  heard,  and  soon  off  Pro- 
tection Island  the  Qidboro  came  in  view,  which  as  slic 
dropped  anchor,  McMillan  and  Manson  boarded,  and 
grasped  the  gloved  hand  of  her  redoubtable  master, 
Simj)son. 

All  the  men  and  effects  being  transferred  from  the 
canoes  to  the  schooner,  anchor  was  weiefhed  on  the 
1 2th  and  the  ship's  prow  pointed  to  the  gulf  of  Georgia , 
into  which  she  passed  through  Rosario  Strait,  and 
came  to  anchor"  in  Point  Roberts  Bay  late  in  the 
night  of  the  13th. 

of  knowlo  ge  could  be  more  original  or  reliable.  It  was  the  custom  at  all  tlio 
forts,  bt'si  '  books  of  accounts,  to  keep  a  daily  record  of  events,  which  though 
filled  for  ',  '  moat  i>art  with  tiresome  detail,  constitutes,  nevertheless,  one  <ii 
the  pures  irings  of  liistory.  Ff)r  the  journals  of  Fort  Langley,  Fort  Simp- 
son, and  o  rs  1  am  indebted  to  Chief  Factor  (.,'lmrles,  the  present  head  of  tlie 
Hudson's  1-  'Company's  allairs  at  Victoria.  Tlie  Fort  Langley  register  com- 
prises l.")8  1     nuscrijit  pages,  -which  cover  a  period  of  three  years. 

'■The  roi  3  should  be  noticed  in  its  bearings  on  tiic  boundary  question 
6ubse(picnt!  to  Itc  discussed.  The  Cadboro  on  this  her  tirst  voyage  into 
tliese  parts,  assed  Point  Partridge,  the  westernmost  exti'r'mity  of  ^\■llidl.lLy 
Island,  and  proceeded  up  past  Strawbeny,  uow  called  Cypress,  Island. 


SURVFA'  OF  'HIK  RIVER. 


470 


A  party  <>f  savages  wcvo  vo\vj;rL'iriiic:d  on  the  short! 
next  iiioriiiiiLf,  whvn  ^rcMillan,  with  twelve  men, 
landed  to  seek  a  site  i'or  ii  fort;  the  natives  were 
IVii'iidly,  hilt  the  locality  did  not  jdease  the  traders. 
Sunday,  the  loth,  an  cfl'ort  to  j^'et  the  sr-hooner  round 
Point  lioi)erts  into  Fraser  Kiver  failed,  the  tide  being 
iii^ainst  them.  Though  the  wind  was  unfavorable,  next 
iiiorning  tluy  managed  with  the  Hood  tide  to  worl; 
(tilt  into  tht!  gulf,  and  at  change  of  tide  cast  anchor 
near  Stiugeon  shoal.  Another  attempt  in  the  after- 
noon, and  yet  another  next  morning,  to  beat  uj)  to  the 
t  iitrance  of  the  chaimel,  failed,  and  again  anchor  was 
cast  on  the  vd'^o  of  the  south  Sturgeon  shoal.  Twice 
tliatday  Simj)son  and  Annance  in  a  small  Ijoat  in  \ain 
sought  a  ehamiel.  On  the  18th  Sinclair,  first  mate, 
v.-as  sent  to  sound,  and  returning  reported  a  good 
channel,  the  lowest  depth  in  any  j)lace  being  two 
fathoms.  Stood  across  the  mouth  of  the  channel  iiext 
morning,  and  came  to  anchor  on  the  edge  of  the  north 
shoal.  J)urinLf  the  niLiht  the  vessel  was  found  to  bo 
(h'ifting;  the  cable  was  let  out  to  its  full  length,  eighty 
tiithoms  or  more,  and  the  ship  was  witJi  difficulty 
checked.  The  various  attempts  of  the  20th  failed. 
]\[aking  across  to  the  southward  next  morning  until  she 
liad  her  bearings,  the  ship  then  stood  in  for  the  en- 
traiii-e,  and  after  jun-oundinix  on  the  shoal  without  dam- 
age,  a  light  breeze  fnmi  the  north-east  carried  her  a 
mile  within  the  river,  and  at  three  o'clock  she  came  to 
anchor  close  to  the  black  wooded  bluff  on  the  north  side. 

(,'aptain  Simpson  called  the  north  point  of  the 
entrance  Point  Garvy;  and  there  at  noon  on  Sunday 
the  '2'2d  an  inaccurate  observation  was  made.  jNEean- 
while  Sinclair,  who  had  been  despatched  up  the  i-iver 
to  sound,  returned  and  reported  deep  water  as  far  up 
as  he  had  gone.  During  the  absence  of  the  sounding 
])arty  the  schooner  had  l)ccn  [»ut  under  weigh,  had 
taken  tlie  wrong  side  of  the  river,  ran  into  shoal 
water,  and  had  been  obliged  to  return  to  her  anchor- 
age and  await  their  arrival. 


480 


FOUJsDIXG  OF  FORT  LANGLEY. 


'iSl 


J I 


Next  day  all  hands  were  put  to  work  towing  the 
vessel  to  the  other  side.  In  this  way  the  channel  was 
reached,  and  a  breeze  springing  up  from  the  south- 
west, sail  was  set,  and  a  distance  up  the  river  of  one 
mile  was  made.  Hereabout  were  several  Indian  vil- 
lages, aggregating,  perhaps,  fifteen  hundred  persons. 
Scawana,  chief  of  chiefs,  spent  much  of  his  time  on 


The  Lower  Fraseb. 

board  the  schooner,  watching  her  progress  througli 
the  untried  channels  with  intelligent  interest. 

Eight  days  had  thus  been  emplo3'cd  in  effecting  an 
entrance  to  the  river;  henceforth  all  was  smooth 
sailing.  A  light  breeze  from  the  south-west,  on  the 
24th,  sent  the  schooner  quietly  up  the  stream.  Pass(>(l 
abreast  of  the  other  channel  at  half  past  one;  at  two 
a  few  tents  were  seen  on  the  south  side  nearly  oppo- 
site where  now  stands  New  Westminster;  at  fiv( 
o'clock  they  saw  the  mouth  of  the  Quoitle;^  [)assetl 

«  That  is  to  say  Pitt  River. 


A  STOLEN  AXE. 


481 


inc:  the 
nel  Mas 
soutli- 
of  one 
.ian  vil- 
icrsons. 
:inic  on 


:  Thompson 
rioops    \    i 


fa. 

^^— V^, 

'  ^ 1   \\- 

^■f  ■%..    ss 

V 

i. 

'»,,.- 

<■.-' 

\   *''■■■■ 

1 

1         *» 

V. 

=    V 

% 

***^  J\ 

' 

\r 

'    r 

'ort  Ok^ 

lutrait 

blirouu'li 

3ting  an 

I  smooth 

on  the 

Passed 

at  two 

ly  oppo- 

lat   iivc 

passed 


rhic  Island,  and  about  seven  anchored  half  a  mile 
above  it.  Next  day  as  they  were  slowly  ascendinjj^ 
tlic  current  they  saw  several  native  encampments, 
and  a  numbcT  of  canoes  appeared  around  them  with 
the  occupants  of  which  they  traded  a  few  beaver. 
Some  of  them  attempting  to  board  the  vessel  were 
ordered  away,  bui  so  persistent  were  they  under  the 
harangues  of  a  determined  old  man,  that  they  would 
not  cease  their  efforts  until  the  traders  took  up  their 
arms.     The  savages  then  .abruptly  departed. 

On  the  2Gth  they  reached  a  point  where  on  the 
south  bank  was,  as  the  record  says,  "  a  tolerably  good 
situation  for  a  fort."  They  hoped  for  a  better  liow- 
evcr:  hence  the  two  davs  following]:,  wliilo  the  crew 
\\\{\\  the  assistance  of  the  Canadians  were  warping 
the  schooner  up  the  stream,  McMillan  with  IMcLcod 
of  tlie  C'idboro,  Annanco,  and  a  native  ge)\tleman 
name  Shoshia,  explored  the  river  above  for  a  more 
oliLrible  situation.  And  thcv  thoucrht  they  had  found 
one;  and  warping  the  vessel  still  farther  up  stream, 
ihc  2Sth,  they  attempted  to  bring  licr  to  land,  but 
found  the  water  so  shallow  that  she  could  not  come 
within  three  hundred  yards  of  the  shore.  This  would 
not  do.  Aside  from  the  obvious  inconvenience  of 
such  a  landing,  the  men  for  protection  while  building 
the  fort  must  bo  within  range  of  the  ship's  guns. 
Therefore  dropping  down  on  the  20th  to  tlieir  anchor- 
age of  the  2Gth,  they  determined  that  there  should 
ho  jilanted  Fort  Langley.'' 

A  theft  having  been  committed,  Shoshia  was  sent 
for  t!ie  stolon  property,  lie  I'oturneHl  with  it  the 
i'ollowing  dav,  romarlang  that  the  Indians  were  very 
bad  in  that  A'icinity.'' 

'Tho  pito  was  on  tho  left  brink,  .W  miles  from  tlic  strait,  and  some  00 
iiiiloH  .'((■low  \vla:ro  siiliscqiioiilly  Fui't  ]  [ope  \v:in  plunti- 1. 

Tpon  tho  nuthoritj' (if  ,T;i:1l,'o  StioTi;,',  Ocrdcii  nlatcd  that  Mhni  lio  was 
hnililiiii,' tho  pout  at  Fort  Langlcy  Olio  of  iiirf  men  rciiortoil  one  day  that  tho 
Iniliaiis  had  stolen  his  axe.  'J"Iu:  work  %vas  iiiinieiliately  sti)p|ied,  and  tlio 
Indians  called  to  a  cnuneil  upon  tho  axe.  They  denied  haviii','  stdlen  it,  hut 
O^den  insisted  that  they  should  liml  it.  Ah  iliey  did  nut  lind  it,  hi;  liiaclo 
them  pay  a  lot  of  fnra  liefore  he  would  allow  the  work  on  the  fort  to  proceed. 
UisT,  N.  W.  Coast,  Vol.  II.    31 


482 


FOUXDIXG  OF  FORT  LAXGLEY. 


ill 


if 


f 


The  horses  were  first  to  be  landed,  wliicli  was  done, 
after  the  schooner  was  brouGfht  close  to  the  shore,  l)\- 
slhif^uig  them  oiF  upon  the  bank.  The  poor  brutes 
rejoiced  in  their  liberation.  The  men  began  opera- 
tions the  30th,  some  clearing  the  ground,  and  some 
pre[)aring  timbers  for  a  l^astion.  At  first  all  hands  went 
on  board  tlio  schooner  to  sleep  at  night.  Some  bark 
slieds  were  thrown  u])  which  served  as  imperfect  shel- 
ter until  the  more  substantial  loij^-ljuildinccs  were  done. 

One  of  the  crew  was  put  in  irons  for  using  language 
tending  to  incite  discontent  and  disorder.  Work  pro- 
gressed slowly,  as  the  ground  was  covered  not  only 
with  large  trees,  but  with  a  thick  briery  undergrowth. 
The  fire  kindled  to  consume  the  branches  and  timber- 
cuttings,  communicating  with  the  woods  ou^'elopcd 
the  fort-bailders  in  smoke,  and  it  was  with  ditEculty 
the  conflagration  was  checked.  Saw-pits  were  erected ; 
sturgeon,  salmon,  and  berries  were  procured  from  the 
natives;  and  day  by  day  the  woi-k  went  bravely  on. 
The  clerks  kept  watch  at  night  so  that  the  rest  of  tlio 
laborers  mi'j^ht  not  be  broken.  A  few  beaver-skins 
were  bought.  Passing  and  repassing  on  the  river 
were  the  boats  of  the  natives,  sometimes  in  large  par- 
ties with  women  and  children  cm  Imnting  excursions, 
or  in  bands  of  staid  warriors  only,  with  red-painted 
visage  and  bloody  intent. 

Owing  to  exposure  to  a  wet  climate,  and  to  sub- 
sisting wholly  on  fish,  their  other  provisions  having 
become  exhausted,  several  of  the  men  fell  sick.  By 
the  8th  of  Scptendiei',  a  I'ectangle  forty  b}'  fjrty-ilve 
yards  was  enclosed  in  pickets,  gates  were  hung,  two 
bastions  each  twelve  feet  square  built  of  eight -incli 

Next  (l.ny  the  ■woiknmn  came  and  said,  "I  have  found  that  axe,  it  was  cov- 
ered lip  ill  the  hill."  "Well,"  said  Ogden,  "you  go  take  it  and  bury  it  wluic 
it  will  never  be  found  ng-ain."  "Wliat  for?"  inquired  the  man.  "Wo  told 
them  tliey  had  stolen  it,"  said  Ogden,  "and  if  wo  should  say  now  tli.it  we 
were  mistaken  we  never  could  niaUe  them  believe  anything  again."  Slron'j'-' 
J/ist.  Or.,  MS.,  Gr)-0.  This  is  a  good  story;  nor  do  I  know  that  it  is  in  any 
wise  injured  by  the  facts  that  Ogden  did  not  build  FortLangley,  and  M'as  imt 
ill  the  party,  being  then  in  the  Snake  country,  that  the  article  stolen  was  imt 
an  axe,  but  a  crow-bar,  and  dually  that  the  incident  did  not  happen  at  Fort 
Luugley  tit  ull. 


BUILDING  OF  THE  FORT. 


4S3 


ls  dono, 
lorc,  l)y 
brutes 
I  opcra- 
id  some 
ds  went 
lie  bark 
3ct  slicl- 
rc  done, 
inguagc 
3rk  pro- 
lot  only 
'growth. 
,  timber- 
ivclopcd 
:i:tBculty 
erected ; 
from  the 
ively  on. 
ist  of  the 
cr-skhis 
Iho    river 
irgc  par- 
cursions, 
1-painted 

to  sub- 
haviu';' 

.(■k.    py 

["orty-five 
Jimg,  two 
I'dit-inch 


it  was  cov- 
liiiy  it  \v\vrc 
"WotuM 
Low  tliat  \v<' 
[in."  StiOii',i'-< 
It  it  is  in  any 

nml  was  imt 
lolcn  was  111  it 
Ippeu  at  Fuit 


log;-',  witli  a  lower  and  an  upper  floor,  the  latter  occu- 
pied by  artillery,  were  completed;  and  by  the  15th  a 
substantial  storehouse  roofed  with  bark  was  finished. 
])wellinG:-liouses  were  then  built,  and  among  them  a 
wintering-house  thirty  by  fifteen  feet,  and  divided  into 
two  apartments  each  having  a  fireplace  and  two  win- 
dows. The  CW6oro  then  discharfjed  her  carcfo,  took  in 
hi.llast,  and  on  the  IStli,  under  a  salute  of  three  guns, 
v.liicli  were  returned,  she  took  her  departure.  On  tho 
'Jod  of  November  there  was  felt  a  slight  shock  of 
earthquake,  causing  not  much  more  commotion  than 
a  falling  tree  would  have  done.  The  2Gth  a  llag-staif 
was  raised,  work  was  stopped,  and  in  the  names  ol" 
piety  and  loyalty  the  establishment  was  baptized  into 
the  service  of  seKishness.  The  fort  completed,  tho 
nicu  W'Orc  sent  trapping,  and  the  petty  details  of  fort 
life  1111  the  succeeding  pages  of  the  journal. 

l>y  the  middle  of  December  the  weather  became 
extremely  cold,  and  on  the  IDththe  river  was  covered 
wiih  ice  so  thick  that  the  tide  did  not  affect  it.  On 
the  24th  A.  McKenzie,  clerk,  with  four  men  from 
Fort  Vancouver  arrived,  bringing  the  first  news  from 
liomo  or  friends  received  within  six  months. 

New  Year's  day,  1828,  afforded  as  usual  an  oppor- 
f  unity  for  the  men  to  submerge  their  intellect  in  tho 
upajue  influence  of  drink.  ]\[cKenzie  w'ith  four  men 
stai'icd  for  Fort  Vancouver  the  3d  of  Januaiy. 

Vriiileencatnpedon  Lumni  Island  they  were  attacked 
;it  night  by  a  party  of  Clallams  from  Fuca  Strait,  and 
ill!  were  killed.  Intelligence  reaching  Fort  Vancouver, 
!i  party  was  iumiediateh'  despatejied  under  Alexander 
It.  ^.IcLeod,  chief  factor,  by  way  of  the  C'owlitz  an  1 
Chehalis  rivers  and  Hood's  canal,  and  the  OtdhofD 
was  sent  round  bv  sea.  The  land  party  arrived  first, 
aad  encamped  in  the  vicinity  of  New  Dungeness,  near 
I'oi't  Towns(;nd,  and  shortlv  afterward  the;  C(i<ih(iV(> 
aiiiving  anchored  off  the  Clallam  villagt;  which  was  in 
lliat  vicinity.  A  demand  was  then  made  for  the  mur- 
derers, which  was  answered   by  shouts  of  defiance. 


484 


FOUNDING  OF  FORT  LANGLEY. 


Thereupon  fire  was  opened  upon  the  village,  resulting; 
in  indiscriminate  slaughter.  Whether  the  criminals 
were  killed  or  not  was  never  known.  It  was  a  neces- 
sary punishment;  but  it  is  always  severe  where  tlu; 
innocent  arc  made  to  suffer  for  the  sins  of  the  guilty. 
Thenceforth  the  fur-traders  iourneved  through  that 
country  without  molestation." 

During  the  winter  a  fair  quantity  of  beaver  had 
been  purchased  at  Fort  Langley,  and  a  liberal  supply 
of  deer  and  elk  meat  brought  in  by  the  hunters. 

The  middle  of  January  a  kiln  of  charcoal  was  burnt 
and  some  sledges  made.  Indian  stragglers  from  tlio 
Kamloop  and  the  Okanagan  regions  occasionally  a[>- 
peared  at  Langley,  by  whom  letters  were  carric.l 
between  posts.  In  February  a  gallery  was  construetci  I 
round  the  inside  of  the  pickets.  On  the  18th  an 
express  consisting  of  seven  men  under  Manson  was 
despatched  to  Fort  Vancouver,  returning  the  15ili 
of  April.  In  March  an  attack  upon  the  fort  for  pur- 
poses of  plunder  was  threatened  by  the  natives, 
which,  however,  was  not  carried  into  effect. 

The  18th  of  April  the  Cadhoro  again  arriving 
anchored  off  the  fort,  discharged  her  supplies,  and  on 
the  2 2d  took  her  departure.  Her  next  arrival  was  o\\. 
the  17th  of  July.  Before  the  year  was  out  the  foi-t 
(^closure  was  increased  to  one  hundred  and  thirty-five 
by  one  hundred  and  twenty  feet;  other  buildings  were 
erected,  and  potatoes  planted.  Notwithstanding  the 
utmost  efforts  of  the  fur-traders  to  maintain  friendly 
relations  with  all  the  natives,  some  of  the  uncouth 
savages  of  that  vicinity  were  so  insolent  that  blows 
and  refusals  to  trade  were  sometimes  found  necessary 
to  sustain  order.  Salmon  ■were  much  scarcer  this  year 
than  the  last. 

From  up  the  river  came  sounds  of  singing,  abont 
seven  o'clock  on  the  night  of  October  10th,  ushering 
in  tlie  governor-in-chief  and  party.    To  these  watchers 

*/>•;•<  LaiKjky  Journals,  MS.,  70, 70, 80;  Anderaoii'a  Northwest  Coast,  MS., 
2G0-1.  ,.     ,        .,.,        ,  .  , 


SDirSON'S  ARRIVAL. 


485 


for  bcavor-sclling  redskins  in  this  distant  and  too  often 
dismal  wilderness  this  ap[)earing  was  not  less  than  that 
of  the  angel  to  Jacob.  Hero  George  Simpson  was 
before  his  maker:  wicked  savages  would  say  that  the 
one  dealt  care-killing  liquor,  the  other  cheerless  rain 
and  rheumatism. 

There  were  two  parties  in  fact:  twenty  men  with 
Archibald.  Macdonald  and  Doctor  Hamlyn  comprising 
that  of  the  governor,  and  the  other  consisting  of  seven 
iiion  under  James  Munax  Yale  from  New  Caledonia. 
Yale  had  lately  been  at  Kandoop  and  the  mouth  of 
Thompson  river,  and  had  accompanied  the  governor 
down  the  Fraser,  and  had  found  it  more  inaccessible 
than  had  been  anticipated;  so  rough,  indeed,  as  to 
I'euder,  in  the  opinion  of  the  party,  i-egular  com- 
munication with  interior  tribes  by  that  route  imprac- 
ticable. 

As  was  frequently  the  case  on  the  visit  of  an 
august  officer  of  the  company  to  a  station,  a  new  deal 
was  made  as  to  place  and  privilege.  On  this  occasion, 
]\[c^Iillan  availed  himself  of  his  rotation  of  furlough 
and  accompanied  Simpson  to  Fort  Vancouver,  while 
McDonald  assumed  command  at  Fort  Langley.  Yale 
t(  »ok  ]Manson's  place ;  Annance  continued  Indian  trader, 
and  the  number  of  men  at  Langley  was  reduced  Irom 
twenty  to  seventeen.  The  governor's  party,  now  num- 
In'rlng  thirty  men,  took  their  departure  for  the  Colum- 
l)ia  l)y  way  of  Puget  Sound  the  IGth.  Consolation 
lor  their  absence  was  then  administered  in  the  form 
of  a  pint  of  rum  to  each  man.  They  did  not  see  much 
fun,  these  poor  chattels  of  a  corporation;  yet  the 
saxage  finds  as  many  merry-dancing  joys  in  his  woods, 
iis  does  the  citizen  behind  his  walls  and  pavements; 
ill  either  place  are  found  men  who  to  lift  themselves 
into  the  seventh  heaven  to-day,  will  to-morrow  take 
up  tlieir  abode  in  as  low  a  hell,  thinking  tluv  do 
well  if  by  the  third  day  the  normal  equillbiium  is 
restored. 

Moved  by  the  persuasive  venom  of  loneliness  and 


4S6 


FOUNDING  OF  FORT  LANGLEY. 


5  1; 


W-t    11 


propagation,  Yalo  buys  himself  a  wife,  choosing  for 
Ills  bosom  companion  the  fragrant  daughter  of  a 
Haithn  chief,  whose  virtue  sprang  from  the  superior 
l)acks  of  beaver  ho  brought  in.  But  alas  for  forest 
morals!  It  soon  came  out  that  the  greasy  charmer 
liad  living  another  husband,  and  would  willingly  marry 
a  white  man  every  day  in  the  year  for  the  price  Yalo 
paid  for  her.  A  few  days  after,  ]\Irs  Yale  was  led  to 
the  fort  gate,  and  with  a  significant  motion  of  the 
liand  lienceward,  divorced.  But  once  having  tasted 
the  soft  connubial  sweets  of  civilization,  Mrs  Yalo 
could  not  stay  away.  Back  she  came;  whereupon 
she  was  informed  that  the  spotless  chastity  of  a  Brit- 
ish fur-trader  might  not  be  sullied  by  any  connection 
v.-hich  savored  of  a  rival  redskin,  and  was  again  sent 
away.  But  when  a  short  time  afterward  a  poor 
Canadian  soui^lit  to  assuai^e  his  hot  unrest  in  nativo 
streams  by  hoisting  his  love  one  dark  drunken  night 
in  through  the  bastion  embrasure,  h  would  have  been 
ironed  had  such  ornaments  been  there;  as  it  was  he 
was  mulct  in  the  sum  of  eleven  pounds,  being  six: 
months'  pay.  Yet  again  Mrs  Yale  returned;  and 
one  day  as  her  father  was  passing  the  fort  he  begged 
a  blanket,  which  his  daughter  quickly  handed,  and 
which  was  as  quickly  snatched  from  him  by  the  post- 
trader,  and  after  lier  venerable  father  was  driNcii 
naked  away,  INIrs  Yale  was  severely  rcprimand(-'d. 
In  due  time  she  bore  her  lord  a  daughter.  Und^r 
proper  tuition  it  does  not  take  long  for  a  white  man 
to  raise  himself  to  the  dignity  of  a  savage. 

Little  remarkable  is  i'ound  in  the  Fort  Langloy 
record  of  1820.  The  Qulhoro  continued  her  trips 
there  and  to  the  northward  regularly.  Though  tlio 
natives  of  Vancouver  Island  and  the  neighl)oring 
shores  traded  liberally  at  the  post,  Fort  Laiigley  on 
tlie  whole  did  not  seem  to  meet  expectations.  Tl.is 
led  to  a  gradual  reduction  of  the  force,  which  as  tlio 
<'ontIguous  tril)es  were  dangerous,  was  regarded  as 
poor  policy.    The  post-trader  likewise  complained  that 


Kiwnsm 


SALMON  FI?;iIIXG. 


487 


the  articles  kept  for  traffic  wore  not  wluit  tlicy  should 
be  either  in  quantity  or  quality. 


10 


In  August  1829,  the  salmon  trade  on  the  Fraser 
was  quite  brisk.  Fort  Langljy  took  7,544  salmon  at 
a  cost  of  £13  175.  2tZ.  in  goods.  M(jre  were  oil'ered 
by  the  natives  than  could  be  received." 

Leaving  the  fort  in  charge  of  Yale  with  seven  men, 
on  the  24th  of  October  McDonald  with  eight  men  set 
out  on  a  visit  to  Fort  Vancouver,  returning  the  23d 
of  November.  The  object  of  the  journey  was  to  con- 
sult with  McLoughlin  as  to  the  company's  interests 
in  the  regions  round  Fort  Langley.  It  was  an  im- 
portant point,  and  yet  cut  off  as  it  was  from  the  in- 
terior, it  could  be  but  little  more  than  a  coast  station 
for  the  present.  Nevertheless,  even  upon  this  basis 
it  should  wield  no  small  influence  in  those  parts.  It 
was  now  proposed  for  the  gulf  and  sound  trade  to 
attach  the  schooner  Vancouver  to  this  establishment, 
and  thus  the  better  compete  with  American  traders, 
whose  inroads  were  becoming  alarm  in  2:.  A  saw-mill 
at  Puget  Sound  falls^^  was  likewise  talked  of,  which 
with  the  Cowlitz  portage  was  to  be  placed  under 
Fort  Langley  superintendence.  As  a  salmon-fishery, 
if  for  nothing  else,  it  was  thought  the  strength  of  the 
post  should  be  kept  up  to  fifteen  men.^^ 

In  May  1830,  the  river  rose  to  a  higher  point  than 
at  any  time  since  the  summer  freshet  of  1820.  The 
musquito  pest  came  on  the  month  following,  and  so 
troublesome  were  they  as  absolutely  to  drive  the 
natives  to  the  coast,  and  prevent  the  white  men  from 

"See  Fivlnyson's  V.  I.,  ISTS.,  7;  Anderson's  NorthreH  Coast,  MS.,  U; 
Fort  L'tuijUy  Journal,  MS.,  p.'issim;  Gnn/'sOr.,  43;  Marl'in's  II.  B.,  '20.  This 
l>cst  was  burned  ill  the  spiiiig  of  lyiO,  as  wo  bluiU  sec,  but  was  immediately 
lebuilt. 

"  '  What  pity  that  salt  and  casks  shouUl  be  wanting,'  snys  the  register. 
I' rt  Lanij/r)j  Journals,  MS.,  ll,"i.  Six  years  later  a  hiru'n  .salnuin  trade  witli 
I'Virt  Vancouver  and  the  Hawaiian  Lslands  sprang  up  at  I'ort  Langley,  wheuco 
three  or  four  thousand  barrels  ^^•crc  shipped  amiually. 

'-Tumwatcr. 

"  Inventory  taken  Ifith  February,  1S30,  .allowed  on  liand  1.700  nkius,  for 
Mhich  '210  blankets,  13  guns,  10  shovels,  and  30  yards  of  cloth  had  been  paid. 


48S 


FOUNDING  OF  r?^T  LANGLEY. 


working  by  day,  or  sleeping  at  niglit.  In  July  the 
water  was  upon  them  again;  and  when  the  flood  sub- 
sided they  were  persecuted  by  caterpillars,  which 
destroyed  the  fields  of  corn  and  potatoes  that  had  been 
planted.  It  is  not  necessary,  at  this  juncture,  to  follow 
further  the  haps  and  mishaps  at  Fort  Langley. 

In  August  1827,  Jamcfi  Douglas  made  a  voyage 
down  what  he  calls  Connolly  River,  the  details  of 
which  are  so  trifling  and  uninteresting  as  not  to  bo 
worth  recording.'* 

^^ Douglas^  Private PaperSy  MS.,  lstscr.,4-6. 


.h 


CHAPTER  XXII. 


COXTIXUED  DOMINATION  OF  THE  HUDSON'S  BAY  COMPANY. 

1828-1829. 

(iiivniixou  Snirsoy  Visits  his  Northwest  Dominions — Chakacteh  op 
THE  ^Ian— His  Antkcedents  and  Teusonnel — The  Paiity  Sets  Out 
FROM  Norway  House — The  Transit  at  Peace  PiIver — Giund  Entry 
AT  Fort  St  James — Arrival  at  Fort  Langley — He  Ketirns  the 
FoLr.owiNo  Year  to  Canada — John  Work  Journeys  froji  Colville 
TO  Okanaoan — Wreck  OF  the  'William  and  Ann'  and  MciSDEii  op 
THE  Crew — Punishment  of  the  Offenders — Incipient  Ideas  op 
Settli-.ment — Era  of  Epidemic — John  McLougulin  Occupies  Wil- 
lamette Falls. 

When  from  the  sombre  chambers  In  Fcnchurch 
street  a  fur-traders'  peace  was  promulgated,  and  all 
along  the  American  lines  from  Pludson  Bay  to  the 
Arctic  Ocean,  and  from  Fort  William  on  Lake  Supe- 
lior  to  the  Pacific,  the  so  lately  fierce  contestants  were 
embracing  as  brothers,  young  George  Simpson  was 
making  rapid  strides  upward  from  an  humble  position 
in  the  service  to  the  highest  in  the  territory. 

An  illegitimate  son  of  the  eldest  brother  of  tho 
mother  of  Thomas  Simpson,  the  Arctic  explorer, 
vliile  clerk  in  a  London  counting-house  George 
Simpson  had  attracted  the  attention  of  Andrew  Col- 
ville,  brother-in-law  of  the  Earl  of  Selkirk,  who  sent 
lilm  to  America  in  the  service  of  the  Hudson's  Bay 
Company.  With  a  bright,  clear  intellect,  redundant 
animal  spirits,  finely-chiselled  features  lighted  by  a 
blazing  blue  eye,  and  a  figure  though  not  tall,  say  live 
i'ect  seven,  yet  well  knit,  broad-chested  and  imposing, 
])lausible  in  speech  and  affable  in  manner,  he  c[uickly 
made  his  way  upward,  until  in  1820  he  found  himself 

(483) 


400 


DOMIXATIOX  OF  THE  HUDSON'S  BAY  COMPANY. 


governor  of  a  district,  and  shortly  nftcr  tlio  coalition 
of  tho  two  giant  coinpanic^s,  ho  was  made  govornor- 
in-chiuf  of  all  tho  Hudson's  Uay  territories  in  Aniei-- 
iea.  It  was  a  high  [)osition,  and  swiftly  attained,  but 
it  was  well  bestowed,  as  the  faithful  and  elHcient  ser- 
vice of  some  forty  continuous  years  amply  testify. 

Entering  u[)on  the  work  when  the  association  was 
])r()sti'ated  by  long  and  ruinous  opposition,  by  his  keen 
penetration  and  active  energy  ho  rapidly  brought  order 
out  of  confusion,  and  elevated  the  company  to  the 
highest  i)itch  of  prosperity. 

During  his  term  of  office  his  rule  was  absolute,  lie 
being  responsible  for  his  acts  only  to  the  council  in 
London.  Part  of  the  time  he  spent  at  Red  Kiver, 
part  in  Oregon,  in  Athabasca,  and  at  Hudson  Bay. 
He  crossed  the  Rocky  Mountains  at  three  different 
points,  and  travelled  extensiv  Jy  over  the  vast  territory 
of  which  ho  was  the  commercial  sovereign.^ 

In  1828  he  deemed  it  advisable  to  make  a  genernl 
survey  of  the  western  posts,  as  well  for  the  purpose  of 
impressing  peace  and  good- will  upon  the  natives,  as  to 
more  practically  learn  the  necessities  and  test  the 
efficiency  of  his  associates  and  servants. 

The  proposed  journey  of  Mr  Simpson^  was  from 

•Sec  Life,  of  Thovnan  S'unjiKon,  40;  Home  Commons  Rept.,44,  75;  Mr- 
Lead's  I\ace  Ilivir;  iSV/;/jwo/i's  Vcyatje,  4'2.  Sir  John  Frauldiii's  Nai\,  ii. 
2:{,  ppoiiks  of  liim  in  IS'Ji)  as  i)riucij;al  af^cnt  in  Athabasca  for  the  lluilwiifs 
liay  Coinp my.  It  was  in  rccufrnition  of  his  services  in  organizing  tho  expedi- 
tion iinilcr  Deasc  and  Simpson  lor  the  discovery  of  a  north-west  passage,  tliat 
botli  lio  and.folm  Henry  Felly,  the  Londoi.  goveruorof  t'.ic  Hudson's  JJay  ('ciii- 
pany,  received  baroncicics  in  18;5!).  If  wo  nuiy  believe  tiic  stories  told  uf 
Oeorgo  Simpson  by  his  delectable  cousin,  even  this  cheap  pay  was  scarce'y 
earned.  Says  Mr  Andei'son  of  him,  llistonj  Xorl/tirext  C'oiisf,  MS.,  47-S:  '  Sir 
(Jeorge  Simpson  died  at  his  residence  at  Lachinc,  Canada,  about  ISOl.  As  [ 
have  said,  the  character  of  Sir  Ccorge  was  very  energetic,  and  tlic  intelli- 
gence of  his  death  was  received  with  nnieh  ngrct  by  all  the  senior  otlicers  of 
the  IIudson'.s  Bay  Ciim])any,  for  it  had  been  in  liis  power  during  his  long 
career  to  confer  jnany  private  benefits  npon  his  friends  throughout  the  country. 
On  retiring  from  active  service  he  purchased  the  Isle  llurnal  just  above 
Lachine,  and  there  built  a  splendid  residence.  In  1800  he  was  honored  m  itii  a 
visit  fioin  the  Prince  of  Wales,  wIkhu  he  received  with  all  the  honors  of  Hud- 
son IJ.iy  courtesy.  Highly  ornamented  birch-bark  canoes  of  enormous  size, 
such  ns  wc  were  in  the  habit  of  travelling  with,  were  prepared  for  this  recep- 
tion of  the  prince  and  his  jiarty,  who  were  conveyed  to  the  residence  of  Sir 
George  under  tho  stirring  song  of  the  Canadian  voyagcurs.' 

^Simpsou  was  not  yet  kui^jhteJ.     His  title  of  governor  was  uuLappily 


MACDOXALD'S  JOURNAL. 


491 


York  Factory  to  the  Pacific.  Ho  travelled  in  some 
htate,  having  with  him  a  chief  factor,  Archibald  JNEac- 
(iDuahl,  whoso  journal  kept  at  this  time  was  edited  l»y 
Malcolm  McLeod,  and  published  at  Ottawa  in  1872,'' 
and  a  doctor,  Hamlyn  by  name,  the  simple  pi'csunce 
of  a  medical  man  in  those  days  being  proof  against 
many  evils. 

Fourteen  commissioned  gentlemen,  as  the  chii'f 
factors  and  chief  traders  were  called,  and  as  many 
clerks,  accompanied  them  to  their  boats,  which  were 
two  li'j^ht  canoes  with  crews  of  nine  men  each.  Ou 
hoard  were  two  tents,  cooking  utensils,  arms  and  pro- 
visions, with  wine  for  the  officials  and  spirits  for  the 
men.  After  a  hearty  hand-shaking  the  travellers  took 
tlieir  seats.  Cheers  were  given  as  the  boats  shoved 
off;  then  followed  a  salute  of  seven  guns  from  the  gar- 
lison,  after  which  the  voyageurs  struck  uj)  an  inspirit- 
ing air  as  they  breasted  the  strong  tide,  and  the  start 
was  accomplished. 

This  was  Saturday,  the  12th  of  July.  Their  route 
was  up  Hayes  River  to  Norway  House  at  the  iiorth- 

L-liosun.  It  would  seem  that  there  was  a  dearth  of  wot-ds  signifying  doini- 
iiauco  in  those  days,  the  term  ^'overnor  being  npiilied  to  the  hi^;!iejt  in  iuithoi-ity 
cvurywhere.  lie  who  presided  at  the  London  board  was  governor  Ki'.picmo; 
tlio  commanding  olliccr  in  America  was  governor-in-chiet'  of  the  lliid.-ion's 
liay  Territories;  then  there  were  govcrnois  of  districts,  govornois  of  furts,  a 
governor  of  Iluiiert  Land,  a  governor  of  Assiniboine,  and  sometimes  a  double 
^r  (vernor,  as  in  tlie  case  of  Douglas  at  Vancouvci"  I.iland,  who  was  at  onco 
Ifnilsou's  ]>ay  Company  governor  and  colonial  governor. 

"  I'l-nce  liirer.  A  Canoe  Voyaijc  from  the  ][h<Ikoii''s  JJai/  to  the  Parijic.  C'on- 
Ki=;tin;;  of  a  journal  written  l)y  Archibald  Macdonald  with  notes  by  M,vli.-i)li:i 
Mcl.i'od,  a  liarristcr  of  Aylmor,  Canada.  The  jnurnal  l)y  a  chirf  faeliir  during 
!i  living  trip  in  1S2S,  is  much  better  written  thim  the  notes  whieli  arc  Kiipposcd 
t,>  have  been  done  more  deliberately,  tiiough  the  editor  oirors  the  usual  l.iino 
excuse  for  slovenly  work,  of  lack  of  time.  The  writer  who  has  not  tiiiie  to  do 
his  best,  had  better  not  write.  While  there  is  much  that  we  enjoy  to  know 
ill  !Mr.  ^IcLeod's  i-emai-ks,  there  is  an  unhappy  vein  of  alTectation  running 
tiirough  them  which  renders  them  unpleasant  reading.  Crimes  aguinsl,  liter- 
ary taste  .arc  committed  on  almo^^t  every  page,  which  to  point  out,  not  being  a 
Hciiiiol-niaster  or  a  n.'wspaper  critic,  is  no  business  of  niino.  X<'V"TtIiele.-:',l  t 
ns  bo  thankful  to  Mr  JlcI.eod  for  the  absolutely  original  iiif.)rniatiiin  which 
1,'!  bestows  by  the  jiublicalion  of  .Mucdonald's  jnurutil.  I)uring  llie  years 
Isjjaiid  1S-_';J,  Maciliin  lid  had  been  clerk  in  charge  of  some  i if  l!i(^  ]:osts  of 
t!n^  Tiiompsou  Iliver  disliict.  In  IS-Jo  he  took  the  place  of  John  McL<;od 
li.-i  chief  trailer  at  Kamloop.  In  ]S'_'S  W(!  find  him  accoaipanyiiig  (lovernor 
^-inl;).son  '.i  tliis  expedition.  After  his  death  Maedonald's  wi  low  .'^avi'  tlio 
notci  of  his  journal  to  McLeod.  S<'0  J7miis'  llln'.  Or.,  MS.,  'Ill;  Frinldin'ii 
A'tu'.,  i.  Ill;  Aiulerdon'dlJi^t.  Xorthtidt  CuasI,  }.IS.,  7-1. 


402 


DOMINATION  OF  THE  HUDSON'S  KAY  COMPANY. 


cm  cud  of  Wiiiiiipci^  Lake,  tlKnico  to  Cumberland 
House,  La  Crosse  Lake,  and  Fort  Cliii)e\vyau  at  the 
west(;ru  end  of  Athabasca  Lake;  then  up  Peace  llivcr 
and  down  the  Fraser  to  Fort  Lan^h'V. 

It  isuot  neeessarvto  enter  uito  details  of  the  iournev. 
There  were  rather  fewer  than  the  usual  nushaps,  and 
I'ar  more  than  the  usual  comforts;  for  food  and  drink 
were  plenty,  and  when  men  and  cargo  got  wet  they 
could  stop  and  have  a  drying. 

At  N(jrway  House,  where  fresh  provisions  wero 
obtained,  his  excellency,  as  the  chief  factor  calls  the 
governor,  was  p:  ceded  by  a  ]Mi)er  from  the  Linding 
to  the  fort,  where  the  olHcers  ami  a  bevy  of  dusky 
ladies  stood  ready  to  receive  him.  In  tlie  eves  of  the 
nnrrator  the  reception  was  more  imposing  tlian  any- 
thing hitherto  seen  in  that  region.  l*re|)arato)'y  to 
arrival  they  had  landeil  and  made  their  toilets  ;  then 
their  approach  was  made  known  by  the  shrill  notes 
of  Highland  bagpipes  in  the  governor's  canoe,  and  a 
bugle  in  the  chief  factor's,  after  whieli,  astliey  ntared 
the  landing,  was  heard  the  softer,  sweeter  chant  of  the 
boatmen.* 

*Tlic  editor  was  tlicvc  nt  tlio  time,  '  In  t!io  cro'.vd  on  tho  l):uik,'  lio  says, 
'  staiuliiig  lu'siilc  my  dear  old  fatlur — astiirdy  IIi;^'ldaiidcr,  suuuhiix  iu  liaiid, 
and  Avivli  cimnti'iiaiice  beaming  in  coppcions  pride  of  liis  woik  veil  dDUf — F,  ii 
little  fellow  yet  in  liia  units,  was  a  gaziig  speetatrr,  intensely  interested,  and 
to  this  day  I  i'eniend)er  the  scene  as  i;  li  now  flashed  Lefore  my  eyes.  On  thu 
sii,'nal  hill  of  rock,  from  a  tall  Norway-pine  shaft,  floated  the  grand  old  flag. 
From  the  hollow  rocks,  the  worKl  of  rocks  all  around  ns,  awoke  tho  wild  eehoia 
liy  the  Iniglo  set  flying.  Then  tho  grand  thuudcr-skinl  of  tho  bagpipes  with 
their  "Campbells  are  coming;  liourr.ay!  hourray!"  or  sr)me  b'.icIi  nr.isic  of 
our  mountain  land,  long  droned  out  to  the  very  vault  of  heaven,  and  tlicji — 
as  ii  ca  Icir.a  of  soothing,  gkuldoniug,  cx(piisite  charm — the  deep  and  soft  and 
So  joyously  toned  voices  of  those  full-throated  voyagcura,  timed  with  a  stroko 
8)  quick,  of  glittering  paddlc-bladc,  singing  with  such  heart  their  Lit  (,'laini 
Foiilaiiie  or  some  such  Iovl  !  ;..ir  of  tlicir  native  land.  All  tliis  music,  iu  tho 
rapid,  in  tho  deep  rocky  nor;.;c  mellowed  by  the  waters,  and  a  little  by  dis- 
tance, entranced  us  in  a  sen:-c.  For  a  while  we  could  but  listen,  tho  canoe.j 
from  our  position  in  the  b.T  being  cut  of  si'^ht;  but  wlien  tho  goveriun's 
c.inoo  with  its  gi-and  hi/b  pr  iW,  rounded  and  brightly  painted,  ilashod  out  of 
the  dark  roc!c  at  the  point  into  our  full  view,  and  gracefully  turned  inio  the 
little  port  at  our  feet,  the  heart  seemed  to  swell  with  admiration  and  delight 
at  tho  sight.  Never,  never  had  anything  so  grand,  and  splendid,  and 
delightful  withal,  been  seen  in  those  primitive  wilds.  And  the  lit  Jo  world 
there,  especially  on  the  bank  that  day,  was  one  which  in  its  unsullied  purity 
of  natural  taste  for  tlio  beautiful  in  nature  and  in  simple  art,  could  appreciate 
and  enjoy  such  a  scene.'  McLcod's  Peace  liivei;  app.,  note  xiv. 


EN  ROUTE. 


403 


they 


The  onthv  joiirnoy  was  made  without  loss  of  lifV;  or 
juoperty.  TJiis  was  duo  in  a  groat  nicasiiru  to  (ho 
cllicioiicy  of  tho  guide  who,  en  route,  is  govunior  ovoii 
of  governors,  "lie  was  generally,"  says  INIeLeod, 
"  soiiK.  steel-framed,  steady,  and  eluctric-eyed  Iroquois 
of  C'anghnawaga,  or,  as  1  believe,  in  this  ease,  was 
some  <:»ld  French  Canadian  voyageur,  wise  e.\(!eedingly 
in  his  own  way,  and  endowed,  one  would  think,  with 
special  instincts  for  his  duty.  In  canoe  he  takes  the 
post  <jf  honor,  that  is,  of  danger  and  trust,  the  how. 
JJctween  him  and  his  precious  charge  every  nasty, 
ri[>ping  rock,  or  suid;cn  stick  in  the  way,  the  shallow 
way,  for  going  u[>  stream  thoy  have  ever  to  hug  tin? 
shore,  there  is  naught  but  the  thin  birch  bai'k  and  its 
slender  lining." 

IJuring  tlie  evenings  which  were  spent  at  the  posts 
along  the  route,  the  governor's  time  was  occupied  in 
writing.  It  was  an  intricate  and  widely  cxtondiMl 
business  for  one  man  to  manage,  3'et  the  length  of  time 
^Ir  Simpson  was  governor  shows  tho  opinion  of  his 
associates  of  his  ability.  Ills  correspondence  with 
tho  officers  of  the  company  was  very  jjjreat.  Added 
to  his  administrative  capabilities  was  intense  api)lica- 
tion,  which  enabled  him  to  perform  the  labor  of  three 
oidinary  men.  Twelve  j-ears  later  he  had  so  over- 
taxed himself  as  to  be  partially  blind.  At  Isle  .\  la 
Crosse,  Fort  Chipewyan,  and  other  stations,  supplies 
were  taken  on  board  as  required.  One  month  from 
the  time  of  starting  the  party  arrived  at  the  last- 
named  port,  then  in  charge  of  William  ^[cGilUvray. 
James  Heron  now  took  the  place  of  ]McGillivray,  wlio 
with  his  family  acconq)aiiied  the  governor  across  tlio 
mountains.  The  arrival  and  departure  of  the  family 
was  attended  by  the  same  ceremony  at  all  the  posts : 
nuisic,  cheerinsj,  the  waving  of  tla'^s,  and  the  firing 
of  guns. 

They  entered  Peace  Kivcr  en  the  1 5th  of  August. 
Fort  Vermilion,  three  hundred  and  twenty  miles  from 
the  mouth  of  the  river,  was  then  in  charge  of  Paul 


494 


DOMINATION  OF  THE  HUDSON'S  BAY  COMPANY. 


Frascr.  Fort  Dunvcgan  was  still  occupied  by  Cannv 
bell,  who  on  this  occasion  was  taken  by  surprise, 
having  but  little  on  the  premises  to  eat.  The  gover- 
nor could  not  refrain  from  bestowing  upon  tlic  natives 
a  gentle  admonition,  after  the  manner  of  a  fatlier- 
confessor,  with  regard  to  the  St  John  murder,  no  less 
than  the  ancient  bacchanals,  one  of  wliich  not  lon<jf 
since  resulted  in  the  death  of  an  Indian. 

Passinsjf  St  John,  a  cross  was  seen  marking  tlie 
burial-place  of  the  unfortunate  wife-stcalers,  wh«se 
passion  for  tlie  forest  belles  had  cost  them  their  lives; 
for  in  these  wilds,  where  constant  jieril  made  one 
brotherhood  of  all  creeds,  it  was  tlie  custom  to  desig- 
nate the  spot  where  dead  humanity  lay  buried,  pr-o- 
vided  always  the  skin  had  been  wJiite,  by  monuments, 
which  since  these  many  centuries  have  proclaimed  ;i 
common  origin  and  a  common  end. 

The  path  at  the  portages  was  in  a  miserable  condi- 
tion, no  white  people  having  passed  that  way  for 
three  years.  On  the  4th  of  September,  the  guide 
with  three  men  narrowly  escaped  jierdit  ion  at  the  ibot 
of  a  formidable  cascade.  The  lltli  brought  them 
to  McLeod  Fort,  where  they  I'ound  wreathed  in  sad 
smiles  the  honest  i'acc  of  ]\Ir  Tod,  for  ho,  alas!  was 
taken  by  surprise,  whicli  signided  in  thedic^tion  of  tlie 
day,  that  the  fort  contained  nothing  to  eat.  ][e  and 
•  his  two  men  were  on  short  allowance,  the  fish  having 
to  some  extent  failed  him  durinu:  the  sunnner. 

llvrc  Simpson  was  called  upon  to  play  the  judge  in 
a  case  of  assault,  the  person  attacked  being  susj)eered 
of  tamperilig  with  the  assailant's  wife.  The  governor 
leturned  the  Scotch  verdict  of  not  proven.  The  wife- 
wooer,  however,  was  advised  not  to  interfere  with  the 
marital  relations  of  others  in  a  country  where  women 
were  so  plentiful,  and  as  an  earnest  ibr  his  future  good 
behavior,  he  was  fined  ten  shillings,  which  being 
offered  to  the  injured  husband  was  indignantly  re- 
fused, whereupon  it  was  handed  to  a  third  person  to 
buy  rum  for  the  men.     The  servants  must  be  well 


ox  THE  TACIFIC  SLOPE. 


405 


1  rained  iudL'Ccl  wlio  could  bo  satisfied  uitli  tills  quality 
of  justice  at  the  l.iand  of  their  l;ighest  ollielal.  Two 
thousand  beaver-skins  were  annually  traded  hero  at 
this  time. 

From  McLcod  the  party  set  out  by  land  for  Fort 
St  James,  the  men  with  heav}- loads  upon  their  backs, 
makinsx  over  the  bad  roads  but  fifteen  or  ciiihteen 
miles  a  day,  the  gentlemen  ridintj^  on  horses;  althoui^h 
1  could  but  reufard  it  as  more  gentlemanly  in  the  mas- 
tci-  to  have  walked,  and  let  his  horse  carry  the  burden 
el'a  laitiiful  servant.  IJut  it  was  inconsistent  with  the 
dignity  of  oflicers  to  treat  the  voyageurs  as  men. 

To  impress  the  tender  mind  of  the  savage  it  was 
iiiought  best  to  make  a  grand  entry  into  Fort  St 
.binies,  the  capital  of  western  Caledonia.  I  Fence, 
wlien  within  a  mile  of  the  fort,  the  party  halted, 
Itreakfasted,  and  changed,  that  is  to  say,  shaved  and 
tleeorated.  Unfurling  the  ]>ritish  ensign,  it  was  given 
to  tlie  guide,  who  marched  iirst.  After  him  came  tlie 
l.'and,  consisting  of  buglers  and  b;igpij)ers.  Nc^xt  came 
the  goveiiior,  mounted,  and  behind  him  llamlyn  and 
!Macdonald,  also  on  horses.  Twenty  loaded  men,  likt) 
1  leasts  of  burden,  formed  the  line;  ai'ter  them  a  loaded 
liorse;  and  finally  ]\[cGiHivray  with  his  wife  and 
llnnily''  brought  u)i  the  rear. 

Thus  arranged, the  imposing  body  was  [)ut  in  motion. 
]*assing  over  a  gentle  elevation  they  <;ame  in  full  view 
of  tlie  ibrt,  when  the  bugle  sounded,  a  gun  was  tired, 
and  the  bagpipes  struck  U])  the  famous  mai'ch  of  the 
flans,  *SV  cu)iia  I'Mun  cofjadli  na  .shea,  that  is  to  say, 
]*eace;  or,  if  vou  so  will  it,  war.  James  ])ouglas, 
A\h()  was  tlien  in  cli;vrge  of  the  post,  rejilied  with  a 
laisk  discharge  of  wall-i)ieces  and  small  arms;  after 
which  he  advanced  a  short  distance  in  front  of  the 
loit,  and  there  reci'ived  his  distinguished  guests. 

Fort  St  James  was  then  the  cliief  depot  for  all  the 


•''Whether  mounted  or  on  foot  tlip  narrative  dcxa  n<>t  s;iy,  I'lit  ]inil>;iMy 
till'  liiltci-,  iiH  ofliciwisc  Miitre  tlii'io  wvn'  to  few  lioi-.scs  tlu' w  i  iur  wniijil  liavo 
bucn  apt  to  nieutiun  them. 


409 


DOMINATION  OF  THE  HUDSON'S  BAY  COMPANY. 


:i 


region  noitli  of  the  Frascr  Forks  to  the  Russian 
boundary,  including  the  Babine  country,  and  hcncu 
was  a  general  rendezvous  for  the  fur-traders  of  nudti- 
tudinous  degree.  Governor  Simpson  had  been  there 
but  two  hours  when  Cixief  Factor  James  Connolly  of 
Montreal  arrived  from  the  shores  of  the  Pacific,  which 
he  had  left  the  23d  of  June.  Yale  arrived  next  day. 
It  was  soon  decided  that  Pierre  La  Course,  one  of 
the  governor's  party,  with  three  men,  should  proceed 
inniiediately  to  Thompson  Piver,  and  build  a  boat  to 
take  the  travellers  to  Fort  Langlcy.  Yale  accom- 
panied them  to  Fort  Alexandria,  rendering  them  eveiy 
assistance  in  his  power,  and  to  Chief  Factor  Francis 
Frmatin<j:er  and  5lr  McDouG^all  were  sent  letters  con- 
taining  instructions  of  like  import. 

To  the  great  white  chief  many  little  red  chief-,  wv  ' 
introduced,  and  the  white  chiefs  told  the  red  /l':r 
that  they  must  not  kill  white  men.  There  had  bcc:; 
one  or  two  nmrders  committed  by  the  Indians  lately, 
for  whicli  the  murderers  were  i)romptly  punished  as 
usual;  but  the  governor  greatly  deplored  such  pro- 
ceedings, and  vrarncd  the  chiefs  that  war,  with  all  its 
horrors,  would  be  upon  them  if  they  did  not  curb  the 
temper  of  their  people.  Ills  imj)osing  mien,  his  earnest 
words,  and  the  dauntless  fire  of  his  eve  never  failed  to 
impress  the  savage  mind  with  awe  and  reverence. 

The  Uith  of  September  the  l)arty  moved  forward, 
and  reached  Fort  Alexandria  the  fourth  day.  There 
they  found  the  two  McDougalls,  and  Yale  and  party, 
who  arrived  five  days  previous.  George  McDougall 
was  in  charge  of  the  post.  After  leaving  this  po.-t 
the  governor  was  seized  with  illness,  which  lasted  i\>i- 
several  days,  and  though  quite  severe  it  did  not  [)rc- 
vcnt  his  travelling. 

Calling  at  Kandoop,  the  governor  assembled  the  na- 
tives in  the  hall  of  the  post,  and  there  addressed  them 
according  to  his  custom,  exhorting  them  to  honesty, 
frugality,  and  temperance,  and  supjtlcmenting  his  ser- 
mon with  ]'olls  of  tobacco,  and  other  presents  far  more 


WORK'S  EXPEDITION. 


497 


efficacious  in  promoting  good  behavior  than  words. 
Mr  Erniatinger  was  in  charge  of  this  post  that  season. 

Yale  had  been  sent  from  Fort  Aloxanch'ia,  with 
fourteen  men  in  two  bark  canoes  to  the  fork  of  the 
Thompson  River,  where  the  governor  now  found  them, 
both  parties  having  on  their  way  run  rapids  never  run 
before.  Down  Thompson  River  to  the  Fraser,  and 
thence  through  the  water-grooved  mountains  of  rod;, 
over  rapids  and  whirlpools  they  go ;  past  Allitza  River 
and  Yale  River,  past  dalles  and  portages,  dashing 
down  Simpson  falls,  a  fearful  plunge,"  then  past  Lilli- 
wliit,  as  they  called  Harrison  River,  soon  after  moot- 
ing the  tide  from  the  Pacific,  then  passing  Work  River 
a)id  reaching  Fort  Langley  on  the  evening  of  the  lOtli 
of  October.  ,  McMillan,  lilanson,  and  xVnnance  wer-e 
there  witli  twenty  men.  Here  Macdonald  remained 
to  take  the  place  of  McMillan,  who  acconn)anied  the 
governor  to  Fort  Vancouver,  as  we  have  before  found 
recorded  in  the  archives  of  the  fort.^ 

The  following  year  Simpson  returned  east  liy  way 
the  Columbia,  his  party  consisting  of  McMillan,  Doc- 
tor Tod,  Tom  Taylor,  and  twenty-seven  men.  The 
only  incidt-nt  worthy  of  mention  on  the  tri[)  was  an 
affray  with  the  natives  fit  one  of  the  portages,  from 
wbicJi  the  governor  narrowly  escaped  with  his  life.'^ 

With  six  boats  and  twenty  men,  on  the  20th  of 
^liiy  1828,  John  Work  left  Colvillc  for  Okanagaii, 
arriving  the  22d.  Among  the  cargo  was  a  cage  of 
tinee  })igs  for  New  CaliMlonia,  the  route  from  Colville 
to  that  district  then  beinu:  down  the  Columbia  to 
Okanagan  and  up  the  Okanagan  River. 

"'Came  to  t'.ie  head  of  Simpson  Falls  whero  tlio  river  is  eliokod  up  liy  '<>• 
Mdst  solid  rofk  of  .nl>out  half  iiu  iici'c  iu  ixtciit.  Kxiuniii"d  it  idony;  the  \vv:t 
^llol^^  Imt  coiui'ivcd  the  run  on  tliat  side  extn'nitly  diin;j;enin-',  and  ovini,'  (<> 
the  innnenso  rooks  itU  f)ver,  to  carry  was  inipossil)le.  The  east  lead  was  tin  n 
(Ictcniiiiied  njion,  crossed,  and  run  without  laiulinj,'i)n  that  side  liy  ihc  ;^'nidi' 
\\  ill)  I'Ushed  on  witli  his  hark  canoe,  and  a  safe  arrival  liclow  was  dlccted,  Init 
not  witliout  nuK-h  risk  in  tlie  whirljiools  ai:;aiiiMt  thi;  enemy  the  loeks  Ihub 
liuii<:  over  us.'  .l/r/(v/o«f(/(/',s  Joiinm!,  in  McL<od'n  I'micc  JUvi-r,  37-S. 

'See/hy/  Ldiiiil/i)  Joiiniiif,  MS.,  \'2'2. 

^Siiiijisnii'''  Ofirluiid  Joiinici/,  i.  1(15-7. 
HXBT.  N.  W.  Coast,  Vol.]  II.    33 


P'i !, 


i)    ': 


493 


DOMINATION  OF  THE  HUDSON'S  BAY  COMPANY. 


'Mi! 


0!i      ■'^'' 

charuc 


From  Now  Caledonia  Ermatingcr  arrived  at  Okan- 
agan  the  24th,  Connolly  and  his  people  the  2Gth,  and 
Dease  the  27th.  A  feast  was  held,  at  which  two 
horses  and  some  barley  were  served.  Nine  boats  in 
command  of  Connolly  then  embarked  for  Fort  Van- 
couver. In  running  Priest  Rapids,  in  the  lower  part 
one  of  tlie  boats  struck  a  rock  and  broke,  and  three  men 
were  drowned.  The  furs  were  recovered,  the  priest 
assisting;  some  of  them  were  dried  at  Walla  Walla 
and  the  rest  at  Fort  Vancouver. 

Returning  on  the  23d  of  July,  the  brigade  consisted 
of  nine  heavily  laden  boats  with  fifty-four  men,  among 
whom  were  Connolly,  Work,  Yale,  Dease,  and  Erma- 
tingcr. At  the  Dalles  they  met  Morgan  and  his  party 
'  way  to  Fort  Vancouver,  and  also  O^^den. 
was  at  Walla  Walla  where  Black  was  in 
On  the  way  up,  the  body  of  one  of  the  men 
drowned  at  Priest  Rapids  was  found,  and  over  the 
remains,  before  interring  them,  Connolly  read  the 
funeral  service.  Arrived  at  Okanagan,  Work  shortly 
after  made  a  journey  into  New  Caledonia.'^ 

In  attempting  to  enter  the  Columbia  River,  in  1829, 
the  Hudson's  Bay  Company's  ship  from  London, 
William  and  Aim,  was  wrecked  on  Sand  Island. 
Those  of  the  crew  who  escaped  landed  at  Clatsop 
Point,  and  were  immediately  nmrdered  by  the  natives, 
that  the  work  of  plunder  might  not  be  interrupted.^*^ 
A  large  portion  of  the  cargo  was  then  secured  by 
the  savajLjes.  Tidiness  of  the  disaster  reachinfj  Van- 
couver,  McLouirhlin  sent  messengers  demanding  the 

»  Work's  Journal,  MS.,  222-40;  Allan's  Horn.,  MS.,  19. 

'"Gray  alfirms,  U'lai.  Or.,  21,  that  'all  on  board  were  mnrdered;'  and  ajnin, 
191,  that  in  \8M  'there  was  also  in  the  country  a  man  by  the  name  of  felix 
Ilathiiway,  saved  from  the  wreck  of  the  WUli(t7n  and  Ann.'  Roberts,  Itccollrc- 
tionn,  MS.,  15,  says  that  the  crew  landed  with  tlicir  arms  wet,  and  hence 
were  wholly  defenccleds,  and  that  all  were  murdered.  Anderson,  North- 
went  Couxt,  MS.,  258,  states  tliat  the  'Clatsops  murdered,  or  were  asserted 
to  liave  murdered,  the  survivors  of  the  crew.'  Dunn,  Or.  Ter.,  159,  'Tliu 
whole  of  the  crew  perished.'  Thornton,  Or.  and  Vol.,  i.  304,  'All  ou  board 
perished.' 


THE  CLATSOPS  PUNISHED. 


restoration  of  the  goods.  An  old  broom"  was  there- 
upon sent  to  the  fort  with  the  derisive  reply  that  that 
was  all  of  the  cargo  they  intended  to  deliver  up. 

There  were  then  but  few  men  at  the  fort,  and  the 
Clatsops  who  had  not  forgotten  their  infamous  treat- 
ment by  Ogden  and  his  party,  were  as  strong  as  they 
were  blood-thirsty  and  treacherous;  so  that  some 
little  time  must  necessarily  elapse  before  action  could 
be  taken.  Immediately  upon  the  arrival  of  the  brig- 
ade from  the  interior  about  the  middle  of  June,  one 
lumdred  voyageurs  under  Connolly  were  sent  to  chas- 
tise the  villains.  First  the  schooner  Cadhoro,  well 
armed  and  manned,  was  sent  down  the  river  and 
brought  to  anchor  before  the  Clatsop  village.  No 
demons>ation  was  made  on  board;  on  shore  the  sav- 
ages were  Jefiant.  During  the  night  the  boat  party 
approached,  keeping  themselves  carefully  concealed 
boll  hid  the  schooner.  At  early  dawn  the  signal  was 
given.  The  schooner  opened  fire  on  the  village,  and 
striking  up  a  wild,  shrill  boat-song,  the  Canadians  shot 
their  barks  from  behind  the  vessel  and  landed  under 
cover  of  her  guns. 

Shots  \\ere  exchanged  as  the  boats  approached  the 
bank,  and  a  brief  encounter  occurred  on  landing;  but 
the  enemy  were  soon  discomfited,  and  took  to  flight. 
Littlo  blood  was  shed;  after  the  first  charge  a  skulk- 
ing chief  was  shot;  and  considering  their  diabolical 
deed,  the  punishment  inflicted  upon  the  natives  was 
light.  But  the  effect  of  even  this  light  chastisement 
was  salutary,  and  the  subsequent  good  conduct  of  the 
Clatsops  was  secured." 

A  schooner  of  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  tons 
Mas  this  year,  1829,  built  at  Vancouver,  and  christened 
the  Vancouver.  She  was  poorly  constructed,  and  proved 
not  very  profitable.     After  making  a  few  trips,  she 

"Following  Anderson,  Northnrst  Coast,  MS.,  258,  Dunn  says,  'nn  old 
bn)kcii  papei'-fiaiiieil  luuking-glass'  accompanied  their  impertinent  niessjige. 

'-See  lurtlier,  Coji-'h  Adv.,  ii,  395.  app.;  I'jrfor'*!  Jiiver  0/ the  IVest,  '20-30. 
Parker,  IJx.  Tour,  lCO-1,  dates  the  disaster  1828. 


DOMINATION  OF  THE  HUDSON'S  BAY  COMPANY. 


tfli- 


was  finally  wrecked  in  the  spring  of  1834,  on  Point 
Rose  Spit,  at  the  northern  end  of  Queen  Charlotte 
Islands.  Duncan  was  her  captain,  and  he  ran  her 
aground  in  open  daylight.^ 


13 


It  may  be  well  to  notice  here  the  incipient  ideas  as 
to  the  occupation  and  cultivation  of  the  soil  apart 
from  fur-trading  interests,  although  the  history  of 
permanent  settlement  will  form  the  opening  chapters 
of  another  volume. 

Among  the  mythologies  of  Oregon  occupation  I 
find  the  following.  Into  the  Willamette  Valley  about 
1812,  there  drifted  a  free  French  trapper,  who,  tired 
of  mountaineering  and  the  uncertainty  of  semi-sav- 
age rovings,  determined  to  seek  retirement  where 
skies  were  propitious  and  the  horizon  free  from  civil- 
ized obstructions,  where  food  might  easily  bo  culti- 
vated, and  where  dusky  maids  were  plenty.  Montour 
was  his  name,  and  the  spot  he  chose  was  French 
I'rairic.  Having  long  entertained  the  idea,  he  had 
carried  about  with  him  a  few  seeds,  which  he  now 
planted.  He  then  built  himself  a  commodious  hut. 
After  giving  a  few  rudimentary  lessons  in  agriculture 
to  his  faithful  wives,  he  was  a  lord  for  life.  Toils  and 
troubles  were  over,  and  the  fear  of  hunger  forever 
banished. 

For  lourtoen  years  continued  this  lonely  cl^'^sium; 
and  though  mighty  changes  were  taking  place  beyond 
the  confines  of  his  kingdom,  Montour  remained  un- 
molested until  1826.  His  farminj?  amounted  to  but 
little,  yet  it  served  every  purpose,  and  might  be  in- 
creased at  pleasure.  The  man  and  his  surroundings 
were  known  to  the  fur-hunters  who  frequented  these 
parts,  but  they  paid  little  attention  to  him  except  to 
partake  of  his  hospitality  as  they  passed  by. 

Then  came  one  Peter  Depot,  and  Montour  was 
ready  to  depart.     There  was  scarcely  room  enough  in 


"/i'()6f»/s'  Rec,  MS.,  43.    Tliis  vessel  must  not  bo  confounded  with  the 
bark  Vancouver  lost  on  the  Columbia  bar  in  1848. 


TRADITIONAL  HISTORY. 


501 


,  b 


e  111- 


.  with  tho 


the  Willamette  Valley  for  two  farmers  of  the  fur- 
hunting  order.  So  Montour  transferred  his  interests 
to  Depot,  and  in  1850  Depot  sold  to  Samuel  Brown.'* 

The  Killamooks  have  a  tradition  surpassinijf  even 
tliis;  namely,  that  a  long  time  ago  five  white  men 
landed  at  Cape  Lookout  and  buried  some  treasure  in 
the  cliflf,  which  has  since  fallen  down  and  covered  it. 
They  then  helped  themselves  to  as  many  women  as 
they  desired,  and  raised  a  nation  of  their  own,  which 
to-day  inhabits  the  region  to  the  south  of  them. 

However  true  or  false  these  and  other  similar  stories 
may  have  been,  there  were  of  a  truth  those  among 
the  half-breed  and  French  Canadian  servants  of  the 
Pludson's  Bay  Company,  and  straggling  trappers  from 
the  United  States,  and  from  California,  wh(.^  now 
determined  to  abandon  their  wilderness  ways  and 
ItLLiin  for  themselves  and  their  children  a  fixed  resi- 
deuce;  and  from  this  time  the  principal  food,  which 
had  hitherto  been  fish  and  game,  began  now  at 
tlie  principal  posts  to  be  cattle  and  grain.  Bound 
Fort  Vancouver,  as  I  have  said,  were  taken  up  b}' 
these  persons  the  first  patches  for  cultivation;  the 
next,  and  in  due  time  larger  farming  settlement  was 
on  French  Prairie  in  the  Willamette  Valle}%' '  and  for 
nine  years  from  the  time  of  our  definite  knowledge 
of  this  settlement,  that  is  to  say,  1829,  this  cluster  of 
farms  stood  as  a  pot-flower  of  civilization  in  a  wilder- 
ness of  savagism,  the  sole  effort  of  independent  hus- 
bandry in  Oregon. 

And  strange  to  say,  with  these  incipient  ideas  of 
fixed  occupation  and  their  attendant  forest-clearings, 

1*  A  writer  in  tho  Salem  Mercury  is  responsible  for  this,  and  tlio  rtailer 
mny  take  it  at  liis  own  valuation.  Koberts  writes  nie  that  Montour,  a  s\\  artliy 
half-caste,  Avent  from  Colvillo  or  New  Caledonia  to  French  I'rairio  in  I.'--  II. 

'-'See  1114.  Or.,  this  scries;  also  T/ioriiton'.i  Or.  undi  'uK,  ii.  1(»;  [■"nilniisini'.-* 
Jlixl.  V.  /.,  MS.,  05.  Anion^  other  instances,  I)e  Sniet  in  liis  Orcjim-  ''/'■"'- 
.•<((»/>.■,  17,  mentions  tho  case  of  a  Canadian  servant  of  the  Iludsoi's  May  Com- 
liany,  who,  tried  of  trapping;,  in  ISl'S)  ol)tained  permission  to  settle  with  his 
family  in  the  Willamette  Valley  and  follow  farniinir,  and  that  others  now  fol- 
'  "\(l  liis  example.  For  eai-ly  allkirs  at  French  i'ruiiie  see  Jlist.  Or.,  this 
Buries. 


502 


DOMINATION  OF  THE  HUDSON'S  BAY  COMPANY. 


house-buildings,  and  soil-stirrings  came  civilization's 
kindly  savage-destroyer,  disease.  Thus  mercilessly 
omnipotence  vetoes  its  earlier  work  for  a  later;  pro- 
nouncing its  creation  of  red  men  bad,  the  lighter  color 
coming  now  in  fashion,  all  which,  reading  the  future 
from  the  tablets  of  the  past,  tells  us  that  our  cruel 
superstitions  and  hypocritical  civilization,  our  religion 
if  you  will,  or  may  be  if  you  will  not,  must  in  due  time 
give  place  to  another  and  better  religion  and  civiliza- 
tion; for  under  the  present  regime  matters  are  not 
altogether  pure  and  perfect. 

That  the  ague  and  fever  which  in  this  year  of  1829 
first  awoke  the  savage  nations  of  the  lower  Columbia 
to  their  death,  which  became  epidemic,  and  ragod 
with  such  virulence  as  with  the  thousands  of  red 
men  to  carry  off  scores  of  white  and  wholly  to  do- 
populate  certain  sections,  is  to  be  attributed  entirely 
to  the  scratching  by  weak  husbandry  of  a  few  acres 
at  Fort  Vancouver  or  elsewhere  seems  to  me  absurd. 
And  yet  such  is  the  general  notion  entertained  of  it. 
Farming  is  not  so  unhealthy  an  occupation;  or  if  it 
were,  the  deleterious  effluvia  arising  from  a  newly 
upturned  garden-patch  could  not  equal  the  malaria 
engendered  for  ages  by  hundreds  of  square  miles,  in 
hundreds  of  different  localities,  foul  river-bottoms, 
swamps,  and  decaying  forests. 

But  this  is  a  different  sort  of  infection  you  may  say. 
Very  true.  The  infections  of  artifice  are  always  dif- 
ferent from  those  of  nature.  I  do  not  know  wliy 
throughout  this  wide,  airy,  and  heaven-lit  region  tlio 
moment  the  conception  even  of  fixed  residence  is  en- 
tertained by  civilization,  all  savagism  should  rise  up 
and  rush  to  their  destruction  like  so  many  devil- 
possessed  swine.  I  do  not  know  why  the  world 
was  originally  constructed  upon  so  cruel  and  unjust 
a  principle,  the  animal  kingdom  no  less  than  tlu; 
man  kingdom,  the  life  and  })rogression  of  the  stronger 
being  sustained  and  made  yet  more  and  more  sovereign 
only  by  the  devouring  and  final  total  destruction  of 


EPIDEMIC. 


m 


tlie  weaker.  Nor  have  I  been  able  to  find  any  one  to 
tell  me.  According  to  the  measures  of  right  given 
nie,  according  to  any  other  measure  than  tiiat  wliat- 
ever  is  is  right,  that  might  is  right,  I  see  no  right  or 
reason  in  it.  But  our  wise  teachers  tell  us  to  wait, 
and  perhaps  we  shall  know  more. 

But  whatever  the  cause,  certain  it  is  that  when  the 
soil  round  Fort  Vancouver  was  first  upturned  to  any 
considerable  extent  for  cultivation,  the  fever  and  ague 
broke  out  among  the  natives  in  the  form  of  fearful 
epidemic.  White  men  as  well  as  Indians  were  seized 
by  it,  but  the  former  could  in  some  degree  ward  off 
its  dangers  while  the  latter  fell  by  thousands  before 
its  silent  and  mysterious  shafts.  The  poor  natives,  to 
whom  the  disease  was  new,  no  wiser  in  this  respect 
than  the  white  men,  were  wholly  at  a  loss  to  account 
for  its  origin;  and  the  brig  Oinjhee,  Captain  Dominis, 
arriving  about  this  time  they  charged  him  with  having 
brought  among  them  the  hateful  infection.^"  The  fol- 
lowing years  there  came  typhoid  fever,  whoe)ping- 
cough,  the  measles,  and  other  civilized  diseases  hith- 
erto unknown  in  these  parts,  so  that  soon  the 
bewildered  savage  every  autumn  would  wonder  what 
new  damnation  the  Christians  should  bring  him  this 
year. 

During  the  years  1830,  1831,  and  1832  the  epi- 
demic was  even  worse  than  in   1829,^^  and,  indeed, 


^'^IJohe.rts'  Rec,  MS.,  13.  Mis  Hars-cy,  Life  of  McLoughlin,  M.S.,  15, 
recollects  the  first  American  vessel  entering  the  Columbia  in  her  time  as 
'tliat  of  Captain  Thomas  in  18'29.'  The  ship  was  anchored  at  Astoria  while 
the  captain  traded  for  beaver  and  salmon. 

"  Dates  as  usual  disagree.  Cnnhiii<i's  lieporl.  No.  101,25th  Cong.,  3d  ■S'e*.-., 
Fob.  18;>!),  17,  speaks  of  an  intermittent  fovcr  in  1829,  which  nearly  depopu- 
lated the  banks  of  the  Columbia.  In  18*29  the  plough  was  first  introduced, 
says  Kane,  Waiidcriiigi),  174,  'and  the  locality  hitherto  considered  one  of  the 
most  healthy,  was  almost  depopulated  by  the  fever  and  ague.'  Doctor  Tolmic, 
J  list.  Pinjet  SoKiid,  MS. ,  5,  0,  says  the  epidemic  first  broke  out  after  the  plough- 
ing of  some  rich,  alluvial  land  near  the  river  bank,  wh'>re  tlie  Indians  lived; 
but  there  must  have  been  some  more  general  and  wide-spread  cause.'  In  the 
U.  S.  Catholic  Almanac,  copied  by  De  Smet  in  his  Missions  de  VOrcgon,  19,  wo 
finil:  '  Quoique  le  climat  de  ce  pays  parais?tj  tr6s-salubre,  une  fievre  treniblante 
I't  contagieusc  qui  se  di5clara  cette  meiue  anni^c  1830,  enleva  pris  dos  deux  tiers 
des  habitants,  dcpuis  Ic  has  de  la  riviere  Colombia  jusqu'  aux  Cascades.'  In 
iiid  Jourtuil,  1840-1,  MS.,  3, 4,  James  Douglas  writes:  '  Plomoudo  says  that  in 


m 


DOMINATION  OF  THE  HUDSON'S  BAY  COMPANY. 


aside  from  the  extraordinary  ravages  of  disease, 
"affairs  seem  dreadfully  disordered  at  present  in  the 
Columbia,"  groans  the  mercenary  scribe  at  Fort 
Langley.  In  July  1829  there  were  "tAvo  or  three 
American  vessels  in  opposition  there,  and  but  one 
beaver  obtained  for  a  blanket."  ^^ 

Simultaneously  with  the  rise  of  the  agricultural 
interest  was  felt  a  need  of  sawn  lumber.  One  of  the 
best  sites  for  a  mill  in  that  whole  region  was  at  the 
falls  of  the  Willamette,  where  Oregon  City  now  stands. 
This  spot  had  often  been  spoken  of  by  passing  fur- 


■  M 


1830,  the  first  agiic  summer,  the  living  sufficed  not  to  bury  their  dead,  hut 
lied  in  terror  to  the  sea-coast,  ahandoniug  the  dead  and  djnng  to  the  hirds  and 
buastsof  prey.  Every  village  presented  uscene  harrowing  to  the  feelings;  the 
canoes  were  there  drawn  up  upon  the  beacli,  the  nets  extended  on  the  willow- 
boughs  to  dry,  tlie  very  dogs  appeared,  as  ever,  watchful,  but  there  was  not 
heard  the  cheerful  sound  of  the  human  voice.  The  green  woods,  the  nuisio 
of  tlio  birds,  the  busy  humming  of  the  insect  tribes,  the  bright  Buminer  sky, 
spoke  of  life  and  happiness,  while  the  abode  of  man  was  silent  as  the  grave, 
like  it  filled  with  putrid  festering  corpses.  O  God  !  wonderful  and  mys- 
terious are  thy  ways,  rioinondo's  account  is  perhaps  overcharged,  but  in  the 
main  I  firmly  believe  correct,  as  the  ague  has  been  a  fruitful  source  of  death  to 
every  Indian  tribe  exposed  to  its  attacks. '  '  The  Chinook  tribe, '  says  Ander- 
son, Hint.  Northwest  L'oaat,  MS.,  4,  'were  very  numerous,  and  continued  to  bo 
BO  until  about  1831,  when  the  fever  and  ague  broke  out  and  carried  a  large  jiop- 
nlation  off.'  And  again  referring  to  Allnii's  Hem.,  MS.,  14-16,  as  goodaullior- 
ity  as  the  best,  we  find,  '  the  fever  and  ague  first  broke  out  on  the  river  in 
1S29.  In  the  autumn  of  1832  the  disease  was  very  prevalent  at  Fort  \:n\- 
couver,  and  at  one  time  we  had  over  forty  men  laid  up  with  it,  and  a  great 
number  of  Indian  applicants  for  la  mi'di'cine;  and  as  there  was  tlien  no  phy- 
sician at  the  fort,  J)r  McLoughlin  himself  had  to  ofliciatc  in  that  capacity, 
although  ho  disliked  it,  as  it  greatly  interferred  with  his  other  important 
duties,  until  he  was  himself  attacked  with  the  fever,  when  ho  appointed  luo 
his  deputy;  and  I  well  remember  my  tramps  through  the  men's  houses  with 
my  pockets  lined  with  vials  of  quinine,  and  making  my  reports  of  the  state  of 
the  patients  to  the  doctor.  It  proved,  therefore,  a  great  relief  b(3th  to  him 
and  to  my.self  when  the  annual  ship  aiTived  from  London,  bringing  out  two 
young  medical  men,  doctors  Clairdner  and  "  )lmic,  one  of  whom  v.as  immedi- 
ately installed  into  ofKce  at  Fort  A'ancouvcr,  and  the  other  despatched  to  the 
Northwest  Coast,  v.here  the  company  had  lately  established  several  forts. . . 
(hie  day  in  making  my  rounds  to  tlio  numerous  jiatients,  I  paid  a  visit  to  a 
lialf-brecd  Kanaka  boy,  and  handing  him  a  vial  of  nuinine  mixture,  pointed 
with  my  linger  to  how  much  he  was  to  take  at  one  dose;  but  the  fellow  mis- 
taking swallowed  the  wiiole  concern  at  once,  eight  or  ten  doses  in  one.  I  was 
avt'fuUy  alamied  for  a  tini(\  but  I  need  not  have  been,  for  he  soon  got  well, 
and  ne\-er  had  the  ague  again  as  long  as  I  was  at  Fort  Vancouver. ' 

^^Fovt  Laniilcji  Journal,  ^IS.,  143;  McLnniih!iii\-i  Private  Papers,  MS.,  '2d 
Ber.  2;  Thornton'^  dr.  ami  Cut.,  ii.  15.  So  Cox  writes  in  July  1829.  Adv.,  ii. 
30"),  app.  'The  iutelligjuce  from  this  country  is  by  no  means  of  a  pleasant 
nature.    The  number  of  liv^ea  lost  last  winter  is  incredible. ' 


IMPROVEMENTS. 


ultural 
of  tliu 
at  the 
stands, 
isr  fur- 


s  Ander- 
lucd  to  lio 

inliiullior- 
rivL'V  iu 
ort  \nn- 
a  great 
no  iihy- 
capacity, 
iportaiit 

tf(l   1110 

uses  witli 
stati;  of 
to  liim 
out  two 
iiumedi- 
il  to  tlic 
forts . . . 

lisit  to  11 
l>ointoil 
low  mis- 
I  was 

got  well, 

MS.,  '2d 
Adt'.,  ii. 
pleasant 


traders,  and  tlio  prophetic  eye  of  ^McLouoldln  liad  not 
failed  to  note  the  superior  atlvantajL^cs  of  the  })hice. 

As  early  as  December  1821),  MeLoiinhliii  took  pos- 
session of  the  ])lace  and  began  preparations  for  the 
tircction  of  a  saw-mill  there.*''  Setting  to  work  a  party 
of  his  men  during  the  winter,  they  erected  at  the  falls 
three  log-houses,  and  made  ready  the  timber  for  the 
mill,  which  they  purposed  to  erect  on  the  west  side  of 
the  river.  This  work  lasted  until  May  1830  ;  and  as 
it  was  not  McLoughlin's  intention  to  erect  the  mill  at 
once,  work  ceased  on  it  for  the  season.  Some  potatoes 
were  planted  there  that  spring  for  the  uso  of  the  work- 
men, which  was  the  beginning  of  agri(;ulture  in  that 
vicinity.  In  1832  tliey  blasted  a  mill-race  from  the 
head  of  the  island.""  But  the  natives  not  liking  these 
demonstrations  of  permanent  residence,  incontinently 
burned  the  log-houses,  and  the  timber  lor  the  mill,  and 
only  regretted  they  could  not  burn  the  race  and  the 
men  who  had  diixjifcd  it.  Had  not  their  foreiathers 
caught  salmon  here  ever  since  water  fell  over  these 
I'ocks?  Had  they  not  feasted  and  fasted  u^jon  these 
banks  before  ever  the  skin  of  these  thrice  damned 
]']uropeans  had  become  bleached  by  brain-work,  and 
was  not  the  country  theirs?  Burnt  butcher  1  anni- 
hilate! my  gentle  redskin,  it  is  the  light  of  gods  and 
men  by  their  own  law  ordained  so  to  do;  then  butcher 
or  burn  as  thou  art  able,  or  be  butchered  and  burned 
as  thy  kind  heavenly  father  will  have  it! 

It  has  been  generally  believed  that  the  part  Mc- 
Loughlin  took  in  the  settlement  of  Oregon,  brought 
upon  him  the  censure  of  the  company.  This  is  true 
only  as  regards  the  officer  in  his  relation  to  the  corpo- 
ration, which  like  most  bodies  organized  for  mone}'- 
making  purposes  was  indilferent  to  any  otlv^r  than 
mercenary  inlluences.     Yet,  notwithstandiii_''  forious 

''Or,  as  Mr  Elwood  Evans,  ffhf.  Or.,  MS.,  202,  in  my  opinion  Honiowliat 
iiiifairly,  puts  it,  tlic  Hudson's  ]5ay  Company  'seized  the  pre^Liit  sitcof  Oregon 
City  and  other  portions  of  the  valley,  their  estaldislimeiits  anterior  to  this 
time  lieiiig  eonfined  to  the  country  north  tif  the  Columbia.' 

•" McLoujhliu'n  Pricute  Pcqjem,  MS.,  Istser.  1;  4th  ser.  7. 


606 


DOMINATION  OF  THE  HUDSON'S  BAY  COMPANY. 


i 


li  p! 


II.  1 
ill 


difFcrcncca  as  to  the  policy  of  the  company  in  rc^-ard 
to  occupation  and  settlement,  never  a  word  h 
breathed  by  his  most  bitter  opponent  in  the  Hut.  aih 
Bay  Company  against  his  abihty  or  intcgrity.'^^ 

"  Hear  what  Ellice  says  before  the  house  of  commons  committee,  lir/if. 
342:  'Dr  McLunghliii  was  rather  an  amphibious  and  imlependont  i)ersoim;j;c; 
lie  was  u  very  able  man,  and,  I  believe,  a  very  good  man;  but  he  liad  a  fancy 
that  ho  would  like  to  have  interests  in  1x)th  countries,  both  in  America  and 
in  the  English  territory. .  .While  he  remained  with  the  Hudson's  Lay  (Com- 
pany hu  was  an  cxcellcut  servant.' 


if' 


CHAPTER  XXIII. 

NOTABLE  AFFAIRS. 

1830-1832. 

David  DoroLAs,  Scientist— His  Advkntfres  in  the  Northwest  Coast — 
Quarrel  with  Black — Challenoe— Notice  of  Samuel  Black — His 
Assassination — Joun  Work's  JoritNEY— Conspiracy  to  Murukk  Mc- 
LocoHLiN— Wreck  of  the  'Isabel' — Walla  Walla— Nkw  Cale- 
i>()NiA — Work's  Snake  River  Expedition — Raids  upon  thkm  bv  the 
Blackfeet— They  Visit  the  Missoijri — Results— Ekmatinoer — A 
Yankee  Britisher — William  McNeill  and  his  Brio  'Llama'— 
Enters  the  Service  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company — Bcildino  of 
Fort  Umpqca — Hawaiian  Island  Agency. 


There  arc  other  things  in  heaven  and  earth  than 
furs — so  the  scientists,  who  now  and  then  found  their 
way  to  this  region,  seemed  to  say  to  the  august  ad- 
venturers of  Enjjland  and  their  servants.  Althouj^h 
it  was  not  so  easy  to  convert  into  money  the  knowl- 
edge of  new  flora  as  to  sell  the  skins  of  wild  beasts, 
yet  there  were  those  born  in  the  British  Isles  who 
jjrcferrcd  analyzing  strange  plants  to  indulging  in  fine 
raiment  or  sumptuous  repasts.  There  were  Coulter 
and  Nuttall  in  Mexico  and  California,  and  in  the 
mountains  round  the  head-waters  of  the  Athabasca 
and  the  Columbia,  Drummond,  once  with  Sir  John 
Franklin.  Princely  collections  were  made  by  these 
and  other  botanists. 

Here  we  may  ni'>rc  specially  mention  David  Doui^das, 
whose  peregrinations  in  tliu  north-west  covered  a  wlmlo 
decade,  from  1824  to  1834.  He  loft  Loudon  in  the 
vear  first  named,  and  was  at  Fort  Vancouver  station 
before  the  buildings  were  erected.^ 

'  lie  was  the  subject  of  a  scries  of  lectures  delivered  some  j'ears  ago  at 
Portlaud  by  Mr  Somerville  of  Victoria,  under  the  title  of  '  Lectures  about  an 

I  50J  ) 


606 


NOTABLE  AFFAIRS. 


{;; 


A  fair,  florid,  partially  balcl-licaded  Scotchman  of 
medi-ini  stature  and  gentlemanly  address,  ho  was 
twenty-five  years  of  age  when  first  sent  out  by  the 
lioyal  Horticultural  Society  of  London.  He  made 
two  visits,  during  the  first  of  which  he  explored  Alta 
California  by  permission  of  the  Mexican  government, 
but  under  promi;.;e  to  make  no  sketches  of  what  they 
called  their  military  defences.  He  was  assisted  while 
on  the  Northwest  Coast  bv  George  B.  Roberts,  who 
with  a  dozen  other  boj's  had  been  sent  from  the 
Greenwich  naval  school  to  be  reared  for  the  company's 
coast  service.  To  the  botanical  vocabulary  of  the  time 
David  Douglas  added  the  names  of  over  one  thousand 
plonts. 

Thus  this  devotee  of  birds  and  plants  wandered 
among  the  forests  of  America,  his  pack  upon  his  back, 
a  gun  across  his  shoulder,  and  a  shaggy  terrier  at  liis 
heels,  ilow  pure  nmst  have  been  the  pleasure;  how 
thrilling  even  the  pain  thatpromitted  such  a  life  I  Tlie 
savages  let  him  pass  unmolested  as  a  very  big  medi- 
cine, and  the  trappers  and  lanchers  hold  in  little  less 
awe  the  great  grass  man.  So  accustomed  did  he  be- 
come to  forest  life  that  he  preferred  at  night  tlie 
shelter  of  a  fallen  tree  to  the  warmest  lodge  or  the 
fort's  best  furnished  f;uest-chanil)er. 

Jlis  origin  was  humble.  He  had  been  gardener  in 
his  3'0ung<^r  days  for  one  or  two  gentlemen,  and  finally 
in  the  botanic  garden  at  Glasgow,  where  the  delight 
of  living  with  exotic  plants  might  be  tempered  by  the 

Early  Scotch  Hero.'  In  the  Overland  Moitlihi,  Aug.  1S71,  we  have  for  tlio 
first  article  'An  Early  Hero  of  the  Pacific,'  contributed  by  the  same  jjcrsou. 
In  liis  nii.ssiou  there  was  an  unilonbted  lieKl  for  tlic  display  of  hcroi.sm,  iiiit  in) 
more  than  all  were  called  upon  to  exercise  in  these  parts  at  tli;it  early  day. 
He  loved  botany,  and  tlie  traders  loved  furs;  w!iile  he  would  risk  bin  life  fur 
his  science,  there  were  a  tliou.sand  wlio  would  run  e(iually  great  li^lis  f. 'i- 
money.  His  may  have  been  the  nobler  aspiration,  but  it  certainly  was  nut 
more  heroic  than  tiic  enthusiasm  which  sent  to  his  death  many  a  |Hi.ir  voy- 
ageur  and  lonely  trapjier.  Nevertheless,  the  botanist,  Dou^laH,  .sliall  liMve  all 
honor.  He  gave  his  name  to  the  Ahlis  J)oii;/!(in!i,  or  l)ouglas-]nne,  wliiih  so 
thicLly  feathers  the  western  slope  from  Mount  Sh.istato  far  beyonil  St  llli.is. 
Stillman  mentions  him  in  the  (hnluiut  Moi'thh/,  ii.  '2V>'2,  The  bist  soiiric  "f 
information  concerning  him  i.s  his  own  journal  publi.shed  some  time  ulUr  hi.-i 
dcatii  by  Dr  Hooker  in  the  L'ow^unlon  to  the  JJotanical  Majuziiii: 


DAVID  DOUGL.\S. 


m 


rlosc  study  of  a  botanical  library.  Then  be  attended 
the  lectures  of  Sir  W.  J.  Hooker,  whose  name  is  made 
perpetual  on  our  coast  by  one  of  the  highest  mountains 
in  the  vicinity  of  Athabasca  Pass. 

Douglas  soon  became  the  favorite  companion  of 
Hooker's  rambles,  and  it  was  this  great  master  wlio 
itcommended  Douglas  to  the  London  Society  as  a 
qualified  collector.  He  was  much  interested  in  the 
indigenous  tobacco-plant  of  the  Columbia,  discovered 
by  him  in  182G,  and  in  its  cultivation  by  the  natives.'^ 

To  say  that  dangers  beset  him  during  his  solitary 
excursions  among  forest  wilds  is  superfluous.  Pie 
lu(d  many  ways  of  charming  into  wholesome  fear  the 
sini])le  savage  mind.  To  show  them  his  skill  in  shoot- 
ing lie  would  bring  down  a  bird  while  flying;  l)y 
tliiowing  into  water  an  eft'ervescing  powder  and  coolly 
(hinking  it  oft",  he  told  them  they  had  better  beware 
how  they  angered  one  who  drank  boiling  water;  he 
could  even  call  fire  from  heaven,  as  seen  in  his  light- 
ing a  pipe  with  a  lens.  He  made  them  af.aid  of  his 
Mue  spectacles  even;  and  when  they  saw  him  shoot- 
ing frtim  the  tall  pines  the  conen  he  could  not  other- 
wise obtain,  they  put  him  down  as  a  being  wholly 
above  or  below  them,  first  that  he  should  want  such 
thin<2s  and  then  as  to  the  manner  of  obtaining  them. 

At  last  he  fell,  however,  a  victim  to  his  curiosity. 
While  at  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  on  his  second  return 
to  England,  in  1834,  in  examining  the  traps  prepared 
for  catching  wild  cattle  he  lost  his  footing,  and  falling 
headlong  into  a  })it,  at  the  bottom  of  which  was  an 
enraged  bullock,  was  instantly  trampled  to  death.  If 
men  may  judge,  he  deserved  a  better  fate.^ 

'■^  'I  first  saw  a  single  plant  of  it,'  lie  writes,  'in  the  hand  of  an  Indian  at 
t!u!  (.'vc'iit  falls  of  the  Columbia,  Imt  tlioiii^li  I  odored  two  dunces  of  niuiin- 
faitmi'd  tol)acco,  an  enormous  ri'iiiunerution,  he  would  on  no  account  iiari 
witli  it.' 

'  Had  not  Douglas  Ihjo'-.  recalled,  or  tlie  supplies  cut  off,  it  is  doubtful  if 
tviT  ho  would  hiivo  left  his  l^isiinatiiig  forfsts.  A  letter  fn>!ii  Alexander 
Sc.'iton,  K.si|,,  treanurer  of  tlie  1  '(Uticnltui'al  Society,  to  ^Villiam  Smith,  l']si|,, 
iiitiiriMs  ns  that  'David  Douglas  lias  ceased  to  be  in  the  service  of  the  sipcicty, 
and  that  tlie  society  will  not  lejiuyany  further  advoucus  made  to  him.'  Dowj- 
Idi'  I'licatc  Papers,  MS.,  Ist  ser.  "o. 


510 


NOTABLE  AFFAIRS. 


For  one  who  had  received  from  the  Hudson's  Bay 
Company  nothing  but  kindness,  David  Douglas  was 
soiDewhat  froe  with  his  comments.  He  did  not  hkc 
to  see  that  powerful  organization  which  was  so  ready 
at  all  times  to  sacrifice  human  life  on  the  altar  of  their 
own  avarice,  so  cold  and  selfishly  indifferent  outside 
of  their  money-making  to  anything  afiecting  the  weal 
or  woe  of  their  fellow-creatures.  And  the  shaggy 
Scotchman  was  not  afraid  to  teli  them  so. 

Samuel  Black  was  then  in  command  of  Fort  Kam- 
loop,  and  thither  David  Douglas  in  his  wanderings 
repaired.  While  enjoying  the  lonely  hospitality  of  hi^ 
brother  Scot,  and  discussing  the  affiiirs  of  the  company, 
Douglas,  wlio  was  more  fiery  than  politic,  exclaimed  : 
"  The  Hudson's  Bay  Company  is  simply  a  mercenary 
corporation ;  there  is  not  an  officer  in  it  with  a  soul 
above  a  beaver-skin." 

Black  was  up  in  arms  in  a  moment.  He  informed 
his  guest  that  lie  was  a  sneaking  reprobate,  and  chal- 
lenged him  to  fight.  As  it  was  then  dark  the  duel 
was  postponed  until  next  day.  Bright  and  early  in 
the  morning  Black  tapped  at  the  pierced  parchment 
which  served  as  a  window  to  the  guest-chamber,  ami 
cried  out,  **  Misther  Dooglasl  arc  ye  ready?"  But  the 
man  of  flowers  declined  the  winninnr  invitation,  and 
saved  his  life  only  to  yield  it  not  long  after  in  that 
luckless  wild-cattle  pit.  Black  was  formerly  of  the 
Northwest  Company,  and  on  the  coalition  was  pre- 
sented a  ring  on  which  was  ensrraved:  *'  To  the  most 
worthy  of  the  worthy  Xorth westers." 

Though  a  fur-trader  he  was  not  at  all  indifferent  to 
science,  being  therein  an  exception  to  the  fur-worship- 
pers so  scourged  by  Douglas.  Black  was  an  educated 
man  of  no  small  attainments,  geology  and  geography 
being  specially  interesting  to  him.  At  all  events  he 
managed  to  command  the  respect  of  his  associates,  if 
not  by  his  learning,  then  by  his  enormous  stature,  his 
powerful  swing  of  limbs,  and  his  slow,  sonorous,  and 
imposing  speecli.     His   death  was  no  less  sad  than 


SAMUEL  BLACK. 


8Xt 


that  of  David  Douglas;  indeed,  many  a  brave  man 
went  hence  from  this  quarter  for  whose  profitless  tak- 
ing off  the  angels  never  gave  adequate  excuse.  Samuel 
Black  was  killed  by  an  Indian  boy  for  having  charmed 
away  the  life  of  his  uncle.* 

*  It  WM  a  serious  affair,  the  killing  of  a  chief  trader  in  charge  of  an  es- 
fciblislimont:  ami  as  Bluuk's  friends  mourned  for  him  they  could  but  won- 
der wlien  tlieir  turn  might  come.  The  autumn  of  1841  was  when  it  occurred; 
Bl.ick  was  at  his  post  at  Kainloop,  aud  the  circumstances  were  these:  Five 
miles  from  Kumloop  lived  the  Shushwaps  whose  chief  the  Caiiadians  called 
Trantiuille,  for  the  mildness  of  his  disposition,  and  his  suaviOr  in  modo. 
Caj.ot  Blanc,  another  chief,  among  other  articles  of  certain  purchase  at 
Knndoop  bought  a  trade  gun,  whicli  he  left  at  the  fort  to  be  exchanged  for  a 
liorse  the  first  opportunity.  Not  long  after  Tran(juille  came  and  said  that 
Capot  lilanc  had  authorized  him  to  take  away  the  gun.  Black  replied  that 
lie  could  not  have  the  gun  unless  he  left  a  horse  for  it,  such  being  the  condi- 
tiiiiis  up(m  which  it  had  been  left  with  him.  Tran((uille  went  home  a  little 
cluitjviued,  but  by  no  means  angry.  Soon  afterward  Tranquille  sickeneil  and 
(litd. 

'I  have  a  good  heart,  I  am  a  great  chief,'  he  said  on  his  death-bed;  '  I  am 
ready  to  die.' 

'  An  enemy  has  done  this,'  growled  Tranquille 's  wife. 

'No,  no,'ieplied  Tranquille,  well  knowing  to  what  she  referred.  'If  I 
have  a  sorrow  it  is  that  I  nuiy  not  take  by  the  hand  before  I  die  my  best 
friend,  Mr  Black,  and  ask  his  forgiveness  for  the  hasty  words  spoken  when 
lust  we  met. ' 

'  Subtle  and  swift  is  the  evil  medicine  of  the  white  man.' 

'  Peace,  woman! '  Then  turning  to  his  friends  ho  said  :  '  Pay  no  heed  to 
what  she  says.  Mr  Black's  heart  is  good.  Go  to  him,  ask  him  to  send  his 
iiieu  and  have  me  buried  according  to  the  wiiite  man's  custom.' 

It  was  done.  The  request  reached  Kamloop  and  a  board  coffin  for  the 
departed  chief  was  immediately  made  ami  sent  over  to  tlic  Shushwap  village. 

Living  in  Trauquille's  lodge  was  a  nephew,  nineteen  •<  ars  of  a^e,  an  im- 
pidsive,  warm-hearted  youtli,  who  had  greatly  loved  his  uncle.  To  him,  after 
tile  chief's  death,  Tramjuilics  widow  did  little  else  tlian  mourn, 

'  All !  the  gentle  man,  the  great  chief,'  she  moaned,  while  rocking  herself 
by  the  lire,  with  her  chin  resting  on  her  knees.  And  must  thy  sweet  spirit 
go  to  the  happy  hunting-ground  alone?  Alas  I  that  he  who  sent  tlice  thitlu-r 
may  yet  bathe  in  blessed  sunlight,  whilst  thy  nsting-phue  is  dark  iind  cold.' 

'lie  died  fairly,'  sobbed  the  youth.      '  With  his  last  breath  did  he  not  tell 

us  HO?' 

'  So  noble,  so  kind  was  he,  not  even  his  murderer  would  he  harm.  Ah  ! 
tliat  tliere  should  be  none  to  avenge  him.' 

A  day  or  two  in  this  strain  well  nigli  nuiddened  the  young  man.  lie  could 
imtivst.  Eating  or  sleeping,  a  steady  stream  of  woe  was  jwured  into  his  un- 
wili'.m  car  by  the  artful  avenger, 

'  Who  now  shall  Ikj  our  chief?'  she  continued.  '  All  our  young  men  are 
towards — ' 

Knruged  beyond  endurance,  the  youth  sprang  to  his  feet,  and  gave  the  ohl 
wiinian  a  smart  slap  on  the  cheek. 

'Indeed,  yes!'  she  returned.  '  Very  brave  and  manly  no  doubt  it  is  to 
flrike  an  old  woman,  but  to  revenge  an  uncle's  death,  that  were  a  different 
matter,' 

liiirning  with  sorrow,  wrath,  and  desperation,  the  l)oy  arose,  threw  off  his 
I'lothes,  keepingon  him  only  a  piece  of  blanket,  and  blackening  his  face,  sig- 
iiilicant  of  bloody  intentions,  he  seized  his  gun  and  hunit'd  to  Kunihio]). 
There  b«  received  every  kiuduess;  and  though  warned  by  the  intei-pruter, 


512 


NOTABLE  AFFAIRS. 


I'.  I- 

H 


To  a  favorite  daughter  under  a  pet  name,  Black  had 
willed  £20,000,  but  being  generally  known  by  another 

■who  feared  the  youth  with  the  blackened  face,  abroad  in  scanty  clothing 
ill  an  umisiially  coUl  February  day,  meditated  mischief,  Mr  Bluek  directed 
him  to  tlie  fire  in  the  Indian  hall,  and  sent  him  food,  and  pipe  and  tol)a(co. 
Nearly  all  the  afternoon  the  nephew  of  the  deiiarted  chief  sat  and  sninki-d 
in  moody  silence.  What  war  was  there  beneath  that  calm  exterior?  \Vliat 
love,  what  hate,  what  deadly  desperation!  And  now  in  that  youthful  breast 
of  high,  loyal,  and  aflectionate  aspirations  was  the  fell  work  of  tho  deniuu 
of  ij^norance  and  superstition  at  length  accomplished.  Toward  evening,  as 
Black  was  passing  through  the  room,  as  his  hand  was  on  the  door,  and  while 
Ilia  Ijack  was  toward  him,  the  yowng  savage  raised  his  gun  and  fired,  'i'he 
chief  trader  staggered  into  the  adjoining  room,  and  fell  dead  amidst  his  wito 
and  children.  The  murderer  escaped.  The  news  spread  rapidly  to  the  neii^'h- 
Ixjring  posts.  The  natives  were  scarcely  less  disturbed  than  the  wliite  men.  Tiio 
act  M  as  al/liorred,  evt'ii  by  the  friends  and  relatives  of  Trancjuille.  Anilersdii 
was  at  Fo?-t  Niscpially  at  the  time.  Old  John  Tod  came  over  from  Fort  Ah  x- 
undria,  McLean  from  I'^ort  Colville,  and  McKinlay  and  Eriiiatinger  from  Fi nt 
Okaiiagan.  From  Fort  V^ancouvcr  McLoughlin  sent  men  to  hunt  to  the  dcatli 
the  murclerer,  ordei'ing  John  Tod  to  see  t()  it,  and  at  the  same  time  to  take 
charge  of  Fort  Kamloop.  Cameron  was  to  assist  him.  All  traflic  at  tlie  fnit 
must  be  stoi)iied  until  the  murderer  should  be  delivered  up  for  punishment. 
This  was  a  great  hardship  upon  the  Indians,  who  had  now  learned  to  depend 
jpon  the  arms  and  ammunition  of  the  white  men  to  obtain  food  for  their 
amilies. 

Calling  the  Slmshwaps  round  lum  Mr  Tod  informed  them  that  not  a  hair 
of  their  lieads  should  Ije  hurt,  but  the  guilty  person  must  be  found.  Then 
arose  Nicola,  chief  of  the  Okanagaus,  and  said: 

'The  winter  is  cold.  On  all  tho  hills  around  the  deer  are  plenty;  and  yet 
I  hear  your  children  crying  for  food.  Why  is  this?  You  ask  for  powder  and 
))all,  and  they  refuse  you  with  a  scowl.  Why  do  the  white  men  let  your 
children  starve?  Look  there !  Beneath  yon  mound  of  earth  lies  him  who  was 
your  friend,  yourfatiicr.  The  powder  and  ball  he  gave  you  that  you  nii,L'lit 
get  food  for  your  famishing  wives  and  children.  You  turned  against  him. 
(treat  heavens  !  And  are  the  Shush%-  aps  such  cowards,  dastardly  to  shoot  tlit'ir 
benefactor  in  the  Iwick  while  his  faca  was  turned?  Yes,  alas,  you  have  killed 
your  father !  A  mountain  has  fallen !  The  earth  is  shaken !  The  sun  is  daik- 
ened !  My  heart  is  sad.  I  cannot  look  at  myself  in  the  glass.  I  cannot  look 
at  you,  my  neighbors  ami  friends,  lie  is  dead,  and  we  poor  Indians  shall  iiev:  • 
see  his  like  again.  He  was  just  and  generous.  His  heart  was  larger  than 
yonder  mountain,  and  clearer  than  tho  waters  of  the  lake.  Wamors  do  nut 
weep,  but  s(jie  in  mj-  breast,  and  our  wives  sliall  wail  for  liim.  Wherefore  did 
you  kill  him?  But  you  did  not.  Y'ou  loved  him.  And  now  you  luist  not 
rest  until  you  have  bmught  to  justice  his  niuruerer.' 

Nicola  was  an  old  man,  and  as  he  thus  spoke  in  his  surpassing  native  elo- 
quence, so  horror-stricken  did  he  appear  at  this  dastardly  killing  of  his  old 
fi'iend,  so  rigid  in  attitnile  and  expression  was  he,  that  his  whole  frame  and 
features  seemed  turnol  to  stone.  'Never  shall  I  forget  it,'  said  Archibald 
McKinlay,   'It  was  the  grandest  speech  1  ever  heard.' 

Action  (piickly  followed  Words.  The  murderer  lay  hidden  in  the  moun- 
tains of  Cariluxi.  Cameioii  with  a  few  pi(;ked  men  started  in  pursuit.  Aft(  r 
several  days'  search  they  found  tho  poor  boy,  who  expressed  himself  glad  to 
betaken,  as  life  had  become  unbearable.  Placing  him  in  heavy  irons  tluy 
threw  him  across  a  horse  and  started  back  to  Kamloop.  Arriving  at  tiic 
river  which  they  were  obliged  to  cross  in  a  canoe,  when  in  the  middle  of  the 
stream  with  a  sudden  jerk  the  prisoner  capsized  the  boat,  tlirowing  the  occu- 
j)ant8  into  the  water.  But  on  the  opposite  bank  was  old  Nicola,  who  waited 
the  party  there  with  a  band  of  his  warriors,  seciug  wlioni  tho  prisoner  knew 


CONSPIRACY. 


r,v.i 


luimehcr  identity  was  questioned,  and  the  fortune  lost 
U)  her." 

In  the  spring  of  1830,  Jolm  Work  with  thirty-five 
horses,  and  accompanied  hy  Hvo  men,  journeyed  from 
Colville  to  Walhi  WaUa  and  th(>nco  to  Fort  A'an- 
couver.  Departing  the  30th  of  Apill,  they  jirooeodod 
hy  way  of  Spokane,  which  post  they  reached  the  2d 
of  ^lay,  came  upon  Xez  ]^erces,  or  Snake,  river  the 
Glh,  and  arrivt;d  at  Fort  Nez  Forces  tlie  Dth,  havinir 
lost  two  horses  in  crossing  the  river. 

From  Black  at  this  i)ost  AVor''  received  sixteen 
adfhtional  horses.  After  a  dehiy  of  two  days  wait- 
ing ibr  the  wind  to  cease  so  that  tluy  might  safely 
swim  the  horses  across  the  river,  on  tlie  13lh  of  ^[av, 
attended  by  heavy  showers,  tlie  party  were  fairly  en 
fiiufc.  It  was  a  somewhat  dilHcult  feat  safely  to  con- 
duct a  band  of  half-wild  horses  down  the  Oohimhia 
at  this  time.  But  l)y  giving  the  toll-gatiierers  of  the 
JJalles  and  the  Cascades  a  wide  range,  and  exercising 
the  utmost  care  in  swimminu'  streams,  wadiii'j"  boo's, 
and  ci'o.ssing  snowy  mountains,  the  thing  was  done, 
with  a  loss  of  only  two  animals,  and  the  party  reached 
Fort  Vancouver,  men  and  beasts  pretty  well  w(jrn  out, 
the  31st  of  May. '^ 

A  silly  cons[)iracy  against  McLoughlin's  life,  else- 
whe]-e  alluded  to,  was  revealed  by  the  agent  intcMided 
to  do  the  deed.  Crime  is  seldom  iar  distant  from  folly, 
in  the  iields  adjacc>nt  to  tlie  fort  were  employed  tlii-ee 
Moody-minded  Englishmen  of  low  degree,  and  a  liogu.; 

liis  hour  liful  come.  Ilciivily  iiuinaclt'il  as  lio  \v;is,  with  difTiciilty  \\o,  kept  liim- 
ci-lt  fiMiu  siiikiiij^,  ami  as  lie  lluatcil  diwii  t!ic  sti't'ain  lio  vaisi'il  ilio  (Icath-smiij 
wliit'h  was  SI  loll  liuslicil  by  tlio  irai'k  uf  lillcs,  and  thu  iifuksd  body  of  tlio  uulor- 
ttuiatc  youlii  t<aiik  IteiKiitii  tlii^  i  limsoiuil  w  a  revs. 

'''riiisdaiii.ditur  bt'oiiiiio  tliu  vit'oof  Alt-  I'aiiihriin  (>{  Oregon  City,  wlio  van 
u  brotliiT  of  Mrs  J.  Mc(,'i-ULkLii  of  I'oitland.  /.'oh,  ;•/>'  /.'.  .■.,  MS.,  T.'il,  10.  My 
iiifonnatioii  iigaldiiiL;  lilack  va-  olitaiiud  from  'J'od,  as  found  in  liis  Ain) 
Ciddlniaii,  MS.,  l()-ll(;  Aiukrsoii,  .Vo/VAicoV,  < '(x^s^  .MS.,  77-SJ;  ami  M<'Kiii- 
lay,  Xdrmtirc,  MS.,  i;i-17.  Allan  in  his  J!'  iiihi'sm.r,.-:,  MS.,  lS-1!),  j,'iv(.sau 
iiicori'L'ct  account  of  Black's  assassiiuition.  Sir  Jolm  I'luukiiii  mcntiuus  liiui, 
Xiirriii'(i-i\  i.  -JIS. 

«  WurL'x  Journal,  MS.,  S.VOT. 

UWT.  N.  W.  Coast,  Vol.  II.    33 


514 


NOTABLE  AFFAIRS. 


River  Indian  boy.  The  Englishmen  longed  for  greater 
license  tlian  tliey  found  under  McLoughlin's  rule, 
Mhich  for  a  new  country  thev refjarded  as  rather  strict. 

It  was  the  custom  of  McLoughlin  at  that  time  to 
carrv  a  gun  whenever  he  went  into  the  fields  to  look 
al'ter  the  laborers,  and  he  often  used  to  stand  Jiis 
weapon  against  a  tree  wdiile  talking  with  the  men. 
In  one  way  or  another  at  various  times  they  souglii 
to  iiiilame  the  boy's  mind  against  his  master.  Natives 
are  by  nature  averse  to  labor.  Finding  the  boy  asleej) 
over  his  work  one  day,  the  governor  roused  him  witli 
a  hearty  shaking.  The  conspirators  thought  this  too 
good  an  opportunity  to  be  lost. 

"Are  you  not  tired  of  work?"  they  asked  the  bo  v. 

"Yes,  why?" 

"  The  master  is  very  cross  to  us.  Suppose  when  he 
lays  down  his  gun,  you  take  it  and  shoot  him." 

"  I  am  afraid,"  the  boy  said. 

"  You  can  easily  run  away  to  3'our  own  country,  we 
will  not  tell;  and  you  may  take  our  coats  and  the 
gun,  and  anything  else  you  can  carry." 

Thus  many  a  savage  deed  has  been  hatched  l)y 
white  villains,  the  penalty  for  wliich  has  fallen  wholly 
upon  the  less  culpable  instrument.  In  this  instance, 
however,  the  boy  was  not  bad  enou'di  for  the  occa- 
sion.  lleturning  to  the  tort  at  niglit  he  told  the 
cook,  who  revealed  the  matter  to  the  governor.  Wluu 
tlie  Englishmen  were  brought  up,  they  of  course 
denied  the  charije.  Being  ironed  and  confincMl  in 
seiiarate  rooms,  thevfinallv  acknowled«>'ed  their  <^uih, 
but  protested  they  were  not  in  earnest.  The  villains 
were  finally  shipped  to  England  for  trial,  and  the  boy 
was  sent  to  his  own  country.^ 

Throughout  the  entire  pacification  of  the  North- 
west, but  one  wide  or  notable  attempt  was  made  by 
the  natives  to  rid  themselves  of  the  Europeans,  and 
that  ]»roved  so  futile  as  to  have  passed  by  almost, 
imheeded.     A  deputation  of  the  inhabitants  of  the 

'y/«rr<y«  Lf/c  o/J/cZ,o«j//(/iH,  MS.,  10-19. 


VARIOUS  MOVEMENTS. 


51J 


lower  Columbia  one  day  called  aL  Ff.'t  Vancouver 
and  told  chief  factor  that  Nisfjually  was  burned  and 
all  the  inmates  killed.  ^IcLou<^hlin  did  not  credit 
them;  but  when  he  questioned  them  apart,  and  when 
on  sending  for  others  of  the  same  tribe  all  their  tes- 
timony hai'monized,  each  corrolx)ratin<^  the  others, 
i'or  so  they  had  arranged  it,  he  wavered,  and  was 
about  sending  messengers  to  learn  the  truth,  when 
men  came  from  Nisqually  and  said  it  was  a  plot  to 
divide  the  force  at  Fort  Vancouver,  which  then  might 
be  ca])tured;  and  if  the  first  and  finest  post,  then  all 
the  rest. 


Closely  connected  l)y  marriage  with  the  earl  of 
Selkirk,  as  I  have  said,  was  Andrew  Colville,  who 
now  succeeded  Sir  John  Henry  Pelly  as  governor  in 
Jjondon  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Conipany.'* 

A  ji'reater  event  than  chanijfe  of  London  ijfovernors 
occurred  at  Fort  Vancouver  in  1830,  which  was  the 
ti'ection  directly  back  of  the  fort  of  a  regular  mill- 
stone grist-mill  run  by  oxen.  It  was  in  18;]2  that  the 
mills  ]iro[)elled  by  water  were  built  upon  the  stream 
jivi'  miles  above.''' 

The  ship  Isabel,  Captain  llyan,  was  wrecked  on 
Sand  Island  while  entering  the  Columbia  the  23d  »»f 
Mav  f8;)0.  Innnediatelv  she  struck,  the  crew  de- 
sorted  her,  IIa»l  they  remained  at  their  post,  they 
might  have  savod  the  ship,  as  there  was  little  difH- 
culty  in  saving  the  cargo.^" 

V\)  to  the  spring  of  1831,  for  some  time,  Fort 
Walla  Walla  had  been  in  char<>e  <jf  (leori>'e  Barnston'^ 

•■  Colville  was  oiu'o  ciiUoil  Wodilorlmrn,  liiit  changed  lii.s  name  to  reap  tlie 
ailvantaLje  of  a  testaiiii'iitary  lieinicst.  The  ineivaiitili.'  lirni  of  Sir  .lanics 
\\  cilileihurn  ami  ( '(ini])auy,  of  wliioii  lie  was  iiead,  \^a^<  (  nj,'aj,'eil  in  tile  West 
Imliii  trade.  'I'liere  aic  oilier  points  about  the  country  liesides  tlie  om:  near 
Kettle  Falls  whieii  hear  this  man's  name. 

'•*  J/arni/',-i  Ll/c  o/  Jl'L,,ii;ihfiii,  .MS.,  !». 

'"Thornton,  Dr.'  rtml  Ciil.,  i.  ;U)4,  dates  this  disaster  ls:n.  All  others, 
I'.oKer,   '/'.»(;•,  Ii)l,  Cray,  lli^l.  (>r.,'M,  lioheits,  /.Ve.,MS.,  i,\  write  it  is.'iO. 

"  lvliidjur^;h  was  iii.s  hirthiilace;  iin<l  hesides  possessing  L'reat  enertiy,  ho 
\\asa  mail  of  good  intellectual  attainments,  and  was  \ini\ersally  ropeeteil. 
Jkctiriny  Iroiu  the  service,  he  settled  ut  Muutreal,  where  he  was  subseinieutly 


R 


516 


NOTABLE  AFFAIRS. 


Vrlio  was  with  Mc^yiillan  in  f()uii(lin<^'  Fort  Ti.inij^lcy. 
Now  Caledonia  this  yuar  received  a  new  ruler,  l^eter 
Warren  Dease^'  succeeding  William  Connolly,  and  j)rc- 
ccding  Peter  Skeen  Ogdcn  who  took  his  place  in  IHo "). 

An  expedition  to  the  Missouri  River  for  the  purpose 
of  trapping  beaver  and  killing  buft'alo  was  ])lanned  at 
Fort  Vancouver  in  1831,  and  the  conniiand  given  to 
John  Work,  who  succeeded  Peter  Skeen  Ogden  in  tlie 
Blackfoot  and  Shosliono  countries." 

There  were  four  boats  which  left  Fort  Vancouver 
the  18th  of  August,  part  of  which  carried  men  an  I 
effects  for  the  Shoshone  traffic.  With  them  was  a 
small  cannon,  taken  more  for  effect  than  for  execution. 
After  the  men  had  enjoyed  their  usual  drunken  indul- 
gence for  a  day  or  two  at  the  lower  mill,  on  the  20th 
the  party  proceeded  up  the  river,  and  in  ton  days 
reached  Fort  Walla  Walla.  Here  one  hundred  and 
twenty  horses  were  required  to  equip  the  party,  aiul 
tliere  were  l)ut  eijjhtv  at  the  fort.  The  immense 
bands  ni  which  the  Walla  Wallas  formerly  gloried  had 
rapidly  diminished  of  late,  and  there  were  now  in  tliat 
vicinity  none  for  sale.  A  few  of  a  lean  and  uncertain 
order  were  obtained  from  Fort  Colville;  and  thus 
])oorly  provided,  on  the  11th  of  September  the  party 
set  out,  taking  a  north-cast  course  along  the  bank  of 
Snake  Kivcr.  Then  turning  to  the  southward,  trading 
for  horses  on  the  way,  they  crossed  Snake  River  at 
the  Salmon  branch  on  the  IGth,  journoj^ed  up  the 
last  named  stream  ten  days,  then  crossed  through  a. 
woody  country  to  a  camass  plain,  where  they  found 

elected  jire.sident  ot  the  society  of  natural  liistoiy.  Anderson's  Xorthin.''t 
CuuKf,  MS.,  84. 

••'After  retiring  from  Xcw  Caledonia,  Mr  Dease  was  .n]ipointedin  conjunc- 
tion with  Thomas  Simpson  to  dclinc  tiie  arctic  shove  to  I'uint  liarrow,  whidi 
was  done.  A  brother,  .lohn  ^V.•lrren  Ocase,  an  oliicer  of  the  Hudson's  15;iy 
Coiiipany,  died  at  Colville  in  18;!!>,  and  wa.s  hiiried  in  Fort  Vancouver  ceme- 
tery, near  where  the  Uniteil  States  government  buildings  afterward  stood. 
Ainlrr-^on's  XorlhhTst  Voa^t,  MS.,  o(i,  '1\1;  I'niiiWn'n  Xar.,  i.  2'2'). 

'■*  For  details  which  [  here  very  greatly  condense,  s(>e  H'ocA-'s' Jr»fr«(//,  MS,, 
98-l8:J;  Tolmk'n  PwjH  SoumI,  MS.,  G;  and  Allan's  Ihin.,  MS.,  i^asshn. 


OVER  THE  MOUXTAIXS. 


517 


fsomc  natives,  tliou'Th  no  rrreat  bumaiiis  in  the  lino  of 
Irude.  ContinuiiiiJ'  lliev  striK-k  Uitler  Hoot  Uivcr 
thu  18tli  of  Oct()l)(.'i',  clown  which  tht-y  tnivcllod  as  far 
as  Ilellyate,  wlicre  ihuy  eiigai;-ed  in  tl•a|)pill^^  In  that 
vicinity  they  found  "marks  of  AnioricaiijS." 

The  Blackfeot  were  likewise  trou1)lesonic,  stealing 
traps  and  attacking  the  trappers;  indeed,  it  was  a 
dangerous  country,  and  the  jjosition  of  the  party  was 
ri-ndered  none  the  less  pm'ilous  l)y  the  desertion  of 
three  men,  whom  Work  heartily  curses  as  lialf  Indian 
and  wholly  bad.  The  30th  of  October,  two  of  the 
party  were  killed,  .sliot  by  the  lllackleet  while  tra})- 
]i!ng.  Beavers  were  plenty,  and  there  were  rt  few 
bullaloes;  but  the\ankees  and  Ulackfeet  had  spoiled 
the  hunting-grounds. 

The  mid<lle  of  November  the  party  moved  south- 
easterlv  to  the  Jefferson  branch  of  the  ^lissouri,  and 
camped  on  a  plain,  in  tlie  very  road  of  the  Ulackfeet, 
above  Beaver  Ileatl,"  where  thev  skuT'litered  buii'ahtes 
for  a  .short  time  in  great  numbers.  On  the  :i4th  their 
camp  was  attacked,  and  one  of  the  guard  dangerously 
wounded.  IJearlng  the  invalid  on  men's  shoulders, 
two  days  afterward  the  party  moved  south-westward, 
continuing  their  march  in  that  direciit)n  lor  several 
(lays,  killing  bnlfaloi's  as  they  went,  and  sto[)ping  occa- 
sionailv  to  div  the  meat,  and  rest  the  .sick  man,  who 
finally  recovered. 

It  was  now  war  to  the  death  between  white  man 
.•md  Blackfoot;  eacli  shot  the  other  on  siglit  if  within 
litle-ball  range.  Tliere  was  likewise  at  tlils  time,  as 
usual,  war  between  the  Flatheads  and  the  Blackfeet. 

On  Salmon  Iliver  Work  thouijlit  his  i)artv  would 
b(>  somewhat  more  out  of  the  way  of  llie  pe.-^tii'er- 
ous  savages.  Airived  there  the  KJtli  of  JJeceinber 
tliey  found  a  camp  of  thirty-eight  lodges  of  J^'latheads, 
^\ho  informed  them  that  a  large  party  of  Americans 
were  encamped  at  the  foi-k  below,  and  that  the  Nez 
IVrces  with  another  party  of  Americans  had  gone  u[) 

"Xeiu- where  now  stumla  Vir^'iuia  City,  Montana. 


CIS 


NOTABLE  AFFAIRS. 


one  of  the  other  branches  of  Sahnon  River.  Elks  were 
I)leiitiful  hereabouts,  but  buffaloes  were  scarce.  It 
Mas  intensely  cold,  and  altogether  an  uncomfortable 
and  hazard(jus  adventure.  On  the  21st  the  Hudson's 
Bay  people  were  visited  by  a  i)arty  of  United  States 
trappers  from  the  camp  below.  Work  bouj.^ht  a  lew- 
beaver  skins  of  them,  and  they  took  their  departure 
next  day.  Another  party  of  Americans  passed  their 
camp  on  the  morning  of  the  SOth.  They  seemed  veiy 
hungry,  and  continued  their  way  eagerly  bent  upon 
Ijuflaloes.  The  humane  men  who  hunted  under  Me- 
Loughlin's  banner  would  have  been  only  too  glad  to 
relieve  their  wants." 

Again  working  eastward,  the  5th  of  January  1S^>2 
saw  the  party  on  a  small  branch  of  the  ^lissouri.  A 
skirmish  on  the  10th  resulted  in  the  supposed  killing 
of  two  lilackfeet.  The  tiring  raised  the  bufialoes,  !-<» 
that  the  slaughter  was  stayed  for  a  day  or  two.  ]]ut 
moving  down  the  river  they  came  upon  innnense  herds, 
killing  on  one  occasion  thirty-three  in  a  single  da}'. 
The 20th  two  men  arrived  fron)  the  Pend  d'Oreii'le  cann> 
bringing  letters  from  Fort  Vancouver.  Five  Amei- 
icans  from  Salmcjn  River  called  next  day.  The  Blaek- 
feet  continued  troul)lesome,  stealing  their  horses  and 
firing  upon  them  from  the  bushes.  At  break  of  day 
on  the  30tli  the  camp  was  attacked  by  a  party  of 
three  hundred  Blackfeet,  who  were  checked  after 
killing  one  and  wounding  two.  The  cannon  burst  at 
the  third  discharge.  The  loss  of  the  Blackfeet,  who 
were  finally  repuked,  was  considerable. 

By  the  middle  of  February  the  horses  became  so 
thin  from  scarcity  of  grass  that  they  were  unable  to 
follow  the  bulfalo,  and  several  of  them  died  from  cold 
and  starvation.  Returning  westward,  April  and  ^Tay 
were  spent  in  trapping  beavers  and  fighting  Blackfei't. 
Crossing  the  mountains  they  continued  their  occu- 

"  '  They  did  not  stop,'  writes  the  simple  and  kind-hearted  Work,  'or  tlioy 
M-onhl  liavi;  been  asked  to  eat  liy  our  peoph".  Inch'i'd,  it  was  not  known  tluit 
they  were  so  short  of  food  until  they  were  gone.'  Journal,  MS.,  130. 


^yILLIAM  McNeill. 


619 


])ation,  nfrndually  workinj];  wostwaid  until  July,  on 
tilt'  IDtli  of  wliicli  iMoiith  Work  witli  part  of  his  men 
reached  Fort  Walla  Walla.  Two  <jf  the  party  with  a 
l)()at  and  valuable  cargo  were  lost  while  descending 
Salem  Iviver.  The  remainder  of  the  expedition  com- 
ing in,  all  embarked  early  on  the  morning  of  the  'Jatli 
Itir  Foi't  Vancouver,  where  they  arrived  after  travel- 
linLT  <lav  and  night,  on  the  afternoon  of  the  27th.*" 

Another  capital  trader  and  general  good-fellow  some- 
times despatched  to  the  Snake  and  Flathead  countries, 
or  .sent  to  oppose  American  traders,  was  Francis  Erma- 
tinger,  a  clerk  in  the  service,  mentioned  elsewhere." 

])uring  the  first  decade  of  their  occupation  of  tho 
Columbia,  tho  Hudson's  }3ay  Con»[)any  were  troubled 
liy  the  United  States,  government  or  people,  on  land 
or  from  the  sea,  scarcely  at  all.  There  were  a  fe\/ 
restless  rovers  from  the  cast,  and  along  the  seaboard 
now  and  then  a  sail,  to  the  thirsty  savages  signilicant 
of  whiskey-trading  and  thrice  glorious  intoxication. 
]>ut  by  treating  all  in  a  fair  and  friendly  manner, 
!McLoughlin  had  succeeded  so  far  in  niaking  for  his 
company  as  much  out  of  these  visitors  as  it  lost  by 
them. 

Xow,  however,  from  both  directions  interlopers  arc 
becoming  somewhat  more  troublesome.  The  thought 
of  agricultural  settlers  in  the  Willamette  Valley  did  not 
;it  all  trouble  McLoughlin,  however  it  might  worry 
his  more  avaricious  London  associates.  He  knew  it 
must  soon  come  to  that,  and  if  settlers  would  keep 
south  of  tho  Columbia  it  was  all  he  expected  or  asked. 
J  hit  direct  traffic  for  furs,  demoralized  by  reduced 
prices  and  rum,  touched  to  the  (juick  every  officer  and 
servant  of  the  great  mono})oly.  If  ^fcLoughlin  hated 
any  human  being  it  was  a  Yankee  skij)[)er. 

"'The  party  1)rought  back  to  Foit  Walla  Walla  '21.")  out  o{  ."^-JO  horses  with 
whiih  they  sUirtcd,  ami  .subsciniuiitly  Imuj^lit,  111  litiiij;  ia|iturc(l,  lost,  or 
starved  ;  ^0!)  buU'alo  were  killed  during  the  trij),  and  a  huge  (jiiaiitity  of 
heaver  tiiken. 

'"  Ho  afterwanl  retired  from  tho  service,  and  joined  his  hrothci-  iu  Canada, 
where  bo  died.  AUaiCa  Jxum.,  MS.,  '20.     ISee  JJist.  Or.,  this  series. 


fi20 


NOTABLE  AFFAIRS. 


Almut  tills  time  camo  croc[)lii;:j  up  the  ColiimLIa 
tlio  lii-JLT  l->f<(in<f  iVom  IjMstoii,  t'oiimiaiidc'd  hy  William 
McXcill,  a  native  of  Ijoston,  laden  with  all  sorts  iX 
inventions  and  cumiin^'  contiivanees  made  in  IJostoii 
I'or  the  special  jturpose  of  winning'  the  natixe's  t've, 
and  I'uni  to  ^\a^nl  his  heart.  There  were  wooden  sol- 
diers and  junipin^^-jaeks,  little  wa<^n»ns,  whistles,  and, 
I'unniest  of  all,  scjueaking  cats  and  dogs. 

This  ]\r('Xeill  was  a  shai'p  one,  and  so  Mas  tlu; 
house  of  Sturj^is  and  ConnMiiy,  under  whose  orders 
t)io  Llama  sailed.  The  trinkets  took  amazingly;  tlu; 
mind  of  the  intellectual  aboriginal  beinj^  wholly  ade- 
(juate  to  j;ras[)  these  ^reat  ideas.  The  consefjuence 
of'the  worthless  toys  thus  ofV-i-ed  was  to  render  iiisi^-- 
nilieant  in  their  discriminating  eyes  the  com[)any's 
staj)le  goods. 

After  looking  in  on  Fort  Vancouver,  and  adding  an 
idea  or  two  to  his  already  very  fair  stock,  McNeill 
])roreeded  to  open  out  and  begin  his  'diclcer.'  'V\}r 
King  (jicorge  men  employed  eveiy  means  in  tin  ii' 
power  to  render  luill  the  noble  eiibrts  of  the  IJostoiis. 
Jhit  all  was  of  no  avail.  Strange  to  .say,  even  in 
the  sociLd  bai'terings  of  ^Curopeau  circles  wo  some- 
times see  shadow  prefi'rred  befoi'e  substance.  Finolls , 
ill  18o2,  seeing  no  other  way  to  rid  himself  of  this 
nuisance,  ]\[cLoughlin  bought  shi[),  cargo,  and  all,  and 
enti<;ed  the  astute  captain  into  the  service  of  the  honor- 
able adventurers  trading  into  Hudson  Bay.^"* 

'Tiosiilcs  licing  an  al>lc  sear-.in  ml  a  pliarp  tnidcr,  McXi.'ill  \v:is  a 
t!u)r(>u,'_'Iily  liciit'tit  iiinii,  .■^.nd  lie  htrvt  il  the  coiiipiiny  well  ;iiiil  faitlifiiUy.  I'nr 
C'JVenil  ycai-H  ho  had  Ijeeii  cii'^iigeil  for  Stur.L'is  i;iiiR"iim[  any  in  the  Xuitlnve^t 
Coast  ti'ailo,  re.siirtiii;^'  iinii'.ially  ti)  lloiiol  'in  for  stiii]»lies.  lie  ^vas  in  I'aeilie 
Vati'l'H — one!  writing'  from  \'ieto:-ia  to  the  San  Franeisco  Al'a  (  (t'!lori,!'i,  tl'.e 
7tli  ScjiteinluT  l.sT'"),  Kiy.s  lie  was  on  the  I'aeilie  eoast  in  iSKi,  l>i;f  tliat  is  not 
tin.!  Iicst  antliority.  He  «;>.»  in  Oregon  in  \S'2('>.  Itva.s  l)nneaii  i  inlaysou 
vho  liist  i)i'oi)0.s<!(t  the  ]inielia.se  of  the  J.'utmi,  the  ea|>tain'6i  intimate  Kik^wI- 
Cil;-;e ('f  the  eoaist  lentleiing  his  s^crviees  donlily  advantaf/cous.  'It  wan  at  Fort 
\  i:neou\ci'.  in  thi!  winter  of  1;>;!J,' writes  Ander.'-on  in  ls77,  //''^■^  Xnrf/in-is/ 
Co'tsf,  MS.,  70,  'that  I  lirst  fell  in  witli  ('ai'.tain  MeXeill.  lie  eiauinned  Inr 
some  years  in  conunaml  of  iho  Lfiann,  then. took  a  run  to  London  in  eoni- 
niand  of  the  lImli<oii",s  15;iy  Coni[iany'.'i  .shi|)  Xi  n  i'l,  and  aftinvard  eoniniamU  I 
for  w  nie  year.n  the  steanier  lliun  r,  at  that  time  » niiilii_\id  in  the  fnr-trade  il' 
the  coast.  Afterward  Im  v,as  apiiointed  to  the  eharpe  of  Fort  Siini>son,  and 
finally  letii-oil  iu  IbOl,  aud  settlcil  upon  piox)crty  Mliicli  he  had  prcvioualy 


McLKOD  15U1LUS  TOliT  UMTQUA. 


<^iaiiit'  ill  tlu!  AVillaiiu'tto  Vallfy  wtis  now  ln'coiiiiiii^ 
Hot  <|uitu  so  jilL'iitii'iil  as  ron"<n'ly,  and  traiijurs  witu 
i'lrcL'd  to  resort  to  more  inhos|iital>lL'  ri'L;ions.  A 
j^ood  business  niii;lit  Ijc  driven  in  the  c-onntry  round 
tlie  Uni[)(iua  and  lloirue  rivers,  but  that  the  natives 
were  so  wild  and  tieai-lierous.  ^lany  trappos  and 
trav.jlkrs  between  Oii'non  and  California  li;id  Ijeen 
s.uriiieed  to  the  blood-tliirstini'ssot'  these  savni^es,  and 
it  was  now  determined  to  build  a  fort  somewhere  in 
that  rej^ion,  on  the  spot  i)est  lor  liade,  and  Ibr  hold- 
i'l^C  in  some  de;4'ree  of  awe  the  bold  raseals,  as  they 


were  eaJled,  o 


Ik 


.f  tl 


lese  I'iN'ers  and  eoas 


st. 


Henee  in  18'>2  (,'hiet'  Tradi'r  John  ^leLcod,  in 
company  with  ]\lieiiel  La  Framboise,  I'amous  in  those 
(lavs  anywhei'e  <tn  the  route  between  Fort  Vancouver 


u\u 


1  8an  I'rancisco  liay,  was  sent  to  Ihi;  ]\iver  Ump- 
i|Ua  to  [)laiit  a  post.  It  was  the  chief,  and,  in  fact, 
ahiiost  the  only  post  attempted  by  the  Hudson's  iJay 
Company  south  of  the  Columbia.  The  spot  chosen 
v.T.s  a  small  jdain  of  about  two  hundred  acres  on  tiie 
south  side  of  the  Umpqua,  three  mik'S  Ijelow  the 
r.iouth  of  Elk  Creek,  and  fortv  miles,  foHowiii'i'  the 


r;)i!<j:h  trail,  fi 


om 


thi 


oc 


ean.     In  iact  it  was  tradi 


with  the  coast  tribes,  for  beaver  and  sea  i 


urs, 


tliat 


was  now  more;  specially  sought,  and  which  this  post 
v»"as  to  })rotect.'^ 

The  savayjes  in  those  parts  did  not  relish  the  idea  of 

pnrclmscd  iu  the  vicinity  of  Victoria,  -wlicrc  ho  died  n  few  years  ftgo,'  that  is 
til  tjiiy,  ill  ls7"'.  Hi'  was  als(j  jit  one  time  captain  of  a  stcani-lioat  jilyiiii;  be- 
tv.cea  Victoria  and  New  WcstHiinsti  r.  JV'fore  hin  death  he  lieeame  a  i;rilit:!i 
Miliject.  \»'i;at  a  cliaii','e  \\a.!  lure  fiotu  that  of  a  dyed-iii-tlie-\M>ol  'S'iinkeo 
I  .a. liliili", (jiiei  n-\vor^;!liJ'pill!,'  IJritislierl  Ftirlheniiore,  from  anion;,'  t!ie  adifioHO 
eii'.igiitcrs  of  the  Kai^auies  lie  took  a  bride  and  be^au  ieariii'4  a  diisi^v  race. 
.I.iiu  l):;iin,  //-/.  <)i\Tu:,  '-'-J!),  coolly  atlirniH  that'McNeid  s..ld  him>^"lf  and 
x>ssel  to  the  Jliidson's  l!ay  ('omimny  bicausic!  he  eonld  not  make  trade  pay 
I  ;ioM  Ilia  o\\  n  account,  \\  hich  .stati  nu  nt  is  whody  untrue.  See  further,  Mnrlui'ii 
II.  i:..'X\\  ll'll/.rs'  X/i,:,  r.S.  /;,'■;•'('/•.  AV  ,  iv.',  |.avMm. 

"The  bed;din;;s  consisteil  of  four  Kai  k-eovered  ln^^diuts,  enclosed  in  jjirkets 
twilve  feet  hi,L'h,  with  baslioiis  at  two  of  the  an;_dcs.  Torly  at  res  wen-  tiuua 
I  iiilcr  culfivatinn.  l-Aaiis,  //.'.<'.  Or..  MS.,  ls',1,  ^ives  a!iai):.t  the  only  knowl- 
I  '; 'e  alxjut  i-'urt  I'mp'iua.  llines,  Or.  L'.c,  '.)!);  iariiliam,  'J'runl.*,  4'.Ui ; 
a  d  'i'.ay,  ///■/.  Or.,  12,  h;ive  a  smatterin;,'  of  inforiiia'ii'u  al.i.nt  it.  .T<-so 
.\j  ,.lcj^'atc,  .'/lu-'jni  aVo/c.<,  (jruii's  <Jr.,  jiluccs  the  fort  ■!•.)  mikj  lioni  the  ocean, 
V  iiich  ii  correct  niuke^  the  iiia^^iii  v>'ruug. 


522 


NOTABLE  AFFAIRS. 


fixed  (loiuination,  and  used  tlieir  best  endeavors  to 
drive  out  the  unwelcome  traders.  Strui^L^din^-  trappei's 
they  had  for  many  years  cut  oil'  with  imiiunity,  and 
now  tliey  (hd  not  hesitate  to  attack  the  I'oi't.  Several 
times  tlicy  made  desperate  efl'orts  to  dislodge  the 
traders,  ;md  in  1809  they  rcj-ularlv  hesit.-n'cd  tht)  tor- 
tress.  In  the  fij^ht  which  ensued  several  of'the  besieged 
were  wounded,  hut  the  savages  were  at  length  coni- 
j)elled  tolly.  Transpcjrtat  ion  between  Fort  Vancouver 
and  the  Umpqua  was  by  pack-animals. 

It  was  now  deemed  advisable  to  establish  an  agency 
at  Honolulu.  So  many  whalers  and  tur-tradcs  touched 
there,  that  besides  JCuropean  goods  and  Coknnbia 
Kiver  salmon,  the  sur])lus  pi'oduce  ot"  Fort  X'ancouvcr 
and  its  dependencies  ibund  a  ready  market,  l^esidts 
Hour  an<l  tis!i,  sawn  lumber  now  becnme  an  impoitant 
article  ol'export  from  theC'olumbia  mills  to  the  Islands, 
the  shi})i)ers  receiving  in  return  coffee,  sugar,  molasst's, 
rice,  and  salt  wliich  wns  made  by  evapoi-ating  sea- 
water.  Later  the  company  procured  salt  from  Carmen 
Island,  Lower  California. 

From  this  time  Fort  Vancouver  flourished  ycjtmoro 
largely.  The  saw-mills  and  grist-mills,  the  stock-rai>- 
ini»'  and  farminLf  employed  a  lar«>e  nund)er  of  men :  and 
the  ari'ival  of  produce  Irom  other  establishments  and 
the  shi})nu'nt  of  goods  to  otiier  posts  threM' around  the 
place  an  air  of  busy  connnerce,  such  as  a  fur-trading 
post  had  hitherto  seldom  witnessed. 

The;  1  fawaiian  Island  agency,  like  thatiit  San  I'^-an- 
cisco  Lay  I'stablished  nine!  years  Inter,  was  not  a  regu- 
lar l'ur-tra<ling  establishment  under  ji  chief  I'actor,  but 
rather  a  commercial  ])ost.  (Jeorge  IVlly  in  charge  of 
whi.m  it  was  tirst  placed,  was  a  relative  of  the  Ijon'Iou 
governor,  Sii'  ller.ry  Filly ;  he  was  succeeded  in  !S;'.'.i 
by  .VK'xander  Simpson, cousin  of  Sir  ( b'orge  Simpson.'" 

Besides  superintending  the  aliliirs  of  the  Hudson's 

'"PiitcH  ).y  Finliiyson,  //;.«/.,  MS.,  G5-0.  Auu'jvsoii,  Xort/tinct  Cocut,  MS., 
6,  is  iiiuiv  giiii ral  ill  his  .'-taU'iueiits.  , 


THE  iiav:atiax  isl^vxd  agency. 


Bay  Company,  Simpson  acted  fur  a  time  as  ronsiil 
i'lii'  the  IJritisli  L'ovcrnment  at  tlie  Islands.  On  the 
visit  of  Sir  (jreorgi'  Simpson  to  the  Islands  in  ISH, 
some  differences  arising  l)et\veen  them,  Ali'xander 
Sim[)son  tliivw  up  his  commission,  and  retiring  from 
the  service  shortly  after,  settled  in  Scotland.'-^ 

Sim])son  was  succeeded  at  the  Isluntls  in  1S4J  l>y 
l)ni;nld  Mc'^l'avish,  a  factf>r,  and  lonu^  connected  with 
the  Columliia  department  both  in  Orei^on  and  Vic- 
toria." It  was  by  wav  of  the  Islands  that  the  tiaders 
of  the  Northwest  Coast  at  this  time  lield  most  fre- 
.jUent  intercourse  with  the  world,  and  found  a  market 
for  their  .superHuous  i)roduct. 

-'The  Sinipr'ins,  tlu)iii;li  1)ri<4lit  in  ipielloct,  iiiul  l>y  no  nionns  lackiu;^ 
in  ciR'i';,'y,  wcio  not  u|Min  tliv  wliolo  wiirs'.iiifiil  iiru.  Sir  (Iforj^o  appoars  tuo 
iiiiR'h  till!  colli,  (.-a  If  11 1  at  i  111,'  iiiarliino  <if  a  blooillcss  corporation  to  inspire 
iiiliiiiratiun  ;  a  most  ctVictivc  niacliine,  .)iit  not  ii  truly  nolilc  man  like  Nlc- 
l.iiii:,'hlin.  TliomaH  Siiiiii.son,  tiio  Arct'"  j  explorer,  cither  killed  hinmelf  or  Wa.i 
killed,  and  Alexander  Sinipsoii  reeeivt  d  from  the  Hritish  (,'overnirunt  the  pen- 
sion which  would  have  hecn  his.  A' jxander  Simpson  was  at  Lachinu  HuUiiu 
ill  ls;{|,  aiicl  wiM  trnnsferied  to  tt    ■  ohunliia  department  in  \S',\H. 

^-JIu  was  a  nephew  uf  .lohii  .Ji-or^'o  M<:Tavi.sli,  and  hrotlier  of  William 
McTiivi.sli,  Hiidsoirs  15ay  ( 'oiin  ally's  governor  at  lied  Uivcr.  He  siiceee(h<l 
.\iideison  at  Lachine  House,  where  l,c  arriveil  in  |S.'),'l.  Airiviii^;  at  tlio 
Cohiihliiii  in  1.S4(),  he  was  stationed  for  a  time  it  l''oit  A'ancoiiver,  then  at 
tlio  Islands,  a'.id  liiiai'y  at  N'ictoria,  wliere,  with  Fiiilaysirii  ami  Toliiiie,  ho 
was  of  the  hoard  of  inana','eiiient.  ^Vhile  on  the  way  to  l'lii;,'laiid  on  ii  fur- 
Iniiu'ii  ho  died  in  his  hath-room  at  a  hotel  in  Montreal.  Thougil  reserved  to 
(itran^crs,  he  was  iiighly  esteemed  l>y  those  who  knew  him. 


CHAPTER  XXIV. 


mSCELL^iXEOUS    MOVK.MENTS. 
1833-18-11. 

FOITNDTXC;  OF  FlKlT  NiSQrALLY— TlIK  CoMINd  OV  (JaIUMNKI;  AMI  ToLMir  — 
iNTKmilTTTiNT  FlIVKll  ]!aMI'AM' — Vs'oKK  Kxi'LOlij:-!  TIIK  UjIl'l^lM 
llKtilOS— TirK  Sl'UIN(J  AND  AfTCMX  IJitKlAJUKS  Ol"  1835— JoI'KXKVS  ii[' 
Do^(iLA^.    ANT)   OiiDEN — AnDEIWOX's   Kxi'KDITlON— ASIATIC    AND   Isi.AM> 

JiTNics  Wkk!  KEi>  ON  'fill;  AVlst  Coast — Advknt  of  tiik  Missionai;ils  — 
TaE  Metiiouis'I's — The  PiiEsiiVTEUiANs— The  Jesitis — The  Ki'isco- 
PALiANs — J(jiiN  Tod — VoYACE  OF  DuiGL-^s  TO  Califouma. 

Thus  v\oro  tlicsc  British  moii,  Scotcli,  Iri.sji,  jiiiil 
EiiL>]isli,  long-beaded  and  deep,  with  (.'alloiis  cuuiMge 
and  steel-tempered  limbs,  always  on  the  luovo,  most 
of  them  at  least,  froiii  post  to  post,  from  one  locality 
to  another,  and  from  one  duty  to  aiiotb(M',  any  attenq^t 
entirely  to  follow  them  in  Avhieh  M<vald  be  as  fntil.'  as 
I'oolish.  Nevertheless,  bv  i.'.'ivui"''  somethinu'  of  their 
shiftings  may  we  alone  tell  their  story.  For  such  was 
their  lile,  and  such  the  history  of  this  vast  domain 
during  this  e[)och. 


On  the  south  side  near  tiie  month  of  a  creek  which 
ilows  into  Puget  St>und,  four  or  five  miles  iioith-east 
of  the  Nis(jually  IJivi'r,  ui)oua  j)ieci'  of  tabK>-land  lhi'e(! 
(jU'.rtcrs  of  a  mile  from  the  sound,  in  ISo:}  was  estali- 
lished  a  post  1)V  Archibald  ^McDonald,'  and  called 
J'\)rt  Xis(pially.  IJeing  on  th(;  direct  line  of  overland 
travel  between  Ibrts  \'aiicou\-er  and  Lanulev,  and  at 

'  1''.)llimiii:i  nti!;iys(in,  Hifl.  V.  /.,  .MS.,  tl;  Kv;nis.  ir,sl.  <>,:,  MS.,  1!)!,  s;iv< 
this  jiost  was  ('i,tii'j!i>'licil  liy  Lii'uti.iiiiiit  Kittscni  i.f  Uic  rtJlii/t'iirs,  tliin  ilml- 
hull's  I'hiy  ('i>miiuiiy'«  floik.  Kitthun  iissislcil,  but  hv  could  .scarcely  lie  c.illcil 
the  foumler. 

(021) 


MoDOXALD  BUILD8  FORT  NISQUALLY, 


f)-_'j 


the  points  wliorc  l)oats  niid  liorscs  wei'c  oxclinn'ird, 
llio  iiucussity  of  an  cstablisliiiieiit  here  htulloiii^  been 
jMt. 

It  Diay  or  may  not  he  that  tlic  contemplated  agri- 
cultural occupation  of  the  Cowlitz  River  region  had 
somethiii!,^  to  do  v.ith  th'  huildiu'j:  of  this  ft)rt;  cer- 
tain  it  is  that  Fort  Xis(|u,.Jy  did  o-ood  service  in  its 
•  lay,  in  more  ways  than  one.  An  extensive  shoej)  and 
rattle  farm  was  soon  in  operation,  wliich  assisted  the 
(■■Miipany  materially  in  fuliilling  its  Russian  American 
c>Mii;-ations. 

J)('sidi's  the  usual  hastioned  stockade  and  fortdjuild- 
iiiLi's  pi'ojier,  there  were  out-buildings,  barn,  blacksmitli 
>li()|>,  and  cabins.  On  the  bank  of  the  sound  ix'ar 
llie  mouth  of  the  creek,  in  1840,  almost  immediately 
after  the   Puget  Sound  Agricultural  Company  had 


'"•un    o 


jieral  i 


ons,   w 


as  crcH'ted   a   ]ar<jfe   warehouse 


As  soon  as  occasion  re(]uired  the  creek  was  daimned, 
and  admii'able  arrangements  made  for  washing  sheep. 
I''iir,  unlike  forts  McLoughlin,  Simpson,  Sliki'cn, 
and  lliosc  in  New  Caledonia  and  the  Shoslione  regi(»n, 
1  Accpting  ]ierhaps  one,  ("olvill(%  Xiscpially  was  not 
Imiit  exclusively  i'or  the  fur  business.  From  the  tirst 
its  conunercial  advantages  wer-e  a[>[)arent;  and  as 
Lnigli'V  became  eaily  identHied  witli  sidmon-lishing, 
so  Xis(pially  made  available  the  extensive  glazing 
tracts  iuljacent,  inxiting  sheep  an<l  cattle,  until  fur- 
trading  at  this  point  was  wholly  ecli[)sed. 

Ill  the  bark  6'"nvyiic^A',  in  1  S-l;!,  under  patronage 
I't"  Sir  William  Hooker,  there  came  to  this  coast  as 
surgeons  in  the  service,  (jlairdner  and  Tohnie.  (Jaii'd- 
ini',  who  gave  his  nanu^  to  one  of  our  salmon,  ]\;\A 
studied  undi'i"  I'^hrenbri-g,  and  the  science  of  inlusoria 


^as  <|uite  popular  at  that  tinie.^ 
All  through  the  year  of  hs;};]  inter 


mittent  fever  was 


'\\v  ili.'.l  nt  tli(>  Uiiwiiiiim  Isliiiuls,  /.'..'» 77-.'  A'.r.,  MS.,  !•.».  'i'olmi.' will  iw 
ii"tirc.l  JiitiT  ill  coiiiuMtiuM  with  tlic  l'n;.'<t  Souiul  A^'ricultiiiJil  ( '(iiii]iaiiy,  with 
Mliuh  liu  Ijccuiiic  iikiitit.-. vl.     Sic  null'  IT,  chuii.  x\ii.,  Ihid  \uluiiii;. 


C2G 


MISCELLANEOUS  MOVE-MENTS. 


if 

!»  ■ 

i: 


very  prevalent.  A  hospital  was  erected  for  Gairduer, 
ill  which  there  were  usually  from  two  to  three  hun- 
dred cases.  All  through  the  Shoshone  countiy  ami 
thence  throughout  the  region  of  the  hy})othetical  riwi- 
Buenaventura,  round  Klamath  and  Pyramid  lakes  and 
along  the  Willamette  and  Columbia  rivers  the  disease 
raged.  ^ 

John  Work  left  Fort  Vancouver  with  twelve  nv  n, 
the  22d  of  IVEay  1834,  on  a  trading  and  trapping  trijr 
to  the  southward.* 

Crossing  in  lK)ats  to  the  Willamette,  amidst  a  dren'li- 
ing  rain,  they  i^'oceedcd  thence  on  horses.  ]\IcLouglirm 
and  his  suite  would  sometimes  accompany  these  south- 
ward-hound expeditions,  in  regal  state,  as  I  notice 
elsewliere,  for  iifty  or  one  hundred  miles  up  tlie  Will.i- 
niette,  wht-n  he  would  dismiss  them  with  his  hlessiiiL;' 
and  return  to  the  fort.  He  did  not  often  travel,  and 
seldom  went  far;  but  on.  these  occasions  he  indulged 
his  men  rather  than  himself  in  some  little  variety. 
The  savages  and  their  near  neighl)ors  the  Canadijiii-^ 
are  greatly  im[»ressed  with  glittering  sh^>w.  IL'n'C 
in  order  to  encourage  them,  or  in  order  the  easier  to 
manage  them,  he  was  wont  sometimes  to  indulge  in 
this  innocent  dis[)lay. 

It  }>leas(.'d  Mrs  McLoughlin  thus  to  bn'ak  the 
monotony  of  her  fort  life.  Upon  a  ujivlv  rapni 
sonrd  steed,  witli  silver  tra])])ings,  and  strings  of  lulls 
on  biidlo-reins  ;ind  saddle-skirts,  sat  the  lady  of  l^'cit 
Vancouver,  herself  arrayed  in  brilliant  colors,  .un! 
wearing  a  smile  which  might  cause  to  blush  and  liang 

*  '  The  Sii.iko  piirty  liavc  lost  two  nioii  liy  lln'  mnliuly.  aiul  liavo  all  scwri'lv 
sutl'i'i't'il.'  'J'li/iiiir's  Joiiriiiil.  MS.,  SI.  It  were  ii  pity  tlic  (ILsfase  I'oujil  imt 
li.ivc  lii'cii  idiitiiitil  rxilu.sivcly  ti>  tlif  white  imn,  vlio  )pfiin;,'lit  it  into  tin; 
I'liiuitry.  'Tin-  iiilhu'ii/awas  iiij,'iii;,' at  the  tiiiic  1  passiMl  tlil'iiiii:li;  tlic  pcdpli; 
wiTi!  ilyiiig  liy  liuiiilriils.  .  .WIuu  1  iviiivi'd  nt  llif  t'>it.  as  tlio  gitat  imiliiir.i- 
mail,  till!  aiiitiiiiit  i)f  labor  which  I  had  to  di^voti'  to  the  siilijcit  wa.s  .■<oiin.'thin,' 
lityoliil  all  ('oiict|)tioii .  .'riicrc  was  not  thu  sliyhti'st  vaciiiiatioii  in  iny  tiiiic, 
ISIW-t!.'  Kiiiij,  in  /t')ii.sr  CiiiiniiKiis  I,', /it..  II.  Ii.  d,.,  l.s.")7.  ;tli;  17. 

*  1'liis  is  tliL'  last  in  jioiiit  ol'  tiine  of  Work'w  joiiriialized  oxjioditions,  oocu- 
pyin'j!  jiajics  I s.'l  to 'J'.' I  of  lii.s  inanusciiiit.  Attir  tliis  in  the  journal  (.uiik!) 
the  cxpuditiuu  tu  Okuiiuj^uii,  but  it  is  uut  ul'  place  ua  ii'^anU  dutc. 


WORK  IN  THE  WILLAMETTE. 


527 


all  scvi'iilv 
if  ((mill  imt 
t  it   into  tint 

:  tlu'  (n'dlili: 
■:it  nil  ilii'ii'."- 

ii".  SillllL'tilill,' 

in  my  tiiiu', 

litious,  oeou- 
niniiil  cuiiKM 


its  head  the  broadest,  wannest,  and  most  fra,<:!frant 
sunflower.  B}'  her  side,  also  gorgeousl}'  attired,  rode 
jier  lord,  king  of  the  Columbia,  and  every  inch  a  king, 
jittended  by  a  train  of  tra|H)ers,  under  a  eliief  trader, 
each  iii)on  his  best  behavior.  \t  this  time  ^leKav 
w;is  living  near  Seajipoose  Ba}';  and  across  the  moun- 
tains in  Tualatin  plain  was  what  they  called  the 
bea\er  ground;  after  sending  some  surphis  hoi'ses  to 
McKay,  the  inirty  made  their  way  to  the  latter  [dace. 
All  along  the  journey  Work  lills  his  journal  with 
glowing  panegyrics  ujion  the   country  and   its  agri- 


cu 


Itural 


])OSSl 


biliti 


es. 


Tliei'e  was  already  a  camp  of  Fort  Vancouver  tra[)- 
])ers  in  the  Tualatin  plain;  and  to  it  wmt  Woik   t 


o 


earn,  i 


f 


)OSSl 


bk 


sometlmiLT  o 


f  tl 


le 


muiiua 


.p.| 


trade 


Although  two  of  the  men  at  that  camp  had  visited  the 
riii])(pias  two  years  before,  they  coukl  tell  little  of 
lhem.     Some  peojik;  cannot  see;  some  who  see  camiot 


w 


hat  thev  have  seen. 


They  crossed  the  Yamhill  Tiiver  the  .'>()th  of  May, 
and  continuing  soutlunly,  ci-ossed  the  Wiliaiiit'tte  the 
;'.d  of  June,  and  contimied  u[)  the  east  bank.  'I'hey 
had  ex[)ccted  ei"e  this  t<»  have  fallen  in  with  other 
parties  of  traj)pers,  but  in  this  were  disappointed. 
TIk'V  were  now  near  where  ^lauiio  embarked  on  the 


I'lxcr 


so 


tl 


le 


ana 


ka,  1 


us  companiou,  miormcd  tlu-m 


and  was  drctwned,  while  on  his  way  i'lom  La  Fram- 
lioise  with  letters.  Some  natives  told  thmi  that  all 
rilitclK'H's  [laity  t'xcejtt  himself  and  one  other  had 
l»een  massaci'ed;  others  that  neaily  all  of  l^a  I'^ram- 
boise's  party  had  bi'eii  cut  olf;  but  of  tiie  truth  of 
tluse  statements  they  entt'i'tained  <louhts, 

( )i'egon  is  still  viigin.  Small  bands  ol"  half-clad  re(l 
men  vegetate  ujxm  its  rich  soil,  while  here  and  thert! 
a   keen-seente<l  wanderer  from    eivih/ed   parts  snulls 


fi'oin  alar  the  dawn  of  a  n 


ew  era. 


Xat 


u»"e  pro\  ides, 


and  nuin  and  beast  feed;  beasts  upon  the  long  gras!4 
and  luxuriant  herbage,  and  men  Uj)on  the  l^-asts. 
Never  poets  sang  of  a  more  gorgeous  or  h;4iiiy  valley 


628 


MISCELLAXKOU.S  MOVEMENTS. 


than  ihv  WillainctU',  Ijr'iLrlit  wltli  daiiriiiLr  waters  and 
car|)C'tc(l  with  clover. 

Tho  7th  of  Juno  tho  party  crossed  Elk  ^[ountain' 
to  Elk  Creek,  and  proceeded  down  the  north  side. 
Next  day  they  went  down  to  the  Unip(iua,  the  norlh 
\)',u\k  ol"  wjiirji  they  descended,  and  thence  to  the  hous,' 
of  Indian  .Joe,  a  noti-d  character,  a  savaLjt)  niucli 
feared  in  those  parts,  jioldin;^  human  lite  in  slight 
esteem.  Jov.  had  already  seven  wives,  and  threat- 
eniuL"  to  take  seven  more.  With  so  many  helpmeets 
he  found  no  dilHculty  in  cultivating^  a  small  patch  of 
])otatoes.  There  they  found  live  packs  of  heaver 
which  had  heen  left  hy  Mitciiell,  and  tivated  with  Joe 
i'or  one  ])ack  more.  A  letter  irom  lia  Frand)oise  t  > 
]\rcLou_nhlin.  dated  1  "th  (jf  Ajiril  l.s;!4,  informed  him 
of  M  hattle  loUL;]it  a  short  time  jirevious  on  the  south 
side  of  the  riiip(|Ua  Mountains,  hy  the  pai'ty  undi  r 
l^a  Ei'amhoise  and  the  sava;^es,  in  which  eleven  of  the 
latter  were  slain  and  several  wounded.  The  white 
men  ri'cei\i"d  no  damage. 

Lea\  ini;'  doe's  house  Work  turned  uj)  the  T^mpqua, 
and  on  the  way  traded  some  heaver  with  old  (ji'ty- 
head's  sons.''  'J'he.se  natives  were  very  shrewd  at  a 
l)ar!..jain,  complaininuf  that  the  huyers  did  not  yive  as 
nuich  as  lormeily,  and  holding'  hack  their  skins  I'l- 
hii^'her  ])rices.  The  articles  most  in  de-niand  wei'e 
annnunitiou  and  strinujs  of  A/'/^""  ma<le  of  ^ri^en 
heads.  Oilier  kinds  of  heads  or  other  lioods  they  ihd 
not  nmch  esteem. 

Pi'Dcecdinn'  south-easterly  on  the  I  Ith,  Work  sooii 
reached  what  he  calls  the  second  fork  of  the  LTnipipia,^ 

''In  till'  (  iiliiiHicpya  ijiiim'. 

"'J'liis  |mrrliii.-i'  witli  wliut  tlay  liiul  liiouyht  before  inaile  7-  beitVLr  and 
2o  ottci'  w  liifli  tliry  liad  MiTurud  thus  fur. 

'Sit  .V«^/•«    /,;'iri4,  i.  -J.".!!. 

*■  '  Had  aiiaii:;til,' lie  wiilcs,  'to  proceed   io  tlie  l'tliiii|Uali  old  foi t  wliero 

I  imdersl I  the  iMtives  liave  a  tew  beaver,  but  vas  ileleii'ed  on  aceoiint  of  a 

child  ot'  (.'hiiiii|)aiuir.s  wliieli  lias  been  .siek  somt;  time.'  Join-iKiln,  MS.  L'!ili. 
From  \\  liiili  lApies.sjdii  one  would  inter  that  the  j)laee  was  not  then  oeeuiiird 
)>y  vhite  men.  ami  did  not  amount  to  iniieh.  On  th.:  nio.-^t  es><enti;d  ]Minits 
of  history  tlu"  journals  of  fnr-tiaders  were  oftiMi  esreedin/ly  dim,  they  takiii,' 
for  ^;i-anted  that  the  leader  wu.'i  familiar  \vitli  ail  that  was  known  prior  to  their 
lAU'ticulur  achie\  lunctits. 


EXPIIDITION  FROM  UMPQUA. 

and  cainped  on  the  1  7tli  at  the  junction.  Tlicro  he 
was  int'oiiued  l)v  a  party  of  natives,  whose  chief  was 
(  ailed  Charles,  that  the  rei^ion  round  the  head-waters 
(  r  the  Willamette  was  so  rui;^i,'ed  that  it  could  he 
liimtfd  only  in  canoes,  and  tliat  no  white  man  had 
yet  visited  its  source,  ]3eavers  were  there  the  natives 
-aid,  and  as  Work  was  accomplishinij^  little  elsewhere, 
\\f  determined  U)  undertake  the  ascent.  80  enirai^inix 
(  liarles  to  Ljuide  them,  they  recrossed  Elk  Mountain 
to  the  middle  or  main  branch  of  the  Willamette. 
The  stream  was  there  fromeii^hty  to  one  hundi'ed  yards 
wide.  The  country  was  mountaintms  and  thickly 
\vo(»ded,  and  there  was  scarcely  any  <^rass,  which  ren- 
dered the  journey  impracticable  for  horses.  Cedar- 
irces  were  thereupon  .selected,  and  the  meji  set  to 
work  makiuLf  three  canoes.  While  thus  enu^ai^ed  they 
were  visited  hy  Louis,  a  Willamette  freeman,  who 
(X  [pressed  the  belief  that  the  river  could  bo  ascended 
ill  boats. 

All  beiniL,^  in  readiness,  on  the  29th  Work  despatched 
11} •  the  river  six  Canadians,  three  Indians,  and  an  in- 
Ti  ipreter,  with  two  mt»nths'  supplies,  to  traj)  beavers. 
Xext  day  Work  went  with  the  remainder  of  his  men, 
all  of  whom  were  to  share  in  the  results  of  the  canoe 
«  xpedition  the  same  as  if  they  had  accom})anied  it,  to 
ail  old  house  two  miles  distant,  formerly  occupied  by 
McKay;  and  leaving  there  three  men  in  charge  of  the 
men's  families  and  the  horses  he  returned  to  Fort  Van- 
couver, arriving  the  10th  of  July." 

'•'Tlio  men  in  tho  throe  canoes  are  li'ft  nncercmoniouBly  padiUing  their  way 
r,|ithc  Winunictto;an(l  tliis,hyfar  tho  most  inijiortant  jiartof  tho  oxpt'ilitioii, 
1-  iiowiicre  fiirtiicr  nicntioiii'<l.  Toliiiie,  /'niiif  Sitiimt,  SlS.,  (i,  7,  gives  rather 
nil  imf.ivural)le  aci'imnt  of  Work's  people  in  their  i-etni'n.  First,  lie  states  that 
thry  'went  Kontli  tiiroiigli  Oregon  and  northei'n  Califoniia  to  certiiii parts  of 
■^.iii  Fianeisco  r>ay,  where  l)eaver,  tiien  very  liigli-priced,  greatly  alMiuniletl;' 
.iiiil  sieonilly,  in  returning  iionie  in  18H4,  j>as»ing  eertain  native  vilhiges 
u  here  the  inlialiitants  hail  been  carried  oil'  in  great  nuinliers  hy  disease,  'some 
'  t  the  young  men  of  the  party  ftjolishly  pillaged  a  deserted  lodge;  of  articles 
that  to(jk  their  fancy.  A  fever  broke  out  in  the  camp;  several  of  the  ablest 
ini  II  died,  and  the  mortality  was  great. '  Harassed  by  t!ie  savages rM  roufi-,  'in 
Litat  distress  they  managed  to  reach  tiic  settlement  at  Clianipoeg  on  tho 
\\'ill:iiiiette  Kiver  where  their  wants  Mere  kindly  attendeil  to  by  .Tervais,  Lu- 
>.iere,und  Deslard,  old  comiwiny's  trappers  who  had  settled  on  tiieso  beautiful 
UisT.  N.  W.  Coast.  Vol.  II.    34 


330 


MISCELLANEOUS  MOVEMENTS. 


With  three  boats  manned  by  twenty-nine  Canadi- 
ans and  Iroquois,  on  the  3d  of  Mareli  18;].3,  ])()u^las, 
(J<^den,  and  others  left  Fort  Vancouver  for  Canada. 
Part  of  tlie  men  were  for  Fort  Colville,  and  part  wcii' 
retirinj^  from  the  service,  and  destined  for  their  early 
lionies. 

There  is  1)ut  little  of  special  interest  in  this  jouitK  v. 
At  Fort  Walla  Walla  where  they  arrived  the  10th. 
tlu'V  found  the  neifjhborinij  tribes  convened  accordiii  •• 
to  their  custom  for  purposes  of  pleasure  and  busiiu>-. 
From  tliis  point,  Douglas  with  a  small  mounted  ]iarty 
proceeded  across  the  country  by  way  of  Spokaiu! 
House  to  Fort  Colville,  while  the  remainder  in  b^ats 
continued  up  the  river. 

The  eastern-bound  party  left  Fort  Colville  the  Itli 
of  April,  proceeded  to  Boat  Encampment,  erossrd 
through  Athabasca  Pass  to  Fort  Edmonton  the  ']Orli. 
and  thence  to  York  Factory,  where  they  arrived  t!i' 
24th  of  June.  The  1  Oth  of  July,  the  brigade  left  Y.  .il; 
Factory  for  Fort  Vancouver,  the  party  increasing  < ,, 
route  until  it  nundjered  with  women  and  children  abciit 
thirty-five  persons.  They  reached  Edmonton  the  1 7th 
<if  Septendjer,  Poat  Encampment  the  Ifith  of  Oetnlxi, 
and  Walla  Walla  the  27th.'° 

From  Fort  George  on  the  Eraser  this  same  autumn 
A.  C.  Anderson,  lately  in  charge  of  New  Caledonia, 
with  eight  men  was  sent  })y  way  of  the  Tete  .lanuf 
Pass"  to  Jasper  House  to  meet  the  westward -bound 
brigade,  and  bring  back  the  leather  and  recruits  wlii.!i 
usually  came  by  this  express.  Cro.ssing  the  moun- 
tains on  foot,  the  ]iarty  reached  Jasper  llouse  early  in 
October.     The  brigade  arrived  shortly  aftei-,  and  thr 

plains.'  Lucierc  was  one  of  the  Cunatlian  voyageurs  who  came  witli  \\w  i;r.-t 
Astor  party.  In  ISi!)  he  took  a  chiim  on  the  riglit  bank  of  the  Will.inutti', 
opposite  where  I'ortlanil  was  since  hiitl  out,  hut  ahaniloneil  it  tlie  iu'\t  umi'. 
In  IS;il  he  settled  at  Oiuunpoe,!,'  un<l  there  remained  until  his  ilealii,  wliiiii 
iiecurreil  in  l8.V2at  the  a^o  of  xixty-live.     All<i  Cnl.,  April  2'2,  IS't'.i, 

'"Sixty-Hix  nianuscript  paj^es,  namely,  JJoiitihin'  I'nvntc  Pa/ici-.^,  MS.,  1-t 
t<er.  7~7.'J,  are  tilled  with  intelligent  details  of  this  journey. 

"  It  was  customary  every  year  to  bring  from  the  east  into  New  ( 'aleijnnia 
liy  this  route  some  40  packs  of  dressed  mooso-skins  for  shoe-leathti ;  iroiii 
w  hich  circumstance  the  Yellow  Head  i'ass  was  often  called  Leatlu  r  I'uss. 


ANNUAL  BRIGADES.  ttl 

men  and  merchandise  destined  for  New  Caledonia 
were  given  in  charge  to  Anderson,  while  the  others, 
niiiong  whom  were  Duncan  Finlayson,  13ouglas,  ^[c- 
Donald,  ^[cKinlay,  and  John  Mcintosh,  took  the 
loute  ])y  Boat  Encampment  down  the  Cohunbia. 

Winter  came  on  early  this  year;  so  that  when 
Anderson  on  his  return  had  reached  Tetc  Jauii<i 
cache,  he  found  the  river  frozen.  And  though  thcro 
was  ice  enough  to  render  the  stream  unnavigable,  it 
was  not  so  frozen  as  to  bear  the  travellers  and  their 
liiirdens.  There  were  now  in  the  party  twenty-two 
jursons,  and  soon  provisioiis  became  short;  moreover 
there  was  present  a  lady,  Mrs  Mcintosh,  and  several 
small  children. 

Back  to  Jasper  House,  therefore,  they  all  wero 
fV)rccd  to  go,  a  stray  horse  from  the  other  paity,  and 
■i  siiiMe  reindeer  cominij  between  them  and  starvation 
(111  the  way.  This  post  being  emptied  of  its  supplies, 
they  continued  to  Edmonton,  four  hundred  miKs 
farther,  the  thermometer  at  times  being  40°  Ik-Iow 
zt'i'o,  and  the  people  poorly  clad.  SiK  red  deer,  how- 
ever, furnished  them  food,  and  on  arriving  at  the  fort 
their  sufferings  were  soon  allayed.  Amlerson,  Mo- 
Ivinlay,  and  a  portion  of  the  men  immediately  loaded 
some  dorj-sledixes  and  returned,  reaching  Stuart  Lake 
in  forty-six  days." 

Many  islanders  and  Asiatics  since  the  world  began, 
more  than  we  know  of,  have  been  thrown  on  our 
shores,  to  be  enslaved,  to  be  released,  to  be  butchered, 
or  allowed  to  blend  in  human  jiropagations  the  light 
coppery  hue  of  the  oldest  east  with  the  dark  coppery 
liue  of  the  newest  west. 

Wo  remember  what  the  philosophic  savage  ^Toii- 
(••>eht  Apt3  affirmed  he  saw  on  the  coast  not  far  iVoni 

'•Anderson  has  given  mc  this  and  much  nunc  iu  poiri's  -t  t"  "27  "f  a 
tliick  fi)lii>  iiiiinuMcript  entitled,  History  nfthi"  Xi'i-ihn; .-,1  ( 'iiii<i.  ;i  vuliiiuf  tilii  d 
with  niatei'ial  nowhere  else  existing,  nnd  of  jiriiiiary  iiii|)iirtaine  iu  a  stmly  of 
tlio  country  and  times  uf  which  it  treats.  1  s|)euk  more  fully  ot  Amiersuii 
aad  his  work  elsuwhuro. 


:,:\2 


MrS(  KLLANEOUS  MOVKMENTS. 


the  Columbia  in  1747  or  thereabouts,  and  what  liis 
friend  told  him  of  the  annual  visits  of  the  womcn- 
stealers,  that  was  o;ivon  hy  the  author  as  history;  hut 
wo  know  of  a  certainty  of  many  traditions  entertained 
hy  tlie  nativi's  up  U.  a  late  day,  or  as  lonj^  as  iicy 
entertained  in  their  minds  anvthin<r — instanet  tlie 
talc  l>v  Mrs  Victor'"  obtained  from  the  Nehaicms, 
below  the  (\»luml)ia,  of  a  wrecked  vessel  where  the 
crew  saved  theii-  effects  and  buried  them,  boxed,  near 
Mt  Xeahcarny,  that  is  to  say  Saddle  ]\[ountain.  Xoi- 
does  credulity  very  deeply  blush  in  confessini,^  the  bdx 
to  have  been  sought  for.  Then  lonj^  a<^o  the  natives 
of  tlie  upper  Columbia  had  their  Spanish  guest,  wlio 
came  they  knew  noc  whence,  and  went  they  knew  not 
whither.  Japanese'  wrecks  on  the  shores  of  Kam- 
chatka and  Ameiiea  are  reported  from  au  early  day.'* 

"Olio  lit  Ariijiiilco  in  1017;  Bantam  Islands,  1013;  adrift,  108.");  Kuiii- 
cliatka,  1(>S(4,  1710,  I7'J0,  and  ISI'J,  wlicro  Hoveral  other  wrecks  are  allmliil  ti> 
I'.V  Midler;  Aleutian  Isles,  17S'J;  stranded  junk  erew  of  iifteen  resriK  il  liy 
Kniscnstem,  1804;  near  Sitka,  DSOri;  adrift,  ISIS;  adrift  ofl  Santa  i>;iil)ar;i. 
Ksl.");  ii  jiink  laden  M'itli  wax  wa.s  thrown  upon  I'oint  Adams  in  iSi'd;  imr 
wr(ek((l  on  Queen  (  liiulotto  Island  in  1831;  Hawaiian  Islands,  \s;V2;  uirw 
( "ape  I'lattery,  18.S3;  adrift  west  of  the  Hawaiian  Isles,  IS.'!!);  South  Swi  Isle, 
1841;  Mexico,  184.");  St  I'eter  Isle,  184.");  Stapleton  Island.  1S47;  adrift, 
1847,  1848.  and  1850;  Atka  Island,  18.')1;  adrift,  18.")*Jand  I8.")3;  near  Cedros 
Island, Lower  California,  Ifo'.i;  adrift  near  Hawaiian  Isles,  18.">4;  adrift,  Is.'i,"); 
Ladi'oiie  Islands  and  ( 'cdros,  18.")0;  two  adrift  in  18.")8;  one  at  Ocean  Isliiiid. 
and  one  at  I5nx)k  Island  in  18.")!);  adrift,  180'2,  two;  liuker  Island,  isti;;; 
rrovideiiee  Island,  18»i4;  Aleutian  Isles,  1801);  adrift,  1870,  and  in  1871  twn; 
Atka,  1871;  atliift,  1873;  at  Alaska,  Hawaii,  Petropaulski,  adrift  helow  Smu 
IHego,  Xootka  Sound,  Mere  .lapaiiese  wrecks  at  various  dates;  adrift,  I.s7'> 
and  1870.  ( 'liarles  Wolcott  IJrookn  in  an  able  and  eoinnrehcnsivc  Itmr/iiur  on 
the  ,/iijiitiii  Kf  H'nch,  Struiiihilaml  I'ifknl v/)  Ailr'ifl  in  the  North  Paciji<-< icuni, 
jirepared  for  tiie  purpose  of  illustrating  early  migrations,  made  out  a  list,  and 
at  various  times  I  have  learned  of  a  few  additional.  Horace  Davis  in  iiis 
ethnological  speculations,  Itvunl  of  Jit/xiiirse  I'chscIs  drirfii  upon  tlu'  X(,rlh- 
■irist  Cini'ft  <if  Ami rifii,  gives  a  list  of  sncli  wrecks  as  came  to  liis  knowhtlt;c, 
which  was  one  of  tlie  cliicf  sonrecs  of  Mr  I>rooks'  information.  In  tlie  /'<-','/■ 
iK'siiiii  are  mentioned  three  .Jajtanese  picked  up  near  tlic  mouth  of  the  (n- 
liimhia  in  18i2!>,  and  a  junk  adrift  in  IWO,  not  catalogued  hy  Urooks.  Victor, 
Or.  and  U'ush.,  51,  says  in  the  sands  round  the  mouth  of  theColnmhia  iiieccs 
of  wax,  washed  np  during  violent  storms,  were  found  for  years.  As  for  Kiun- 
jiean  and  Americjin  wrecks  on  the  Noi'thwest  Coast  M'e  have  wliat  was 
hupposed  to  he  a  Spanish  vessel  from  Manila  in  177- — Kvlloj,  in  Thiirnlun'-< 
Or.  Jllsf.,  MS.,  87;  Orcijon  Uprvtator,  Jau.  '21,  1847 — with  a  cargo  of  ))ecswa>c 
<ast  ashore  on  the  northem  side  of  the  entrance  to  the  Colund)ia;  in  18'JS,  at 
the  entrance  of  the  Columbia,  the  }yilliiim  ami  Aim;  in  1830,  at  the  cntrautu 
to  the  Columbia,  the  Imihcl;  in  1841,  at  tho  entrance  to  the  Columbia,  the 
U.  S.  ship  Peacock;  in  Sept.  1846,  at  the  futronce  of  the  Columbia,  the  U.  S. 


JAPANESE  jUXKS. 


One  (lay  in  tlic  KprinjTf  of  1804  iiotioo  reacliod  Fort 
A'.iiu'ouvt'r  of  the  wreck  of  a  junk  olf  Capo  Flattery. 
Thirty  men  iukUi"  Tlionias  McKay  weic  si-nt  overland 
hy  way  of  the  Cheliahs  to  the  iTscur  of  the  cn-w. 
Hut  on  reaciiinjj;'  the  pre(i[)itous  ivyi'Mi  rouml  Point 
( Ji'cnvilK;  they  hecanie  dishearti'iied,  threw  u|»  (lit» 
liiisiness,  and  retraced  tiieir  stej)s.  ('a[)tain  MeXt-iil 
tlu'ii  uiuh'itook  the  mission  in  the  hriij  Lhniin.  \\- 
livinL,^  at  tlie  M'reck,  the  /Jnuxi  was  hoarded  hy  some 
natives,  wli(»ni  the  capt.-iin  lield  as  liosta_i;es  until  the 
^ln•vivors,  tliree  in  numher,  were  dtli\'  red  to  him. 
Ilrounht  to  Fort  A'ancouver,  tlu."  three  men  were  sent 
litime  hy  M'ay  of  England.  The  junk  was  laden  with 
•rockery  of  the  flower-pot  or  M'il 


low-ware 


fisl 


Hull. 


J/ik 


cewise  many  slups  have  heen  wici 


ked 


ni  attempt  1 1  lu' 


to  enter  the  Culuuibia,  and  elsewhere  on  the  North- 
west Coast. 

Indeed,  so  thoroughly  disheartened  was  the  com- 


]iany  over  then*  yv\ 


>c 


ated  h 


isses, 


that 


on 


the   1( 


■F 


the  shi[)  Vtiiirourpi',  in  LSIS,  with  a  caigo  \alued  at 
L".!(),00(),  wrecked  after  the  [»ilot  was  on  hoard,  they 
(leteiuiineil  to  make  their  ne\t  shipment  to  Lundnn 
ill  the  autuuHi  of  that  yviw  from  Xisqu  lly,  whithei- 
llie  furs  wei'e  sent  from  F<n"t  Vancouver  hy  way  of 


llie 


Cowlitz. 


Hcliooiicf  S/iiirl-.-  ill  1S4S.  nt  the  entrance  of  tlie  r'uhmiliia,  the  hark  Vif)irnn- 
rir:  ill  IM'.I,  iit  moiitli  nf  the  Cohiniliia,  tlio  in!.,'  Ji:ii/,/,nii-;  likewise  else- 
\»!icre  iiml  at  iinnther  time,  Silra  ilr  (lriui\  anil  .Imnn  W'lrnii,  tile  latter 
li!tv  miles  scHitli  (if  KilhmiiHik;  in  18.")!  •_',  at  the  iiiniitii  i.f  the  rm|i(|na,  hrii{ 
'  '(/(//  i'lirti-^,  and  scliDomr  Xn.-^Mni ;  in  IS.Vi,  iiuar  KillaiiuM'k.  .-elinunrr  ./(//«',• 
Ill  Vaneiivtr  l.slaml,  IhIl;  K<ii/!i  :  in  IS.Vf,  liaiks  Oriuii',  T.  M<rilliiii\  anil 
M'Di/nra,  ami  hrif,'  Vmnhflin  mi  the  < 'uhiiiiliia  l«ar:  in  IS,'i4,  at  iMuiitli  <if  ('n- 
liiiiliia.  Htiiim-tii^ /'/;v /■///;  Mteam-lmat  ' 'i'>''''.  Imili  r  e.\|iliMlicl:  in  iS.Vi,  mar 
ijiinlli  "f  I  inii(|ua,  sclKHmcr  f.mt  ( '/mn;  in  lS."i(i,  at  ('ims  l»ay,  liri'^  (^iiinilrdlnn; 
I'liu'  i'liirii  liDiuul  for  Uni]H|na  Itivci-,  went  johorc  near  tlu'  iiinuth  of  the 
>iii.^la\v;  at  I'oit  Oitonl  \\iv.  /mrn  ami  Fruiiiisfn;  in  |S."(7,  I'li.;  ■/("/.>"«  aii'l 
I'ink  Xi  ir  ll'oy/i/ grouiuleil  at  t 'iios  JJav;  Iiaik  /VcviA ///'/»(»  \Mcikiil  on  ( 'uluiu- 
l.ia  har. 

'■> /,'„Urls'  /,'.(•.,  MS.,  i:i:  Ihlrhir'x  Voij..  i.  .104;  Lee  ohtaimil  a  lloWfr-jiot 
ami  tea-eni)  saveil  from  the  w  riik.  J.i  r  ninl  /■'/'"■<>  -^  <>r..  107-*';  Sirmi's  .Xnrf/i- 
I  '<t  r,,ns/.  '2UCr,  'Irini'n  ll'i-t.  I  >i-..M):  /'lul.i  r'-'  'J'mi,;  Ki-J.  The  olliciis  of  the 
lluiLson's  JJay  Coiniiany  lieeame  aware  of  this  (li>ast(r  in  a  siiiL:ular  manner. 
They  iticiveil  a  (lra\\in;j;  on  a  jiieee  of  (  hiiia  pajur.  in  \\  liirh  \M'if  ili  iiirtcil 
till'  sliiitwreckeii  jiersons,  with  the  junk  on  the  rocks,  anil  the  liitliuiis  inyageil 
ill  i'hiuikriiiy.    Wtlktii' 2s'ur.,  U.  S.*J:^uplur.  £.i:.,W.',H.'>-  IH. 


.-,34 


M ISCELLAXEOUS  MOVEMENTS. 


There  was  a  little  blood-let tinuf  in  these  parts  from 
time  to  time,  Imt  on  tlie  whole  rt-markaltly  little.  'J'wo 
of  live  .sailoi's,'"  who  (lescrtcd  iVoiii  a  whaler  in  I  H'.Vl  oil' 
the  eoast  of  Calitornia,  while  (»n  the  way  overland  in 
<  Jre^itn  in  183;'),  were  niunUred  l»v  the  natives.  'J'ho 
land  survives  their  loss.  Six  natives  were  killed  in 
I  s;;g  l»y  certain  sailors  and  trai>})ers  on  tin;  scmtlurn 
()reg<tn  eoast.  Thus  there  were  si.^c  less  vietinis  left 
lor  influenza,  whooj>in;;^"-eough,  sniall-j)o.\, measles,  I'evir 
and  an'ue,  and  syphilis,  those  happy  accompaniments 


ol 


El 


uropean  culture 


Iti 


Ujilif'ted  <»n  the  wings  of  faith,  beyond  the  eastern 
lillls  now  glistened  the  first  flush  of  that  .spirit  <>\' 
j>roselytinL(  which  was  destined  so  quickly  tn  l<urn  in 


rinders 


tiu 


s<» 


uls    it    wrestled    to    .save.      AVith   tli 


1raj>pers  and  sti-a^u'lers  who  percolated  the  mountains 
from  tlu'  United  States  b(»rder  came  missionai-ies  ol' 
divers  tenets,  whose  an,!4ular  inti'lleets  polished  v.ith 
opaque  doctrines,  plotted  good-will  to  man,  confusion 
to  Satan.  With  their  comin'-'  beirins  the  liisfdi'v 
jiroper  of  (Jiegon,  elsewhei-e  told.  I  mention  tlicni 
here  merely  to  fix  their  place  in  the  chain  of  fur- 
trading  events  which  closes  this  volume. 

The  ]S[etho<list  missionarii's  which  in  18.'M  were 
sent  to  Oregon  bv  tin-  board  of  foreiuii  missions,  Meic 
followed  by  I'resbyterian  ministei-s  in  I  8o(»,  and  these 
by  IMethodists  again  in  1837,  ibllowed  by  more  l*rt  s- 
l»yterians  in  1838,  and  by  Catholics  in  1831).  The 
^lethodists  settled  in  the  Willamette  A'ailey,  and  at 


the  Dalles;  the  l^resbvterian^ 


amet 
imom 


the  C 


IV use."!,  an( 


on  the  Walla  Walla  and  Lapwai  rivers.  There  wciv 
(  atholics  among  the  early  settlers  who  needed  only 
jiriests;  and  the  English  church  ^was  represented  \>y 
y\r  ]jeaver  at  Eort  A'aiscouver. 

To  them  the  i'ortress  of  ^rancouver  was  as  ^lecca 

'TiCDrgo  (iray  vlin  sottlcd  in  Polk  County,  and  l)ccanio  resjioctalik'.  v:n 
ono.  if  tlio  San  .losi''  /'imieir  of  '_'.'ttl  Jtiui!  l!S77  spoaks)  truly.  Mcl^onL'lilm. 
J'ricii.i'  I'lijK  rx,  MS.,  'Jd  sur.  5,  wiia  not  specially  delighted  to  see  tlicni  ut  i'oiC 
Vancouver. 


CO.MIXa  OF  TIIK  MI.SSIOX.UIIES. 


&35 


t'l  faiiitiii'j"  i)il''i"iMis,  and  its  l)»'iii<jnant  sovorci'Mi  as 
ilif  jii'ojtlat  of  .Vllali;  tlioiii^li  tlicro  wci'f  those  ainoni;- 
the  siiccori'd  wlio  at'ttrwards  oiirsod  liiiii  as  a  priest 
i>['  ]>aal.  Wiiy,  no  one  knows;  but  some  ol"  (Jod's 
nun  ale  oidained  ti>  curse,  others  to  bo  cursed.'' 

Jason  and  JJaniel  Lee  wi-re  the  pioneer  niissionailcs 
of  the  Xorth.v'est  (,'«)ast.  Tliive  lay  members  oftlieir 
<  liurch  aecoinpanied  and  assisted  them.  Arriving-  in 
SepteMbt'r  18:]4,  they  liei^an  oj)ei'ations  by  jilantinu'  a 
missit)!i  on  the  right  bank  of  the  AViihiniette  twelve 
miles  below  where  Salem  now  stands.'" 

Thtj  Presbyterians  be<j'an  operations  by  seiuliii' 
over  the  mountains  in  18."jj  Samuel  I'arker  and  ^Nlar- 
rii>,  Whitman.  l*arker  journeyed  extensively  thi(iiiL,di 
( )renon.  visited  Queen  (,'liarlotte  Islands,  and  returii- 
in;jf  |jy  >vay  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands  reached  home;  in 
May  1837.  Whitman  returned  to  the  I'nited  States 
iVom  (jireen  River,  anil  again  came  west  the  following 
.-pring  with  ^fis  AVhitman,  Henry  J.  Sjuilding  and 
v>ile,  and  William  If.  CJi-ay,  under  escort  to  (ireen 
]livrr  of  the  caravan  of  the  American  l"'ur  ('om[»any. 
lly  December  183(!,  Whitman  had  established  .i 
iiiission  amonii'  the;  Cavuses,  twentv-tive  miles  east 
if  i'oit  Walla  Walla,  and  S[)alding  among  the  Xez 
IVrces,  on  the  Clearwater,  <jne  hundi-ed  and  twenty- 
tive  miles  north-east  of  Fort  Walla  Walla,  (jlray, 
v.ho  was  a  mechanic,  assisted  in  erecting  the  buildings 
at  both  stations." 

'•  TiiiliiyMiii  calls  McLdiighlin  till'  founiU'rcif  Orc^'on;  junl  this  liy  reason 
I'l  his  kiii'l  tieatiiiciit  to  I'lni.u'i'untH,  fiirniUiiti>,'tliPiii  mIkii  IioimcIiv-s,  st.'ii'viiif.', 
Mill  uillioiit  it  dollar,  with  cows*,  jioises,  ainl  iliij  hliKiits  v  itli  wiiith  to  lic^iii 
1:  !iiiili>;.  Aii'l  to  his  .surjuisi-,  in  Vtais  afti  iwaid  1il'  i*»\v  tlit;  ii(\\>|i,iiioir< 
i.liusf  him,  not  knowing  v  hat  lie  haitiloiic  to  merit  !ilmt«'.  //isf.  i'.  /.,  .MS.,  T.'i. 

'"Lot  I  LCI  I  at  the  lort  until  their  jiiaee  was  icaily.  //fiini/'xL'jr  i/Mr/.mnj/i- 
/'/'.Ms.,  II;  hnilt  several  eonitnrtalile  In^-lmiises  duriiii,' tlie  w  inter  Is.'il  .">, 
Toir„s,ntl'sy(i,:,  '2\'X  MeLoiij,'hlin,  Prinif,'  J'(fj,(,:<,  >is..  iM  ser.  :{-!».  had 
ihiuli  tronlile  vith  them  tinaily.  L'rann'  llis/.  (jr.,  .\hS.,  'JIO-IM,  and  Ainla- 
■•"'II.  Il'i't.  yarthirt't  C'lii.-i/,  MS.,  '2ii'2  et  seii.,  give  lenirtiiy  arrwinits  of  tho 
II  i>>i"iiariis  of  tiio  Niirtlnve>t  Coast,  .lames  Kvans,  the  L'eiieral  sii])CTin- 
tindent  of  ^\'e.■;leyan  Mi.'-sions  in  tiie  Hudson's  IJay  territories  ;it  Norway 
llo\ise.  had  as  yet  (laid  hut  little  attention  to  the  eonveisinii  ol  suuls  vest  of 
1  he  ];oik\- Mountains.  f^i:v  MmliiiH  Jiiii/-<(iii'x  Jim/,  IJtJ,  Hid;  //nhiiiinti  J'cori'i. 
I'm- II.   MS.,   I. 

'"'I'liiirnton,  fr.  aviK'ul.,  ii.  23,  inakcait  18,'?Tl>i'forf  Whitman  Mas  loeatdl 
at  Wuiiliitiiu.   1  follow  Eviuis.    Towiibtnd,  JV'ur.,-y3,  -48;  Victor,  Itutr  of  the 


\ 


*i: 


686 


MISCELLANEOUS  MOVEMENTS. 


AnxtiiLif  tho  sovi-ral  Kniijlisli  ladies  wlio  wtvo  fadi 
the  first  to  a|HK'ar  U[)t)ii  tlie  »'oast,'""  was  tlie  w  il'i!  nf 
tiu'  llrv.  Mr  Heaver,  iiotieed  elsewliere.  i'Ieri;vineji  s 
w  ives  and  settli-rs'  lK'l|>ineets  wen*  now  l)efoiiiiii|H"  tjuiti' 
eoniiiioii  ill  tiiese  wi'sterii  wilds.  IJeaver  tiics  ol"  his 
])ost  and  fjuits  tlu'  eountiy,  leaving-  the  chni'ch  ut" 
J'hiu'land  (|uite  sliorn  <»t'  its  j^loiies  iiereahout.-' 

And  now  t])e  I'roo  Canadian  landlii's  of  the  Valley 
Willanietti'di'sire  j»astoral  eai'e,  and  two  desnits,  Jilan- 
chet  and  Deniers,  are  sent  them  in  1S;}8  iVoni  Canad.i, 
who,  while  on  their  way,  haptize  many  and  conseeralc 
thi'  Juxky  Monntains  t()  (iod.  Mass  is  now  lir.>t 
<'elel)rated  in  Oiij^on;  tlu'n  t'ollow  Jesuit  missionary 

ll'.-r.  -IXl  1;  M;Ln\ij,'liliii,  /'rlml,'  /'.(/.rrx,  MS.,  -Jil  sit.  .">,  timl  Tolmi.',  J'li'rl 
.V(i«//«/,  MS.,  ."),  iiifiitiiiii  I'inki  T^iiiil  \Vliitiii;in.  Jt  wmilil  ifijuiif  ji  \ipliinic 
(iM  liii  Lfi'  lis  (Jray's  tt  cofnct  (iiayV  Miistaki's.  I  laiiimt  imiii'i'  tluiii  nil. 
'j'iu'  \\  liitiii.'iii  laiiiily  wire  MiassacliMJ  in  lSI7.  On  his  ictiirn  to  tlu'  cast 
I'aikiT  imlilisliiii  a  liudU,  JihwikiI  nt'  an  K.ifilnri,"/  'I'nnr  Ik  ii:,,it  Ifir  A'o'7,'/ 
Miiiniliiiiis,  liliai'a,  IN)'.*.  I'lio  wnik,  wliiiii  jiassi'il  tliiiiii;jli  several  filitiniis, 
is  ai'('ciin|ia!iit  i[  liy  a  lai';i('  niaji,  and  contaiiis  luiiii!  valnaliU'  intorniatiini 
It  was  al'.iim'tlur  the  nii.st  iin|>iiit,iiil  liitluTtn  piilili-ihiil  ,  n  f'lis  tt'irilm'. . 
I'arkir  \ias  an  iiitilli;.'«  nt  olist  rvi  r,  ami  a  cli';:;,  ii.iiilili-  writir.  'I'licmjli 
a  Clnistian,  Ihiiniil  i>>v  lu'avin,  li<'  iliil  imt  fcii';,'('t  that  lie  was  a  i.i:iii  li\  iii^ 
in  tliisMiirlcl.  'Ila<l  lie  cunlini'd  liinisilt  tn  tlu'  ic-iilts  nf  liis  uwn  i'\;i('!i 
cMic,'  sa\s  ( iri'inhdw  ,  "c.  (iml  ('<i>.,  ;i(ll,  nutf,  'and  nnl  wandiicd  into  the 
rcuiiin  iif  lii.NtiM  y,  dijilciniacv .  and  riisiini;.,'iiny,  inailut'  wliiiii  lie  is  iviilcntly 
a  stran;.'!'!','  his  «i>ik  wcmld  have  lucn  liittir.  ( li'i'tulinw  lia\ini,'  »  itiMi^l 
that  dnniain  hiniscir  nii,uht  jiiiliaps  |iraiM'  I'arUci's  Ixink  nmii'  wcir  ii-i 
nn  lits  li  .ss.  !  •(•  Sniit,  /,<  iti  /•.<  nia/  S,':i  /r/i:  .<,  'Jl-J,  s.  iiii  iris  I'ai  kii-  fur  lu'cikiii:,' 
di'Wn  till'  ciuss  en  I'trd  uMT  a  rliild's  ^'I'avi'.  Mt  l,iiii;,'hiin.  I'riruli'  /'n/ur^, 
Ms.,  L'd  s(  r.  (1,  says:  '  I'aikir  a|i|irars  t>i  nic  Ni  In- a  man  nf  pi.  ly  and  zeal, 
liiit  is  Very  iiiiiHumlai  w  itii  tiu'  nlht  r  rioiisfai't  mi^sinnai  ir  .  in  this  (unntry. 
Inr  which  I  Ml'  no  canst',  <'\ii|it  that  ai'tiii;,'  litlcirntly  troni  iheni  lir  lias 
imliii^lu  >l  to  the  woi'ld  till'  I"  .nnci'soinc  nt'  his  I'ui.ntiynit'iwu  t  tow  an  I  Indian^, 
and  thr  \  cry  .lill'  rent  niiinncr  wt-  treat  thcin. ' 

"This  is  .\iidcrson"s  tirsi,  l/iKl.  Xurl/imsl  I'misf,  .M.S.,  lil-J.  .\lniosf  cvciy 
Hci't  and  sot  ii  tv  has  the  lirst  npon  the  coast  of  cverythinj.f. 

•''/Af/-(v-/\  /,:/;(;/•  .i/./,„//.////,»,  .MS.,  II.   ( ;i  ay. "///V. '",•.,  iti-j  ;»,  who  luitis 

Itcaverand  all  l'!|ii>cop  d  eler;.'ynien,  and  all  Knulir-hmen,  and  all  Catholics,  a'l  I 
almost  e\er_\  I lody  Imttiray,  (^ivesthe  lirst  cha|ilain  of  |'"ort  V'ancoiiM-r  .a  li:;li 
eoni|ilc.\ion,  fcniiiiine  xoice  w  itii  lar>>t'  |)relcnsioin  to  oratory,  |ioor  tlcliveiv, 
and  no  enei';.:y.  Contact  with  sava^^'cs  to  hini  was  |jo|Iiition;  the  scr\aiitrt  >  I 
the  llnd.son's  lliiy  <  'oii-iany  wer"  liours,  juid  the  olliccis  li\  id  in  o|ien  adultery. 
I'cter's  early  occupation  in  sinli  a  coninninity  he  tiion;,'lit  piel'cralilc  to  jijs  l.iNr 
one;  hence  his  eiit h usiasm  ran  to  li.shinju'  instead  ol'  to  ]ireaeliin>;.  >.  t'Louuli- 
lin  should  ^ivi'  <ip  ,'iis  Catliolic  notions  ai.il  cnnforni  to  estalilislici'  cliurcli 
Miles.  I  |e  shouhl  reniariy  and  stop  liastj'iili/iii^;;  tor  which  ad\ice  tlieie> 
(  rend  put  leman  recci\  fil  corporal  cliast'.i  nient,  tl  is  saiil,  Mc|,oiii:hlin  tellin.,' 
him  he  woiih!  niany  w  hoin,  how  ,  ami  as  niia  h  as  he  pieaseil.  Mih  I'h  a\  cr  "f 
eoiir.sc  .synipat1ii/i  d  with  her  llll^l>alld,  ainl  they  K"t  I'ack  to  |.oiid<<n  as  last  as 
tliey  coll  hi.      I  >olllp|iess  tllcy  Were  Si'iy  nice  people,  lai'  with  rather  too  relim  d 

bt'iibibililiuttl'or  uuva^'c  huui-suviiig.     Sco,  tiathtr,  Jii  '   (Jr.,  this  ^criua. 


THE  o"="SUITS. 


537 


lal)ors  ill  Olville,  Okauanan,  Wail.i  Walla,  Fort  Van- 
iodvr,  and  Xisqually.  McLouu'lilin  is  <jMickly  <"<»ii- 
MTtod  l)V  lUanclu't,  and  tin*  Jcsiiits  t»I»tain  tlir  car  of 
tlii>  ijjovcrnor."""  Afterward  ]>lanclu't  touU  his  stan<I 
in  till' Willanu'ttc  A'all('y,an<l  J)i'inc'rs,  after  spcndiiiLf 
sonn'  linu'  on  the  (^)\vlitz,  departed  in  the  sj»iiniL(  of 
IS4'J  for  New  (aledonia.  There  the  sava^'es  received 
him  with  o;x'n  arms,  us  if  informed  hy  hea\fn  of  the 
helietits  he  sl.'ollld  hestow;  and  when  he  left  thevshed 
tears. 

Mi-anwhile  Whitman  an('  S[taldinu'  ai'e  reenforced. 
Ill  IS.'.H  come  ('ushint,^  1''-,  and  Walker,  the  last 
1\\o  with  their  wives,  and  afu'r  winteriiiin'at  \Vaillat|in 
rstahlish  a  station  anmiiLTthe  l-'lat heads  on  the  ( 'hem- 
.ikiine  hianrli  of  the  Spokane  lii\er,  I'oi'ty  mile.--  south 
.if   Foit   (  'olville. 

The   J'reshyteriaiis  were  neve  r  very  e\|icrt   in  im- 


]il'oVlSinL>'     JiroVltli'llCe: 


theri'fore    when     (  Jla\  .    tli< 


(Jreat  rnfinthfnl  and  whilom  Chiistian  mission- 
Iiuilder,  nndeilakes  to  a|>|>ro[)riate  to  the  nnsccu 
powers  of  his  sect  the  selidini,''  of  four  iiatixc  cKlc- 
uates  to  St  liouis  in  l^.!_'.  he^'^In^'  saxiors  fur  tia- 
liKiiilane  castaways,  it  is,  as  mo>t.  of  (iray  >  allaiis 
are,  a  failure.  The  Catholics  manage  t!it»si-  thiiii^s 
hctter. 

'I'he  .fesuit  Ivitsati  ti'lls  how  two  pious  JiiMjuois  iu 
I  M  Mi"'' (|uarter  anion;^^  tlu  l-'lat  Im  ads.  roiixiit  them, 
;iiii|  Ii\('  t'ei';'.  Shortly  afterward  certain  f'lathoads 
Uo  to  ,->(  L'uis  to  see  if  white  men  rt  ally  helie\od 
the  things  the  lr<t(|Uois  hatl  said.  ."hey  tht  Vi'  die 
ivdtMUicd.     ()iie  of  (iio  ('jiristian  Irocjviois  w  ivi  two 


'  luldren,  (hen,  sav  m  I  ."^•' 


\  I  si 


ts  St,  1 


lOius  an 


I  a>K 


iiiissionari»'s  for  his  adopted  people,  ( )h  his  way  l-aek 
Ic  \A  l-iilled  hy  w'cked  Sioux.  l"'iiially  in  ls;l'.»  <  mies 
iiiiother  »leputation,  hc'^^iii^  jiiiest> — so  writes  Hosati 


'•■'  IhSiii,/,  Or.  Ml 


IS 


HUti,<h,l\ti''ilh.  (  li.  hi  I'r.,  Ml  I,  l!l  C 


!>•   SliKlK  l.<tii 

'nth.  .\liiiiniiii' 


Ih  Siii-I'y  .l/z.'.-i.,  ;{•'   .'it. 


Illaii.lu'l  siijM  \s\-2.   (  titli.  I'll,  ill  Or.,  \H, 


MS 


M ISCKLLAXEOUS  MOVEMENTS. 


to  Rome — in  answer  to  which  Peter  Jolm  ])e  Sinet  is 
sent  in  1840  to  earry  the  cross  to  the  Fhithead  nation, 
and  is  so  fortunate  as  to  con\'ert  six  liuiKh'cd  in  twu 
months,  an  average  of  ten  a  tlay.-*  Tlie  J.*rotcstant 
version  is  |»rinte(l  in  the  Ili.sfnri/  <>f  Onyon. 

It  was  nnder  the  banner  of  ohl  John  Tod  tliat  tlic 
jiriests  I  )emers  and  l^hmchet  came.  Tod  had  hccn 
on  a  ^  isit  to  tlie  east,  and  was  ictuniini;'  IVom  Nor- 
way House  to  Colville  by  way  of  Eihnonton,  Jaspci- 
House,  and  Boat  ]']ncampment  at  the  lu-ad  of  sixly 
men,  anioni.,''  wliom  were  two  hotani.^ts,  ^Valhlce  and 
]>anks,  sent  from  Ijondon  by  Sii-  .Jost-ph  I'axton,  and 
the  two  missionaries.  At  th(!  Little  Dalles,  the  men 
j>refi'n'iiiL|;  to  take  their  chances  in  the  boats,  instt'ad 
of  makiny  the  jtortage  as  was  the  custom,  one  of  the 
]>oats  upset,  and  six  jjcrsons,  inchidiny'  the  two  bota- 
nists, and  the  wife  oi'  Mr  ]>anks,  Sir  Gcoru,-*  Simp- 
son's dauL^'htc'i',  wt-re  drowned.  The  wa3s  of  science 
were  dangeious  in  those  days. 

In  IHlVJ  Tod  was  sent  to  the  Cowlitz  plains  t  < 
assist  in  the  farmin;^  o|)erati()ns  there.  The  iollowiiii, 
sunnncr  he  Mas  a]»pointed  to  New  Caledonia,  and 
stationed  at  Fort  Alexandria.  The  I'ort,  which  orig- 
inally had  been  situated  on  a  hill,  was  i-emoved  for 
convenience  to  the  river  bank,  where  the  miasiii;i, 
speedily  engendered  fever  and  a;.,ni(',  attackinjji;  wliilo 
men  iirst  and  then  the  natives,  until  many  of  the  lat- 
ter weic  swejit,  away.  From  1 84'J  to  lS4'J  Tod  was 
in  cunmiand  of  Shushwap. 

"  AnilcrHoii,  If'ixf.  Xor>Iw"4  fount,  MS.,  '2(il,  f,'lveH  for  t!if  vitimtinii  in 
IM'J;  III  till' Williiiiutti',  ii  Wt'.'-lv'Viili  ainl  ;i  ('alliiilic  stiilii'ii;  ou  tlie  ( 'nwlit ', 
;i  (  iitliiilii'  iiiissimi;  nt  (  latsnji,  Xisciually,  iiik)  tli<^  Dalles,  Wcsk jaii  iiii>!»ii)ii-; 
ill  tlir  N'/  I'livr,  <'avusc,  aiiil  S|iokaiic'  cimiit iiis,  rrcsliytt'liaii  iiiisi^iiiii.s;  at, 
Eort  Vaiii'iiiner  aii<l  aiimn.;  the  }•  latlicails,  .It  suit  iiiissiuiis.  I  )t^  Sunt,  t.i'ii » ■< 
((/('/  Sl.i/r/ii.s,  'J2'J  Ii.'i,  |ilacis  till'  lival  cstalilisliiiii'iit!)  of  tlu'  \Villaiiu'tti'  H 
miles  ii|iart,  . •mil  f,'i\es  the  Catliolic  station,  in  ISU.SO  faiiiilie.-t;  tin;  Cum- 
lit/  Catlinlies,  T)  faiiiiliis;  .Nis(|iially,  lIJ  faiiiilii'S.  There  apjieareil  n.s  hot 
II  rivalry  in  .soiil-.xaviiii;  as  in  fiir-tiailiiiL.'.  'i'lio  jnmi.s  l»eSniet  iirays  tor 
Ntreiioth  'in  thi^  niid.-t  of  so  many  ailveivaries,' meaniii.',  not  ilevils,  lait  l're>- 
liyteiians;  and  in  another  j)laee  he  thanks  ( ioil  that  'the  meetiiij^-houseH  ui  le 
almost  ahanilomd.'  llovv-  im|)i)rtaut  must  la!  tin;  voik  when  missionaries 
ifganl  as  of  small  moment  the  cuuvcr.iiou  of  lieiitiiens  im  cop-.jmn'il  with  imt- 
tin:,'  down  each  other. 


DOUGLAS  IX  CALIFORNIA. 


During  the  winter  of  1840-1,  Junics  Douglas  niiido 
a  voyage  to  Calitornia  in  the  ship  Colu.nhui  with  an 
adventure  of  goods.  Besides  what  he  calls  ohjects  of 
a  political  nature,  the  intention  was  with  the  mer- 
tliantlise  to  purchase  certain  i)ro(lucts  of  the  countrv. 


pr. 


and  to  drive  up  a  large  herd  of  live-stock,  for  whiih 
]tui[)ose  thirty  men  or  more  accompanied  him. 

Jjea\ing  Fort  Vancouver  on  the  moi'niiigof  Dccem- 
i)er  3,  18.')0,  he  hoarded  the  vessel  at  Fort  (jieorgc, 
]»ut  owing  to  had  weatlier  was  nc^t  able  to  cr(»ss  the 
l)ar  belore  the  2 1st.  Xai'rowly  escaping  slii[)\vreck  on 
Foint  Finos,  the  shi[)  came  to  anchor  in  the  al"terno(»n 
i>r  January  1,  1841,  in  the  hay  of  ^Fonterey.  Two 
(lays  alter,  ])(tuglas,  accompanied  by  !)a\id  Speiicc  as 
iiitcrj)reter,  held  an  int'-rview  with  Uovcrnur  Alva- 
r;id(t,  who  received  then,  with  c(»i»siderable  stillness, 
whit  li,  under    the  inllui-nce  of  Dou^ilas'  conciliatory 


len  the   goveinor    en 


t.ivd 


manner,  soon  wore  off,  wh 

with  mui'h  sjtirit  into  the  matters  under  discussion. 
TIh^  lirst  toj)ic  introduci-d  was  concei-ning  the  party 
under  La  l"'raml»oise,  who  had  for  several  years  pa>t 
tiappctl  in  the  Tulare  Valley  by  permission  of  Alva- 
rado,  granted  under  the  tn-aty  of  IHoT-S.  La  Fram- 
boise had  continued  to  visit  the  jilace  every  season 
without  interfei'ence,  until  the  last  summer,  when 
(  ajttain  Sutter  wrote  to  thepe(»pl(^  of  l^\»rt  N'ancou- 
vcr  forbidding  their  return.  As  it  was  not  known 
whether  Sutter  was  an  accredited  agent  of  the  govern- 
ment, no  notice  had  been  taken  of  his  interference. 
The  governor  now  said  that  Sutter  had  been  autlior- 
i/.eil  to  act  for  the  government,  not  in  a  iiostile  man- 
ner, but  merely  to  re'(|Uest  the  withdrawal  of  the 
jtarty;  and  that  though  ho  had  nocomplninls  to  mnke 
of  the  Hudson's  Jiay  Company's  servants,  yet  as  the 
settlements  Were  extending  their  pr(  sence  could  no 
Iniigi'r  be  tolerated.  To  this  Douglas  replied  that, 
henever  the  wishes  of  ufovernment  slnmld  be  olli- 


w 


ciallv  conununicat'xi,  they  would  be  Ibilowod  in  every 
particular. 


MISCELI^VNEOUS  MOVEMENTS. 

The  second  matter  seemed  likely  to  destroy  all 

1)r()sj)et'ts  of  trade  in  Calit'ornia.  For  a  loui^  tiinr  tin; 
aws  of  Mexico  permitted  only  foreign  vessels  to  enter 
certain  ports  of  the  republic,  where  all  merehandise 
i'roni  ahroad  must  be  landed,  thus  confining  the  coast 
trade  to  home  vessels.  This  law,  however,  had  never 
been  respected  in  consequence  (jf  there  being  no  houK; 
vessels.  Just  now,  the  governor  informed  ])onglas, 
orders  had  been  received  to  enforce  the  law  at  any 
inconvenience,  and  he  deelared  his  intention  to  do  sd. 
To  this  ]Jouglas  strongly  protested,  deelaring  thar 
ns  they  ha<l  entered  undisr  the  old  state  of  affairs 
time  slu»ul<l  be  given  them  before  the  new  law  was 
(•nforced.  Finally  the  governor  was  brought  to  see 
the  justice  of  this,  and  not  only  promised  tlu^m  aid  in 
their  undertaking,  as  far  as  lay  in  his  power,  but  gave 
theui  pi  rmission  to  trade  "with  the  ex})ri'ss  sanction 
of  tile  government."  This  ))ermit  <lid  not,  howevei', 
i'eh(!ve  them  fi'om  further  (hfH(;ulties  with  respect  to 
tlie  purchase  of  stock,  to  be  driven  out  of  the  country, 
an<l  lie  (inally  made  it  known  that  the  governmiMit 
would  fui-nish  as  many  as  were  re([uired,  at  a  high 
])rice,  whicii  oiler  JJouglas  had  no  alternative  but  to 
acce|)t.''' 

Thus  th(!  interview  terminated  with  mutual  pro- 
testations of  esteem. 

It  was  something  Douglas  was  little  accustomed  to, 
bowing  tile  knee  before  an  ai'rogant  ruler  for  wlioiii 
he  enti  rtained  not  the  higlu^t  respect.  Douglas  him- 
self was  pr()ud  and  pompous  I'nough.and  on  the  wholf 
he  played  his  part  well,  though  it  did  not  always  gi\c 
him  jdeasu)^'.-^" 

'i'lu!  following  (lay  the  ship  was  cli-ai-ed  by  the  cu- 
toms  ollieers,  who  wou   mu<'Ii  praise  by  their  gentle  - 

'•'•*' Six  ilollai'H  for  choice  cows,  nniltwixlolliirs  fore wcm.'  l)iin<ili(.i\/  mni'il, 

MS..:.-.. 

-''SjM'iikiiiL,'  iif  it  III'  KiiyM,  'Til  resent  Kueli  entiiluet  wimlil  Imve  lieeii  mine 
iimiily,  mill  \\;is  the  lirst  im|niiNe  nf  iiiynwii  feeliiiv's;  Imt  Hfioiiil  tiii)ii;4lits  me 
l)e«l,  mill  ill  tllii  illst.ill.e  I  foilllil  the  truth  iif  the  uhl  Ullage,'  eti!.  Jhiiiijl.i'i' 
JiiiifiKit,  Ms.,  71.      Sec  //i>/.  Viil.,  thin  M'rieo. 


RETURN  OF  KOUGLAS. 


oU 


nijuily  bt'liavior,  ospecially  their  loader,  Osio,  who  was 
lilt  ivujxm  invited  to  dinner  and  entertained  while  the 
sdis  of  merchandise  were  heinjjf  made. 

Lcavinj.?  then;  sufficient  men  to  drive  theoattle  to  the 
(  nlumhia  River  and  havinjjf  hanciiieted  the  *rovcrno»- 
;iiid  a  l>aity  of  friends  on  hoard,  on  the  afternoon  of 
the  IIHh  of  January,  Douglas  left  Monterey  tor  San 
1"  lanciseo,  takiniL(  with  him  eleven  of  the  comj»any's 
servants,  witli  AlcKay  and  Steel,  while  an  Enjjrlishiiiau 
named  ])nckworth  anU  a  Oalifornian  hov  aetiMl  as 
guides.  They  proceeded  overland  hy  way  of  Santa 
Clara,  and  reached  Sjiii  Frant'isco  without  further 
adventure,  remainiuLT  there  till  the  end  of  Fehruaiv, 
and  arriviiiLj  in  Oregon  at  the  latter  jsart  of  May." 

'  This  part  of  DougW  narrative  cikJh  ahniptly  with  his  arrival  at  S  aiita 
(  liini;  hut  it  includes  a  lout;  <le«cnptioii  of  (.'aiifornia,  itM  iHjlitioal  ami  socia! 
'  luilitiun,  itH  Hccncry,  climate,  an<l  adv. intakes  fur  HuttlurH,  ull  of  which  lius 
been  fully  uuticed  in  Jlixt.  t'ali/ornin  of  this  aeries. 


CHAPTER  XXV. 

HALL  J.    KKLLEY,   NATHANIEL  J.   "WYETII,   AND 
1'..  L.  E.  BOXXEVILLE. 

18'2S-1S34. 

TiiK  IIaz.uium  of  SEcrnrTV— TriK  Host(ivS(  iii>iii,.M.vsTF.n— Tn(  onrou.vnnv 
ciF  A  So  iKTY  Foil  Tin:  Sktti.kmknt  of  OiiKCdV  Tin:  S«  iHKii.M  vsTi  II 
WiiiTKs,  Li:("fruE>»,  ani>  lirTToMKH.Ks — Ask  Fivam.y  (Jofs  to  Oueiicv 
Tiv  WAV  OF  Mr.XK'o  AMI  Cai.ifouma  —  KwiNti  ^'oisii  J(iiN>4  Kki.i.kv 

ITlS    'I'UIIUI.ATIO.VS    AT    VaNCOIVKU  —  TlIK    (AMllltllMiK    I(  K    MaN         A 

Boston  Astou  Aiivi:NTruK--TiiF.  Siiii- 'Si'itana' to  Mkit  an  Ovki;- 

I.AXI>  PaUTY  ox  TIIK  CoUMniA— WvKTH's  I'iK.Vr  EXI'K.IdTInN— Faii.i  l;i: 
AM)    llKTrriN  — WUEIK    UF  THE    '  .Sl'LT.WSA '  — ThE    rUKXClI    CAPTAiN  — 

What  Hi;  I'ln  xor  Do. 


Ix  tli(!  jiiu-ificatioji  oi'  a  oonntrv  wlun^  the  natives 
are  already  peacel'iil,  ami  in  tluMiecupation  of  acoimtiy 
alroa'ly  oeeujiied,  it  would  sooiii  unnoeissary  to  eiii- 
l>]ov  extra  hazardous  means,  or  to  pre j  are  tor  over- 
('oniiiii/  superliuniaii  olistacles.  It  is  not  tin;  wav. 
l;(Avever,  of  in'in»raiu'e  or  inexperience  to  treat  tn" 
seriously   the   invisihlo   inipedinieiits   that  strew  the 

ithuav  to  their  desires.      For  ol'tener  do  men.  e\<ii 


adeis  of  nii'ii.  unlit  holders,  having'  themselves  niorr 
Meed  of  anlaster,ru^h  headlong"  vni|  ii'pai'ed  into.'id Ven- 
tures ahont  which  theii  kMowled«''e  uud  caKulations 
w«)uld  disLjfraoo  a  selniol-j^irl. 

In  the  settlement  of  the  Orj^eoii  Territory,  as  all 
the  reunion  lietween  the  V'ad-water!*  of  tlu'  ^lissouii 
and  Pacific  ( )ceaH  was  lor  vet  some  time  called,  thciv 


se 


emed  no  speciid  cmII  for  a  display  d  (piixotisiu 
There!  worv  no  :.:iants  there,  except  one  most  l)eni'4 
nant  jjfiant,  who  was  always  kintl  to  worthy  siranj^feis 
even   to  those   hi'  did   not   desire   to   see,    whom    h 

(  U2  I 


THE  BOSTON  SPHOOLMASTKR. 


848 


licartily  W(nil(l  wisli  had  novcr  ontert-d  tliat  rnuntrv 
to  (listurl*  tliL'  ijjniiu',  and  di'iiioralizo  the  Imiitcrs,  and 
seize  on  lands  ulroady  ()ccu[)ied  and  luidcr  cultivation. 
There  was  no  all-devourin|j^  Cyelops  standinijf  ready 
at  the  Soutli  Pass  to  swallow  oxen,  wagons,  and  way- 
worn ciniufrants  as  they  toiled  throu;j;li;  nor  was  tluTo 
(hvelliiiLC  at  Walla  Walli  any  Circe  to  transfoini  theiu 
into  swine,  that  is  to  say,  to  make  them  more  pij^i^ish 
than  they  were  before.  There  were  not  even  win«l- 
mills  in  the  warm  and  IVai^n'ant  Valley  Willamette  to 
tVi^hten  the  cattle  withal,  or  set  huzzini,^  craze<l  brains. 
Ilei'e  as  eveivwhere,  the  re(|uisites  to  success  were 
simply  conunon  intelligence,  common-sense,  the  neces- 
sary amount  of  means  with  application,  patience,  and 
temperanci>.  These  simple  re(|uisites,  I  say,  within 
the  reach  of  all.  how  few  possessed  them!  How  lew 
jiossess  them  to-day t  No  ni'ed  for  such  an  one  to 
emigrate  to  distant  Oregon  to  seek  his  fortune;  he 
has  it  about  liim. 


And  yt^t  the  occupation  of  Oregon  was  not  without 
its  knights  of  La  Mancha,  whose  brains  became  soine- 
Mliat  tiirn<'<l,  and  that  by  dithculties  more  imaunnaiv 
than  real.  I  have  mentioned  elsewhere  that  in  I  S-J7--H 
one  ll.dl  J.  K(>llev,  on  behalf  of  himself  and  certain 
memln-rs  of  the  oommonwi^alth  of  Massadiusetts,  peti- 
tioned «'ongress  for  a  y^ratit  of  lan<l  in  the  Oregon 
Territory,  and  jn'otcct ion  in  its  settlement.  Ki-lley 
was  a  lloston  school  teacher,  an<l  wliile  yet  a  young 
man  became  «lee[»l\  interested  in  the  exti-nsion  of  the 
I  iiited  States  domain  beyond  the  great  continental 
<  liain.  .\  tJuiatic  in  iiligion,  he  beeamt^  I'anatie  in 
liis  s4-hem<'  of  settlement.  .\II  tin  powers  of  |»iety 
and  a\ariee  wiic  (  eiployed  b\  him  in  the  attempted 
execution  of  plans  which  grew  mor»'  wildly  di  ar  to 
him  as  the  yi'ars  went  by  and  failure  became  mort^ 
ap|iai'ent. 

Jiorn  at  (Jilma  .town.  Niw  lianip->liii'e.  in  I7s!»,  lu^ 
graduated  at  Mi«ldkbury,  Conn.,  and  Mas  afterward 


KKLLKY,  WYETH,  AND  BOXNEVILLK. 


made  mastorof  arts  at  Tlarvanl  I'nivcisitv.  \[{}  wax 
early  employed  as  a  teacher  iii  the  piiMic  schools  of 
Boston,  ami  juihlished  in  1S20  an  elemeiitaiv  work 
i'lititled  the  Aiiicrlcnii  /iisti'iict(>r,i\t  that  time  regarded 
as  a  Nahiahlc  contrihution  to  educati(tnal  liteiatiur. 
He  oiv-ini/ed,  hy  his  own  eil'orts  principally,  the  list 
Simdiiy-school  in  Xew  KnL,dand,  hesides  wiitiiiL;-  the 
first  Sunday-school  hook.  The  I>(»ston  Yount,^  ^[en's 
Education  St)ciety  was  formed  hy  his  aid,  and  he  Wiis 
its  first  secrctai-y,  and  made  the  Jirst  puhlic  addi'ess 
in  its  support.  He  also,  in  ^.^-reat  part,  originated  the 
J\'nitent  Female  Keru<''e  Society;  from  all  of  which 
it  would  ap]»ejir  that  he  was  a  man  ol'  ivliinious  and 
humane  impulses,  coneernin«jf  himself  ahout  the  puhlic 
j»'ood.  At  the  same  time  he  was  occui)ie(l  in  tlu; 
prosecution  of  the  higher  hranches  of  mathematic;d 
science,  havino'  made  what  ho  deemed  a  di.scovery  in 
the  system  of  <'-eo'n'ai»hical  survi'vinij,  of  which  he 
suhmitted  ;i  memoir  to  the  iiovernmeiit  in  1821).     He 


dso  distin'''uis 


hed  h 


nmself  as  an  engineer. 


As  cjirly  as  IHIf),  heini,^  then  twenty-six  years  of 
aj^e,  Kelley  hei^an  his  a<.,ntation  of  the  ( )rent)n  Ques- 
tion,which  he'  cl.iims  K'd  to  the  n^storation  of  vVstoria, 
and  to  the  savin<^  of  the  couniiy  to  the  I'liited 
States.'     Jn  IH'Jl  he  j^ave  himself  wholly  up  to  the 


WOl' 


N. 


or  did  he  cease  writmn'  and  ravmn",  un 


itil  at 


the  i'iji(>  an-e  of  eii^hty-five  he  was  transferred  from 
his  New  Kiij^land  hermitage,  where  after  his  fruitless 
excursions  he  had  retired  to  hrood  in  poverty  over 
the  wi'oni^s  inflicted  hy  a  soulles.s  corporation  and  an 
uni^n-atiful  repuhlic. 

The  IJoston  school-master  isa  character  the  historian 
is  not  ]>articularly  proud  of.  He  is  neither  a  L;Teat 
licro  nor  a  oreat  rascal.  He  is  j^reat  at  iiothinn". 
and  i.s  remarkahle  rather  for  his  lack  of  streuixth,  and 


'  If  we  measure  hia  merits  by  his  claims  we  must  inuke  him  at  once  owner 
and  king  of  ()rej.!;ou.  Nuvertheh'ss  his  writings  «l.ii  exercino  inllueuee,  mt 
us  gi'eut  lis  if  tiicy  liml  heeii  nioih-rate,  yet  ejicoedingly  weighty  in  tbes.o 
inomeutuus  (^ucstiuna  bu  shortly  to  arisu. 


EIFOUTS  AT  COLOXIZATIOy. 


645 


in  stafjLforiiiL;  {\t\'  lil'ty  years  iindur  an  i(U:a  too  Mjjf  lor 
liis  l)iiiin.  lie  was  a  Ixirii  enthusiast  and  paitisan, 
(IMC  of  a  class  of  |)i(»jcc'l(>rs  more  capaMe  of  forniin|Lj 
uian<l  .sclicnies  tlian  of  carrying,'  tluni  to  a  smcessful 
issue.  lie  Mjitlnii'd  with  avi«htv  all  the  inl'oiniation 
that  could  he  olttained  concerninLf  Orej^on.  In  these 
it'scaichcs  he  hccaine  deeply  impressed  willi  two 
ideas — the  value  of  the  eountrv  <>n  account  of  its  furs, 
I'sjiciii's,  soil,  and  climate,  and  the  imj)ortance  of 
(  hii-itiani/in<4  tin'  Indians.  MakiiiLT  dilin'ciit  inciuirv 
of  mastcis  of  vessels  and  leaders  of  fur  companies,  he 
(ihtaiiu'd  sullicieiit  knowled^j^e  of  th(^  i^^-o^raphical  and 
commercial  |)oints  feo  be  ahle  to  puhlish  articles  ahout 
ihem,  with  (lie  intent  to  create  an  interest  concerning 
them  in  the  puhlic  mind.  From  l.S'J7  to  IH.'ll  he  was 
hiisy  mahin;^-  maj)s,  formintif  plans,  and  ]»etitionin<,' 
coiiLii'ess,  witli  the  view  to  the  formation  of  an  eini- 
L;iation  societv,  which  in  IS'JH  was  instituted,  and  in 


is.'JI   was  mcoipoi 


ated 


liost 


on   as  (he 


A 


niei'ican 


Society  for  J'^ncoui-ai^inijj  a  Settlenunt  of  the  Oren^dii 


erritor\' 


Tl 


lis   society  was    Mall  .1.    Kellev.      iU 


was  the  hody  and  hrains,  the  tinkers  an<l  tnu^ue  of  it. 
And  tlieri-n|)on  he  trumpeted  eveiywhei't!  the  henetits 
therefrom  accruiivi,*",  temporal  and  s])iritual,  national 
and  individual.  Jl  is  (lod's  will,  proclaims  tlu*  ])ro|)het; 
the  riijlit  of  soveri'ijj^niy  is  vested  in  us;  shall  we 
icmain  idle  w  hile  another  enters  in  and  takes  posses- 
sion of  our  ii;;htsf  In  all  tiiis  then*  was  sonie  ti'uth, 
.ind  tlu!  men  of  New  J'^ni^land  wei'e  made  to  frtl  it. 

He  was  ahle  hv  his  industry  and  entliusiasm  to 
iiite'rest  many  persons  of  conse(|Uence  in  the  consi<lera- 
tion  of  his  jdans;  hut  thoUL,di  he  sent  his  pul)li(rations 
to  the  heads  of  all  the  «lej>artments  at  Washiuinton 
and  memorialized  con<rress  mon;  than  once  coneernim,' 
the  value  of  tiie  Oregon  country  he  failed  to  secure 
that  suj^jtort  I'rom  the  jjfovernment  which  was  neces- 
sary to  his  imdertakinj^.  The  only  pledL,'<'  he  was 
ahli;,  accordinjj^  to  his  own  statement,  to  ohtain  at 
WashiniLjton  was,  that  protection  would  be  given  to 

Hut.  N.  Vf.  CuABT,  Vol.  U.    80 


rAQ 


KHLLKY.  WYKTII,  A\T)  BONNKVILI.E 


any  sc'ttlumeiit  he  iiiijLjht  make  in  the  Orrj^ou  Teni- 
toiT. 

( )m'(»rK<'ll<'y's  ])r()|t()siti<ms  to  coii^ijn'ss  in  1 82!)  was 
that  twciily-five  sfpuuc  niihs  ut'thi;  Cohnnhia  A'allt  y 
sh(inl<l  he  ^laiitt'd  to  him  (or- jmiposos  ol' colunizatinn. 
His  land  ('\|M(lition,  which  was  to  liav*-  st-t  out  in 
ISiIH,  liaviiiuf  I'allt'n  throULfh,  hv,  next  attcniittt'd  In 
I'liLraLTca  |>artv  toifo  with  him  hy  sea  in  Ih:;*J:  and  «hvu 
up  a  hill  of  rights  and  a  covniant,  with  a  |i1an  for  ,i 
temjtorary  rommonwcalth.  This  r\|»('di(ion  was  ;it 
t»>m|>ti'd  and  failed,  Pugit  Sound  IniujL;  tlu'  ohjcctixc 
jioint. 

K(ll(>vsays  that  several  hundrcMJ  persons  eidisted  in 
the  attempted  expedition  ol'  IS-JS,  which  was  to  havr 


'P 


started  from  St  Louis,  and  that  it  failed  thi'oui;h  tli' 
ojiposition  of  Ihitish  and  American  l'ur-tradei-s.  It 
Would  seem  that  he  met  with  eonsiderahle  opposition 
IVoin  the  jiress,  his  imdertakinu^s  heln^  considrrtd 
rash  and  n(tt  sufhcieiitly  secured  from  failure;  an 
opinion  that  miij^ht  well  jirevail  aftei-  the  disastei< 
that  had  hel'allrn  all  the  expeditions  of  American 
paities  to  the  ( 'olumhia  IJiver  since  that  of  Lewis 
and  Clarke.  This  unfriendliness,  hased  douhtless  npnn 
a  wisi;  <'aution,  ap))ear(,'d  to  Kelley  to  he  an  under- 
hand movement  of  the  lludson's  liay  arid  .\merican 
Fur  companies  to  defeat  an  attemjtt  at  an  American 
settlement  which  might,  nay,  which  must,  injure  th»  ir 
trade. 

(loaded  hy  this  suspicion,  he  assailed  those  com- 
panies in  stroiii;- terms,  e(iiitinuin;_f  to  print  statcjuents 
to  theii"  discredit  foi'  several  years,  and  at  the  sann- 
time  puhlicly  to  uro-e  th(^  I'nited  States  cfovernmcnt 
to  tak(^  mi'asur«'s  to  I'stahlish  its  ri<;hts  to  the  Oi-cLT'in 
Territoiy  as  against  those  (»f  (Jreat  Uritain.  TIic 
inllannnatory  nature  of  such  writings,  .supposing' tlnm 


to  h.'ive  falhiii  into  the  hands  of  the  ILkIsoh's  l>av 
Company's  <»tlicers  in  Oregon,  undei-  the  then  exist  in.;' 
condition  of  the  Orecfon  title,  can  he  readily  under- 
stood.     Whether  they  were  ever  read   hy  those  etli- 


KRLLRY  E\  ROrTK. 


.->47 


ccrs  is  iiowlicn'  rrcoi'dcd."  Tt  is  |)i'(tl);il»l»'  tliM<  tli<' 
li(iinl(>ii  cniiipjiiiy  wciT  k(|»t  iiili»niir(l  l>y  <lit'  liritish 
niinisti'i' iit  Wnsliiiii^ton  (»t'  wh.'itcvcr  wjis  said  l>y  tin* 
|iiiltlic  )»riiits  u|i<)ii  tilt'  siilijt'«'f ;  and  it  rnllowcd,  of 
ciiiirsc,  that  tln'  novi'iiun*  tA'  tin-  ()ii'lci»ii  Tfriitoi y 
ri'('ci\fd  his  instructions  in  accurdancc  with  the  cfrfct 
they  |)io(hiccd.  Whcthrr  th«y  inlhuiiccd  in  any 
(IcLfl'cc  the  reception  Krilcy  met  in  ( )rei,'on  there  is 
no  means  of  deti'iniinini,';  thoni^h  that  he  helieved 
they  (lid  is  reju'atedly  atliimed  in  a  suhse(|Uent  peti- 
tion to  con^cress,  and  in  <tthei"  j>iii)hshed  tlocunients.' 
All  this  time  the  schoo|-ma>r,ei'  was  ;^atlM'rini;  eveiy 
]»ossih|e  scra[>  ot*  information  relative  to  the  North- 
west ('oast,  to  that  »'nd  holdin;^^  lonLj  and  t'ref|Uent 
conferences  with  fnr-tradei's,  exploi-ers,  and  navigators. 
This  information  he  laid  hefore  statesmen,  and  dis- 
seminated amon<4' the  pe(»j»le  l»y  tongue  and  jien;  he 
claims  in  fact  that  foi-  a  period  of  several  years  not 
one  lecture  was  delivered,  nor  a  word  printed  on  the 
( )j'eL;()n  (^)uestion  of  which  lu>  was  not  th"  author.    The 


w 


inters  (»f  |H.",()  ;!:',  In-  spent  in  Washington  wrt'stlin;^ 
with  legislators. 

In  tiie  autunm  <»f  IR.'VJ  Kelley  left  IJoston,  deter- 
mined hefore  )'eturnin<4'  to  see  ()rej4<tn.     Fn  the  spriuLf 
if  is:'.:;  he  set  out  with  a,  small  jiarty  for  the  (\»hun- 


hia  I 


Jiveiv 


II. 


e  chose,  I(»r  LCooil  reasons,  as  ne  sav 


cii'ciiitous  route  hy  the  way  of  Mexico  and  ( 'alifoi-nia. 
A  passport  was  tui-nished  him  through  the  Mexican 
states,  and  a  free  jiassauft!  to  New  ()ileans,  where  his 
companions   forsook   him.      In   his  voyaj^fe   tlu'iice   to 


'' Ktlli'y  HiiVM  tlmt  riiptiiiii  |tii!iiiiiis  of  tlu'  liii^;  thri/hic,  wlin  wii'*  in  tli<" 
('■ililliiliiii  llivcr  ill  IS'J'K  iiit'iiriiii'il  MiLoui^liiiii  <it  liis  plans,  ii;iil  slixvvcd  liiin 
■I  ropy  of  the  Uiniriil  < 'iriiilnr  puMislii'il  in  tli.it  Vfiir;  ii  statilin  nt  tliat  is 
(li.sprovcii  liy  tin-  fiM't  that  tlir  Oiri/hif  was  tlinc  in  tlii!  niotitli  of  l''iliru- 
ary     coiisciiiicntly  must  liaM;  Iril  lloston  tin-  previous  yi'iir. 

■'Kclhy  st.itcs  in  his  petition,  tiiat  lie  'iiriived  at  Viiiicoiivef  on  tlm 
Cohiinliia  IJiver,  in  OetoKer  |s;U.  niiiili  ilepnsseij  in  spirits,  ami  uinlcr  ^'i-eat 
l""lily  weakni'ss.  tlieii  leeovi  riiij;  from  a  \  iolent  attack  of  the  fever  aii<l  a;.;iie. 
Me  foiiiici  him-elf  nil  llliweleoiiie  ^'ilest  at  that  Jilai'e  :  ealiimiiies  anil  slander 
Were  propamitei!.  iilioiit  liiln:  and  tint  jH'rsi.iis  \slioni  he  had  iiuliieed  to  emno 
and  settle  I  lure,  were  turned  uguiiiHt  him;  uml  til"X)dy  men  more  tluiii  oueu 
threatened  hi.s  life.' 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


Zk 

^ 


// 


:/. 


1.0 


I.I 


If-iM  IIIM 

•"  Itt    IIIII2.2 


2.0 


1.8 


1.25 

1.4 

1.6 

-^ 6"     - 

► 

p 


7i 


<^ 


/} 


rf> 


^^ 


A 


.%     .0' 


V 


/A 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WE&'i  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER  MY.  <4580 

(716)  872-4ija:^ 


^•\ 


oi 


V 


^9) 


V 


L1>' 


:\ 


\ 


^% 


^ 


^ 


"^1^"^!^^ 


'^ 


vx- 


<\ 


6^ 


648 


KELLEY,  WYETH,  AXD  BOXNEVILLE. 


Vera  Cruz  lie  .states  that  he  experienced  incrccliblc, 
hardsliips.  When  he  arrived  in  Mexico  the  goods  lie 
was  takinix  with  him  to  the  Columbia  River  were 
seized  for  duties,  and  confiscated.  Notwithstanding^ 
this  treatment  he  lino-ered  some  months  in  Mexico 
endeavoring  to  interest  the  teachers  of  that  country 
in  the  best  methods  of  instruction,  and  proposed  to 
furnish  a  ])lan  to  the  principal  of  the  state  institute 
at  (jruadalajara. 

When  lie  reached  California  he  offered  his  services 
to  General  Figueroa,  governor  of  California,  to  sur- 
vey tlie  Sacramento  Valley,  which  being  declined,  ho 
undertook  a  slight  survey  of  it  for  himself,  and  made 
a  map  of  the  country.  While  in  California,  in  the 
sunimcr  of  1834,  he  fell  in  with  one  Ewing  Youn<J!',  an 
American  trader,  from  Taos  in  New  Mexico,  and  )er- 
suaded  him  to  join  in  an  expedition  to  the  Columbia 
River,  together  with  a  party  of  adventurers,  deserted 
seamen,  and  others,  to  the  number  of  about  a  dozen.* 

Kelley  now  proceeded  toward  that  country  he  had 
so  lon<j  desired  to  reach,  and  had  advanced  as  far 
as  the  mountains  of  southern  OroLjon  when  he  was 


'  "^he  number  wlio  came  to  Oregon  is  variously  given  even  by  Kelley  him- 
self. McLoughlin  iu  a  communication  to  tlio  home  board  says  that  Kelley 
and  Young  were  accompanied  by 'eigli'  '  ..sh  and  American  sailors,' and 
Daniel  Lee  says:  '  Heforc  our  house  wa-  a  party,  headed  by  Mr  l']wing 

Young,  an  American  from  one  of  the  m.  ii  United  States,  arrived  in  the 
Walaniet  from  California,  embracing  ab(jut  a  dozen  persons,  most  of  tliom 
from  the  United  States.  Some  of  them  had  been  sailors,  some  hunters  in 
the  mountains  and  in  the  regiona  bordering  on  California  to  the  south,  and 
one,  Mr  Kelley,  was  a  traveller,  a  New  England  man,  who  entertained  some 
very  extravagant  notions  in  regard  to  Oregon,  which  he  published  on  his 
return.'  The  names  of  the  party  who  accompanied  Kelly  and  Young  aro 
given  only  in  Oray'a  Ilialonj  n/Orefjon,  and  althongii  they  remained  in  Oregon 
and  became  incorporated  with  the  American  settlement,  they  cannot  bo  cer- 
tainly separated  from  the  list  of  known  settlers  of  that  date,  many  of  whom 
came  with  Wyeth.  Young's  account  is  as  follows:  'I  was  in  California 
where  1  met  with  Mr  Hall  J.  Kelley,  on  his  way  to  tiic  Columbia  River,  who 
represented  himself  to  be  the  agent  of  a  colonizing  company.  He  wished  my 
company,  holding  out  many  inducements. .  .When  we  set  out  from  the  last 
settleraent  I  had  seventy-seven  horses  and  mules.  Kelley  and  the  other  livo 
men  had  twenty -one. .  .Tiic  last  nine  men  that  joined  the  party  had  fifty-six.' 
Probably  some  of  these  adventurers  dropped  oil'  before  reaching  the  Colum- 
bia River.  I  lind  that  Mr  Evans,  in  his  J/id.  Or.,  MS.,  '20.j-ti,  states  that 
Kelley  arrived  in  Oregon  by  sea  from  Monterey  accompanied  by  Young  and 
fourteen  others;  also  that  he  remained  two  years  in  Oregon;  all  of  which 
statements  are  errors,  as  tho  authorities  I  have  quoted  show.     Mr  Evans' 


KELLEY  AT  FORT  VANCOtTV'ER. 


649 


lej'  liiin- 

Kcllcy 
•s,'  ami 

Kwiiig 

ill  tlio 
if  tliom 

tors  ill 
til,  ami 
soino 

ou  his 

ng  aro 
Oregon 

1)0  cur- 
whom 
ilifoniia 
er,  who 

loil  my 
the  last 
her  iivo 
fty-six.' 

Colum- 
tc3  that 
iiug  anil 
f  which 

Evans' 


attacked  with  violent  intermittent  fever,  having  hn- 
jrercd  too  h)ng  in  the  malarious  region.s  of  the  Sacra- 
mento. He  experienced  great  Gifficulty  and  suftering 
in  travelling.  At  a  camp  on  the  Umpcpia  Tliver,  an<l 
while  Young,  who  was  actinij:  as  leader  of  tlie  i)artv, 
was  absent  to  recover  some  straymg  horses,  there 
arrived  at  the  same  place  a  party  of  hunters  and  trap- 
pers in  the  service  of  the  Hudson's  IJay  Conij)aiiy  on 
their  v.ay  from  San  Francisco,  lieaded  by  ^Miclicl  La 
Fraujhoise,  who,  seeing  the  unfortunate  condition  of 
the  sick  man,  just  then  in  the  grasj)  of  a  racking  ague 
fit,  at  once  proceeded  to  alleviate  his  distress  with 
hot  venison  hroth  and  quinine. 

For  two  days  La  Framboise  continued  his  ministra- 
tions, when  llnchng  his  patient  rapidly  convalescing, 
he  sent  him  by  canoe  a  considerable  distance  down  the 
river.  Tlie  vo3'agc  proved  a  pleasant  one,'"'  and  Kcl- 
ley  was  received  at  the  place  fixed  upon  for  a  rendez- 
vous by  one  of  La  Framboise's  men,  Ronduau,  who 
had  been  sent  to  meet  and  conduct  him  to  camp,  a 
few  miles  distant.  Kelley  continued  to  travel  with 
La  Framboise's  party,  and  was  overtaken  in  a  I'lvv 
days  by  Young,  tlie  two  companies  arriving  at  the 
Columbia  liiver  together.  Such  was  his  hrst  recep- 
tion by  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  through  its  em- 
ployes." 

And  now,  at  last,  weary  and  ill  from  a  relapse,  ho 
reaches  Fort  Vancouver  in  October.  How  great  is 
liis  (lisappc  i'ltmeiit  and  surprise,  to  find  the  gates  of 
that  hospitable  place  closed  to  him  and  his  associates. 

niistahc  conicn  from  the  fact  tlint  KcUcy  in  his  Xin-rntivr  of  //irColo'i'znfion  af 
()r((i<)ii,  i,~,  vv\div:i  that  lie  hail  niaile  ari-anyemcnlrt  at  Monterey  \\it!i  ('aptain 
Thonrj'scn  i ml  Nathan  S]i(;;;r  fur  them  to  jiroeeed  to  On; on,  on  notice,  with 
ft  ves;jvl  lor.ileil  wi  h  tuipiiiien  for  tlu!  tjettlcmeiit,  and  to  tonii;ienee  the  trailo 
nnil  eomnKrc!  (  f  the  I'oiintry.  This  vessel  never  eame,  if  nol.iiii<l,  ami  Kelhy 
Ijroceeiled  overlaml,  as  we  have  seen. 

^Ivelley  ii'.y.i  he  paid  his  lirlian  boatman  for  his  Rorviei  s  for  a  day  ami  !\ 
half,  ii  'lint;  hvjrsc,  saliile  and  briillc,  and  a  .searlet  velvet  sish,'  whieh  .shows 
that  !iO  (lid  111  t  hiiow  how  to  trade  with  Indians. 

"In  le.erenee  t )  tlieii'  coiiduet  toward  him,  Kelley  spoalcs  in  one  plaee  of 
Lii  riambu'ao  in  'this  p:ood  Samaritan,' and  of  Uonde.ui  as  'hi-i  Inuiiaiie  kiiI>- 
ordinii'e.  v.lio  bore  mo  for  miies  npon  his  shoulders  when  unalilc  to  walk,  or 
at  timto,  to  [a^a  rough  pLiues,  even  to  ride.' 


r).jO 


KELLEY,  WYETH,  AND  BONNEVILLE. 


He  is  informed  that  word  lias  boon  sent  by  Governor 
Fiu^ueroa  to  Dr  McLouijlilin  informinor  him  that 
Kelley,  Young,  and  company  are  a  gang  of  horso- 
thieves,  and  cautioning  him  au'ainst  thoni.' 

•  •  •     1 

A  cruel  predicament,  surely,  for  a  sick  man,  and, 
as  he  protested,  innocent  of  the  charges  preferred! 
And  throu<j:hout  the  winter  of  1834  lie  remained  at 
Vancouver,  not  as  an  honored  guest  enjoyhig  its  social 
j)rivileges,  but  ratlier  as  a  mendicant,  debarred  the 
recognition  erf'  a  gentleman.* 

McLoughlin  who  met  at  Fort  Vancouver  all  sorts  of 
])Cople,  Americans,  Scotch,  Irish,  English,  Indians, 
Canadians,  and  Kanakas,  and  yet  whose  visitors  were 
not  so  numerous  as  not  to  enable  him  to  kntjw  iind 
judge  each  perfectly,  says  of  Kelley,  that  when  lie  ar- 
rived there  he  "was  very  ill,  and  out  of  humanity  1 
placed  him  in  a  house,  [)ut  a  man  to  nurse  him,  the  sur- 
geon of  the  establishment  attended  on  him,  and  had  his 
victuals  sent  him  every  meal  until  lie  left  in  183G,  when 
I  gave  him  a  passage  to  Oahu.  On  his  return  to  the 
states,  1k'  published  a  narrative  of  his  voyage,  in  which, 
instead  of  being  grateful  for  the  kindness  shown  him, 
he  abused  me,  and  falsely  stated  I  had  been  so  alarmed 
with  the  dread  that  he  would  destroy  the  Hudson's 


'Doctor  McLoughlin  in  his  report  to  the  liomc  board  says:  'As  Governor 
Figucroa  of  California  hail  written  to  ine  that  Ewing  Young  anil  Kelley  iiad 
stolen  horses  from  tlic  settlers  of  that  place,  1  would  have  nothing  to  <lo  with 
tiieni,  and  told  tlieni  my  reasons.  Young  maintained  he  stole  no  horses,  Imt 
admitted  the  others  had.  I  told  him  that  miglit  be  the  case,  but  as  tlieiliaim' 
was  made,  1  could  liavo  no  dealings  with  him  till  he  cleared  it  u]\'  It  would 
appear  from  what  Young  told  T.  J.  Farnluim  in  is;!!),  that  he  had  In'iii 
involved  in  some  trouble  with  the  autlifirities  in  California,  as  he  alleged  tliiit 
they  plundered  him  of  trlS,t)0()  or  !i?'2(),(X)0  worth  of  furs.  The  Mexicans  in 
California  were  in  tin;  habit  of  ecjntiscating  the  goods  of  strangers,  and  even  uf 
their  own  jwople  who  attempted  to  trade  in  dclianee  of  the  law.  See  Farn- 
Iiiiiii''h  'J'ritrel.f  to  thi'  Ji'or/.i/  Moiiiild'uix,  170-7. 

*Says  Roberts  in  his  I'ccollt'ctioiix,  11:  'I  remember  the  visit  of  Hall  J. 
Kelley.  Ho  was  penniless,  and  ill-clad,  and  considered  rather  too  rouLrh  fur 
close  companionship,  and  was  not  invited  to  the  mess.  He  may  have  thought 
this  harsh.  Our  people  did  not  know,  or  care  for,  the  equality  he  hail  jierhaps 
been  aceustonied  to.  It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  discipline  in  those  days 
was  ratiier  severe,  and  a  general  commingling  would  not  do.'  In  anotlur 
place,  Mr  ]{oberts  says:  'Kelly  was  live  feet  nine  inches  high,  wore  a  white 
slouched  hat,  blaidiet  cirpntc,  leather  pants,  with  u  red  stripe  down  the  seam, 
rather  onlrii  even  for  Vancouver.' 


UNDER  A  CLOUD. 


5ul 


Bay  Company's  trade,  that  I  had  ke[)t  a  constant 
watch  over  irini."" 

Another  bitter  complaint,  incoherently  penned  after 
liis  return  to  Massachusetts,  is  of  the  neglect  he 
suffered  at  the  hands  of  his  countrymen.  He  accuses 
them  of  jealousy  of  himself,  and  censures  Wyetli 
severely  for  ignoring'  him.  But  for  him  Wyetli  never 
would  have  become  interested  in  the  subject  of  Oregon 
settlement,  he  says,  nor  would  his  name  have  apj)eared 
on  one  of  Kelley's  en)igi'ant  rolls;  and  now  he  liiuls 
Wyetli  end)racing  the  policy  of  the  Hudson's  Bay 
Company,  anxious  to  keej>  all  settlers  out  of  the  coun- 
try. In  truth,  Wyeth  might  readily  l)e  sus[)ected  of 
this,  for  he  M'as  on  most  intimate  terms  with  the  offi- 
cers at  Fort  Vancouver,  and  took  no  measures  to  res- 
cue from  the  scornful  charity  of  a  foreign  company  an 
educated  countryman,  whose  character  he  knew  was 
above  that  of  a  horse-thief. 

Surely  to  the  missionaries,  the  Lees,  his  brother 
Christians,  whom  he  had  influenced  to  attemj>t  their 
noble  work,  he  could  l(»ok  for  recoynition  and  fellow- 
sliip.  But  even  them  he  charges  wiili  having  become 
so  infected  with  the  spirit  of  trade  that  they  did  not 
wish  other  settlers  to  cimie;"  and  that  they  chose  to 
I'emain  oblivious  to  the  fact  that  the  oriufmator*  of  the 
Oregon  movement  lay  sick  in  the  hospital  at  Van- 
couver. Particularly  docs  he  resent,  and  not  without 
some  show  of  justice,  the  very  brief  notice  of  himself, 
amounting  to  a  do7XMi  lines,  in  Lee  and  Frost's  Oreijon, 
published  after  the  authors  had  left  the  country. 

The  charge  of  ( Jrovernor  Figueroa  against  Kelley 
and  Young  not  being  prom[>tly  cleared  u[),  they  re- 
mained under  the  ban  of  a  suspicion  there  was  no 

^MrLomjhUn'Krriv'ttr  Pnp< ,:■',  ]it.  ii.  4;  Emu.t"  H'ld.  Or.,  MS.,  20.");  T/iorii- 
to)i''nOr.  (did  ('ill.,  ii.  i;>-]!(;  W'l/dh'x  Oi.,  J:\r.,  .'! ;  L'tiiirm-  C'ltii  Stute  Joiininl, 
Ffl).  "JH,  1874;  Kdhji's Litters  ia  Thoriitoirn  Or.  y//.>V.,'.MS.,  7K-!);  Trans.  Or. 
J'ioiici'r  A,iioi\,  liS7<").  '2*2-4. 

'"  'When  I  was  .at  Vancouver,  on  thcColuniljia,  lie  (Lee)  often  cliiiidestinely 
left  the  fort,  and  came  into  my  cabin  anil  conversed  freely  about  Ids  jilans 
and  intentions.  He  once  saitl  he  was  pre|iaring  for  a  great  fanning establi.sh- 
nient,  where  to  produce  supplies  for  other  stations;    and  also  said  iic  was 


552 


KELLEY,  WYETH,  AND  BONNEVILLE. 


means  at  hand  of  removing,  McLoniTclilin  having  had 
Figucroa's  letter  posted  up  in  the  Willamette  Vallry 
to  warn  the  settlers  there  against  the  California  partv. 
Horse-stealing  was  a  viee  very  often  practised  in  Cali- 
fornia, and  one  which  the  fur  magnate  was  desirous 
of  discouraging  in  his  territory,  especially  when  asked 
to  do  so  by  Govei'nor  Figueroa,  and  therefore  we  arc 
not  hound  to  agree  witli  Kelley  that  ^IcLoughlin's 
conduct  was  maliciously  arbitrary,  and  that  because  he 
thouLjht  of  becoininsf  an  American  settlei'.^^ 

The  native  Californians,  who  owned  large  herds  of 
horses  and  cattle,  were  accustomed  t(^  brand  them  with 
a  mark  by  whicli  alone  the  herds  of  one  owner  could  be 
dislinguislied  from  those  of  another.  It  sometimes 
happened  that  strangers  ])urcliasing  horses  in  one  part 
of  the  countrv  and  travellino^  to  another,  were  arrested 
a  hundretl  miles  from  the  starting-point  by  a  tliii-d 
party,  who  claimed  the  animals  because  they  were 
branded  with  a  certain  mark.  Witnesses  were  not 
wanting  to  ])rove  the  mark,  and  there  was  no  alterna- 
tive but  to  tight  or  yield.  Often  the  persons  in  pos- 
session of  the  })roperty  were  accused  of  having  stolen 
it,  when  the  design  was  to  return  the  stock  to  the  very 
])arties  from  wlioni  it  had  been  bought,  and  at  whose 
instance  the  charge  had  been  made. 

It  would  not  liave  been  impossible  for  one  of  tlu! 
native  dealers  to  accuse  Kelley  to  the  governor,  had 
there  been  any  hope  of  recovering  the  animals  sold  to 
him.  But  in  the  case  of  Kelley  and  Young,  I  think 
the  nine  men  accompanying  them  were  really  persons 
of  disre[)utable  character,  and  horse-thieves,  because, 
in  the  first  place,  Kelley  in  his  account  of  the  expedi- 


opposed  to  ])erRons  coming  to  settle  in  that  territory,  excepting  such  as  woiiM 
belong  to  the  missionary  family,  and  aid  in  missionary  enterprise;  an<l  lir 
Hhould  do  nothing  contrary  to  the  wislies  of  Dr  MoLougiilin,  who  hail  a;irer(l 
to  loan  him  .^1,500.  Ahouttho  timoof  his  making  these  remarks,  he  received, 
in  my  presenie,  a  part  of  the  hwn  from  the  company's  storeliouses. '  //(.■•■'. 
Or.,  oO-ljO.     Sec  /list.  Or.,  i.  07-9,  this  series. 

"  Duim,  in  his  Or.  'J'cr.,  '200.  insists  that  Kaniham,  who  saw  Young  whin 
he  was  in  Oregon,  misrepresents  the  company's  actions  and  ujotives,  and  says 
tliut  they  'judged  of  him  as  they  had  experience  of  him.' 


KELLF.Y'S  FAILURES. 


553 


as  woiiM 
jind  hr. 

■ccoivi'il, 

ni-<i. 


tion  calls  tlicm  the  'nine  marauders'  whom  he  said 
he  could  not  prevent  travelling  with  him,  and  in  the 
second  i)lace,  accordintx  to  McLoui^hlin,  Youn<jf  ad- 
niitted  to  liim  that  there  were  those  in  the  party  who 
had  stolen  horses. 

Kelley  seems  to  have  entertained  a  very  good 
opinior,  of  Young  throughout,  though  he  was  nuich 
grieved  at  some  dift'erences  that  occurred  between 
them  before  leaving  Fort  Vancouver,  and  which  he 
atti'ibuted  to  a  studied  cft'ort  on  the  part  of  the  Hud- 
son's Bay  Company  to  produce  dissensions  between 
the  American  settlers,  and  so  to  defeat  any  permanent 


orjjjamzation  amonij  them. 


However  all  this  may  have  been,  there  remains 
nothing  of  Kt;lley's  Oregon  expedition  to  record  ex- 
<'opt  failure.  He  had  probably  but  little  means  at 
the  <)ut.-;et,  when  to  have  carried  his  plans  into  elFect 
would  Jir.ve  re([uired  an  inmiense  expenditure.  His 
health  was  shattered  by  hardsliips  he  had  never 
expected  to  encounter,  and  in  his  very  worst  condition 
he  found  himself  tlependent  Uj)on  those  he  considered 
his  j)ersonal  enemies,  as  well  as  the  enemies  of  his  great 
desiu'ns.^"  In  ]\Iarch  18;.>.j  he  left  Orea'on  on  the 
Hudson's  Bay  Company's  vessel,  the  Dri/aJ,  Jiaving 
been  given  a  I'ree  passage  to  the  Sandwich  Ishinds, 
whence  he  made  his  way  to  the  United  States  on  a 
whaling  vessel.  The  rude  manners  of  the  sailors  with 
whom  he  was  forceil  to  associate,  in  his  feeble  state 
of  health  were  a  sore  annoyance  to  him,  o])erating 
yet  more  to  prejudice  his  tliseased  imagination  against 
the  company  to  whom  he  was  indebted  ibr  this  means 
of  getting  out  of  the  country  of  his  misfortunes.  A 
year  and  a  half  of  travel,  nuieh  of  it  through  countries 
little  better  tiian  a  wilderness,  the  loss  of  his  pro})erty, 

''^'Whcn  fiboiit  to  leave  Orci,'on,  the  cliief  factor  of  the  company  prc- 
sontod  ine  uitli  a  ilraft  of  seven  ponmls  storlinL,',  payable  at  tlie  Sandwieli 
Islands.  A  ]'art,  lioweviu',  was  pai.l  ."it  V'aneouvcr  in  article;!  of  comfort. 
'I'liis  was  kind,  and  I  felt  grateful  for  it.'  Kcliei/'s  Nar.,  uD;  J'orlland  Ore.' 
•jonian,  Marcli  l"J,  IST-'i. 


554 


KELLF.Y,  WYETH,  AND  BONNEVILLE. 


sickness,  and  disappointment,  luid  lieaped  their  sepa- 
rate l)urtlen,s  into  one  overwlieliiiinLf  whole,  until  tin; 
sensitive  nature  of  the  man  sank  under  it,  and  lie 
was  not  in  a  condition  either  physical  or  mental 
to  inspire  that  respect  to  which,  from  other  circum- 
stances, and  from  his  own  printed  statements,  he  seems 
to  have  been  entitled. 

On  his  return  from  Oregon  in  183G  Kelley  eni^aged 
with  others  in  erecting  a  cotton-mill  at  Three  Ilivers, 
Massachu.setts,  in  which  enterprise  he  lost  what  re- 
mained of  his  fortune.  This  calamity,  in  addition  to 
W' hat  ha<l  gone  before,  permanently  unsettled  his  mind. 
For  a  period  of  fifteen  years  he  thought,  talked,  and 
wrote  of  nothing  but  his  Oregon  expedition  and  the 
oppression  and  inhumanity  of  the  Hudson's  l>ay  Coni- 
])any,  imagining  that  every  annoyance  of  whatevei- 
kind  he  suffered  was  procured  for  him  by  the  'hire- 
lings' of  that  company.  So  great  was  his  suspicion 
of  every  one,  and  so  irritable  had  ho  become,  that 
he  drove  his  wife  and  children  from  him,  and  after- 
wards resided  alone  on  a  small  piece  of  land  heavily 
mortgaged,  at  Three  liivers  (Palmer),  Massachu- 
setts, where  he  was  designated  as  The  Hermit,  and 
from  which  the  entreaties  of  his  friends  were  unable 
to  draw  him.  As  he  had  lived,  alone,  so  he  died  in 
1874,  at  the  advanced  age  of  eighty -five,  of  paralysis. 
Throughout  his  life  he  vainly  endeavored  to  win  from 
the  world  that  recognition  of  his  intended  services 
that  he  longed  for  and  felt  that  he  deserved.  To  the 
very  last  he  remained  the  warm  friend  of  Oregon, 
indignantly  denying  that  he  had  ever  entertained 
'extravagant  notions'  of  that  country,  w^iich  he  still 
contended  was  "the  finest  on  which  the  sun  shines, 
and  possessing  natural  advantages  for  agriculture  and 
connnerce,  unsurpassed  in  any  other  part  of  the 
earth." 


With  regard  to  the  services  which  Kelley  rendtTcd 
the  United  States,  or  Oregon,  it  would  be  difficul':  to 


OREGON'S  OBLIGATIONS.  555 

(stiinato  the  value.  That  his  puUishod  articles  and 
|)iibli('  lectures  were  the  first  to  call  attention  to  the 
j'uasihility  of  settlinj^  the  Pacific  coast  by  an  overland 
emigration  there  can  bo  no  dis})ute,  unless  we  contend 
tliat  the  expedition  of  Lewis  and  Clarke  settled  tlie 
practicability  of  such  an  enterprise.  But  Lewis  and 
('larke  were  intent  only  on  establishing  the  existence 
of  a  more  or  less  continuous  line  of  water  c<5umiunica- 
tion  across  the  continent,  and  made,  besides,  a  very 
imperfect  survey  of  the  country  after  they  arrived  in 
it,  from  the  absence  of  any  supply -post,  or  moans  of 
t'xistence  for  their  party  in  Oregon. 

Twenty  years  later  the  different  American  fur 
com})anies  began  their  explorations  among  the  llocky 
^lountains,  and  on  the  Snake  River  plains,  and  had 
become  familiar  with  the  existence  of  several  passes 
througli  that  range,  by  one  or  more  of  which  wagons 
(*(juld  be  brought  to  their  rendezvous  on  the  west  side. 
Kelley's  acquaintance  with  these  facts,  set  forth  in 
his  circular,  made  his  plan  an  original  one.  On  the 
other  hand,  it  involved  much  hardship,  and  was  likely 
to  meet  with  opposition  from  all  the  fur  companies, 
the  American  as  well  as  the  British;  having  so  many 
impracticable  points  about  it  that  it  recjuired  another 
decade,  and  considerable  legislative  action,  to  set  the 
•scheme  really  on  foot. 

It  is  possible,  however,  that  through  his  constant 
agitation  of  the  subject,  Flo^'d  of  Virginia,  and  Benton 
of  Missouri,  the  well  known  ardent  advocates,  became 
interested.  Floyd  was  the  author  of  the  first  ])ropo- 
sition  made  in  congress,  in  the  session  of  1820-2,  for 
the  occupation  and  settlement  of  the  Columbia  River 
as  elsewhere  stated.  In  the  course  of  the  debates 
which  followed  the  introduction  of  this  pro[)osition, 
]ienton  uttered  these  words :  "  Mere  adventurers  may 
<?nter  upon  it,  as  -<3^neas  entered  upon  the  Tiber,  and  as 
our  forefathers  entered  upon  the  Potomac,  the  ])ela- 
ware,  and  the  Hudson,  and  renew  the  phenomenon  of 
individuals  laying  the  foundation  of  a  future  empire." 


556 


KELLEY,  WYETII,  AND  BONNEVILLE. 


Wlictlicr  the  importunities  of  Kcllcy  sujjfgcstcd  tlic; 
thout,'ht  to  Benton,  or  whether  such  l;in<^uage  in  the 
senate  inspired  the  imagination  of  the  13ostt)n  school- 
teacher, I  am  not  ahle  to  decide,  though  if  it  could 
be  known  it  woukl  add  to  or  detract  iVoni  the  hrill- 
iancy  of  the  undei'taking  in  a  considerable  degree,  lie 
says  of  himself  that  he  made  a  complete  survey  oi" 
the  Columbia  llivcr  IVom  Fort  A^ancouvcr  to  its  mouth, 
and  he  certainly  gives  in  his  memoir  to  congress  in  18;J!) 
a  very  coirect  account  of  the  topography,  soil,  and 
chmate  of  both  Califoinia  and  Oregon,  with  man}' facts 
concerning  the  mountains, ^^  timber,  harbors,  the  Co- 
lumbia lliver  bar  and  entrance,  and  possibility  of  im- 
provements in  the  latter.  He  claimed  also  to  have 
discovered  gold,  silver,  copper,  and  coal;  gave  an  itlea 
of  the  shi[)-building  capacities  of  Puget  Sound,  and  in 
manv  thin<>s  furnished  information  to  the  <xovernmeut 
that  should  liavc  been  of  value;  and  which  would  have 
been  more  properly  appreciated,  had  it  been  presented 
disconnected  from  the  recital  of  his  jiersonal  sufferings 
and  wrongs,  with  which  all  his  writings  after  his  visit 
to  Oregon  wei'e  rendered  turgid.^* 

'•"Kcllry  c.illud  the  rau.'jc  of  mountMins  dividing  eastern  from  western 
Ore,t;on,  I  rc--<!(/<'ii/.'fi  J'uii'je,  naming  St  Helen,  Hood,  .leli'erson,  Three  Si.stc  rs, 
McLor.L;hlin,  iiiid  .'■  hiista,  after  tlie  ex-presidi.'uts  in  the;  following  (U'der:  W'asli- 
ington,  Adams,   .Jeli'ernon,    Madi-on,    Aloiiroc,  J.  Q.  Adams,  and   Jaektjon. 

U.  s.  II.  ]i'i>.  10 1,  ,j,'j/.'iCoii<j.,  .1(1  .Vcs.v.,  ,i;]-4. 

"Ilall.T.  Ivelley'a  writin,';3  arc  no  les-j  voluminous  than  peculiar.  Being 
an  ediK-ated  man  and  an  eiilluisiast,  ■writing  was  easy.  He  poureil  hiuistlf 
out  on  paper,  hi«  hopes,  hi^  hi^h  achievements,  and  his  woes.  Ho  iilaiimd 
and  prayed,  and  bles.-ed  his  frii'uds,  and  ciinsed  hi.s  enemies  hy  \\u'.  Ir.imhecl 
pages.  Ik'sides  pamphlets  and  newspapers,  ho  wrote  letters  lilerally  hy  thr 
bushel.  Compute  the  measure  at  so  many  a  day  for  fifty-nine  yeara  of  lively 
letter-writing.  In  print  we  have  lirst  ^1  (leoijrajihical  •SLrU-h  cf  that  I'drtnj' 
l^'orth  America  ddlrd  (Jnc/'in,  Contauiiifj  an  Ac'-ouiit  o/'  llu'  Indian  'j'itic,  ete. 
The  diseovery  of  the  country,  its  climate,  mountains,  rivers,  soil,  and  animals 
arc  hero  f^iven  in  an  octavo  of  8;)  pages,  with  a  map.  Jjoston,  l.s;]0.  Tills 
■work  readied  a  second  edition  that  same  year.  Next  i:3  a  brochure  of  "J7  pages 
entitled  Mnmud  a/  the  Oreijui  Kcpulttioii,  price  I'J.j  cents,  on  the  second  p:ige 
of  which  is  found  a,  list  of  ;i7  agents  residing  in  various  parts  of  the  United 
States,  IL  J.  Kellcy,  Boston,  Massachusetts,  being  general  a;;ent.  On  tiif 
third  page  is  the  general  title,  .4  (deneral  I'ircidnr  to  nil  Per.tonn  af  Oood 
Character  who  Wi-ih  to  Em'njn  tc  to  the  Orcfjoii  Tcrrdory ;  Emhrach)<j  xonK 
Account  of  the  Character  and  Ailrantaijcs  of  the  Cotiiilri/,  the  HJjht  and  the 
Jilcans  and  the  CperatiouH  hi/  vhich  it  ik  to  he  Settled;  and  all  Keccjsar;/  JJircc- 
tions/ur  liecemi'inij  an  Kinhjrant,  etc.  Charlestown,  IS.'U.  After  announcing 
that  au  Oregon  settlement  was  '  to  be  eonunenccd  in  the  spring  of  1S32,  on  tlu' 


KKLLFA"S  WRITINGS. 


557 


Visit 


westevn 
Sisters, 
!•:  Wnsli- 
Jacksuii. 

]Vin',' 
1  liiin..i  if 

liviiuhvil 
lly  liv  th.' 
of  I'ivoly 
t  I'in-l  of 
'J'UIr,  ot'c. 
I  iminials 
]l).     This 
7  pa;;i-'s 
oud  p:ige 
ic  Uuiti'il 
On  th.' 

./•  Gond 

t  (1)1(1  till' 
iri/  Dircr- 
mouiR'inu' 
32,  ou  tlu' 


Amoiifif  others  in  whom  tlio  writinufs  of  Kulloy 
;i\viikcno(l  interest,  as  we  have  seen,  was  Xathuniel 
J,  Wyotli  of  Cambridge,  IMassachusctts.  iVn  enter- 
|t)'ising  young  man  of  ardent  teiin)ei-ainent,  lie  saw 
iVoin  the  shores  of  the  Pacific  fortune  heckoiiiiiL'-  liim; 
and  although  surrounded  by  every  comfort,  although 

ik'liglitful  anil  fertile  banks  of  the  Columbia  River,'  the  writer  proceeds  to  cx- 
))liinuniler  their  several  headings,  I'liysical  FeatureMof  thatliegion,  tlie  Itiglit 
c  if  Settling,  thcltesources  of  tiie  Country,  theXational  AdvantiiLtenof  itssettlc- 
iiient,  the  Survey  and  Division  of  Lands,  and  wliat  the  civil  governnieiit,  relig- 
iiin,  and  education  of  tlio  emigrant  sh(juld  he,  andon  what  tiieir  huci'oss  shonhl 
di'pi'ud.  Tlieu  lie  talks  about  the  natives,  the  route  tliitiier,  when  tlio  expe- 
dition would  set  out,  and  tlic  money  reijuired  to  embark  in  it.  Oin'iiing  with 
tiie  assertion,  ever  tiie  argument  of  the  madman,  that  tiiose  wlioadvoe:ito  tho 
iiinnediatc  occupation  of  (Jregou  are  not  mad,  he  goes  on  to  state  that  tiie  title 
t'l  tiie  land  is  vested  in  tho  aborigines;  lie  explains  tlio  intentions  of  tho 
Almighty  in  the  matter,  provided  they  are  not  intei'fercd  M'ith;  and  ends  in 
a  general  appeal  lor  assistance.  For  the  stock  book,  a,  title  was  ]irinted, 
rending,  T/ii-<  Book  of  Stoik,  Siibscri/itloiis,  c'c,  in  trli'nh  xluill  lir  I'.'iirnUiit  the 
.\inii(:<  of  (tit  I'l'i-KOiiH  Contrlhuthi'i  ti)  the  Siicrc-<K  of  I'uinidinij  a  lif'tl'ineiit  in 
Ori-ijiiii,  cither  liij  Suh.^rr'qilionit,  l)oiialiun8,vr  Inrcstnuiitit  in  the  SoriOfs  •Stock, 
ahull  III'  I'liKcrrnl  ill  Pcrpitualion  hij  the  Siitlvinriil ;  iiml  a  Tnii'  Cn/  i/  of  the 
Siinie  xhull  l/c  JJc/xiKi'cd  iti  the  Archiiu.i  of  the  UonnniU'nt  (f  thi'  Unitnl  Slates 
if  Anurica,  A.  D.  JSJI.  On  the  second  page  is  an  extract  of  a  committee 
ii'port. 

Here  we  may  place  Di<<covrrie,'<,  Purchases  of  Lnndu,  etc.,  on  the  Xorfhirest 
Cons!,  hiiiiij  ajiurt  if  an  fji  restii/ation  of  the  Anirrieiui  Title  Id  thi'  Ornjnn  Ter- 
r'ltorij.  This,  in  sixteen  octavo  pages,  is  called  the  third  and  last  (li\  ision  of 
the  subject.  It  is  without  date,  hut  was  printed  after  IS,'?.").  Meninr'nil,  ask- 
ing adonation  of  land  for  purposes  of  colonization  in  the  Oregi  u  tiuritory;  no 
date.  J/isfori/rfthcColonizali'inoftheOreijnn  T<rrltnri/,  Won  ester,  ]HM,  is 
iiiiothcr  of  his  M'orks.  A  Nnrralice  of  Events  and  /Jijiienllii  s  in  the  i'nloniza- 
liunofOreijiin,  and  the  Setllenwut  of  Val'furnli ;  and  ul-^o  c  l/intnri/ofthe  Claim 
if  Ami-rienn  Citizens  to  Lands  on  (Jmidru's  Is/and;  t'nji  Uht  irith  an  Aieonnt  of 
the  Troidtles  ami  Trihulations  Endured  betice.cn  the  Yeiirs  IS..'.}  and  IHo'l  by  the 
Writer,  llullJ.  Kc'leij.  IJoston,  18.j2.  In  the  1)2  pages  which  follow  we  can- 
not accuse  tho  writer  of  any  excess  of  modesty,  lie  o[)ens  boldly:  '  The  colo- 
nization of  Oregon  was  both  conceived  ami  achieved  by  me,  and  all  for  tho 
hope  of  laying  a  foundation  for  the  advancement  of  religion  and  the  king- 
ilom  of  Ciu'ist. '  It  was  exceedingly  diliicult,  and  performed  alone;  not  even 
the  Almighty  would  assist  in  the  accomplishment  of  his  own  work.  Ameri- 
cans and  British  were  alike  against  him,  and  so  on.  Then  he  catalogues  his 
sacriiiccs;  throws  in  rem  irkablc  providences;  broods  over  insults  and  abuses; 
eiinies  round  to  the  hackneyed  rue  of  superlicial  siuatterings  of  history;  dis- 
cusses the  United  States  claim  to  Or  ';,'on;  treats  of  tho  Nootka  dilliculty,  and 
the  attempts  of  Spain  to  eoloni/'.o  northern  Oregon;  and  then  breaks  forth 
against  t!ie  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  and  all  who  have  opposed  him,  or  whotu 
he  considers  should  have  assisted  him.  In  ti  series  of  letterr!,  addresse<l 
'  Beloved  Jircthrcn,'  and  written  in  lyOS  and  IStif),  ho  reaches  the  outer  con- 
lines  of  reason,  if,  indecdj  ho  does  not  pass  tiie  bounds.  He  shouts  liis 
calamities,  his  '  forty  year.'s  of  persecution,' more  loudly  than  cvei';  sc.s  visions 
and  interprets  them.  His  Discoveries,  Pnrchasis  <f  Lands,  etc.,  on  tho 
Northwest  Coast  by  the  Traders  of  the  Boston  Company,  which  fitLed  out 
tiic  ships  Ci  lumbia  and  Washin'jton  in  1787,  is  very  interesting  and  rare,  con- 
taining copies  of  title  deeds  from  several  Indian  chiefs  to  t^;iptain  Kendrick, 
and  other  singular  documents.     In  House  Itept.  A'o.  lUl,  Sup.,  iJoth  (Jomj., 


r)38 


KELLEY,  WYETH,  AXD  BONNEVILLE. 


certain  wealth  awaited  liim  by  farminLj  duriiiL?  sum- 
iiior  and  a  proiitablo  puttinuf-down  of  ice  in  wintti', 
ih<)U<4li  beloved  by  family  and  friends  of  the  hiyliest 
respectubility,  an<l  havinj^  Keeniinyly  already  all  this 
world  can  j^ive  worth  having,  yet  the  Haniing  words 
of   the    Jioston   school-master   so  fired    the   mind  of 

,7'/  Srfn.,  47,  is  a  Memoir  of  15  pages,  l>y  Mr  Kcllcy,  »lato<l  Boston,  .Tanuiiiy 
31,  ls;{!(,  iiiiil  .•iddroMsi'd  to  Cnlcl)  ( 'iisliiii^.  It  KconiH  the  most  soIkt  jinil 
intellij^'cnt  of  nil  his  writings.  Hiid  thu  Huhol-niastcr  possrssod  jm  cvcn^ 
Laliinicd,  jinu'tit'JiI  mind,  or  liad  hi.s  early  training buun  moi'c  of  tiiu  loinitiii;.'- 
room,  and  Ii'sh  of  tlio  sohool-rooin,  he  might  liavo  made  his  mark,  high  .•iiid 
inolliu'ealile.  I'o  one  who  hail  the  means,  and  knew  how  to  employ  tlicni,  it 
was  then  no  diliieult  task  to  eoloni/.e  Oregon,  lay  tliefcmnd'itionof  a  ])rnsperci;i> 
eonnnoiiwi'idth,  amass  wealth,  and  eonvert  the  savages  swiftly  to  heaven,  ijll 
at  once.  Hut  there  nnist  he  means  and  skill  to  handle  them.  Tins  present 
])a[)er  is  a  temperate  description  of  the  country  and  what  tiie  writei'  saw  iiinl 
did  there.  Though  not  without  its  author'sconstitutionalwailand  his  usual  Iiiiil; 
at  the  Hudson's  JJay  (,'ompany,  it  is  a  well  written  document.  Indeed,  all  of 
Kellcy's  worksaro  well  written.  Hia  eoniniandof  langiiago  was  faraliove  the 
nvcra,i;c. 

.1.  (^)uinn  Thornton  in  his  Orcrion  If htori/,  MS.,  98,  and  elsewhere  hasmiK  h 
to  say  of  Kcllcy;  and  among  tin;  very  valuahle  material  presented  mc  hy  .Mr 
Thornton  when  in  Sidem,  in  the  spring  of  KS'S,  was  a  i)aekage  of  Kellcy's 
autograph  letters,  written  at  Three  liivers  during  the  years  liS()it-71,  in  wliidi 
he  throws  light  upon  many  hitherto  indistinct  episotles  of  Oregon  histoiy. 
In  his  ohl  age,  poor  and  friendless,  he  seems  to  have  felt  called  upon  to  defend 
himself  from  t'le  imputation  of  foolish  writing.  We  may  safely  bear  witness 
that  his  writings  are  not  all  foolish.  When  Senator  Linn  arose  upon  the  floor  c  if 
congress  the  ciiampion  of  the  United  .States  for  Oregon,  the  school-master  pLieed 
in  hishanilstnoro  information  from  his  own  writings  than  the  statesman  could 
obtain  fi'omall  other  sources  put  together.  Besides  liis  inore  prominent  jninted 
works  he  gave  him  a  collection  of  circulars  and  advertisements  jniiilished 
between  182!)  and  IS.'J'J;  various  memorials  between  1827  and  1848  begging 
congress  to  take  possession  of  the  country;  a  series  of  papers  on  the  American 
claim  to  Oregon  published  in  the Iiiii)l:er  IliU  Aurora  in  18.17,  md  a  ccjllection 
of  documents  and  newspaper  art'  les  in  the  form  of  scraps  concerning  liis 
patrii)tic  enterprise.  Into  the  ha)  s  of  Caleb  Cu.sliing  he  put  a  Ma/>  o/Cii/i- 
J'oriiia  uiiil  (Jrci/oii,  drawn  by  himself  from  his  own  explorations  in  18.'}4.  lie 
gave  Abbott  Lawrence  a  manuscript  copy  of  a  I/idori/  >■/  the  I'iu-c/kixc  of  //ir 
hnViiiii  L(Hi(ls  hy  A  niericaii  Citizen/*,  afterwards  published  l)y  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives; also  a  pile  of  documents  showing  the  school-master's  own  services. 
sacrilices,  and  sufl'erings  in  brin<jinL'  al)0ut  the  settlement  of  Oregon,  for  these 
remembrances  were  ever  heaped  high  upon  his  heart;  two  volumes  of  pMin- 
phlcts  and  original  papers,  including  a  series  of  letters  to  a  member  of  congress, 
puljlished  in  the  A  inr.riemi  Trareller  in  ISUO,  and  articles  giving  plans  fi  >r  a  ji  lint 
missionary  and  colonization  movement,  published  in  the  Boston  /lou'<  ]/<ni''/. 
Further  than  this,  docs  not  Waterhousc  in  hia  WyetJi's  Oref/on  ExpeilUimi,  and 
John  B.  Wyetli  likewise,  Scay  that  but  for  Kellcy's  writings  that  expedition 
had  not  been?  Do  these  things  look  like  foolish  writing?  Thus  the  old  ni;in 
used  to  console  himself,  still  going  on  to  recite  how  Daniel  Webster,  on 
receiving  a  copy  of  hin  Gcorjraphicol  Sketeh  ofOrei/oii,  replied:  'I  think  nnu'i 
of  your  project;  I  will  do  all  I  can  to  sustain  it.'  And  not  only  )>y  these 
writings  does  Kcllcy  claim  the  settlement  of  Oregon,  but  of  California  like- 
wise, giving  himself  the  credit  of  saving  or  securing  to  the  United  States  the 
whole  of  the  Pacific  domain.  But  for  him  Sutter  would  never  have  settled 
in  the  Sacramento  Valley,  nor  would  Wilkes  or  Fremont  ever  have  bicu 


NATIIANIKL  J.  AVTKTFI. 


0m 


vmiv 


lis 


cotidii 
Uf,'  l,is 

li/llir 

rf'pi'c- 
rvii'i-s. 

liiiiti' 
if^l-css, 
I  jnilit 
n-aM. 
II,  ami 
ilitimi 

I  niiiii 

IT,    <IM 

imuli 
tlicHe 

like- 
tCS  till' 
CttllMl 
3    bl't'U 


Wyotli  ns  to  ins|»iro  liijufli  liopcH  not  only  in  him,  l)ut 
throiiLjHi  liini  in  twcnty-oiio  otliurs  wlioni  he  j>orsuatlcMl 
to  ucconipany  liini  in  a  western  |)ilL,aiiMa<^e.  Two 
relatives,  J)oetor  Jacob  Wyetli,  brother,  and  John  B. 
Wyetli,  cousin,  who  returned  on  reachini^  the  Kocky 
]\[ountains,  and  wrote  a  book,"^  were  of  the  coni))any, 
tlic  remainder  of  wliich  was  composed  of  a  gunsmith, 
a  blacksmith,  two  carpenters,  two  fishermen,  and  thir- 
teen farmeis  and  laborers.  For  some  time  before 
starting,  (;very  Saturda}'  niii^ht  the  company  met  at 

anpointt'il  to  explore  tlic  wcNtorn  slope.  As  curly  hm  IS.'U,  in  coiini'(,tiou  with 
liis  wustiTii  visit,  lie  1)e;L;.'in  the  ajxitiitioii  of  tlio  J'acilic  Jtaihvay  •j'li'stioii.  All 
his  iiilliK'iice  to  every  fair  extent  1  am  disposed  freely  to  aecord  him.  ][ad  I 
heeii  eon^'ress  1  voidd  have  j^ivea  the  old  .sehool-master  son  '  ''iiig  to  Kweeteii 
liis  seeoiul  ehihlhood's  eiip  witlial,  and  I  would  liave  praised  i,  I  petted  jiini 
^oll)e^vhat  in  an  oilieial  way,  for  he  did  moi'o  tlian  nianyav.i'  '  paid  oliieer 
of  tlio  government,  lint  wlien  a  human  heinj  liieahs  foi-tli  in  insensate 
twaddle  like  this,  'Let  iiie  then  he  known  liy  the  work  divinely  appointed 
unto  me  to  do,  by  C  i  miner  of  life  wliich  the  Jjoid  Jes  i.  revrah  I  iintoii.c  in 
visions  in  my  yoiilli,  ny  the  eventful,  extraordinary,  i:id  useful  liff'  uiiieli 
Ood,  aecordiny  to  his  foreknowledge,  did  pi'edestiiiate,'  I  (h)  noi  iipieii  hlanus 
tile  f  ;    '''  ij  for  giving  the  poor  feUow  the  eold  hL  )ulder. 

Most  imposing  of  nil  is  a  hook  Ix'foiv  uHMif  l'_'S  ]  ages,  en  t  tied  A  Hi-'lori/  of 
the  Setlloiidit  <;/'  O/i./o//  onil  Ilic  Iiiliri'i'  e/  l']i/i'r  <  'ft/'J'i-iM'i :  •nd  (>/  I'crnicii- 
tion'i  (111(1  Afflict  idihi  <;/'  Fill  III  )'('(;•.•<'  <  '-.nil  ill  Hum  c.  F.hdili'  il  hi!  tlic  A  iillmr,  Hull, 
J.  Kcllcij,  A.  M.,  Spriiiglielti,  Mas.s.,  ISdS,  including  liis  memorials  to  congress 
jiiaying  for  a  grant  of  land  or  money  to  reiinhiirse  him  lor  losms  sustained  iu 
his  ell'orts  tr  coloiii/e  that  country.  The  apiieiuli.x  I'chcarses  his  troubles 
and  persecutions.  History,  statistics,  adventure,  and  religion  arc  hero 
Hung  into  the  caldriai  of  tribulation  which  simmers  and  s])lutters  as  young 
Oregon  comes  on  apace  and  the  old  man  Ivelley  steps  oil' the  stage.  There 
are  more  than  one  in  California  like  Vallejo  ami  Alvarado,  jirouiiuent  in  the 
atl'airs  of  the  nation,  who  have  seen  cities  ri.se  from  under  tlie  cliapairal  of 
sand-hills,  and  a  jialpitating  civilization  till  the  valleys  when!  once  they 
lassoed  grizzly  bears  and  chased  wild  men  and  women  into  the  mission 
conversion  pens  ;  tliere  arc  among  the  fur-hunters  those  wlio  liave  seen  the 
rise  of  settlement  and  the  wonders  of  progress  in  the  Xoi'thw est :  but  there 
has  been  none  like  poor  KcUcy  who  laid  upon  the  altar  of  iiis  enthusiasm 
more  than  half  a  century  of  life,  who  amcmg  the  lirst  to  start  the  cry,  never 
ceased  hallooing  until  his  wilderness  was  a  state.  In  announcing  the  death 
of  the  hermit  of  Three  liivers,  the  Springfield,  Alas.sacliusetts,  (,'iiion,  of 
January  2.'{,  1S74,  reviewed  his  long  life  of  disappointments,  which  artielu 
was  extensively  copied  by  other  leading  journals  throughout  the  continent. 

'^Orci/oii;  or  A  Short  Account  nf  (i  Lonij  .hntriK n  fnuii  the  Atlantic  ilccnn 
to  the  I'eiilon  of  the  Pacijic,  hij  Lmul;  Dnncn  npfrom  the  XhIik  (iihI  Oral  hi- 
formation  of  John  li.  U'l/irth,  one  of  the  Partij  who  left  Mr  Xuthanii  I ./.  U'l/ith 
Jul//  L'S,  ISJJ,  Four  J)a;is'  March  hcijond  the  llidijc  of  the  llochij  Mountains, 
011(1  the  Onli/One  vho  has  lielurucd  to  Neio  Enqland.  Cambridge,  l.s;{.'}.  Tlius 
early  overland  travellers  began  to  write,  which  practice  has  continued  to  this 
day,  and  probably  will  eontiuue  throughout  all  time.  'I'his  book  is  evidently 
by  a  working-man,  of  ordinary  mind,  not  having  had  more  than  a  eominoii- 
scliool  education.  His  conceptions  arc  crude,  and  there  is  little  method  iu 
the  telling  of  his  story.  It  is  only  by  the  1: 3lp  of  other  authorities  that  I  am 
able  to  give  a  coiTect  narrative  of  this  first  \'-'yeth  expedition. 


M 


■  f 


f 


560 


KELLEY,  WYETH,  AND  BONNEVILLE. 


the  house  o^  the  captain,  as  the  orp^anizcr  of  this  band 
of  Oregon  a(i venturers  was  now  called,  and  soon  every 
doubt  and  fear  was  banished.  Each  believed  what- 
ever the  leader  believed.  It  was  a  joint-stock  asso- 
ciation, to  continue  five  j'cars,  each  member  at  the 
outset  depositing  forty  dollars  with  the  leader,  who 
thereupon  was  to  pay  all  expenses,  and  to  whom  im- 
plicit obedience  was  promised. 

For  the  journey  overland  three  vehicles  were  con- 
structed, one  an  amphibious  contrivance,  dubbed  by 
the  wags  of  Cambridge  tbo  Natinjcihium,  l)eing  a 
boat  thirteen  feet  long  and  four  feet  wide,  made  of 
narrow  jointed  boards  and  placed  on  wheels  in  such  a 
manner  that  while  on  land  the  wheels  should  cari-v  the 
boat,  on  reaching  a  stream  the  boat  should  carry  the 
wheels.  Into  these  three  vehicles  were  placed,  beside 
the  accoutrements  of  the  company,  articles  for  the 
Indian  market,  axes,  beads,  paint,  knives,  buttons, 
nails,  looking-glasses,  and  the  like,  giving  the  Oregon 
company  at  tfie  start  the  appearance  of  a  Vanlcee  ped- 
dlinix  caravan.  Those  articles  were  to  be  exchanged 
on  the  way  for  furs,  which,  shipped  to  China  after 
their  arrival,  were  alone  to  make  every  man's  fortune. 

IJui'ing  the  course  of  his  preparations  Wyeth  had 
revealed  his  ])lans  to  certain  Boston  merchants  inter- 
ested in  the  Northwest  Coast,  Hawaiian  Islands,  and 
China  trade,  and  had  obtained  consignments  of  goods 
suited  to  the  Indian  traffic  to  be  shi}>ped  round  Cape 
Horn  and  disposed  of  to  his  best  ability  for  the 
mutual  benefit  of  the  consignors  and  himself.  The 
ship  sent  was  the  Sultana,  Captain  Lambert,  chief 
mate  F.  A.  Lemont,^"  which  sailed  from  Boston  early 
in  1832. 

There  was  everything  inspiring  in  the  aspect. 
Wyeth  was  a  thoroughly  good  man,  with  a  blight, 
open  countenance,  strong  limbs,  warm  of  heart,  and 

"Lemont  first  came  to  tho  Columbia  with  Captain  Dominis  in  tlio  Owyhee 
in  18.30.  Next  was  this  attempt;  after  wliich  lie  came  again  in  the  J/ny  Dam 
in  1834.  Tho  later  years  of  his  active  and  useful  life  were  spent  at  St  Helen, 
Oregon. 


WYETIIS  JOURNEY. 


50 1 


open  of  hand,  tliouglitful  and  doterniincd.  There 
were  abundant  means  and  evident  trood  planiiiii'jf.  A 
uniform  dress  was  adopted,  heavy  eloth  pantaloons, 
striped  cotton  sliirt,  coarse  woollen  jacket,  and  cow- 
hide boots.  In  his  broad  belt  each  carried  a  small  axe 
and  bayonet;  on  every  shoulder  was  a  muslcit;  all  had 
clasp-knives;  some  carried  a  rille  and  pistols.  Tents 
v,ere  provided,  and  cooking  utensils.  What  hardy, 
ambitious  New  Englander  would  not  like  to  join  such 
an  adventure!  The  wonder  is  a  thousand  did  not  wish 
to  j^o. 

After  encampinof  ten  days  on  an  island  in  ]3oston 
harbor,  on  the  1  Itli  of  March  1832  the  party  took 
ship  for  Baltimore,  where  arriving,  they  pitched  their 
tents  two  miles  outside  the  city. 

"Yankee  all  overl"  exclaimed  the  southernoi-s,  as 
they  surveyed  the  neat  contrivances  significant  of  bold 
adventure. 

Thence  to  the  foot  of  the  Alleghanies,  sixty  miles, 
their  equipage  was  carried  by  rail.  Here  was  over- 
land railway  travel  with  a  vengeance! 

By  helping  to  wood  and  water  the  Yankees  got 
themselves  carried  to  St  Louis  by  steam-boats  at  a 
reduced  rate;  some  of  them  demurred,  this  drudgery 
not  being  nominated  in  the  bond,  but  Wyeth  was 
iirm.  Nor  were  the  sharp  and  captious  Cambridge 
boys  all  of  them  disposed  to  make  due  allowance  for 
the  ignorance  and  inexperience  of  their  leader,  when 
after  bringing  their  prairie  fleet  so  far,  they  were 
informed  by  the  sage  fur-traders  of  St  Louis  that 
such  contrivances  were  wholly  inadequate  in  travers- 
ing hostile  mountains,  and  were  forced  to  sell  their 
waijons  at  half  their  cost.  "  This  was  not  making  a 
fortune,"  they  growled. 

By  the  steam-boat  Otter  they  proceeded  to  Indepen- 
dence. Luckily^  they  there  found  William  Sublette, 
]'eady  to  start  for  the  mountains  with  sixty-two  men, 
and  upon  his  advice  Wyeth  besides  horses,  l>rought 
two  yoke  of  oxen  and  fifteen  sheep,  being  reserve  pro- 

HlBT,  N.W.  Coast,  Vol.  II.    30 


502 


KELLFA',  WYETII,  AXD  BOXXEVILLE. 


vender  in  case  game  failed  tliem.  Two  of  the  nun 
liere  turned  back,  willin<^  to  let  the  others  have  tlu; 
whole  of  Orejjfon. 

Iiunj4in_iuj  into  the  prairie  and  travellim^in  compiiny 
with  Sublotte,  at  the  rate  of  twenty-five  miles  a  day, 
at  th(?  (!X{)iration  of  a  week  three  more  of  the  stanc  h 
Camhi'idj^o  boys  sec.'edud.  ]  [iinjjfer  sharpened  bi'aiiis, 
which  thereupon  began  to  think  for  themselves. 
AlonL?  the  Platte  and  Sweetwater  by  Independence 
]|ock  they  r-ame,  passint^  Bonneville's  wagons  on  the 
way,  until  they  ibund  themselves  in  a  new  nest  of  ills. 
Jhit  lor  Sublette  the  Jiarty  never  would  have  reaclud 
the  mountains.  At  the  crossing  of  the  Platte,  while 
the  fui'-traders  were  making  a  bull-boat  of  sewed  but'- 
falo-skins  stretched  over  a  willow  frame,  the  seams 
paid  with  elk-tallow  and  ashes,  Wyeth  constructed  :i 
raft,  and  jdacing  on  it  his  effects  had  the  mortilicatitiii 
of  seeing  j)artswe])t  off  and  ])art  damaged.  Poor  Ibod, 
bad  watt'i",  fatigue,  and  sickness  now  set  swearing 
those  youno-  men  so  lately  from  the  Cambridge  Stin- 
day-school.  With  gnats,  mosqiritoes,  snakes,  wolves, 
bears,  and  savages  the  ]^oston  school-master  was 
brought  under  the  ban  of  wild  blasphenu'. 

Scarcely  had  they  entered  the  mountains  when  they 
were  attacked  by  the  Blackieet,and  five  of  their  horses 
ca])ture(l.  Proceeding,  the  4th  of  July  saw  them  at  a 
branch  of  tlu>  Snake  Piver,  fi-om  whose  limpid  current, 
with  melancholy  mic>n  they  drank  the  nation's  health. 
At  Pierre  ]lole''  I'cndezvous  they  fell  iii  with  a  trnp- 
ping  ])arty  under  ^[ilton  Sijblette,  who  more  than  once 
afterward  saved  them  from  perdition,  for  the  Cain- 
brido'c  partv  were  becominLj  sadlv  demoralized.  Thi(  c 
were  so  sick  that  thev  could  scarcely  ride,  the  rest  were 
])eevish,  and  some  of  them  nuitinous.  Wyeth  bore  u]> 
under  the  accunudating  burdens  like  a  man.  When 
asi-:ed  to  call  what  would  be  at  home  a  town-meeting 
in  which  to  discuss  their  position  he  jit  first  refused, 

"A  Tivlloy  l>et\voon  Lewis  and  Ilonry  Turks.  Xhlarr''x  Lij'r  ninl  A'Ir., 
MS.,  Hi.     Sec  al.so  Julia  l>all  in  Con.  Hint.  .Sor.  Montaiui,  i.  111-1'J. 


DISSENSION  IX  CAMP. 


503 


11(1  .1'/''., 


Ijut  finally  consented  to  call  the  roll  and  let  each  man 
.speak  for  hiniselt".     Hi.s  own  name  wa.s  called  first. 

"  I  shall  go  on,"  he  answered  with  em})hasis. 

"  Shall  you  trap  for  beaver  or  proceed  at  once  to 
found  a  colon}'  <"'  asked  he  whose  name  was  next  called, 
before  answering. 

"  You  know  the  ori<jfinal  i)lan,"  said  Wveth.  "  The 
detail  must  be  left  to  me.   I  will  brook  no  interference. ' 

"  Then  I  will  not  go  on,"  w\is  the  reply.  And  so 
said  six  others,  amouLj  whom  was  Wveth's  brother, 
now  dangerously  enfeebled.  Two  new  men  joined  the 
expedition  at  J*ierre  Hole.  It  is  an  exceedingly  difii- 
cult  task,  that  of  commanding  a  band  of  associated 
adventurers  during  a  period  of  distress.  Often  the 
very  lives  of  the  party  depend  on  union  which  oidy 
army  or  ship  discipline  can  secure.  Fortunately  for 
Wyeth,  trappers  were  near,  and  the  most  dangerous 
part  of  the  mountains  was  past. 

Giving  the  desertcrs^^  one  of  the  tents,  and  such 
arms  an(l  implements  for  catching  beaver  as  lie  could 
s]iare,  Wyeth  with  eleven'"  remaining  men  joined 
Milton  Sublette,  and  on  the  ITth  of  Julv  started 
toward  Salmon  lliver. 

Before  they  were  fiiirly  out  of  Pierre  Hole,  how- 
ever, Wyeth  found  himself  in  the  midst  of  a  hot 
Indian  ti'dit,  arising  from  the  treacherv  of  a  half- 
breed  bck)nging  to  Sublette's  [tarty,  in  ordei'ing  shot 
a  Blackfoot  chief  while  engai^ed  in  friendlv  ])arh;V 
before  the  pi})e  of  truce.  Wyeth  could  scarcely  lielievo 
his  cycH  that  saw  such  danming  wickedness.  When 
the  savages  saw  their  chief  fall,  instantly  the  vrdloy 
was  alive  with  warriors.    Besides  Sublette,  Campholl, 

'^  Of  these  three  eiigngod  with  Sublette  to  trnp  for  a  j'ear,  two  of  whom  were 
soon  killed  liy  tlii!  liiiliiiiis;  eight  Ntarteil  l>iuk  for  St  Louis  whh  NN'illiam 
Suhlette,  with  only  wi.silom  iiinl  sorrow  for  their  Oregmi  iiiiieiit.uu'e. 

'"Our  astute  autluir  starts  his  exjieditiou  vith  '_'!  men  licsidcx  M'ycth, 
sends  hack  12,  a<l<ls  none,  and  has  1 1  left.  In  reciting  tlie  n.unis  of  those  wlm 
eontinued  with  Nathaniel,  .loliu  ]i.  Wyetii  makes  I(t,  nanu'ly,  Snutli.  Saigtnt, 
Ahl)ott,  l>reuk,  Jhirditt,  JJull,  St  Clliir,  Tibl)its,  Trunilm'll,  and  W  idttier. 
McLonghlin,  J'rirale  I'ujiera,  M8.,  2d  ser.,  '2,  says  Wyeth  reached  Fovt  Van- 
couver with  11  men. 


ri04 


KELLFA',  \^T:i:TH,  AXD  BONNEVILLE. 


the  Sinclair  brothers,  and  several  free  trappers  M'cro 
then  at  Pierre  Hole,  ^vho,  when  the  cries  of  war  were 
sounded,  rushed  to  the  rescue  of  their  partisans. 

Securing  his  horses,  Wycth  raised  a  breastwork 
with  his  elfects,  and  after  ordering  all  his  men  behind 
it,  went  forth  if  necessary  to  mingle  in  the  fight. 
The  savages  had  taken  to  the  bush,  and  there  in- 
trenched  themselves.  An  attempt  was  made  to  dis- 
lodge them, in  which,  among  ochers,onc  of  the  Sinclairs 
was  shot,  Sublette  was  struck,  and  Wyeth  narrowly 
escaped.  Six  white  men  and  seven  Nez  Perces  iell 
on  one  side,  and  twenty-six  Blackfeet  on  the  other; 
thirt^'-two  horses  were  slain;  and  this  was  but  the 
beginning  of  the  evils  flowing  from  this  one  infamous 
act  of  this  infamous  man.  Five  days  afterward  as  a 
])arty  of  six  white  men  for  the  cast  were  passing  out 
of  Jackson  Hole  they  were  attacked  by  the  Plaek- 
feet,  and  three  of  the  number,  one  being  formerl}'  of 
Wyeth's  party,  were  killed. 

Soon  after  the  affray,  Sublette  and  Wycth  passed 
out  of  Pierre  Hole  with  their  respective  parties,  and 
continued  in  company  about  a  hundred  miles  south- 
west to  the  vicinity  of  the  head-waters  of  the  Hum- 
boldt, when  they  separated,  Wyeth  pushing  on  for  the 
Columbia,  exchanjjfinjL;  horses  for  boats  at  Fort  Walla 
Walla,  and  arriving  at  Fort  Vancouver  the  29th  of 
October,  1832. 

Wyeth  now  finds  himself  in  a  most  peculiar  position. 
Every  dollar  of  the  original  investment  and  more  is 
gone.  Having  narrowly  escaped  with  their  lives  the 
dragons  of  the  wilderness,  this  remnant  of  his  Jiarty 
are  in  an  utterl}'  destitute  condition,  dependent  for 
shelter,  food,  and  clothes  on  the  man  whom  they  have 
come  so  far  permanently  to  oppose. 

And  what  does  McLouijhlin  ?  The  Yankee  advent- 
urer  carries  in  his  face  testimonials  of  mtegrity;  his 
manners  are  those  of  an  honest  man  and  a  gentleman. 
The  noble  master  of  Fort  Vancouver  needs  no  inter- 
preter to  translate  to  him  the  character  of  strangers. 


WYETH  AT  FORT  VAN'COUVER. 


865 


for 
lave 

mt- 
his 
laii. 
ter- 
ers. 


Emaciated  tlirougli  Imngor  and  fatigue,  moneyless  and 
ragged,  Wyeth  knocks  at  tiie  gate.  He  tells  his  story. 
McLoughlin  bids  him  enter,  sup[)lies  his  necessities, 
gives  him  a  seat  at  his  own  tahle,  and  his  i'ollowers  theii- 
rations  with  the  company's  servants.  It  reads  like 
romance,  and  seems  more  in  keeping  witli  the  days  of 
Scottish  chivalry  than  with  those  of  Anglo-American 
scramblings  for  territory.  For  this  is  done  in  the  very 
face  of  a  suspicion  on  the  part  of  the  J^^ort  A'ancouver 
j)eople  that  this  expedition  might  be  the  first  wave  of 
a  sea  of  settlers  that  should  roll  in  from  the  United 
States  and  submerge  the  whole  Columbia  fur  interest. 

The  half,  however,  is  not  yet  told.  Comfort  and 
credit  are  not  enough.  The  adventurers  want  work; 
tiieir  leader  desires  a  foothold  on  the  Colund)ia,  not 
in  the  way  of  ruinous  competition,  or  spoliation,  but 
as  a  benefactor  and  a  civilizer.  Ilearinn'  their  words 
]\rcLou<ddin  recou'nizes  the  ring  of  true  metal.  Wliat 
can  thev  do?  Anything  that  anv  men  can  do;  clear- 
iiig,  cultivating,  peddling,  preaching.  Those  little 
demi-savages,  running  wild  about  the  fort,  would  their 
]»arents  n.)t  like  them  to  be  taught  how  to  read  and 
write?  There  is  John  Ball,  a  lirst-rate  hand  at  tluit. 
])uttlien,  what  young  ^Massachusetts  man  cannot  teach 
school  if  so  disposed?  Thus  amidst  the  wilds  of  the 
broad  Northwest,  the  Yankee  school -master  is  planted, 
;uul  John  Ball  on  the  1st  day  of  January  1S;);>  is 
installed  by  John  McLoughlin  pedagogue  of  Foi't 
A'ancc)U\'er.  Successor  to  Ball  was  Solomon  H.  Smith, 
who  conducted  a  school  at  Foi't  A^ancouver  lor  moi-e 
than  eio'htec'n  months  from  the  1st  of  Alarch  ISiuL 
{iiul  subsequently  became  a  prosperous  fanner  at  Clat- 
s-»p.  where  he  died.      Of  him  more  hereaittr. 

But  notwithstanding  all  this,  notwithstanding  the 
hospitality  of  Fort  A  ancouver,  and  the  broad  liuman- 
itariani.sm  of  its  ruler  in  the  treatment  of  semi-foreign 
interlopers,  let  us  not  imagine  that  the  keen  and  cold- 
blooded cor|)oration  was  hoodwinked  into  a  policy 
detrimental  to  its  interests,  or  that  their  chief  factor 


5GG 


KKLLEY,  WYETII,  AXD  BONNEVILLE. 


ill  charge  of  the  (lepartuicnt  of  the  Pacific  was  a  brain- 
less old  fogy,  or  a  philanthropic  fool.  McLoughlin 
was  well  enough  aware  that  the  people  of  the  United 
States  were  inovino;  in  their  Pacific  coast  aft'airs.  He 
had  heard  of  Kelley's  writings,  and  despised  the  man; 
and  when  later  the  fanatical  school-master  arrived  at 
Fort  Vancouver  with  the  odor  of  horse-tliief  about 
his  tattered  garments,  for  Governor  Figueroa  of  Cal- 
ifornia kindlv  warned  McLoughlin  of  this  man,  as  we 
have  seen,  he  found  the  gate  closed  against  him.  But 
Wyeth  was  not  that  sort  of  man;  besides,  Kelley  hud 
not  yet  arrived. 

McLoughlin  with  all  his  goodness  was  a  shrewd 
enougli  diplomatist;  let  alone  a  Hudson's  Bay  Coni- 
])any  Scotchman  for  that.  The  Wyeth  movement  ho 
saw  was  an  important  one;  more  important  if  any- 
thinix,  although  of  less  maijnitude,  than  Astor's.  The 
time  was  at  hand  for  an  open  declaration  of  rights; 
the  agrici'ltural  occupation  of  Oregon  was  ordained. 
The  ad\enturers  of  England  could  not  arrest  it,  iu\d 
tlieir  director  at  Fort  Vancouver  knew  that  tliey 
could  not.  To  meet  it,  therefore,  in  a  spirit  of  i'air- 
ness  and  liberality  was  clearly  the  wisest  policy.  And 
yet  the  keen  old  kind-hearted  man  was  determined 
tliat  not  one  iota  of  the  company's  trade  should  be 
sacrificed  or  relinquished  sooner  tluin  necessary.  In 
a  woixl,  McLoughlin  determined  that  ^V"yeth's  advent- 
ure should  not  succeed,  though  he  would  be  kind  to 
Wyeth,  and  employ  none  but  legitimate  and  honorabltj 
means  in  defeating  him. 

Of  a  truth  in  this  first  expedition  there  was  little 
to  defeat.  Unfortunately  for  Wyeth  and  his  l>ostoii 
associates,  the  StiUaixi  failed  to  put  in  an  ap[)earance 
at  the  time  and  place  appointed.  All  this  winter  of 
1S32~3  Wyeth  watched  her  coming,  looking  eageily 
every  day  westward  into  the  opaque  mists  of  the 
Columbia  for  tidings  of  her  approacli,  and  it  was  not 
until  after  he  had  given  her  up  and  returned  to  Bus- 
ton  that  ho  learned  her  fate. 


WYETHVS  RETURN  TO  BOSTON". 


807 


Before  leaving  the  Columbia  Wj-etli  made  careful 
oI)servatioiis,  antl  now  for  the  iirst  time  learned  some- 
thing practical  regarding  the  necessities  and  possibili- 
ties of  Oregon  occupation.  Trapping  for  jK-ltries  in 
that  vicinity  was  forever  over,  though  a  little  might 
\vt  be  done  trading  for  furs.  In  agriculture,  in  con- 
junction with  the  Fort  Vancouver  people,  something 
might  l)e  done,  but  salmon-tishing  seemed  to  offer  the 
largest  and  nujst  innnediate  returns  for  the  outlay. 

Spring  saw  Wyeth  hastening  back  to  Boston  full 
of  new  prf)jects  arising  from  enlarg^nl  expei'iences. 
Two  men  only  accompanied  him  on  his  return,  and 
tlieir  route  was  overland  by  way  of  the  Bighorn,  and 
by  bull-boat  down  the  Yellowstone,  arriving  at  Can- 
tonment Leavenworth  the  27t]i  of  September.  By 
traffic  on  the  way,  Wyeth  accumulated  several  bundles 
of  fur,  wliicli  he  s(jkl  at  Fort  Cass,  a  trading-post  of 
the  American  Fur  Company.  Down  the  Yellowstone 
lie  had  the  pleasure  of  convevinn'  as  iiassenijfer  ]\Iilton 
Sublette,  who  was  busy  that  year  cstablisliing  for  the 
Bocky  Mountain  Company  rival  establishments  near 
those  of  the  American  Company,^" 

One  of  tlie  first  persons  to  i>Tcet  Wyeth  on  his 
return  was  Captain  Lambert,  who  informed  him  of 
the  wreck  of  the  Siiltaim  on  an  unknown  reef  four 
hundred  and  fifty  miles  east  of  Tahiti.  Wliile  there 
they  lived  on  yams,  arrow -root,  and  wild  hogs.  After 
reniainino'  on  the  reef  three  or  four  months  t]ui  cai)- 
tain  and  part  of  the  crew  shoved  off  in  the  lauvich  an<l 
a  small  boat  for  Valparaiso,  The  launch  iriade  a  fair 
itassau'e.  The  boat,  however,  was  sixtv-'.;iu'ht  days  at 
sea,  the  cew  sustaining  life  during  the  latter  part  oi' 

'^'>Sei'  Sartoii't  Or.  Tcr.,  MS.,  iii.  (l();  Ehhirt^'  Trappcr'x  L'lfr,  ^FS.,  IT; 
Sh-'iiiij's  JJiaf.  Or.,  MS.,  11;  yii/mr'.s  Lij'i- aid  Ado.,  MS.,  4();  .1  j)i/<  rMii'.t 
Xnrf/uny/Cofff,  ^SIS.,.");  L'ruii.-i'  J/i-t.  O/-.,' :\!S.,  •_'();{;  drft'/'.-iOr.. 'M;  I'irlnr's 
liirir  <;/■  thi;  ]\\st,  ;{)>-S  ami  lUS-lt,  'wlii.li  .savf*  that  \yyi'th  ac(.<ni!i>anieil 
Siilik'ttc's  jiai'ty  to  the  head-waters  of  Uie  Iluniboldt,  vlieiiee  lie  jiroeeeilcd 
north;  Trumi.  (Jr.  I'lvim  r  Atan'C,  ltS7">, -4;  MrLoinjldiii's  Prlcnlr  l\qi'  r-'',  MS., 
ser.  ii.  12,  whiuh  mixes  the  iiieiiieiit.s  of  the  first  expedition  •\vitli  those  of  the 
sii^cm-iiX;  AlihotVs  Kit  Carson,  \'1\,  Pdcr.'i'  Kit  Carxoii,  [)'2;  ,/o/tn  Jlalf  in  ('an. 
llixl.  Soc.  Mimtatia,  111-12;  IHikh'  E.r.  Or.,  411;  Irriii</x  J>oiiiaril/i's  Adv., 
(J'J-71,  1201-3,  348;  Tliornton'ii  Or.  and  Cut.,  ii.  17;  Allan's  Kan.,  MS.,  0. 


868 


KELLEY,  WYETII,  AND  BONNEVILLE. 


their  perilous  passage  by  eating  porpoise-racat  and 
drinking  rain-water  wrung  from  their  garments.  Those 
left  on  the  reef  wdio  would  not  venture  so  long  a  dis- 
tance in  opL'U  ))oats  were  finally  taken  oif  and  carried 
to  Tahiti  hyai)assing  schooner.  From\^ali)arais()  tht; 
captain  and  crew  took  the  lirst  ship  for  the  United 
States. 


B.  L.  E.  Bonneville  visited  the  Columbia  in  1834. 
A  Frenchman  by  birth,  and  a  captain  in  the  United 
States  army,  being  in  his  coarse  way  hon-vivant  and 
voluptuary,  lie  preferred  lording  it  in  the  forest  with  a 
troo})  of  white  and  red  savages  at  his  lieels,  and  every 
I'ortniiJ-ht  a  new  unmarried  wife  HauntiuLT  her  brave 
finery,  to  sitting  in  the  satin  sackcloth  of  conventiouid 
parlors  and  sin:Merim»'sillv  nothini^s.  In  Aui>ust  1831 
he  asked  and  obtained  a  two  years'  leave  of  absence, 
for  tlie  pur[)ose  of  engaging  in  an  Indian  sliooting 
and  fur-hunting  expedition  in  the  far  west.  With  the 
assistance  of  several  associates  who  were  IikI  to  expect 
l.irge  leturns  from  their  outlay,  aii  expedition  was 
fitted  out  for  the  captain.-^ 

"  This  very  commonplace  excursion  under  the  title  of  Adventures  of  Cop' 
tain.  HoniK r'Ji'  lias  been  dune  into  elegant  I'onianco  by  Wasliin^'ton  Irving, 
wlio  eidar'^e.-!  tlio  captain's  misstatements  ad  Ithitiitn.  After  the  appearance 
<'f  Irvin;":!  ])ook,  Ijonnevillc  alisolutely  began  to  regard  liimself  a:i  a  j^jicat  man 
lilled  witli  Iicroic  ]Hirposes,  and  liis  trapping  failures  a  f  grand  achifvenient-:. 
'One  of  my  parties,'  lie  wrote,  in  Con.  lli-^f.  Soe.  MonUunx,  l!i7(i,  10.")- 10, 
'was  sent  tijroiigli  tlie  Crow  country ..  .another  party  was  sent  south,  and 
wintered  on  tlie  shores  of  Salt  Lake  [they  trapped  along  the  northern 
shore  of  the  lake];  another  journeyed  into  tlic  Utu'.s  country,  further  south, 
until  it  met  the  tradei's  and  trappers  from  Xcw  Mexico  ;  another  went  down 
Salmon  Itiver  to  Walki  Walla,  on  the  Columbia;  another  t(j  coast  aroin*l 
the  Salt  Lake  ;  [tiiis  was  never  done], .  .anothei-  party  going  west,  down  tlie 
waters  of  Snake  Itiver  to  the  base  of  tlic  California  rango  [to  midway  between 
the  Blue  mountains  and  the  Cascade  range]  turned  south-east  and  on  the  way 
home  kcjit  the  divide,  as  near  as  practicable,  Ijctwetn  Maria  and  Snake 
rivers.'  Then  he  goes  on,  'I  was  tlic  lirst  to  take  wagon.j  through  the  South 
I'ass,  and  lirst  to  recognize  Crccn  lliver  as  the  Colorado  oi  the  west,'  both  of 
which  statements  are  untrue.  Irving  met  Bonneville  at  the  house  of  Astor. 
under  whose  table  the  genial  writer  loved  to  stretch  his  legs,  and  gather  inci- 
dents for  M"cll  paid  panegyrics.  Bonneville  was  born  in  l''ranee  in  IT'.'.'', 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  181.'),  fought  tlu'ough  tlie  Mexican  Mar,  was  made 
colonel  of  infantry  ill  1S."m,  retired  from  active  service  in  )S(il,  and  died  a 
general  at  Tort  Smith,  Arkansas,  in  1878,  the  oldest  ollieer  in  the  United 
States  army.  Exceedingly  lucky  was  Boimcvillo  in  liudiug  so  eloquent  and 
amiable  a  biographer  as  Irving. 


BONNEVILLE'S  ADVENTURES. 


060 


From  Fort  Osai^o  on  tlic  Missouri  Ilivor  on  the  1st 
of  May  18Ij2,  \vitli  one  liun<lrc'd  and  ten  men  und 
twenty  wagons,  Bonneville  set  out  on  his  adventures, 
in  which  ho  hoped  to  unite  pleasure  with  prolit.  To 
slioot  buffalo  was  rare  fun;  but  men  were  the  nobler 
jLjame,  whom  to  search  out  in  their  retreat  and  slaughter 
and  scalp  was  glorious.    What  were  the  far-oif  natives 


The  Gui;E>f  River  Country. 

of  the  Rocky  ]\ Fountains  doing  that  this  rostles.s, 
vccldess,  blood-thirsty,  and  cruel  Frenchman  should 
bo  permitted  to  kill  them?  This,  however,  was  but 
parallel  with  the  o-cneral  conduct  of  the  li'overnmcnt 
throughout  the  entire  ej/och  of  aborigmal  externnna- 
tions,  and  which  future  ages  will  look  back  upon  as 


670 


KELLFA',  WYETH,  AND  BONNEVILLE. 


the  foulest  blot  in  the  annals  of  the  nation.  The  vilest 
agents  were  })ern)itted  to  employ  the  vilest  moans;  and 
tins  French  butcher  finds  amon^-  our  iirst  writers  a 
man  to  heroily  him  and  to  set  up  his  dastardly  deeds 
as  models  for  the  younjjc. 

l*roceeding  up  the  Missouri  the  ])arty  crossed  the 
Kansas,  and  over  what  subsefpiently  became  the  regu- 
lar road,  continued  to  the  Platte  lliver,  and  after  two 
(lavs'  i(jurnev  above  the  fork,  crossed  from  the  south 
to  the  north  branch,  thence  uj)  the  Sweetwater,  through 
the  South  Pass  to  Green  lliver,  on  the  Horse  Creek 
l)rancli  of  which  he  jdanted  his  wagons  and  made  his 
grand  dei)ot.  Then  he  threw  up  a  breastwork  of  logs, 
and  i)ieced  out  with  ^^ickets  the  enclosure  which  was 
diu'uiiied  with  the  name  of  Port  Ponnevillo. 

It  was  now  the  first  of  August.  Bonneville  had 
been  passed  while  cii  route  by  Pontenelle  of  the 
American  Pur  Company,  at  the  head  of  fifty  men  on 
their  way  from  their  Yellowstone  fort  to  the  (Ireeu 
lliver  rendezvous.  William  Sublette  and  Ilobert 
Campbell  of  the  Pocky  Mountain  Pur  Company, 
who  had  fallen  in  with  Wyeth's  Jiarty  at  Inde[)endence, 
and  had  bi-ought  them  thus  far  on  their  journey  in 
safety,  though  not  altogether  unmolested  by  the 
savages,  now  made  their  appearance  at  the  rendezvous 
at  l*ierrc  Hole,"^  where  wei'e  also  Sinclair  and  a  band 
of  fifteen  free  trappers.  The  trapping  party  of  the 
American  Pur  Company  was  this  year  to  be  conducted 
by  Vanderburgh  and  Dripps,  while  Pitzpatrick  and 
Bridger  were  to  conduct  the  hunting  expedition  on 
behalf  of  the  Ilocky  Mountain  Company.  Bonneville 
and  Sinclair  were  each  at  the  head  of  their  own  inde- 
pendent parties.  Bonneville,  caching  his  wag(Mis  and 
su])erliuous  eftccts,  raised  camp  the  22d  of  August, 
anil  proceeded  northward  to  winter,  the  weather  then 
being  milder,  and  the  game  more  plentiful  than  on 
(:irrcen  River.  Passing  Jackson  Hole  and  Pierre  Hole 
the  party  came  upon  the   upper  waters  of  Salmon 

*' A  valley  some  tliirty  miles  long  and  fifteen  wide. 


SEVERE  OPPOSITION. 


871 


River,  down  which  they  coiitinueil  till  fivt;  miles  be- 
low the  principal  fork,  where  they  went  into  winter- 
([uarlers. 

Moan  wile  rivalry  l)etwcen  the  representatives  of 
the  two  j^reat  companies  waxed  warm.  As  we  have 
seen  in  the  competitions  of  British  companies  within 
]]ritish  territory  a  fiercer  opposition  existing'  tiian  that 
Ijctween  rival  conn)anics  of  the  two  diilercnt  nation- 
alities, so  in  the  competing  eftbrts  of  these  two  United 
States  com})anies  there  was  now  a  j^reater  animosity 
than  was  ever  engendered  between  American  and 
English  traders. 

A-^andchnrgh  and  J3ri})ps,  whose  offer  to  divide  the 
country  had  been  rejected,  now  closely  followed  Fitz- 
])atrick  and  Bridger  fnjm  the  rendezvous  northward, 
determined  upon  their  share  of  the  best  hunting- 
grounds.  After  every  efibrt  in  vain  to  elude  and 
shake  them  off,  Fitzpatrick  and  Bridger  resolved  to 
sacrifice  the  hunt  for  that  season,  and  teach  their 
rivals  a  lesson.  Turning  southward,  therefore,  into 
the  veiy  heart  of  the  Blackfoot  country,  where  game 
was  scarce  and  savages  hostile,  they  reached  a  branch 
of  the  ]\Iissouri,  which  they  followed  downward.  Hard 
after  them  came  the  less  experienced  Dri})[)s  and  Van- 
derburgh, falling  easy  victims  into  the  fated  trap  so 
cunningly  laid.  For  they  had  not  proceeded  far  in 
this  direction,  when  they  were  set  upon  by  the  terrible 
Blackfeet,  and  a  number  of  the  party,  among  whom  was 
A'anderburgh,  slain,  while  the  remainder  took  to  flight. 
Bridger  and  Fitzpatrick  were  likewise  attacked,  but 
esca})ed,  not,  however,  until  the  former  had  been 
knocked  down  and  nearly  killed  by  a  chief  on  whom 
he  was  raising  his  gun  in  friendly  parley. 

The  Blackfeet  were  called  blooil-tliirstvand  treacher- 
ous;  but  during  this  one  hunting  campaign,  in  two 
friendly  conferences  the  white  men  had  attacked  the 
foe,  murdering  one  chief  before  all  his  people  while 
holding  his  hand  in  amity,  and  preparing  to  attack 
another  under  like  circumstances.     But  what  can  bo 


m 


KELLEY,  \VYETn,  AND  liOXNEVILLE. 


expected  of  men  ^vllo  will  ruthlessly  lead  tlioir  ow  ii 
kindred  in  country  and  color  to  their  deatii,  in  oi'di  r 
to  secure  a  winter's  trailic  to  theniselws  1  And  yet 
for  half  a  century  anionic  the  Christian,  the  cultivated, 
tiie  bravo  of  our  land,  the  cry  I'ings  I'roni  east  t»j  west : 
Down  with  the  red  men!  exterminate  the  re[)lilesl 
There  is  no  safety  for  our  high  and  holy  civilization 
but  by  sweeping  from  the  earth  the  peo[)le  wc  have 
robbed,  betrayed,  and  outraged. 

Unmaking  his  company,  Bonneville  sent  out  detached 
parties  in  various  tlirections  to  trap,  and  returning 
southward  himself  with  a  portion  of  the  men,  they 
pre])ar(;d  for  a  spring  hunt  in  the  vicinity  of  Malade 
and  ]Joise  rivers,  and  were  present  at  the  Green  liivii- 
rendezvous  in  July  1803.  One  of  his  men,  Walkei-, 
was  sent  with  forty  trappers  to  hunt  u]>on  the  streams 
emptying  into  Great  Salt  Lake.  Bonneville  then 
went  with  iifty-six  men  to  the  Bighorn  lliver  region, 
falling  in  with  Wyeth  on  the  way,  and  making  part 
of  the  journey  with  Campbell's  com])any.  Alter  a 
somewhat  unsuccessful  jaunt  Bonneville  returned  to 
his  Green  Iviver  caches.  Indeed,  when  silted  of  the 
romance  certain  writers  have  chosen  to  throw  around 
them,  his  adventures  are  singularly  devoid  of  incidents 
and  I'ruits.-^ 

Alter  going  into  winter-quarters  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  Portneuf  Iiiver,  near  Fort  Hall,  Bonneville  de- 
termined to  visit  Fort  Walla  Walla.  Indeed,  the 
captain  had  some  idea  of  })lanting  a  j)ost  himself 
somewhere  on  the  lower  Columbia,  and  entering  the 
field  against  the  Hudson's  Ba\  Company. 

Taking  ^\  th  him  only  three  companii)ns  he  passed 
down  Snak.  Iiiver,  through  the  Grand  Konde,  and 
over  the  Bl  ]\Iountains,  reaching  Fort  Walla  V\'alla 
the4thof]\i  veil,  1834.  Though  kindly  received  by 
Mr  Pambrun  and  entertained  in  the  most  hospitable 
manner,  whei  Bonneville  expressed  a  wish  to  purchase 

^•^  Probiibly  there  is  no  greater  triumph  of  a  writer  than  iu  making  a  tluill- 
ing  uarrativu  of  uothiug.     Iu  tliia  Irving  haa  admirably  succeeded. 


1  (ASTAUDLY  rROCRFDIXfiS. 


878 


sfuiio  nrticlcs  fof  liis  camp  lie  was  politely  iiiforuuHl 
l>y  ]*aiiil)run  iliat  it  was  not  tlio  custom  of  his 
company  to  I'lirnish  stipplics  to  rival  tradi'is.  Tlicrc- 
iipoii  liomic'villo  returned  in  a  pet  to  Port:  euf.  ILis 
next  move  was  to  look  after  the  party  sent  to  Salt 
l^akc.-*  After  some  search  he  found  them  on  Bear 
T{iv(>r,  and  was  informed  that  they  had  passed  hy  tlie 
northern  end  of  Salt  Lake  to  the  Humboldt  ]{iver'^ 
where  they  set  their  traps.  A  trap  was  missiul  one 
morning,  whereupon  they  swore  a  big  round  oath  that 
t  hey  would  shoot  the  first  red  man  they  met.  Pi'esently 
they  discovered  twopoorSiioshoncs  basking  in  the  sun. 
Innnediately  a  rille  w-*^  •  raised,  crack!  and  one  of  the 
natives  rolk'd  over  dead.  Tumbling  the  body  into 
tliG  rive,  they  permitted  the  other  to  escape.  Not 
long  after,  coming  upon  a  band  of  those  peaceful  and 
iaotl'ensive  }»cople,  an  onslaught  was  made,  and  twenty- 
iive  of  them  butchered.  No  attempt  at  defence  was 
made  by  the  natives,  who  sought  the  nearest  cover 
junidst  pitiful  waihngs.  Following  the  Ihnnboldt  to 
its  sink,  thev  then  crossed  the  Sierra  Nevada  to 
^Eonterc} .""  Then  the  bravo  band  wont  back  to  their 
captain. 

Again  on  the  3d  of  July,  with  twonty-thrcc  well 
mounted  men,  Bonneville  sets  out  for  the  Columbia. 

"*lJonncvillc's  Liogr.ipber  here  fills  his  hero  with  a  lofty  ontlinsiiism  for 
si'icntific  cxiiloration,  !Ui(l  itmkcs  this  journey  the  result  (if  ii  di^iiitoi'ested 
ilcsiro  to  extentl  kiiowledgt!  iu  this  ilirection,  on  reading  wliich  tiie  eiiptain 
(iiiul)tless  .so  thought  of  it  for  the  first  time.  Had  lionneville  ri'ally  lieeii 
.'iiixious  to  explore  Salt  Lake  he  would  scarcely  have  sent  on  sucli  an  errand 
a  hand  of  base  murderers,  but  would  have  gone  himself.  Surely  there  was 
uiithing  to  prevent  his  going.  He  had  nothing  to  ilo,  and  did  nothing.  The 
lake  was  near  at  hand,  it  would  seem  that  one  possessed  of  coiumon  curiosity 
would  have  wished  to  see  it.  Ihit  tlie  fact  is  the  idea  does  not  si'ciu  to  have 
orcurred  to  IJonncvillo  until  put  into  his  head  liy  Irving  when  writing  his 
)iai-rativo.  Irving  goes  so  far  in  his  duplicity  as  almost  to  make  his  hero  tiio 
iHscovcrer  of  the  lake,  calling  it  Lake  IJonneville,  etc.,  when  lifty  white  men 
liad  seen  it  before  the  Frenchman  was  there,  and  when  lioimeville  never  ex- 
]ilored  the  lake  ut  ali.  See  I\ir.  11.  L'cjit.,  xi.  154.  Even  Townseud,  Xta:,  79, 
condemns  this  barefaced  proceeding. 

"■' Tlien  known  as  Ogden  Ivivei',  Peter  Skcon  Ogdcn  having  been  its  first 
discoverer.  It  was  also  called  the  Mario  or  Mary  lliver.  See  Jimt.  Utah, 
and  J/ist.  Kevdda,  this  series. 

■■"'  Mr  Irving  enlightens  us  in  his  usual  happy  and  authentic  vein,  as  to  the 
geography  and  history  of  what  he  calls  New  California,  which  account  is  cer- 
tainly more  eloquent  than  instructive.  Bonneville' a  Adv.,  330-0. 


574 


HEIT.EY,  WYETH,  AND  BONXEVILLE. 


A  week  after,  hearing  that  Wycth  is  in  his  rear,  and 
anxious  to  be  first  in  all  grassy  bottoms  and  beaver 
grounds,  he  caches  a  portion  of  his  cft'ects,  and  hastens 
forward.'-"  Wyeth,  however,  overtakes  him,  and  after 
a  friendly  bout  at  the  bottle  drops  again  in  the  rear. 
The  French  captain  thinks  he  will  go  down  into  the 
Willamette  Valley  and  do  something  great,  like  ;i 
French  captain  1  He  will  trap  by  the  way  and  become 
rich.  Then  ho  will  build  a  fortress  whose  palisades 
shall  enclose  all  Oregon,  and  the  British  shall  not 
enter  into  it. 

But  midst  these  dreams  his  men  hunger,  and  he  has 
nothiiiii"  to  feed  them  withal;  so  about  the  first  of 
September,  as  he  passes  by  Walla  Walla,  some  thirty 
mil(>s  to  the  southward,  he  sends  to  the  fort,  asking- 
foovi,  messengers  who  are  hospitably  fed  and  lodgid, 
but  return  empty-handed.  Neither  will  the  natives 
on  the  river  below  trade  him  fish,  so  that  presently 
he  is  obliged  to  kill  two  of  his  horses  to  save  his  party 
from  starvation.  Poor  captain!  Brags  your  egotism 
never  so  loudly,  there  are  some  things  you  cannot  do. 
You  may  buckle  your  belt,  and  drill  3'our  hundi-ed 
men,  and  shoot  off  your  carbines,  and  shout,  and  ges- 
ticulate; that  is  glory.  But  these  hard-headed,  keen- 
witted, bony-featured  Scotchmen  of  sharp  eyes,  steel 
sinews,  oilj^  tongues,  and  kind  hearts,  have  been  halt" 
a  century  cultivating  this  trade,  have  dealt  with  tlu' 
simple-minded  natives  fairly,  never  cheating,  or  kill- 
ino',  or  vi(jlatin<2:  homes,  never  slaufjliterincf  twentv-si\ 
innocent  and  inoflensive  human  beings,  as  did  your 
men  on  Humboldt  River,  because  some  one  stok'  a 
beaver -trap — these  men,  it  woidd  seem,  have  this 
trade  so  secure  that  fifty-six  whiskey-selling  woniaii- 
.scalpcrs  cannot  step  in  and  at  a  moment's  notice  take 
it  away  from  them. 

^^Here  Bonneville  is  made  to  meet  and  make  dmnk  the  leader  of  :i 
HiidstMiH  IJiiy  ("onipany  post.  It  is  iiotioeable  that  whenever  Irving  wt-i 
two  men  drinking  his  liero  always  aets  the  f,'entleman,  while  tlie  otlu  i-, 
especially  if  a  foreigner,  gi^ts  beastly  drunk  and  disgraces  himself.  Instaiii  r 
likewise  Hunt  a  interview  with  the  governor  of  (Sitka,  where  the  Ai;tor  party 


THE  CAPTAIN  RETIRES. 


OlO 


So  the  gallant  Bonneville,  for  self  and  associates, 
continues  down  the  bank  of  the  Columbia  in  a  very 
ill  humor.  He  curses  the  Scotchmen,  the  natives, 
the  country.  And  yet  the  sky  is  bright,  the  forest 
green,  and  waters  flow.  Curse  yourself,  my  little  man ; 
you  will  scarcely  find  hereabout  a  more  fitting  object. 

And  now,  the  farther  he  penetrates  this  country 
the  less  is  ho  pleased  with  it.  Tlic  people,  red  and 
white,  everywhere  reciprocate  his  feelings.  He  con- 
cludes he  will  not  take  the  Willamette  Valley  now, 
for  if  he  docs  he  will  starve.  So  he  turns  up  John 
Day  Kiver,  and  goes  back  to  his  Shoshones,  for  these 
are  easy  to  kill  and  plunder;  and  wliat  is  the  need  of 
violence  when  women  sell  their  favors  for  a  song? 
Their  hunger,  however,  is  not  fully  satisfied  until  tow- 
ard the  first  of  November  when  thcv  reach  Portneuf 
and  l)ufl:aloes.  By  way  of  the  Platte  Bivcr  the  cap- 
tain, all  that  is  left  of  him,  in  soiled  and  crumpled 
feathers  reaches  civilization  in  August  1835,  return- 
ing as  rich  as  he  went,  though  his  associates  who  had 
paid  the  expenses  of  the  adventure  are  several  degrees 
poorer." 

repays  tlie  most  lavisih  entertainment  by  maligning  the  entertainers.  I  deem 
it  no  [iraisewortliy  part  for  any  writer  to  play  to  ssaorillio  tri'tli  in  order  to 
gain  )iopularity  by  fostering  tlio  prejudices  of  liis  countrynien. 

'^'l:i  speaking  of  tlii^i  trip,  ilines,  Or.  Hint.,  170  I,  mixes  his  Methodism 
■xvitli  Irving's  iictiou  at  a  sad  rate.  Townsend,  yar..  147,  mentions  liis 
meeting  ^^'yuth.  Gray,  7//W.  Or.,  39,  of  course  condoles  witii  iiini  because 
the  Hudson's  l?ay  Company  did  not  immediately  divide  their  territory  with 
him  and  set  him  up  in  husiness.  Mrs  Victor,  JUn  r  nf  l/ia  Wr.it,  l.VS  !(,  Kil}, 
thinks  ]>onnevil!e\s  failures  the  result  of  his  own  inexperience,  ratlier  than 
t)f  the  faihne  of  others  to  assist  him.  8lio  thinks  I'andjrnn  (luito  right  in 
his  conduct,  an('  tho  Hndsou's  ISay  Company's  ])olicy  tlu^  usual  course  pur- 
sued by  mercenary  moiiopoli>'S,  and  <leserving  uf  no  s])eiial  blame.  ])oes  the 
reader  dcsii'C  nioie  he  may  eousidt  Silliman's  Junninl,  .Ian.  bs:M,  where  the 
writer  thinks  Honnevillo  pushed  enteiprise  to  the  vei'ge  of  absurdity.  h'rini»' 
Hist.  Or.,  ISIS.,  "JO;?;  Wurrin'it  j\I,m.,  in  Par.  H.  Jiipt.,  xi.  ;{:{-(!;  KhhrrU' 
Truppcr'n  IJj'i',  MS.,  8,  !»;  (J.  S.  J/oii!^.'  Itcjtt.  101,  J5'h  Cnw/.,  Jil  >Srss.,  Cu-H; 
wliere  mentioi'  is  made  of  the  sharp  dealing  employed  to  diivo  away  compe- 
tition; Parkers  Ex.  Tour,  93-5;  Tucker's  Jlist.  Or.,  03;  White's  Tracds  in 
Or.,  17o. 


CHAPTER  XXVI. 

WYETH'S    SECOND   ADVENTURE. 

1834-1837. 

The  Columbia  River  Fishing  and  Trading  Company — The  '  May  Dacre  ' 

CHARTliRKD    and    FrEIOHTED    FOR    THE    CoLI'MMA  —  WvETU    WITH    AS 

Overland  Party  Starts  from  Ixdepende.vce— Science  and  Relioion 
EN  route  for  Oregon — Townsend — Xuttall — Jason  Lee  am'  his 

Brother  ^Missionaries— The  JoriiNEY — Building  of  Foi;t  H..li 

Arrival  at  Fort  Vancouver — The  '  ^Iay  Dacue  '  Enters  the  Colum- 
bia— Establishment  of  Fort  "William  on  Wapato  Island — Fort 
Boise  Built  to  OrrosE  Fort  Hall — Failure  of  Wyeth's  Enter- 
prise— Sale  of  Effects  to  the  All-powerful  ^Monopoly. 

The  failure  of  the  first  of  the  two  adventures  which, 
under  the  auspices  of  the  sohd  men  of  Boston,  were 
destined  to  prove  the  forerunner  of  Christian  civihza- 
tion  on  the  Pacific  seaboard,  was  in  no  wise  charge- 
able upon  the  agent.  Wyeth  did  his  duty  well;  did  all 
that  a  man  could  do.  Not  having  power  over  the  ele- 
ments he  could  not  bring  the  Sultana  safely  to  port, 
and  when  she  failed  to  appear  he  had  only  to  return. 
The  time  of  ultimate  success  or  failure,  however,  had 
not  yet  come. 

Arrived  at  Boston  fron;  his  long  and  perilous  pil- 
grimage, the  winter  of  1833-4  passed  quickly  away. 
With  what  keen  zest  come  to  the  returned  forest- 
rover  the  proud  pleasures  of  home!  During  the 
journey  between  oceans  Wyeth  had  pretty  well  de- 
termined what  he  should  attempt  to  do.  In  brighter 
hues  than  ever  arose  within  his  mind  the  old  As- 
toria imagery;  with  this  difference,  however:  while 
Astor  would  supply  interior  trappers  from  the  cast, 

(070) 


THE  COLUMBIA  RIVER  COMPANY, 


677 


"Wyotli  would  supply  them  from  the  west.  The  land 
carriage  would  he  shorter,  cheaper,  and  safer  in  the 
one  case  than  in  the  other.  With  this  fur-trade 
he  might  profitably  combine  salmon-fishing,  and  to 
these  ends  fortifications  would  be  essential,  two  at 
least,  and  those  at  the  outset,  one  somewhere  on  the 
lower  Columbia,  and  one  in  the  central  interior.  Twice 
round  Cape  Horn  eacli  year  his  ship  would  go,  bring- 
ing from  Boston  the  products  and  goods  of  civilized 
industry,  and  carrying  back  furs  and  fish. 

''Figure  it  up,"  he  argued,  while  enlisting  the 
cooperation  of  the  solid  men  of  Boston,  "the  profit 
(.i<  the  salmon  alone  will  pay  the  expcnsesof  the  ship, 
leaving  the  cost  of  carrying  out  the  merchandise  noth- 
nig. 

Not  the  slightest  difficulty  had  Wyeth  in  again 
enlisting  capi^"!,  New  York  being  glad  to  join  Boston 
in  a  new  adventure;  or  in  organizing  the  Columbia 
Kiver  Fishing  and  Trading  Company;  or  in  charter- 
ing the  ship  May  Dacre,  with  Lambert  again  for 
captain,  and  loading  her  with  articles  suitable  to  the 
new  enterpiise;  or  in  raising  a  second  company  to 
follow  him  overland.  Had  he  not  bought  experience 
in  the  mountains,  and  should  ho  not  sell  it  to  the  fat 
speculators  of  the  city?  Besides,  Wyeth  was  an  able 
man,  and  whether  in  this  enterprise  he  failed  or  not, 
tlie  elements  of  success  were  bred  in  him.  They  liked 
liiin  at  Boston,  and  they  liked  him  at  Fort  Vancouver; 
they  believed  in  him  everywhere. 

By  the  middle  of  March  1834,  Wyeth  was  at  In- 
dependence with  fifty  men  ready  for  a  start.  With 
liini  were  two  scientists,  Nuttall,  an  eminent  botanist, 
and  John  K.  Townscnd,  to  whom  we  are  indebted  for 
a  narrative  of  this  expedition.^     Like  boys  just  out 

'  Narrative  of  a  Journey  across  the  Hochj  Mountaivx  to  the  Coliimhia 
Hhri;  etc.,  I'hilailelpliia,  1830.  The  author  is  a  newly  fli'dged  collrfjiau 
iiiul  meniber  of  the  I'liiladelphia  Academy  of  Sciences.  He  wa.s  a  good 
I  iiougli  fellow,  meaning  well,  but  exceedingly  simple,  esjieeially  at 
f^tiirting.  Before  he  saw  Philadelphia  again,  heat  and  cold,  hunger  and 
thirst,  sickness  and  danger,  by  sea  and  land,  had  served  to  haniincr  into  hia 
now  vapid  bi-ain  some  degi-cc  of  discrimiuatioQ.  He  ttilU  his  story  in  acleaXi 
Hist.  N.  W.  Coast,  Vol.  II.    37 


11 


578 


W^^ETH'S  SECOND  ADVENTURE. 


of  sdiool  these  learned  men  essayed  tliliv^s  strange, 
things  niiglity,  and  then  rested.  Their  first  freak 
was  to  wallc  from  St  Louis  to  Inde})cndence,  three 
liundred  miles;  their  second  was  not  long  after  start- 
ing, to  give  it  up. 

JSesides  our  plant-chief  and  our  bird-chief,  ar,  the 
Chinooks  subsequently  called  them,  who,  though  sonu- 
what  old-maidish  and  mouldy  for  such  young  sava iif.'< — 
as  if  their  eyes  had  been  nowliere  but  between  cover-. 
and  as  if  they  had  eaten  uothing  but  books  for  1)reak- 
fast  since  infancy — seemed  built  upon  an  underhiiii;' 
stratum  of  sense,  there  was  a  fair  sprinkling  of  divinitv 
under  titles  of  Jason  Lee,  his  nephew  Daniel  Lee,  and 
three  lay  brethren,  P.  L.  Edwards,  Cyrus  Shepard. 
and  C.  M.  Walker,  whose  relisjcious  zeal,  if  we  nuiv 
believe  their  fellow-travellers,  was  in  no  wise  abated 
because  united  with  exciting  adventure.  Let  us  place 
the  live  missionaries  beside  the  two  scientists,  and 
call  them  all  good  fellows. 

Wyeth  was  now  peculiarly  fitted  to  lead  an  expedi- 
tion of  this  kind.  In  backwoods  operations  soiin- 
thing  more  and  less  than  connnon  militar}-  disciplhu' 
is  requisite;  something  stronger  than  the  fear  of  de;|itli 
nmst  be  employed  to  govern  men.  Here  the  leader 
nuist  have  the  confidence,  which  implies  the  respect 
of  his  followers.  He  must  have  their  affection,  Avliicli 
if  seasoned  with  fear  is  doubly  efficacious.  Tiiir 
frontiersmen  may  be  led  anywhere  by  a  man  willinu 
to  receive  in  some  degree  their  suggestions  and  share 
their  dangers;  Imt  they  will  not  be  driven  one  inch. 
They  all  have  judgment  of  their  own  on  which  tluy 


straightforward  way  which  engages  attention  and  commands  respect,  but 
science  wrought  no  visible  cliange  in  the  mountains,  forests,  rivers,  or  ;<i' 
of  the  Northwest.  If  he  was  innocent  of  much  good,  ho  was  likewise  inn 
cent  of  evil;  may  our  tombstone  tell  truthfully  the  same  tale,  liirds  Mf 
the  gentle  Townsend's  pleasing  study. 

'•'Gray,  Ilwt.  Or.,  107,  says  that  Shepard  was  a  devout  man,  socking  t! 
advancement  of  the  missions,  as  well  as  the  general  good,  and  that  ho  ik\ 
had  an  enemy  in  Oregon,  which  latter  is  a  questionable  qualilication.  Vi". 
time  after  his  arrival  at  Fort  Vancouver  he  taught  school,  which  was  attcnil' 
by  the  juvenile  mongrels  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company's  servants.  See  //< 
(Jr.,  this  series. 


us 

IS 


ovKRLAXD  r.ouTiNE.  •>::) 

arc  accijstoinod  to  act,  and  liave  ai-tcd  Individually  in 
many  life  and  death  cniergenoics,  and  they  will  not  in 
time  of  trial  trust  tlicmselvos  alone  to  connnissioned 
])astcboard.  It  is  enough  to  .say  here  of  Nathaniel 
J.  Wyeth  that  he  knew  how  to  manag^c  such  men. 

Here  also  was  Wyeth's  old  friend  ^Milton  Sublette, 
for  twelve  years  trapper  and  trader  in  western  parts, 
now  on  an  ex])cdition  to  thi*  mountains  with  twenty 
of  his  own  well  tried  mountaineers,  any  one  of  whom 
would  not  fear  fifty  redskins  in  open  fight.  And 
Sublette  was  his  men's  deli-dit.  Cool, courteous,  stronic 
in  muscle  as  in  mind,  considerate,  kind,  as  tender  as 
a  woman,  fierce  as  a  blood-eating  catamount,  true  to 
his  men  as  the  magnet  to  the  pole,  ready  to  share 
hardships  and  dangers  equally  with  them,  there  was 
not  one  but  would  die  twenty  times,  were  that  pos- 
sible, rather  than  be  seen  by  liim  to  llineh  l)cfore 
danger.  He  need  not  trouble  himself  about  their  fail- 
ing him  under  trials;  they  worshipped  him.  And  more 
than  once  they  had  been  in  a  body  over  tlie  present 
l)roposed  track,  so  that  they  were  a  most  desirable 
accession  to  any  party  journeying  in  that  direction. 
In  the  vicinity  at  this  time  was  William  Sublette, 
with  a  party  of  liglit-footcd  traffickers,  thirty-five  in 
all;  but  belonging  to  a  rival  company,  he  held  him- 
self aloof  and  communif^ated  his  intended  movements 
to  no  one,  A  fortnight  out,  he  passed  Captain  Wy- 
eth's company  in  the  night,  thus  hastening  on  before 
him  in  order  first  to  secure  furs  brought  to  the  sum- 
mer  rendezvous. 

At  10  o'clock  on  the  2Sth  of  April  18.'U  the  party 
in  the  gayest  of  moods  began  its  long  march.  There 
were  in  the  caravan  seventy  men  and  two  liundred 
and  fifty  horses.  It  had  been  an  impossibility  to 
obtain  mules  here  at  this  time,  the  Santa  Vc  traders 
havino:  secured  them  all.  Wveth  and  Sul-it'tte  rode 
first,  each  with  a  mounted  collegian  at  his  side;,  thus 
tempering  adventure  with  leaining.  I'hen  the  men 
followed  in  double  file,  each  leading  two  horses  laden 


!■ 


580 


WYETirS  SECOND  ADVENTURE. 


each  with  two  cightj'-pound  packages  of  stores,  Tiling, 
Wyetli's  assistant,  bringing  up  the  rear.  The  mission- 
aries with  a  band  of  horned  cattle  hovered  about  tliu 
flank. 

Men  and  beasts  were  flushed  with  enthusiasm.  Our 
staid  professor  hardly  knew  whether  he  was  in  tlic 
flesh  or  out  of  it,  but  left  his  important  post  and 
dashed  his  charger  up  and  down  the  line,  joining  in 
the  uproarious  mirth  and  the  snatches  of  gay  song 
which  greeted  his  oar  on  every  side  with  the  most  un- 
scholarly  abandon.^ 

It  being  a  largo  body,  only  twenty  miles  a  day  wcro 
made.  The  camp  was  divided  into  nine  messes,  eacli 
mess  having  one  tent;  also  a  captain,  usually  an  cx- 
j)erienced  frontiersman,  and  a  cook.  Rations  Mere 
given  out  to  mess-captains  every  morning.  The  cap- 
tain of  the  compan}^  selected  spots  for  encampments, 
and  designated  where  each  mess  should  p^  Tce  its  tent. 
He  also  directed  the  packers  w^here  to  unload,  so  that, 
if  need  be,  fortifications  could  be  quickly  improvised 
from  the  bales  of  goods.  In  times  of  danger  the  camp 
was  formed  into  a  hollow  square  with  the  horses 
staked  inside;  a  guard  of  seven  men  was  then  formed, 
which  was  posted  by  the  mess-captain,  and  relieved 
three  times  durinGf  the  niijht.  The  hour  was  reoularlv 
called,  and  'All's  well!'  went  the  rounds  of  the  guard 
every  fifteen  minutes.  The  penalty  for  sleeping  on 
guard  was  three  days'  foot  travel.* 

^  'As  wc  roilc  out  from  the  encampment,  our  horses  prancing  and  ncii^'hiu!,', 
and  pawini;  the  ground,  it  was  altogether  so  exciting  that  I  could  scarcLly 
contain  myself.'   Toinisi'iKVii  JS'ar.,  127. 

*  The  second  day  a  hail-storm  stampeded  their  stock,  and  after  it  wns 
hronglit  up  the  horses  ^v•ere  staked.  In  discussing  this  operation  the  pro- 
fessor gravely  remarks  that  the  horse  must  have  a  strong  leathern  halter,  to 
the  eliin-strap  of  which  is  attached  an  iron  ring,  to  which  is  tied  a  hein)»  or 
leatlicrn  ro[ic  just  twenty-two  feet  long,  the  other  end  of  which  is  fastened  to 
an  iron-tipped  wooden  stake  two  and  a  half  feet  long,  driven  full  length  into 
tlic  ground.  If  the  horse  is  hoppled  he  is  staked  all  the  better.  It  wim 
regarded  as  very  necessary  at  the  same  time  to  observe  that  a  horso  should  lie 
assigned  a  spot  where  it  might  obtain  grass  to  eat,  and  that  they  should  not  lie 
staked  so  near  together  as  to  interfere  with  each  other.  Another  fact  it 
would  be  well  to  note.  A  Ijlankct  placed  upon  ground  so  wet  as  to  thoroughly 
saturate  it  with  water  before  one  could  fairly  stretch  one's  self  on  it  ia  not  so 
comfortable  as  a,  spring-bed  in  a  first-class  Philadelphia  hotel. 


PRAIRIE  AND  MOUNTAIN. 


581 


At  the  principal  rivers  the  horses  were  stripped  of 
their  cargoes  ami  saddles,  and  sent  swimming  over, 
being  caught  and  corralled  as  they  arrived  at  the 
opposite  bank.  The  goods  and  men  were  then  taken 
over  on  a  flatboat.  About  a  fortnight  out  a  gloom 
was  cast  on  the  party  by  the  illness  of  Sublette,  wlu) 
for  a  long  time  had  been  suffering  from  a  fungus  in 
his  leg,  now  grown  so  much  worse  from  riding  that  he 
found  himself  obliged  to  return  to  the  settlement. 
Subsequently  his  leg  was  twice  amputated,  but  the 
disease  lingered,  and  a  few  years  afterward  ho  died. 

Their  route  was  from  Independence  west  over 
rolling  prairie  dotted  with  groves  of  timber  to  the 
Kansas  River,  which  was  crossed  the  sixth  day;  then 
tlirou(4i  tall  luxuriant  jjrass  to  reach  the  fork  of  Platte 
lliver,  where  they  arrived  the  twentieth  day ;  continu- 
ing for  six  days  along  the  south  branch  over  the  level 
prairie  swarming  with  buffalo,  with  a  range  of  sand- 
bluffs  to  the  east;  when,  fording  the  stream,  which  is 
here  as  elsewhere  broad  and  shallow,  they  cross 
through  a  salty,  sandy  waste  to  the  northern  branch; 
up  the  right  bank  of  which  over  rugged  hills  ])ast  the 
Chimney  obelisk  and  the  castellated  Scott  Blulfs,'"'  and 
through  umbrageous  forests  they  proceed  to  the 
Laramie  Fork,  where  later  was  placed  Fort  Laramie. 
Here  two  free  trappers  cut  loose  from  the  train,  and 
set  themselves  adrift  in  the  wilderness.  Crossing  the 
Laramie  branch  the  1st  of  June,  next  day  they  enter 
the  frowning  Black  Hills,  ascend  to  cooler  latitudes, 
then  pass  down  on  the  side  to  the  barren  prairie  beyonti, 
where  the  arid  soil  is  sapped  by  the  twisted  and  aro- 
matic wormwood.  On  the  7th  the  Red  Buttcs,  con- 
sisting of  two  or  three  cliffs  of  brownish  red  rising 
from  the  ferruginous  soil  some  two  tlujusand  feet,  are 
])assed;  after  which  leaving  the  Platte,  they  pass  a 
tlesolate  desert  and  encamp  on  the  9th  at  nuun  at 

^ '  These  are  called  Scott  Ijluffs;  so  named  from  an  unfortunate  trader  who 
perished  hero  from  disease  and  hunger  many  years  ago.  He  wa.s  deserted  hy 
his  companions;  and  tiic  year  following  his  crundjliuy  bones  were  found  iu 
this  spot.'  Towneeud'n  Nar.,  62,  note. 


i 


r>8i! 


WYETirs  SECOND  ADVENTURE. 


Iii(lcpeii(lenco  llcx-k  on  the  l)ank  of  the  Swcotwator. 
Cut  into  this  mass  of  rounded  ij^ranite  some  fifty  iect 
in  lieiglit,  they  find  the  names  of  the  two  Subletted, also 
those  of  Fontenelh^  Boimeville,  and  Serre;  and  to 
these  they  add  their  own,  for  of  such  is  glory,  and 
these  mountain  houtyeois  of  a  truth  possess  the  same 
right  to  distinguishment  as  Napoleon  whose  monu- 
ments must  be  made  by  hands,  ndiilo  nature  here 
prepares  one  for  the  children  of  the  wilderness. 

Fifteen  feet  is  now  the  width  of  the  stream,  which 
Avhen  they  first  encountered  it  \\  as  two  miles  wide,  and 
shallow,  and  twisting  everywhere.  Looking  aw;iy 
ninety  miles  to  the  north-west,  they  see  the  Wind 
Iliver  Mountains  with  their  lofty  peaks  of  dazzling 
whiteness. 

Sweet  indeed  is  the  stream  to  the  poor  starving 
brutes,  for  on  its  banks  they  fmd  luxuriant  pastui'c. 
Behind  were  left  wolves,  wild  horses,  buftaloes,  and 
antelopes;  now  we  have  the  mountain-goat  and  griz- 
zly bear.  Alkaline  efflorescences  increase  to  a  snowy 
whiteness  and  incrust  the  edges  of  the  little  salt-pools 
which  cover  these  plains,  while  the  strata  of  the  lino- 
grained  sandstone  are  nearly  horizontal,  and  standing 
scattered  here  and  there  are  those  I'homboidal  rock 
masses,  out  of  which  imagination  may  carve  castles 
with  moat  and  drawbridge,  turrets,  embrasures,  and 
loop-holes,  to  say  nothing  of  the  sky,  the  clilf,  the 
stream,  and  the  hund^le  village  beside  it,  or  of  the 
giant  owner  about  to  enter,  and  carrying'  in  his  hand 
mountain-mutton,  the  animal  having  been  just  caught 
and  sti'angled  for  his  su[)pei'. 

From  the  Sweetwater  on  the  14th,  they  crossed 
south-westerly  to  Sandy  liiver,  where  they  arrived 
at  nine  o'clock  at  night,  after  a  toilsome  march  over  a 
(;ountry  where  thei'e  was  neither  water  nor  grass. 
Here  the  train  became  broken.  Some  of  the  animals 
became  exhausted;  othei's  following  their  instincts  left 
the  trail  in  spite  of  their  drivers,  and  sought  and  foun<l 
water.     Lee  and  his  breather  missionaries  with  their 


AT  THE  KEXDEZVOUS. 


68a 


cattle  were  obliged  to  halt  before  reacbliiL^  camp,  ]>iit 
came  up  witl")ut  serious  loss  next  moi'uiiiL;'. 

Down  this  stream  they  went  with  nothinj;'  for  their 
stock  but  short  dry  <^rass,  which  however  poor  for 
civilizeil  animals  sustained  large  herds  of  bulfaloes, 
which  were  here  seen.  They  reached  Green  Itiver, 
sometimes  called  the  Siskadee,  and  again  the  Seeds- 
keeder,  clear,  deej),  rapid,  and  beautiful,  on  the  IDth. 
Here,  roaming  the  thoughtful  solitude,  gun  in  hand, 
our  professor  sj)ent  the  day,  while  the  c()m[)any  unex- 
]»eetedly  moved  on  to  better  pastures.  In  following 
them  the  unfortunate  ornithologist  was  obliged  to 
swim  his  horse  across  the  stream,  in  which  perform- 
ance his  coat,  containing  his  notes,  was  lost,  and  a 
fever  contracted  which  resulted  in  several  days  of 
severe  suffering.  Wyeth's  party  had  now  reached  the 
rendezvous,  which  was  in  a  small  rich  valley  or  l)asin 
sunk  into  the  plain  and  surrounded  by  low,  yellow, 
clay  bluffs,  in  the  vicinity  of  Green  llivcr  and  Ham 
Branch.  Beyond  the  little  bluffs  on  every  side 
stretched  out  the  broad  praii'ic  bi'oken  only  by  scatter- 
ing buttes  and  distant  mountain  i)eaks.  The  river  was 
full  of  fish,  and  the  plains  of  buffalo,  antelope,  and  elk. 

At  the  rendezvous  there  were  the  usual  feasting, 
iiu'hting,  and  tralHckinuf.  The  Slioshones,  Xez  Perces, 
and  Bannacks,  besides  half-breeds,  voyageurs,  and  free 
trap])ers  were  there,  with  the  results  of  their  year's 
hunting,  hungry  for  the  intoxication  of  rum  and  other 
excitement.  Besides  Wyeth,  many  other  leaders  were 
there,  Fitzpatrick,  Serre,  and  William  Sublette,  the 
last-ari'ived  company  encam})ing  about  a  mile  distant 
from  the  others.  Two  English  pleasure-seekei-s  joined 
Captain  Wyeth's  party  at  the  rendezvous,  Stewart, 
nobleman  and  gentleman,  and  one  Ashworth. 

There  was  the  usual  mixture  of  mirth  and  nuuxler 
brooding,  of  obstreperous  jollity,  whooping,  I'oaring, 
and  woliish  snarling.  The  cataracts  of  hybrid  oaths 
in  the  hiccoughed  jargon  of  Indian,  French,  and 
English,  were  enough  to  puzzle  Satan. 


m 


WYETH'S  SECOND  ADVENTURE. 


Prices  of  f^ooda  packed  so  far  to  this  point,  attended 
by  all  the  risks  and  discomforts  of  a  two  months' 
journey,  were  enormous.  Upon  a  beaver-skin  stand- 
ard, which  naturally  })laced  the  price  of  i^eltries  i'ar 
below  their  cash  value  in  the  eastern  market,  alcoliol 
diluted  with  water,  which  was  the  current  intoxicat- 
ing liquid,  sold  at  three  dollars  a  pint,  and  tobacco 
worth  ten  cents  a  pound  in  Philadelphia  here  brought 
two  dollars.  Other  things  were  in  proportion,  though 
these  were  staples;  it  would  be  indeed  tamo  trading 
without  li([Uor  and  tobacco,  something  which  for  a 
moment  would  demonize  the  man  and  make  him 
lunatic.  Reason  they  regarded  ordinarily  a  good 
thing,  but  on  occasions  it  was  grand  to  lay  it  aside. 

Striking  tents  the  2d  of  July,  with  refreshed  horses 
though  without  the  letters  it  was  hoped  subsequent 
arrivals  would  bring  from  home,  Wyeth  and  party 
took  up  their  journey  westward  along  ITam  Branch 
through  an  o[)en  hilly  plain  relieved  by  clumps  of  cot- 
ton wood  and  poplar,  and  willow  water  fringes. 

They  cross  the  hills  to  the  north-west  on  the  4tli 
and  strike  Muddy  Creek,*'  an  humble  tributary  of 
Bear  River,  which  f^ow^s  into  the  sombre  Great  Salt 
Lake;  then  on  until  they  enter  a  cooing  meadow 
of  tall  waving  grass,  under  cover  of  which  gently 
throbs  one  of  nature's  tiny  pellucid  veins,  a  purling 
brook,  where  camping  and  knocking  the  heads  out  of 
the  liquor-kegs  the  bacchanals  of  the  rendezvous  are 
reenacted  in  honor  of  the  day.  Strange  that  our 
mind-awakeninof  and  soul-clevatinc^  institutions  cannot 
be  adequately  remembered  even  in  forest  festivities 
without  liquid  brain-besotting  poison,  packed  on  horses 
a  thousand  miles  and  more  throufjh  a  savage  wilder- 
ness!  Look  where  we  will  throucfhout  the  realm  of 
nature,  only  m  mind-developing  man  do  w^e  find  the 
ripest  fools. 

To  avoid  the  great  bend  in  Bear  River  they  here,  on 

"  This  name  has  since  been  thrown  westward  about  ten  leagues  across  the 
great  bend,  where  it  alighted  on  another  stream  south  of  Loguii. 


SITE  OF  FORT  HALL. 


;alt 


of 
the 

on 

tho 


the  5th,  cross  through  lofty  hills,  round  hasiilt  cliffs 
and  columns,  and  between  rugged  valleys  and  dusty 
alluvial  pla  ..s  covered  with  a  short  dry  grass  so  jioor 
that  a  ton  of  it  would  scarcely  bi'ing  back  to  the  bare 
ribs  of  the  poor  animals  a  pound  of  the  ilesh  which 
they  had  lost,  and  encamp  the  8th  near  the  white 
clay  pits  on  Bear  River,  where  little  mounds  of  cal- 
careous sinter  mingled  with  eruptive  thermal  springs 
and  waterless  gas-jets  cover  the  sickly  plain. 

Next  day  there  came  into  camp  Thomas  INIcKay, 
whose  party  of  Indians  and  Canadians  were  hunting 
in  the  vicinity.  These  wilds  at  present  were  almost 
as  full  of  business  as  an  exchange.  On  the  10th  was 
encountered  Bonneville's  party  resting  in  a  sunken 
spot  on  tlie  lava  plain,  which  was  here  surrounded  by 
hii^h  basaltic  dikes  full  of  large  caves.  Tliese  men  liad 
Ijeen  u[)on  a  long  march,  and  they  were  now  lolling 
with  tethered  horses,  napping,  playing  cards,  or  other- 
wise passing  the  time. 

Wyeth  and  Stewart  called  upon  the  Bald  Chief 
in  his  lodo'c.  A  keg  of  methcglin,  a  choice  drink  in 
these  thirsty  parts,  was  placed  before  tlie  visitors,  who 
never  rose  to  go  until  a  hollow  sound  from  the  keg 
and  the  host's  luo'ubrious  smile  warned  them  of  the 
approaching  end  of  the  precious  beverage. 

Tho  party  encamped  the  11th  on  a  brancli  of  the 
]31ackfoot,  near  tlie  Portneuf,  with  the  tlu-eo  Buttes, 
or  Tctons,  in  sight,  the  12th  on  Boss  Biver,  and  the 
14th  on  Snake  Biver.  Here  they  rested,  for  Wyeth 
had  now  reached  the  country  where  he  thought  his 
interior  post  should  be  located.  A  charming  spot  ibr 
the  purpose  was  found  in  the  midst  of  a  rich  grassy 
plain  on  the  south  bank  of  tlie  Portneuf  Biver,  tho 
opposite  side  of  which  was  covered  with  large  cotton- 
wood  and  willow  trees  rising  from  a  thick  undori>rowth 
of  the  same,  mixed  with  currant  and  service -berry 
bushes.^ 

'  Fort  Hall,  as  permanently  placed,  was  on  the  east  bank  of  Snake  River,  a 
little  (listauce  north  of  the  Portneuf. 


086 


wvirrirs  si:coxd  adventurk. 


All  was  now  activity.  Part  wore  ])iit  to  work  fell- 
iiiLf  trees,  s(jiiariii_i(  log^*,  iiiakiiii^  cori'als  lor  the  horses 
and  lioust>s  for  tlienu'H.  A  party  of  twelve,  eoinposeil 
of  those  less  averse  to  the  gentlemanly  avocation  of 
iinhting  and  ImntiniL^  than  to  log  hewing  and  rolling, 
were  sent  out  to  bring  in  fo(xl  for  the  cam]).  The 
]51ackfeet  were  here  hostile.  Seklom  United  States 
trappers  were  without  a  savage  enemy;  the  Canadians 
and  En<dish  managed  things  dilferentlv. 

While  the  hunting  party  were  coating  a  buftalo 
which  they  had  killed  at  their  first  haltinij'-place  ou 
Iloss  River,  one  of  their  nundjer,  a  little  Welshman, 
wlio  had  l)een  sent  to  watch  the  hoi'ses,  came  rushing 
back  crying  in  aftrighted  falsetto,  "  Indians  I  Indians ! " 
Instantly  every  man  was  on  his  feet  with  gun  in  hand 
ready  to  repel  attack.  Presently  a  loud  laugh  and 
muttered  curse  simultaneously  brt)ke  from  llicliardson, 
the  leader  of  the  party,  as  the  main  body  of  jMcKay's 
retainers  hobbled  warily  in  view. 

Falstaff's  recruits  were  a  handsome  set  beside  them. 
On  Kichardson's  shouting  a  jargon  greeting,  the  leader 
of  IMcKay's  band,  a  Canadian  of  tamed  coyote  phys- 
iognomy, gaudily  arrayed  in  scarlet  sash  and  ribboned 
hat,  and  two  Indian  aids  likewise  decked  in  rainb(jw 
hues,  dashed  into  camp,  threw  themselves  from  their 
horses,  and  attacked  the  remaining  viands  with  hearty 
cordiality.  Soon  the  i-est  of  the  party,  consisting  of 
some  thirty  half-blanketed  natives  and  mongrel  young 
men,  came  up  flaunting  their  tawdry  apparel,  which 
in  some  instances  was  so  torn  as  scarcely  to  cover  tin- 
wearers.  And  rapidly  down  their  throats  disappeared 
huge  masses  of  sa\(^ry  hump-rib,  side-rib,  and  lle«n,e 
meat,  the  Canadians  eating  voraciously  like  wolves, 
the  savages  with  a  sedate  dignity  filling  themselves 
niore  slowly  but  none  the  less  thorougldy. 

Ten  days  sufHced  the  hunters  to  kill  and  dry  all  tlic 
bufl'alo-mcat  their  animals  could  cai-ry  to  the  newly 
erected  fort.  When  a  buflalo  was  killed,  the  best  parts 
were  cut  into  stiips  and  placed  on  scafiblds  to  dry, 


FOUNDING  OF  FORT  HALL. 


C87 


ilir 

aits 
dry, 


aftor  which  the  luout  was  tied  \\[)  in  huiKh'i-d-poiind 
halos  roady  for  use  or  transportation.  Thi;  food  of  tho 
hunters  consistt'd  of  nothing  i)iit  frosh  huffalo-nwat 
and  Avati.'r,  and  this  our  scii-ntists  and  pleasurc-hning 
gontlcnu'n  n(^w  pronouni'fd  the  \>vst  food  in  the  world. 
J^ossihly  in  that  rougli  lil'c  of  exciting  exercise  in 
mountain  air  their  stomachs  might  even  have  diu'ested 
good  roast  beef  and  }ihun-pudding.  The  evenings  tlicy 
•spent  in  telling  stories,  each  striving  to  be  best  by 
ti.lling  the  l)iggest;  though  now  and  then  the  s])eaker's 
tremulous  voii-e  and  dinuned  eye  as  he  spoke  of  distant 
wife  or  mother,  or  of  a  friend  brutishly  slaughtered 
for  his  I'urs  by  some  lurking  foe  or  trusted  companion, 
denoted  more  feeling  than  the  sj»eaker  cared  to  show. 

A  mountain  salute,  that  is,  all  the  guns  Hred  one 
after  the  other  in  quick  succession  as  they  apj)roaclK'd 
the  fort,  broujjfht  every  man  to  his  feet,  for  thev  had 
been  fasting  and  wore  then  on  short  allowance.  Mc- 
Kay's Jiai'ty  was  camped  a  short  distance  from  the 
fort.  Although  the  fort-builders  had  few  tools,  they 
did  remarkably  good  work  as  tJie  new  finished  stockade 
and  two  bastions  testified.  It  was  named  Fort  Hall, 
and  became  famous  in  overland  emigrant  travel. 

Cantonment  Leavenworth  on  the  Missouri  was 
prior  to  this  the  frontier  post  of  the  United  States. 
The  building,  at  this  time,  of  a  substantial  fort  mid- 
way between  Leavenworth  and  the  mouth  of  the 
Columbia  by  Americans,  though  the  establishment 
afterward  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Hudson's  Bay 
Company,  for  a  time  was  a  very  important  affair.  Jt 
was  more  than  a  mere  half-way  house  for  trap[)ers;  it 
signified  occu[)ation,  domination.  All  this  i-egion  was 
still  debatable  ground,  and  every  move  of  this  kind 
had  its  inlluence  in  subsequently  fixing  the  dividing 
line  between  British  and  L'^niteil  States  domain.'^ 

*The  post  licoiimc  famous,  and  performed  good  service  during  tiio  scvovnl 
great  overland  oniij^'nitions.  Tlie  emigrant  trail  ^va^^  made  to  pass  by  it ;  it 
was  near  to  tlie  Great  Salt  Lake,  was  central,  and  valuable  in  scoi-es  of  'Vjiys. 
From  this  point  in  time  radiated  roads  in  every  direction:  tc  Missouri,  toCal- 
iforui;',  to  Utah,  to  Oregon,  and  to  British  Columbia.     In  his  testimony,  JJ, 


5S8 


WYETH'S  SECOND  ADVENTURE. 


I 


The  admirable  training  of  McKay's  men  was  sub- 
jec\>  of  remark,  being  different  as  regarded  subor- 
dination and  decorum  from  Wyeth's,  and  indeed  any 
United  States  company.  It  was  composed  nearly 
half  of  Indians,  and  so  religious  were  they  that  from 
one  to  two  hours  were  often  spent  at  their  devotions, 
which  were  conducted  earnestly,  soberly,  and  wholly 
after  their  own  fashion. 

Sunday,  the  27th  of  July  1834,  Jason  Lee,"  by 
I'equest,  preached  before  the  two  companies  in  the 
forest  adjacent,  being  the  first  Christian  religious  ser- 
vices performed  at  Fort  Hall. 

Leo  and  his  brother  missionaries,  in  order  that  his 
horned  cattle  might  have  more  time  for  their  weary 
journey,  lel't  Fort  Hall  ibr  Fort  Vancouver  on  the  oOth 
of  July  in  company  with  Stewart  and  McKay's  party. 
Cheers  and  three  volleys  of  fire-arms,  expressive  of 
hearty  good  wishes,  followed  them  as  they  rode  off. 

The  fort  was  completed.  The  5th  of  August  at  sun- 
rise the  United  States  flag  floated  from  the  fla^'-staff, 
round  which  the  entire  com[)any  collected  whWo.  a 
salute  was  fired.  One  more  mammon  temple  had  been 
reared  in  the  wilderness.  In  the  region  round,  about 
as  much  of  man  and  as  little  of  God  as  possible  here- 
after should  follow.  In  the  dedication  of  the  temple 
the  day  was  given  up  to  debauchery.  Vilely  immoral 
men  were  given  as  much  vile  drink  as  they  could 
stagger  imder;  and  when  the  sun  set  on  a  day  of 
besotted  indulgence  with  its  jtistollings,  fisticufiings, 
head-mashings,  and  cye-gouglngs,  commerce  wassatis- 

J{.  Co.  Ei:,II.B.  Co.  Clubnn,  !.'>;(,  in  180.'),  AnqusMcDonulil  valued  tlic  fort  and 
landa  belon^^'in;^  to  it  at  )?1,000,()(>().  It  was  near  the  old  war  ground  of  {\u- 
IJlackfeet,  Snake,  and  Crows,  ami  preventeil  many  a  massacre.  It  was  sev- 
eral times  attaeked  and  ni'arly  Lunieil,  liut  stood  to  its  luity  nobly. 

" '  Jlr  Lee  is  a  groat  favorite  with  the  men,  deservedly  ho,  and  there  arc 
probably  few  persona  to  whoso  preaching  they  would  have  listened  witli  so 
much  complai.sance.  I  juive  often  been  amuseil  and  pleaseilby  Mr  Ja'c's  man- 
ner of  reproving  them  for  the  coarseness  and  profanity  of  expression  whidi  is 
so  universal  amongst  them.  The  reproof,  although  decided,  clear,  and  strong, 
is  alway.s  eharactei'ized  by  the  mildness  and  afl'eetionatc  manner  j)eeuliar  to 
the  man,  and  although  the  good  elleet  of  the  advice  may  not  be  disci  raible, 
yet  it  is  always  treated  with  respect,  audita  utility  acknowledged.'  tii^oJJiist. 
Or.,  Ihia  ueriua. 


IX  THE  MOUNTAINS. 


S89 


fied.  It  seems  that  the  devil  does  not  reserve  all 
Avickodncss  for  reli<xion. 

Leaving  a  few  men  in  charge,  Wyeth  and  his  com- 
pany, ct)nsisting  now  of  thirty  men,  some  Indian 
women,  and  one  hundred  and  sixteen  horses,  set  out 
from  Fort  Hall  at  11  o'clock  the  Gth  of  Auijust. 
Crossing  Snake  River,  which  is  hero  as  wide  as  the 
^lissouri  at  Independence,  and  ])roceeding  westward 
tlirough  a  sandy  plain,  jagged  with  lava  masses  and 
covered  with  wormwood,  they  enter  the  heart  of  the 
Blackfoot  country,  the  most  dangerous  wild  west  of 
tlic  Ilocky  ^Mountains.  Nor  is  it  less  scourging  than 
dangerous.  There  are  days  when  not  a  shrub  is  seen 
to  break  the  rays  of  the  merciless  sun,  nor  yet  a  blade 
of  grass  or  a  drop  of  water.  Men  chew  bullets  and 
l)cbbles  to  keep  their  tongues  from  cracking,  and  the 
poor  brutes  stagger  from  faintness. 

On  Goddin  Creek,  so  called  from  a  Canadian  killed 
there  by  the  Blackfeet,  they  hnd  some  good  pasture; 
tlien  over  a  lava  and  wormwood  plain  again,  and 
through  an  exceedingly  rugged  mountain  doliio  into  a 
well  watered  grassy  plain  filled  with  currant  and  lunry 
l)uslies,  and  bordered  by  snow-topped  ridges  yielding 
greenstone,  chalcedony,  and  agate.  They  now  enter 
tlie  plains  of  endless  sage  with  here  willow-fringed 
streandets  and  little  oases  of  vegetation,  and  there  a 
surface  absolutely  demided;  and  after  a  gap  between 
liigh  mountains  thickly  covered  with  pines,  a  rest  in  a 
western  Eden  is  attained,  while  Wyctii  and  Richard- 
son explore  the  inexorable  mountains  in  which  they 
now  tuid  tliemse1\<^s  locked,  but  failing  to  discover  an 
outlet  they  return  to  camp.  Turning  back  the  i;5tli 
tliey  follow  tluMr  track  of  yesterday  until  out  of 
the  mountains,  when  they  try  another  passage  of  tlio 
ridge  with  better  success,  and  camp  that  night  on  the 
Malade  River  in  a  willow-covereil  valley  tilled  with 
ir<'".  some  beavers.  Some  friendly  Shoshones  on  their 
way  to  the  butfalo  country  visit  Wyeth's  camp,  and 
smoke,  receive  presents,  and  direct  him  on  his  way. 


000 


WYETirS  SECOND  ADVEXTURE. 


Camass  Prairio  abounding  in  tlio  esculent  root'" 
M-hieli  gives  it  the  name,  is  reached  the  17th,  where 
cani))ing  on  the  bank  of  the  Malade  the  company  is 
quickly  scattered  over  the  pa.,ch,  digging  with  their 
fi.igers  and  filling  their  kettles  with  this  palatable  and 
wholesome  vegetable. 

On  the  19th,  Boise  River,  crammed  with  salmon,  is 
reached,  along  the  high  rocky  bank  of  wdiich  they 
travel  next  day,  meeting  several  bands  of  Shoshones, 
who  seem  delijj^hted  at  the  coming  of  the  white  man 
to  give  them  beads,  blankets,  and  rum. 

They  cross  Snake  liiver  near  old  Fort  Boise,  on 
the  23d,  and  the  next  day  camp  on  the  rich  plains  of 
Malheur  River.  Thence  Richardson  w^ith  eight  men 
is  despatched  on  a  trapping  expedition  up  the  river 
and  across  the  country,  with  orders  to  join  Wyetli  ai 
the  fort  on  the  Columbia  early  the  following  winter. 

They  reached  Powder  River  the  28th,  and  on  the 
31st  arrived  at  Grande  Ronde,  where  tliey  found 
Bonneville  and  his  company.  This  amateur  forester, 
with  a  troop  of  Nez  Perces  and  Cay  uses  at  his  heels, 
visited  Wyeth's  camp,  and  by  his  broad  genial  good- 
humor,  w4iich  then  happily  possessed  him,  and  liis 
French  manners,  created  a  favorable  impression. 
jMeanwhile  flitting  in  the  distance  astride  a  sleek  bay 
horse  ga3'ly  caparisoned,  the  mane  and  tail  tied  full 
of  scarlet  and  blue  ribbons,  was  a  beautiful  damsel 
glittering  in  finery,  loaded  with  bells,  beads,  and  rings 
fastened  to  broad  bands  of  scarlet  cloth,  and  wlio 
managed  her  horse  as  being  part  of  it,  but  held  alitof 
as  the  property  of  one  who  brooked  no  familiarity  in 
the  matter  of  mistresses. 

Midst  much  suffering  from  thirst  the  zigzag  [)as- 
sage  of  the  Blue  Mountains,  an  extensive  and  densely 
pine-covered  chain,  difficult  in  overcoming,  and  thrown 
across  the  trail  between  the  great  dividing  ridge  and 
the  Cascades  for  the  further  perfection  of  emigrant 

'"  Somewhat  resembles  the  taste  of  the  commoi  potato.  This  as  well  i'a 
another  root  when  fermented  and  baked  is  niiicli  esteemed  by  the  Iiidiaiis. 
Toivuscnd's  jVar.,  12G. 


AERIVAL  AT  FORT  VAXCOU^'ER. 


501 


on 


hi. 


patience,  is  made  by  tho  1st  (if  Soptombor.  Xcxt  day 
they  reach  tho  Umatilla  River,  where,  preparatory  t<» 
meeting  Pacific  slope  nabobs,  they  shave,  leaving  tlie 
lower  part  of  the  face  white  as  a  woman's  while  the 
upper  i)art  is  as  swarthy  as  that  of  an  Indian. 

Away  from  rugged  mountains,  over  a  broad  undu- 
latin;^  country,  under  a  brii;ht  sun,  and  under  drv, 
l)racing,  elastic  air,  on  tho  3d  they  reach  the  Walla 
Walla  River,  between  whose  willow-shaded  banks  tho 
happy  salmon  leap  in  delight.  Resting  the  horses 
for  an  hour  in  a  delightful  pasture,  tliey  continue 
along  the  stream,  and  shortly  after,  on  ascending  <i, 
sandy  eminence, the  generous  Columbia  reveals  itself 

Lewis  and  Clarke  and  their  wintering  of  1805-0 
was  the  first  thoui^ht,  for  their  Travch  was  the  Ore- 
gon  adventurer's  text-book  then.  It  was,  indeed,  a 
pleasant  sight  this  princely  stream,  after  four  numths 
of  desert  and  wilderness  wanderings.  Before  them  on 
its  bank  stood  tho  fort,  while  the  cattle  of  good  Par- 
son Loo  luxuriated  under  the  grassy  shade  of  little- 
Walla  Walla's  willows.  Stewed  hare  was  set  Ijefoi-t^ 
tho  newcomers  by  the  hospitable  missionary,  whos(i 
journey  from  Fort  Hall  had  been  without  startling 
incident. 

The  missionaries  had  already  engaged  a  barge  to 
take  them  and  their  baggage  dow'n  the  river;  Wyeth, 
Stewart,  and  Ashworth  accompanied  them,  but  the 
t\V('  scientists  were  obliged  to  make  the  journey  to  tlu^ 
.D..II0S  on  horseback,  there  being  no  room  for  them  in 
l"he  boat.  Indian  life,  a  somewhat  monotonous  trail, 
■X  few  wild  horses,  and  a  little  trading  occupied  thr 
V  -v  .ivatioii  of  travellers  at  this  time.  At  the  ])all('s 
tho  peo[)le  lefo  their  horses  in  charge  of  an  Indian 
chief,  pronounced  trustworthy  by  Wyeth  who  knew 
him, 

Below  the  Dalles  canoes  wore  provided,  most  of 
which  were  dashed  in  pieces  in  the  Cascades,  Wyeth 
and  his  crew  havins:  to  battle  for  their  lives.  Just 
below  the  Cascades,  the  missionaries,  in  a  bedraggled 


502 


WYETH'S  SECOXD  ADVENTURE. 


condition, were  overtaken  by  the  lear  party.  Finally 
canoes  were  procured  from  the  natives  and  they  were 
taken  to  Fori  Vancouver,  where  they  arrived  the  IGth 
of  September  1834.  Leo  had  preceded  the  scien- 
tists and  was  on  the  bank  in  front  of  the  fort  with 
McLoughlin,to  receive  and  introduce  them. 

The  Lees  proceeded  at  once  in  search  of  a  place  for 
a  station,  and  found  what  seemed  suitable  above  the 
falls  of  the  Willamette,  about  sixty  miles  south  of 
Fort  Vancouver.  Then  they  returned  and  held  divine 
service  at  the  fort  the  25th  of  September. 

Wyeth  did  not  tarry  long  at  Fort  Vancouver,  but 
hastenc^^  lown  the  river  to  meet  Captain  Lambert 
and  the  I  ^lacre;  for  luckily  the  overland  party 
and  the  bi  rrived  at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia 
almost  simuilaneously.  Besides  the  freij:^ht  for  the 
Columbia  River  Fishing  and  Trading  Company,  on 
board  this  ship  Avere  the  goods  of  the  missionaries, 
and  all  were  in  great  glee  over  the  opportune  arrival. 
Mooring;  his  vessel  fore  and  aft  to  a  larcjc  rock  near 
the  lower  entrance  to  the  Willamette,  Wyeth  was 
soon  after  seen  rowing  up  the  river  in  fine  style  in 
one  of  tho  ship's  boats  manned  by  eight  oarsmen,  five 
of  whom  were  Kanakas. 

Wj'eth's  first  duty  now  was  to  determine  upon  the 
location  of  his  establishment.  He  had  made  some 
observations  to  that  end,  but  he  was  not  j'et  wholly 
satisfied.  Takinsf  with  him  the  two  scientists,  he 
embarked  in  his  boat  the  29th,  passed  round  Wapa- 
to  Island,  and  began  the  ascent  of  the  Willamette, 
carefully  examining  the  banks  on  either  side.  He 
would  prefer  for  his  station  the  head  of  ocean  naviga- 
tion on  the  Willamette,  as  better  commanding  the 
valley  and  being  more  beyond  the  immediate  influence 
of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company.  The  falls  of  the 
Willamette,  where  now  stands  Oregon  City,  woukl 
have  suited  him  in  many  respects,  but  he  did  not 
wish  directly  to  interfere  with  the  plansof  McLoughlin. 
All  things  considered,  he  finally  fixed  upon  the  lower 


lORT  WILLIAM. 


603 


cufl  of  Wapato,  now  called  Sauve,  Island,  near  wlicro 
liis  vessel  was  moored,  as  the  place  lor  the  future 
American  metropolis  on  the  Columbia, 

Ileturning  to  the  vessel  lie  made  immediate  prepara- 
tions for  occupying  that  point.  Erecting  a  temporary 
storehouse  of  twigs  thatched  with  grass,  the  live- 
stock was  first  landed,  then  the  goods;  and  soon  the 
place  presented  an  unique  appearance.  ]\Iore  ground 
M'as  cleared  and  other  huts  thrown  up  on  either  side 
of  what  some  day  should  be  a  street,  through  which 
now  I'oamed  at  largo  pigs  and  poultry,  sheep  and  goats. 
The  carpenter,  the  cooper,  the  blacksmith,  and  other 
artisans  were  soon  at  work.  Logs  and  boards  for 
more  solid  structures  were  gotten  out,  and  the  wild- 
tangled  river  ba.ik  was  being  rapidly  transformed  into 
a  place  habitable  for  civilized  man.  The  seieutists 
domiciled  themselves  with  Wyeth  on  the  brig,  and 
tlience  pursued  their  researches,  pressing  plants,  and 
shooting  birds  and  C[uadrupeds  and  preparing  their 
skins  for  preservation;  the  natives  at  first  refusetl  to 
visit  the  vessel  lest  they  should  catch  a  disease"  thou 
prevalent,  but  in  time  their  fears  were  dissipated, 
and  their  presence  became  more  troublesome  than  had 
)»een  their  absence. 

IMeanwhile  it  was  arranged  that  while  Wyeth 
loturncd  to  Fort  Hall  to  look  after  matters  there,  the 
])ri(j:  should  make  a  voyaii'e  to  the  Sandwich  Islands, 
;iiid  the  scientists  resolved  to  accompany  it.  Think- 
ing to  try  Kanakas  with  forest  life,  Wyeth  took  with 
him  twelve,  but  they  deserted  him  at  Walla  Walla, 
each  taking  a  horse  to  ride.  Wyeth  innnediately 
M'rotc  McLoughlin  of  the  circumstance. 

The  3d  of  December,  as  the  Mai/  Dae  re  dropped 
down  the  river,  a  one-eyed  Cowlitz  named  Geor<>"e 
boarded  the  vessel,  and  presented  credentials  signed 
by  Captain  McNeill  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company, 

"  A  species  of  the  ague  and  fcvnr  then  racing.    '  Tlio  symptoms  arc  a  gen- 
eral coldness,  soreness,  and  stiffness  of  the  limhs  and  the  body,  with  violent 
tirtian  ague.'   Toirinfrud'n  2ii'nr.,  178. 
UisT.  N.  W.  COABT,  Vol.  U.    38 


■ 


.'94 


WYETH'S  SECOND  ADVENTURE. 


recommending  tlic  bearer  as  a  pilot.  An  engagement 
was  quickly  made,  in  efl'ect  that  for  four  bottles  of 
rum  (jreorgc  was  safely  to  guide  the  vessel  to  tin- 
ocean,  and  for  every  time  she  struck  one  bottle  Mas 
to  1)0  deducted.  Taking  his  position  upon  the  bow, 
he  proved  fully  as  efficient  as  those  who  now,  for 
form's  sake,  and  to  secure  an  unearned  fee,  pilot  ves- 
sels into  and  out  of  well  known  and  safe  harbors. 
One  single  word  was  sufficient,  oolcook,  here;  his 
finger  did  the  rest,  and  told  where  'here'  was. 

Anchorin2f  off  Astoria  on  the  8th,  a  visit  was  madi- 
to  Fort  George,  already  well  nigh  lost  under  the 
foliajTfe  of  the  encroachinjx  forest.^'"  A  little  tradin<j: 
was  still  carried  on  with  the  natives  by  the  solitary 
white  man  who  occupied  the  old  hewn  board  house, 
but  most  of  the  traffic  went  to  Fort  Vancouver.  As 
they  were  passing  out  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  they 
met  a  Hudson's  Bay  Company's  coaster,  having  on 
board  C'hief  Factor  Ogden,  two  months  from  Nas^s, 
usually  an  eight  days'  voyage. 

On  the  IGth  of  April  18.35,  the  Maji  Dacve  en- 
tered tlie  Columbia,  just  returned  from  the  Hawaiian 
Islands.  Townsend  made  many  excursions  for  birds, 
beasts,  and  fishes  in  varic^us  directions.  Finally  set- 
ting sail  in  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company's  bark  Colum- 
hia,  Captain  Royal,  the  21st  of  November  1830,  ho 
again  visited  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  and  thence  pro- 
ceeded to  Valparaiso,  where  on  the  2 2d  of  August 
1837  he  reembarked  on  board  the  brig  B.  Mez'ick, 
Captain  ISIartin,  for  Philadelphia,  where  he  landed 
the  17th  of  November. 

Work  continued  on  Wapato  Island  during  the  win- 
ter of  1834-5;  a  salmon  fishery  was  started,  and  sev- 
eral substantial  log-houses  were  erected,  over  which 
Wyeth,  on  his  return,  raised  the  United  States  fiag, 
and  christened  the  place  Fort  William.     In  Wyeths 

'- '  The  spot  where  once  the  fine  partcirc  overlooked  the  river,  and  tlie 
bold  stockade  enclosed  the  neat  ami  substantial  fort,  is  now  overgrown  with 
weeds  and  l)us]ies,  and  can  scarce  l)c  distinguislied  from  tlie  primeval  forest 
which  surrounds  it  on  every  side.'  Towufcnd's  Xur.,  1S2. 


WESTERN  DIPLOMACY.  oC.l 

absence  Walker,  the  quasi  niissionary,  acted  as  super- 
intendent,  turning'  as  many  men  as  possible  into  coop- 
ers, and  keeping  them  closely  at  work  making  barrels 
Ibr  the  anticipated  great  catch. 

But  the  business  was  not  profitable.  While  the 
people  at  Fort  Vancouver  extended  to  him  every  cour- 
tesy, they  could  not  look  with  favor  upon  a  large  com- 
peting establishment  so  nearly  opposite  them  on  the 
river.  Salmon-catching  they  did  not  so  much  object 
to,  but  they  would  not  sec  their  fur-trade  ruined  if 
they  could  prevent  it.  Though  they  liked  W^-eth 
well  enough,  he  should  not  undersell  them;  he  should 
not  draw  the  natives  from  them.  Hence,  against  this 
l>owerful  organizaticm,  with  a  score  or  so  of  posts, 
with  hundreds  of  experienced  servants,  and  a  thor- 
oughly systematized  business,  it  was  ])lain  to  })erceiv<! 
that  buying  peltries  could  not  be  made  profitable. 

IIow  was  it  with  regard  to  sinji^lc  individuals?  The 
condition  of  a  man  cut  loose  from  the  protection 
of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  in  Oregon,  at  this 
jteriod,  unless  employed  and  furnished  by  one  of  the 
American  companies,  of  whom  there  were  none  ex- 
cept Wyeth's  on  the  lower  Columlua,  was  worse  than 
that  of  the  savao-o.  For  the  savaixe  having  grown 
up  in  the  endurance  of  privations  is  better  able  to 
submit  to  them,  and  when  compelled  to  live  upon  the 
scant  bounty  of  uncivilized  nature,  or  to  clothe  himself 
with  skins  of  animals  and  bark  of  trees,  accepts  the 
necessity  with  resignation,  and  suft'ers  Init  little  in 
comparison  with  the  miseries  of  his  white  brother 
under  the  same  circumstances. 

From  the  veryfirst,^IcLoughlinwassatisfied  thatthe 
Columbia  Biver  Fishintjjand  Tradini''  Couipanv  would 
])rove  a  failure;  nay,  he  was  determined  it  should  be  so. 
Jiesides  discouraixintj:  the  nati>'es  of  the  lower  Colum- 
I'ia  from  trading  at  Fort  William  or  assisting  hi 
ci'tching  salmon  for  the  Americans,  innnediately  after 
Iho  erection  of  Fort  Hall  the  Hudson's  Bay  Com- 
])any  plai\ted  a  rival  establishment  in  that  vicinity. 


rm 


WYETirS  SECOND  ADVENTUIIE. 


Thoy  did  not  l)uild  immediately  contiguous,  as  was 
often  the  case  elsewliere,  but  placed  Fort  IJoiscV' 
as  they  called  the  post,  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Snake 
River,  midway  between  Boise  and  Payette  rivers, 
tliiidiing  that  by  taking  a  position  somewhat  to  the 
westward  of  the  American  ])ost,  they  might  the  better 
cut  oif  and  oppose  the  Pacific  trade. 

The  missionaries  blamed  McLoughlin  for  this,  but 
Wyeth  did  not.  His  business  instincts  and  native 
manliness  told  him  that  his  Fort  Vancouver  friend 
could  not  do  otherwise:  that  the  manacfer  of  Hudson's 
Bay  affairs  nuist  act  with  all  honorable  aggression  foi- 
his  company.  To  certain  practices  growing  out  of 
the  strong  com[)etition  on  Snake  River,  Wyeth  in  a 
memorial  to  congress  took  exceptions.  He  did  not 
hesitate  freely  to  condenm  purchasing  furs  from  hired 
men.  Here  the  Americans  did  the  same,  he  said, 
but  the  Enijlish  began  it.  As  for  McLouijhlin  sane- 
tioning  such  a  practice,  Wyeth  well  knew  that  the 
old  gentleman  would  as  soon  have  thouixht  of  settiiiu' 
up  a  shop  for  the  purchase  of  stolen  goods. 

Salmon-fishing  alone  of  all  their  brilliant  schemes 
was  then  left  to  the  Columbia  River  Fishinij:  and 
Trading  Company;  and  this  industry  in  order  to  ha 
profitable  on  a  large  scale  required  experience  and 
l)roper  appliances.  The  Chinook  could  take  three  fisli 
out  of  the  Columbia  while  the  New  Englander  took 
out  one;  but  instead  of  assisting  the  Bostons  of  W^apato 
Island,  the  Chinooks  opposed  them.  Then  the  nets 
of  the  New  Englanders  were  not  of  the  rifjht  kind; 
other  of  their  appliances  would  not  work;  some  ([uar- 
I'elled,"  some  were  murdered,  eight  were  drowned  at 

'•''A  parallelogram  100  feet  on  one  side,  adobe  M'alls.  Gray,  Hiit.  Or.,  140, 
vlio  was  there  in  1830,  calls  it  .a  miserable  pen  of  a  place,  consisting  of  cottmi- 
wood  polos  and  crooked  sticks  set  in  a  trench.  It  certainly  possessed  no 
iniporfaince,  except  in  the  way  of  opposition,  and  fell  into  decay  soon  after  tlic 
purchase  by  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  of  Fort  Hall.  See  further,  Lcr  ui'd 
/'nW.f  Ur.,  -210;  Eraii-i'  Jlist.  Or.,  MS.,  180. 

"Here  is  one  incident  illustrative  of  the  insane  way  men  M'ill  sometinns 
behave  in  such  an  emergency.  Thomburg,  the  tailor  at  Fort  William,  ^\as  a 
vindictive  man  and  general  bad  character.  So  strong  were  his  cravings  fui' 
the  sweets  of  iutoxication,  tliat  in  the  absence  of  the  owner  he  drank  the 


FAILURES. 


597 


one  time;  and  before  half  a  cargo  for  the  ^[(il|  Dacre 
luul  been  secured,  Wyetli  feared  for  tlie  pockets  of 
lii.s  ]3oston  associates. 

Trap[)ing  in  the  region  round  Fort  Hall  met  with 
no  better  success.  A  band  of  Blackfcet  fell  upon  a 
party  under  Thing,  and  after  hilling  several  of  the 
men,  secured  a  large  booty.  Emaciated,  i)ale,  and 
aj)j)arently  seven  years  older  than  the  season  befoi-e. 
Thing  came  down  to  Fort  William  in  July  IS:);"),  only 
to  add  his  dismal  stor}^  to  the  other  misadventures. 
About  the  same  time  there  arrived  from  the  south  ^NTr 
Bailey,  wrecked  in  mind  and  l)ody,  having  been  fear- 
fully bruised  and  gashed  by  the  natives  of  the  ]\ogiio 
liiver  I'egion  while  en  route  from  California  t<t  j(»in 
Young,  every  one  of  his  seven  companions  having 
been  massacred. 

Wyeth  put  forth  all  his  powers  for  the  accomplisli- 
ment  of  his  high  anticipations,  but  though  ho  battled 
l)i'avely  ill-luck  everywhere  attended  his  efforts.  The 
^f('|/  JJoere  sailed  away  with  her  half  cargo  of  fish 
.Mild  a  few  furs,  all  the  retui'us  from  monev,  ijoods,  and 
incessant  toil  the  first  year  could  show,  l)ut  not  until 
after  experiencing  two  successive  years  of  dearth  of 
salmon  would  Wyeth  recojjnize  the  blank  ruin  that 
stared  hnn  m  the  face. 

Finally  breaking  up  his  establishment  on  Wapato 
Island  in  1830  he  returned  to  Boston.  After  consult- 
ing his  associates,  he  wrote  the  directors  of  the  Hud- 
son's Bay  Com[)an3'  in  London  offering  for  sah;  the 
property  and  establishments  of  Fort  Hall  and  Fort 
William.  The  matter  was  referred  from  London  to 
Fort  Vancouvei",  and  Wveth  was  airain  oblis-ed  to  visit 


:| 


alcohol  from  the  naturalist's  jar  of  proscrvtHl  lizards  ami  sriikcs,  aiul  was 
liiil)liy  for  a.  day  over  it.  IVtwooii  tills  man  and  lluhhard.  :lu'  j,'uii-niitli, 
tliiro  had  liL'uii  for  some  time-  a  dispiito^and  niorf  than  one  had  iiuanl  'I'lioiii- 
Imry  say  ho  would  kill  lluhhard.  Early  on  the  iiioiiiiug  of  the  Itli  of  -Inly 
lN.'!."i,  Tliornhurg,  ai-nied  with  a  gun  and  kniff,  '.iitcred  the  room  <if  lluhhard, 
I'lickcil  the  gun,  and  iiropari'd  to  level  it  U]ion  his  iutcndcd  viitiiii.  Hut  lluh- 
hard  awakt'iiiug,  di'ew  hi.-J  pistol  and  llred  on  I'liornhuri:,  who  died  in  a  few 
iiiinutcs.  The  matter  was  fully  examined  hy  the  oflieers  i.f  the  I'luniiany,  and 
ii  written  certificate  given  Hubbard  exonerating  him  wholly.  See  JJifit.  (Jr., 
this  scries. 


It 


■^^'Y^:TII's  second  adventure. 


the  coast.  At  last  in  1837  the  sale  was  consummated, 
and  Wyotli  and  liis  agent  left  tlie  Columbia  in  oii<> 
of  the  company's  vessels  for  Honolulu.  Most  oi 
Wyeth's  men  remained  in  Oregon.  On  this  third  and 
final  return  of  Wyeth  from  Oregon  to  Boston  tlu; 
Columbia  River  Fishing  and  Trading  Company  was 
dissolved,  and  the  late  manager  embarked  in  other  and 
more  lucrative  business. 

Though  to  himself,  and  pecuniarily,  Wyeth's  Oregon 
adventures  were  a  failure,  his  influence  on  Oreg(»M 
occupation  and  settlement  was  second  to  none.  Tlu; 
Hag  of  the  United  States  was  planted  by  him  simul- 
taneously in  the  heart  of  the  continent  and  on  the 
seaboard  of  the  Pacific.  He  it  was  who,  more  directly 
than  any  other  man,  marked  the  way  for  the  ox-teanis 
which  were  so  shortly  to  brin<>'  the  Americanized  civ- 
ilization  of  Euro}>e  across  the  roadless  continent. 
Thus  may  we  easily  trace  the  direct  influence  of 
Boston,  far  greater  than  that  of  New  York  with  its 
Astor,  upon  American  Pacific  possession,  first  in  tlw. 
coast  fur-traders,  then  in  the  agitations  of  Kelley,  the 
school-master,  and  finally  in  the  enterprise  of  Wyetli, 
the  Cambridge  ice-dealer.  And  most  hap[)y  are  wc; 
to  know  that  after  his  hardships  and  losses  in  Oregon 
enterprise  Wyeth  established  a  large  business  for  the 
exportation  of  ice  from  Boston  to  Calcutta  which  was 
in  every  way  successful. ^° 

After  the  abandonment  by  Wyeth  of  Fort  William 
a  dairy  was  established  on  Wapato  Island,  which  soon 
became  quite  extensive.     It  was  given  in  charge  to  a 

^\'=!lroi)ii\s  nut.  0;-.,MS.,  11;  Emii.H'JIid.  Or., MS., 204;  A>i(lcrsoii\-: Xorfl,. 
vei't  Coa.it,  ^li>.,  1'2I;  Trans.  Or.  Piaiieer  A-i'ior. ,lfi~r>,  24;  Toiriixi  iid'.i  Xnr., 
passim;  J'arl.rr'ti  Tour.,  1.S9,  Ul»,  180;  Vktor'.i  It'trcr  of  the  West,  ;!l^-^: 
J/hien'  Ex.  O/-.,  411-12.  John  Dunn,  Or.  Ter.,  140,  states  that  tlio  '  coiiipany 
otlerecl  liini  cvciy  facilitj','  vhioh  is  not  true.  McLoughlin,  Prirate  I'djii r-<, 
MS.,  2fl  ser.,  2,  speaks  of  a  vessel  which  M'as  vrecked,  having  been  sent  out 
to  meet  the  tirst  expedition,  which  is  a  mistake.  Gray,  Hid.  Or.,  (i'2'2,  talstly 
charges  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  with  having  driven  \\'yeth  hence  liy  ili>- 
honorable  means.  Wilkes,  Nar.  II.  S.  E.rplor.  Ex.,  v.  128,  mentions  ^Val•l■iul■'s 
Point  as  'tiie  locality  where  Wyeth  pi-oposcd  to  erect  his  great  city  of  tin; 
west.'  See  also  Tucher's  Hist.  Or.,  08;  HunVs  Mer.  Ma;/.,  vi.  818;  (I'rcciihoir'.i 
Or.  andCal.,  8o9.  lleligion  not  being  an  exact  science  tlic  missionaries  ac<|iiiri! 
Bucli  a  habit  of  looseness  in  their  statements  as  to  render  tlicui  very  unreliable 


SUAV6  ISLAND. 


r.90 


faithful  Frcnrh  Canadian  named  Jean  Baptiste  Sauve, 
from  which  circumstance  the  island  became  known 
as  Sauve  Island,  which  name  it  bears  to  this  day. 
]3etween  the  island  and  Fort  Vancouver  a  little 
schooner  made  regular  trips  twice  a  week.'" 


in  regard  to  historical  fucts.  Thus  ITincs,  Ex.  Or.,  412,  says  that  'scores  of 
lives  were  lost  iii  Wyeth's  expeditions,'  Now  a  score  is  'JO,  scores  nnist 
mean  at  least  40.  On  liis  first  exiiedition  Wycth  hrought  but  10  men  into  the 
mountains,  and  of  these  4  retunied  east  immediately,  and  0  M-ere  1)rouj,'iit  to 
l''ort  Vancouver,  leaving  .'<  in  the  mountains.  Of  the  .">0  comprising  the  second 
expedition  ;!.'$  were  li'ft  in  tlie  mountiiins,  so  that  if  every  one  of  tiiem  was 
killed,  tlie  nund)er  would  not  amount  to  scores.  A  still  more  extravagant 
statement  made  by  the  same  writer  is,  'of  'JOO  men  whom  he  had  led  into 
Oregon,  but  40  were  known  to  be  alive.'  In  Suxtoii'd  Or.  Ttr.,  MS.,  100,  it  is 
stated  that  Wyeth  left  Oregon  finally  in  1,S;!8. 

'"  In  the  report  to  congress  of  Mr  C'ushing,  from  the  committee  on  foreign 
affairs,  printed  as  (J.  S.  Ilomi'  Ilcjit.  No.  ]()l,  .Jolh  ('oiiij..  .Id  .SV^w.,  Vt-'l'l,  is  au 
interesting  memoir  of  Mr  Wyeth's,  dated  Camljridge,  Feb.  4,  IS.'SO,  giving 
clear  and  correct  descriptions  of  tlie  climate,  soil,  geography,  trade,  and  agri- 
culture of  the  Colund)ia.  The  capal>ilities  of  the  country  and  tlio  jiower  of 
the  Hudson's  IJay  Company  are  botii  proncninced  extensive.  I{iiberts,  /iVe., 
AIS.,  VI,  saj-s  that  Townsend  was  given  the  l)erth  of  surgeon  at  Fort  Van- 
couver one  winter,  'to  make  him  more  at  ease  at  tlie  establishment,'  tlie 
relinement  of  hospitality,  truly.  8j)eaking  generally  of  tlie  Boston  advent- 
ure the  same  slirewil  ol)server  says:  '  McLouglilin  was  re(|uired  l>y  tlie  com- 
j)any  to  put  down  poor  Wyeth,  that  is,  in  a  fair,  lionoralile,  legitimate  way. 
The  bargain  that  did  his  business  was  something  lilvu  this:  lie  was  not  to 
oppose  in  tlio  lower  country,  and  we  were  not  to  oppose  in  the  interior,  lint 
wliere  lie  liad  one  Jiarty  we  had  two,  and  then  much  lietter  goods.  Tliink  of 
the  Cascades,  tlie  Dalles,  and  the  almost  iinpassaljle  dillicultii'S,  want  i>f  com- 
mand over  people,  and  who  cuu  be  astonished  at  his  failure.'  See  Hist  Or., 
this  berieSj  pasaim. 


CHAPTER   XXVII. 


FURTHER   AFFAIRS    IN   GENERAL. 

1830-1839. 

TnE  Steamer  'Beaveu' — Small-pox — United  States  Secret  Servjce — 
WiLUAM  A.  Si.AcrM,  A(iENT — Cavtain  Bancroft — His  IIcntino  V\)V- 
a<ie  ri'ON  THE  Coast  of  California— Kii.lei)  iiv  the  Kakianiks — 
BtTii.uiNu  IN  Tin:  Valley  Willamette— The  Oue(;os  I'rovisional 
EMKiRATiox  Society  —  Faksham,  ani>  the  Cohmbia  River  City- 
iirii.DEUs  -Sill  Ei)\VAUi>  Belcher's  Visit— Cowlitz  1'lains  and  Xis- 
(ji'ALLY  Settle:\ients— The  I'luet  Sound  Aorktltural  Comi-any— 
William  Fraser  Tolmie— Roderick  Finl,\yson  Arrives. 


Behold  now  the  advent  of  ji  new  power  in  North- 
western waters;  that  giant  servant  and  civihzer,  st(  mh, 
screeching  heavenward  its  portentous  hallchijahs,  "o 
the  forest  reverberates  the  ciy,  and  the  denizens 
sea  Hft  to  the  surface  their  heads  in  stoUd  astonish- 
ment I 

The  first  steam-vessel  upon  the  north  Pacific^  was 
the  Hudson's  Bay  Company's  steamer  yit'cy rrr  built  at 
Blackwall  in  1835,  saihng  round  Cape  Horn  from 
Enoland,  cai-ryinijf  in  her  ht)ld  lier  own  machinerv,  and 
arriving  at  Fort  Vancouver  in  the  spring  of  183G. 
There  her  steam  machineiy  was  set  up  in  her.  Though 
clumsy,  slie  was  most  substantially  put  together,  her 
oak  timbers  being  unusually  heavy.  Her  small  wheels 
were  2)laced  far  forward  like  the  fins  of  a  seal;  her 
square  poop  stood  high  out  of  the  water,  slanting 
toward  the  rudder. 

It  is  not  a  little  singular  that  shortly  after  her 
arrival  the  Beaver  should  turn   her  back   upon    the 

'  She  haa  been  called  the  first  steamer  to  come  round  Cape  Horn,  but  whtu 
coming  out  she  was  not  a  steamer. 

( coo  J 


HISTORICAL  SHIPS. 


COI 


Mloriesof  lica(l-(inaH(,'rs  for  tlu'  iiiliosjiitaMe  wildonioss 
(if  northern  waters,  should  (Icliheratcly  steam  down 
the  Colunihia  never  to  enter  that  stream  a;^^'iin. 

Lonijf  ])eforo  Victoria  was  (b'eamed  of,  this  little 
])hu;k  Jh'tircr  was  [)lyinjj^  her  paddles  through  the  glis- 
tening waters  of  cold,  placid  sounds  and  bays  round 
Vancouver  Island  and  lar  to  the  northward.  She  was 
early  to  enter  the  harbors  of  Victoria  and  ]Cs(|uinialt, 
the  schooner  Cadhoro  being  after  her. 

Every  year,  with  the  utmost  regularity,  the  Beaver 
made  her  rounds  amon<jf  tlie  northern  stati<»ns,  leavinu' 
Victoria,  after  the  establishment  was  there,  in  A[)ril 
and  returning  in  Xovendjer.  The  natives  of  the  va- 
ri»jus  localities  knew  almost  to  a  day  wheie  to  expect 
her,  and  so  were  always  on  hand  with  their  skins  to 
trade  for  clothing,  blankets,  arms,  and  tobacco,  a  full 
supply  of  which  the  little  steamer  always  carried. 
The  goods  were  in  charije  of  a  chief  trader,  whosi? 
office  was  distinct  from  that  of  navigator.  Thirty 
men  was  her  complement,  and  she  was  armed  with 
four  six-pounders  and  j)lenty  t>f  small  weapons.  A 
I'opc  netting  round  her  deck  prevented  invasion  by 
the  natives,  not  over  thirty  of  whom  were  allowed  to 
come  on  board  at  one  time  unless  accompanied  by  their 
families.  Xo  man-of-war  ever  maintained  stricter  dis- 
cipline, and  hence  she  was  never  taken  by  sur])rise. 

Thus,  from  jioint  to  ])oint  she  went,  watching,  dis- 
tributiuijf,  jjcatherinijf.  Her  northern  del  tot  was  Foi't 
Simpson,  to  which  jtort  she  carried  six  cargoes  gath- 
ered from  different  localities  durin<»'  each  vovaLje.  The 
steamer  Heave r  was  Ibllowed  by  the  steamer  (Hter, 
which  sailed  from  England  in  1852,  the  trade  ha\lng 
meanwhile  grown  beyond  the  dimensions  of  the  for- 
mer vessel.  The  (Htev  usually  assisted  the  ]jc<(vev\\\ 
brinii'lnif  down  the  harvest.  A.  cabinet  of  curiosities 
Avas  ke[)t  on  the  Dcavev,  curious  to  strangtus,  but  of 
little  interest  to  the  savages  who  made  tliem.- 

^Oh/nifiia  rioiicfrmid  Demorrnf,  .J;in.  7,  IS.'jO;  Sn.r/<ius  Or.  Trr.,  >rS.,80; 
Vicfori'u  Chroiilflc,  0<;t.  .'iO,  180i2;  Emn^''  lliM.  Or.,  ^IS.,  l.s."»-(i;  /.</'-/.s.  in  li.C. 
Skttchta,  ^IS.,  4;  FiidaysoiCs  Hid.  V.  I.,  MS.,  97;  Jlayca'  Col.  L'aL  yolcs,  iii.  18. 


602 


FURTHER  AFFAIRS  IX  GENERAL. 


The  suiiinicr  briq'acle  which  loft  Fort  Vancouver 
the  25th  of  June  I80G  consisted  of  sixty  men  in  nine 
boats,  under  Peter  Skcen  O^den,  chief  factor,  New 
Caledonia;  Samuel  Black,  Kamloop;  and  Archibald 
McDonald,  Colville. 

This  year  the  sinall-pox  made  its  appearance,  and 
attackini,^  the  natives  with  all  its  early  virulence, 
endeavored  as  far  as  possible  to  complete  the  work  so 
])romisingly  beii^un  by  fever  and  ague,  and  measles. 
AVitli  the  advent  of  the  more  dire  disease,  however, 
it  must  not  be  .supposed  that  the  lesser  ones  retired. 
As  loiiiif  as  there  remained  native  connnunities  in  anv 
considerable  numbers  the  poisons  of  civilization  were 
never  for  a  moment  absent.^ 


William  A.  Slacuni,  who  the  11th  of  November 
18n5  was  insiructed  by  John  Forsyth,  secretary  ot" 
state,  to  drop  in  upon  the  people  of  the  Oregon  Kivcr 
legion  unofficially,  in  tlio  guise  of  a  private  observer, 
being  then  ai>out  to  visit  tlie  Paciiic,  and.  who,  that 
he  might  while  there  be  independent  of  the  Hudson's 
Bay  Company,  chartered  at  Oahu  the  brig  Lon'nf, 
Captain  Bancroft,  reported  to  the  United  States  gov- 
ernment the  2Gtli  of  March  1837  the  appearance  on 
board  his  vessel  immediately  it  entered  the  Columbia, 
of  Chenanui;",,  chief  of  the  Chinooks,  with  a  present  of 
wild-fowl.  The  savage  then  demanded  if  that  was  a 
King  George  or  a  Boston  ship.  This  was  in  Decern- 
ber  183G.  From  Fort  George  JMr  Birnie  despatched 
a  canoe  to  Fort  Vancouver,  notifvinuf  McLoui;hlin  of 
the  arrival  of  the  vessel*  Bv  the  messenu'or  Slacuni 
wrote  to  Duncan  Finlayson,  whom  he  had  met  at  tlu^ 
Hawaiian  Islands,  asking  a  pilot  and  a  stove,  which 
were  sent  him  with  a  polite  invitation  to  visit  the 

"  Rcckwdurtli.  tho  ncj;ro,  ivns lu-cused,  I  do  not  know  liow  justly,  of  wilfully 
sowing  sniall-pox  among  tlic  pestiferous  IJlackfoet,  liy  disposing  to  then;  vi 
rrrtiiin  infi'ctcd  artiolea  liroii^'iit  from  St  Louis. 

• '  On  arriviuL',  he  pretended, 'sftysMcLougldin,  I'rl  ralr  Pn/ierx.^l'fi. ,2daor., 
(i.  'he  Mas  a  jirivate  gentleman,  nnd  that  he  eanie  to  nu'et  Sbirray  and  ediii- 
lianions  who  Iiad  left  the  ntates  to  visit  this  country.  But  this  did  not  deceive 
Uic'    Sec  Jlist.  Or.,  this  series. 


WILLIAM  A.  SLACUM. 


G03 


fort.  Shortly  afterward,  Douglas  came  down  in  a  boat 
manned  by  nine  voyagcurs,  and  took  Slacuni  to  Fort 
VancDUVcr,  where  ho  M'as  hospitably  greeted  l)y  Mc- 
Lougldin  and  Finlayson.  i\Ir  Slacuni  further  reports 
three  thousand  acres  fenced  and  under  cultivation  at 
Fort  Vancouver,  where  there  were  employed  one  hun- 
dred men,  under  as  strict  regulations  as  in  the  best 
appointed  military  garrison. 

Expressing  a  desii'c  to  see  the  Willamette  Valley, 
McLoughlin  sent  him  up  the  river  in  a  boat  to  Camp 
Maud  du  Sable,  as  he  terms  the  Encampment  du 
Sable,  the  landing-place  of  the  Frencli  settlement, 
where  he  found  McKay ,^  and  was  visited  by  Jasou 
Lee,  who  came  from  his  station  eighteen  miles  distant 
for  that  purpose.  Lee,  as  well  in  lelling  timber,  fenc- 
ing, and  j)lauting,  as  in  establisliing  schools  and 
churches,  was  doing  nuich  for  Christ  and  for  the 
United  States.  He  found  Ewlng  Young,  in  excuse 
for  startinLr  a  distillerv,  raving*  aLrainst  ]McLoni«'hlin. 
He  encoui'aixed  the  oruanizatioii  of  the  AVillamette 
Cattle  Con)])any,  oftcring  such  as  chose  to  go  free 
])assage  on  the  Loriot  to  California,  and  did  carry  ten 
settlers  to  Bodega  alter  loaning  Lee  $500  wherewith 
to  buy  cattle.  The  worst  charge  he  seemed  al)le  to 
bring  against  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  was  their 


'Jf'.'in  Baptistc  Despurtcz  McKoy,  ns  Slacuni  calla  liiin,  who  came  with  tho 
Astor  ciinipany  aii<l  pitciifd  his  tent  permanently  at  this  place  six  years  ))rior 
to  Slaciiiirs  visit.  Thoniaa  McKay,  son  i)f  Alcxaniler  McKay,  who  crossed  tho 
cnntinciit  witli  McKenzic  ami  perished  in  the  'J'dii'/iiiii  massacre,  likew  ise  set- 
tled in  the  AVillamette  Valhy,  wliere,  accoriliiijj;  to  Anderson,  A'or//(»f'.<i 
('■in.tf.  MS.,  74,  he  died  in  ls4.").  Tliomas  McKay  was  a  cliaiaiter  whoso 
ailventures  woidd  liU  a  volnnie.  lie  waseeleliratcdasarilii!  shot, and  like  many 
lialf-lireeds,  tlioui^li  naturally  pntle  and  courteous,  ho  was  exci'edin.'Iy  vin- 
dictive. '1  haveoften  Icanl  AlcKay  speak  of  tiie  traj^ieal  fate  of  his  jiaicnts. 
Says  'I'owiisend,  Xnr.,  S'2,  note,  'and  with  tin:  hitter  iininiosity  and  luve  of 
revenue  inherited  fniin  his  Indian  mother  I  have  lieard  hiia  declare  that  ho 
will  yet  he  known  on  the  coast  .tc  the  avi'nger  of  KI'mxI.'  This  Mas  very  line, 
and  no  <loulit  occasional  shots  in  tl  o  Snake  country  gi'catly  relit  ved  'lie  l)nr- 
dcn  placed  upon  his  heart  hy  tiie  siwaijes  of  the  west  coast  of  Vain'ouver  Isl- 
and. As  McLoutrhlin  did  not  sanctio'i  the  indiscrindnatc  t<lau;:Iitcr  of  imiocenti 
persons  for  the  deeds  of  the  truilty,  our  brave  and  hoastfid  Ii.ilflireed  ^\a!^ 
•  ihliued  to  ),'o  all  jiis  life  lilood-tiiirsty,  for  of  sucii  men  McLou^idiii  was  tiio 
iiatiii'al  mastei'.  Of  McKay  1  speak  elsewhere.  See  liitt.  Xorthwcd  t'oast  ami 
Hi»t.  Or.,  pas.sini. 


604 


FURTHER  AFFAIRS  IN  GENERAL. 


forbidding  their  people  or  dependents  to  dispose  of  furs 
to  strangers." 

Captain  Bancroft  was  an  Englishman,  and  the 
owner  and  commander  of  liis  vessel.'^  He  was  in  in) 
way  connected  with  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  but 
conducted  business  on  his  own  account.  Thouujh  sea- 
otter  wore  now  scarce  everywhere,  they  appeared  to 
be  more  plentiful  south  than  north  of  the  Columbia. 
Old  traders  have  assured  me  that  owing  to  the  more 
diliirent  use  of  fire-arms  on  the  Xorthwost  Coast  these 
water  beasts  Jiad  in  no  inconsiderable  nmribers  mi- 
grated to  the  shores  of  California.  The  earlier  custom 
became  to  some  extent  revived,  of  sailing  to  Sitka  or 
the  coast  thereabouts,  and  taking  thence  natives  to 
hunt  on  the  shores  of  soutliern  Oregon  and  nortlieru 
California,  carrying  the  catch  to  the  Islands,  where  tin; 
l)rocee(ls  would  be  divided,  or  returning  the  hunters 
to  theii-  own  country  ai'ter  having  purcliased  from 
them  tlu'ir  share  of  skins.  While  prosecuting  tliis 
ti'ade  in  1  H;]7,  Captain  Bancroft  came  to  grief.  Sail- 
ing from  Honolulu  to  Prince  of  Wales  Island,  he  took 
on  board  some  Kaiganie  hunters  with  their  imj)lements, 
canoes,  and  provisions,  the  last  consisting  chictly  of 
dried  lish  and  fish-oil  not  particularly  agreeable  to 
refined  olfactoiy  nerves,  and  such  were  undoubtedly 
those  t)f  till!  Kanaka  lady,  oi'  by  courtesy  in  fur-trail- 
ing [)arl;mcc  wife,  of  Cjiptaiu  Bancroft,  who  one  would 
think  liad  novcj'  snielledtishin  her  favored  isle, and  who 
unfortunately  v.as  a  [)assenger  on  this  occasion.     For 

"A  j)arty  from  tlio  f.orinf.  ])0;iVi]';^\  tlif  Llama,  in  IJiiko:'  l>ny,  wIhiv  tiny 
fiiuiiil  Cliit't' 'I'liiilrr  McLoml.  'It  \v;i.s  mciitioiu'il  in  tlic  I'lmi.su  of  cojivcrst- 
tiini  tlmt  a  Madjiiiio  I'fiiiiul,  wife  of  <iiii'  nf  tlii'  ( 'aiiadiaii  scttli'ts  im  tlii'  Wil- 
laiiK-ttc,  lia<l  just  cdiiH!  in  with  •_'()  to  ;iO  line  licavfr-skitis.  Sn'iu' nnc  of  the 
jiarty  roniai'licil,  tuiiiinj,'  towanl  <'a]itaiii  lianiToft  nf  the  Lnri't.  ''I'licri' is  a 
line  ciianro  fur  a  lialgain.'  .MrLcoil  (juickly  icplii'd,  'l>anni  tiiu  skin  .-ilia!! 
Matlariio  i'cianil  sfll  to  itohw  the  liar  <t'  tin;  ( 'oluniliia.'  i'.  S.  ]f,iiisi  ll<i't. 
I'll,  ..'.'illi  ('ill, I/.,  ,!•!  Stus.,  .'{.">.    'J'lii(U.,'li  fiiil  of  errors  and  .somcwiiat  \var)pcd  liy 

1)atiiotisMi,  Slacnnris  report  on  tlie  wiiuli'  was  intellijicnt  and  fairly  lendired. 
t  slionlil  Ik'  CMniiiaied  with  .)frl.(>i(;i/if!ii\i  /'/•Irutc  /'aixin,  MS.,  ".M  se 
'I'liis  is  Anderson's  statement.     I.ce  saysCaptain  liuncrol't  \va.s  an 
cou,  uud  SLeiini  culk  hiii  tihip  uii  Aim  t  ieuu  vcsbcl. 


r..  /. 
.\nieri- 


CAPTAIN  BANCROFT. 


605 


as  they  sailed  south,  hunting  as  they  went,  she  pelted 
the  ca})tain  with  her  complaints  until  ho  became  exas- 
perated and  vented  his  spleen  most  imprudently  on  those 
noi'tliern  hjrds  aboriginal.  Driven  on  by  the  sickly 
smiles  of  the  dark  thick-lipped  and  suffocating  beauty, 
Captain  Bancroft  did  not  hesitate  sometimes  even  to 
seize  the  obnoxious  food  and  throw  it  into  the  sea,  and 
otherwise  to  insult  them.  Though  the  rank  of  the 
Kaiganies  might  be  oftensive,it  was  none  the  less  high, 
and  they  determined  to  put  down  Anglo-Kanaka  impu- 
dence. Having  well  laid  their  plans,  the  hyperboreans 
rose  suddenly  u])on  tlic  signal,  knocked  senseless  the 
soanu-n,  and  stabl)ed  the  captain  on  the  quaiicr-deck. 
One  other  man  besides  the  captain  was  killerl.  Even 
the  flail  dark  one  did  not  escape  punishment  in  the  way 
of  bruises. 

Having  thus  obtained  possession  of  the  ship,  the 
Kaiganies  ordered  the  mate  to  take  them  home,  as- 
suring him  if  in  the  least  he  valued  his  life  not  to 
triiie  with  them,  or  attempt  to  pursue  other  than  the 
most  direct  course.  The  mate  obeyed.  Indeed,  he 
thought  it  best;  for  these  people  were  bo*  i  intelli- 
gent and  cunniuL!;.  Thev  knew  the  north  star  and  the 
significance  of  the  mariner's  compass,  and  tliey  watched 
the  steersman  night  and  day.  Arri\- d  at  tlieir  isle, 
they  took  from  the  vessel  their  effects,  with  their  share 
of  the  skins  only,  and  after  a  [)resent  to  the  mate  for 
i'ourteous  conduct  under  trying  circumstances,  they 
sent  the  vessel  on  its  way. 

But,  lest  the  murderous  Kaiganies  should  rise  too 
hiijfl'  m  repuLation  for  honestv,  it  nuiv  be  wi'll  to  sav 
that  in  Februarv  1842  tidin^^s  reached  Fort  Simpson 
tliat  an  American  schooner,  visiting  their  place  for 
liunters  for  a  California  expedition,  and  being  forced 
1»\  stress  of  weather  to  return  to  her  anchorane  after 
having  once  departed,  was  pillaged,  and  the  rivw  left 
with  little  more  than  the  bare  ship  to  pursue  fortune 
as  bi'st  they  might. 

Turning  to  the  Fort  Simpson  journals,  1  find  re- 


60G 


FURTHER  AFFAIRS  IN  GENERAL. 


corded  l)y  Chief  Factor  Work,  under  date  21st  Sep- 
tember 1837,  the  information  that  he  had  receive<i 
"  letters  from  Captain  Bancroft  dated  9th  instant,  and 
a  letter  from  Mr  Pelly  dated  August  3d,  stating  that 
the  accompanying  accounts  between  Captain  Bancroft 
and  the  company  were  forwarded.  Captain  Bancroft 
states  tliat  he  does  not  think  he  will  return  liere,  but 
go  direct  to  the  Islands  from  Cahfornia,"  Two  years 
})ass,  a  long  interval  in  the  recording  of  a  brief  tragedy; 
but  these  slow,  steady  traders  were  accustomed  to  M'ide 
intervals  of  time  and  to  far-reaching  distances.  The 
loth  of  September  1839  Work  writes:  "  Cajjtain 
McXeill's  sister-in-law  is  among  the  Kaigan}*  peojtlc 
who  arrived  yesterday.  She  confirms  the  report  wc 
have  heard  at  different  times,  for  some  time  [)ast, 
relative  to  Captain  Bancroft  being  killed  by  some  of 
his  hunters.  By  her  account  the  Indians  say  that  tlu' 
captain  had  become  much  addicted  to  drinking,  that 
he  had  only  five  white  men  on  board,  the  i-est  of  his 
crew  being  all  Sandwich  Islanders;  that  he  had  his 
wife,  a  Sandwich  Island  woman,  on  board,  that  lat- 
terly he  tyrannized  greatly  and  was  very  harsh,  not 
only  to  his  otiicers  and  men,  bat  also  to  the  Indians, 
whom  he  not  only  scrimped  in  provisions  when  they 
were  unsuccessful  in  hunting,  but  gave  them  bad 
powder  with  which  they  could  not  kill  the  otters." 

The  following  April  there  came  to  Fort  Sinij^son 
the  treacherous  Kaiganies  with  their  California  skins 
for  sale.  Then  the  cunningly  conscientious  ]iritish 
men  began  to  reason  with  themselves,  wishing  as  usual 
to  reconcile  M'ith  their  pecuniary  interests  what  tlirv 
thought  to  be  wrong.  The  question  was,  Should  tlio 
honorable  adventurers  from  Fuixland,  with  a  baronet 
for  a  London  governor,  and  another  baronet  for  an 
American  governor,  with  prayer  and  statute  books, 
with  courts  and  clergy,  and  all  the  paraphernalia  of 
redemption,  bay  from  the  savages  furs  obtained  by 
means  (»f  mutiny  and  nuirder?  Let  us  hear  what  the 
ingenious  chief  factor  says  of  it,  writing  in  his  ever 


INCOXA'ENIENT  CONSCIENCE. 


eoT 


faithful  journal,  of  the  grammar  of  which  wc  will  say 
nothing:  "From  the  way  these  skins  were  come  by, 
I  regret  seeing  them  come  here,  and  traded  them  with 
reluctance.  But  what  can  wc  do  if  wo  don't  take 
them;  not  only  theni  but  all  the  other  furs  the  whole 
tribe  might  have  would  be  taken  to  our  opponents,  the 
Russians,  not  only  this  year,  but  i)r(jbably  years  to 
come."  Done  into  intelligible  speech  Work's  prayer 
that  night  would  be,  We  know,  O  God,  that  it  is  sin ; 
but  really  wo  cannot  afford  not  to  do  it. 

In  the  spring  of  18.08  another  small  house  was 
built  at  the  falls  of  the  Willamette,  where  in  1827  Mc- 
Loughlinhad begun  preparations forerectinga  saw-mill. 
Again  timber  was  squared  and  hauled  to  the  place, 
and  again  the  building  of  the  mill  for  various  reasons 
was  deferred.  Then  in  1840  came  Jason  Lee,  super- 
intendent of  the  Methodist  Mission  in  Oregon,  and 
asked  a  loan  for  the  purpose  of  building  a  mission 
house  at  the  falls,  of  the  timber  McLoughlin  had  cut, 
which  request  was  granted ;  and  after  him  other  mis- 
sionaries came  and  attempted  to  drive  away  jNIcLougli- 
lin,  all  of  which  will  be  fuliv  narrated  in  my  histoiy 
of  Oregon,  to  which.all  doings  of  the  permanent  set- 
tlers properly  belong.^ 

"  Only  to  glorify  God,  and  to  promote  on  earth  the 
interests  of  piety,"  if  we  may  believe  their  constitu- 
tion, was  formed  at  Lynn,  ^lassachusetts,  in  August 
1838,  the  Orejxon  Provisional  Emi<;ration  Societv. 
Fcr  the  very  small  sum  of  three  dollais  a  ycai-, 
this  being  the  full  sum  any  one  meml)er  was  to  ])ay, 
much  credit  was  to  be  purchased  in  the  after-lite  by 
sending  men  and  women  to  Oregon  to  convert  tlu; 
natives  and  subdue  the  land.  Considering  liow  <piickly 
the  country  was  swept  of  its  happ}'  alxirigines,  and 
how  the  messengers  of  ulad  tidin<»s  i'ell  to  fighting 

*  A  full  nccoimt  of  these  troubles  may  be  fuund  iu  McLov'jIilin'n  Private 
I'uiiers,  MS.,  Ist  luid  4tL  scries. 


COS 


FURTHER  AFFAIRS  IX  GENERAL. 


each  other  for  precedence,  and  the  property  raised  by 
old  women's  sewing-societies,  and  at  the  monthly  con- 
ference meetings,  it  would  seem  that  these  good 
]»eople  might  almost  as  well  have  kept  their  annual 
three  dollars. 


Not  every  one  who  travels  and  writes  a  book  belongs 
to  history.  Thomas  J.  Farnham  wrote  two  books,  one 
of  travels  and  the  other  of  unseasoned  gushings,"  and 
yet  ]^^u'nham  merits  but  little  of  our  attentit)n.  His 
chief  virtue  lies  in  the  age  in  which  he  lived.  Ten 
years  later,  liad  he  travelled  thrice  round  the  world, 
seeing  all  tliat  ]]ayard  Taylor  failetl  to  see,  and  had 
written  twenty  books,  I  should  be  obliged  to  pass 
him  l)y. 

Tlu'  eighteen  armed  and  mounted  Illinoisans,  who, 
followiuL*'  a  tlai;  on  which  was  emblazoned  "Orecfon  or 
the  Grave!"'"  and  followed  by  a  covered  basfufaofo- 
wagon,  rode  up  before  the  Peoria  court-house  the  1st 
of  ^liiy  lS.")i),  and  after  bowing  their  h(.'ads  a  moment 
j)assed  on  toward  the  western  frontier,  were  neither 
fur-traders,  missionaries,  nor  professional  Indian-fight- 
ers.    They  were  about  to  embark  in  a  line  of  business 

"The  first  is  entitk'd  T'niirls  in  the  Great  ^Vexter^l  Proirlcx,  (fie  Atiahuae. 
'vi<l  J'lii/://  Mdiiiild'nix,  mil  in  the  Ornjoii  'J'<  rrifnrii,  pulilishcd  at  i'oilghkcop.sic 
ill  1S4I  ;  the  si'coiiil  Wdik  appears  in  two  I'ditions,  one,  Li/c  (iml  Ai/renliiri-i 
hi  t'ttli/nniid,  an  octavo.  Now  Vork,  1840,  tiio  other  priiiteil  in  I'liiladelpliiii  in 
r2mo,  l.SdO,  a  l)ookseIler's  trick,  to  meet  the  (leniand  for  new  accounts  of  tlie 
western  coast,  under  the  title  of  ffie  Earli/  J)ni/x  n/  ( 'ali/nniin,  IJesides  tliese 
a  pictorial  edition  fsvo  was  issued  in  New  York  in  IS.'iT,  and  a  pamphlet  of  M) 
pages  entitlcil  J/ix'nri/  nf  Oirijoii  Ti rrilon/.  It  hiimj  a  JJeiiionxtnilion  of  the, 
Tllh:  of  the  f'liited  Slati  x  aj'  Sarth  Amerled  In  the  Sniiie,  (ii-ediiijmiilnl  I'l/n  Mtty. 
New  York,  KS44.  It  is  to  be  noticed  tliat  from  Mexico  is  brought  the  tiiiie- 
lionored  iiainc  of  Anahnac,  which  is  here  given  to  the  mountains  between  the 
Arkansas  ami  Colorado  rivers  northward.  One  thing  shall  be  said  of  Farn- 
ham ill  his  lirst  ln)ok,  he  speaks  well  of  everybody,  missionaries  and  settlers, 
fur-hunters  and  sailors,  Catholic  and  Protestant,  English  and  American,  an 
exceedingly  rare  accomplishment  in  those  disputatious  days  of  rarly  Oregon. 
I  will  forgive  him  a  day  lost  in  the  study  of  his  worthless  nanative  for  his 
delightful  j)arade  of  the  good  ipialities  alone  of  mixed  men.  ])esccnding  to 
the  California  volume  the  scene  changes.  All  his  wrath  while  north  seems  to 
have  been  reserved  that  ho  might  have  the  more  to  vent  on  the  unhappy  Cali- 
foriiiaiis.  McLoughlin,  I'rinite  J'a/ni-x,  MS.,  2d  ser.,  8,  says  that  behind 
Furiihani  were  others  waiting  to  come  to  Oregon  if  his  report  should  prove 
favorable. 

'"  The  gift  of  Mrs  Famhnm,  who  accompanied  them  three  days'  jouruey  '  to 
give  tlnui  eucouragemeut. '  Uolman' s I'coria  Party,  MS.,  4. 


THO-MAS  J.  F.yiNIIAM. 


009 


new  on  tlio  Northwest  Coast,  that  of  eity-hui](hn'jf. 
(Jtliers  liad  dreamed  of  a  city  at  the  nioutli  of  the 
Cohnnbia,  hut  liere  were  the  ineu  to  make  one. 
Whence  was  to  come  the  money  for  erectino-  liouses, 
and  paving  streets;  whence  the  people  to  fill  the  uvw 
city;  liow  sliould  ]>rosper  a  town  phuited  in  a  wilder- 
ness, with  i'orests  for  plantations  and  savages  lor 
money-changers,  were  matters  i'or  the  I'uture.  First 
build  the  citv.  And  it  should  be  built.  With  heavi'ii's 
blessing  all  things  were  possible;  and  heaven's  bless- 
ing on  a  city  to  be  reared  immediately  on  the  ])ine- 
clad  bank  of  the  lower  Columbia  was  asked  beforeliand 
by  the  <>()o(l  man  of  the  town;  and  now  all  to  be  done 
was  to  wait  and  see  what  heaven  should  do  for  these 
fourteen  ai-med  and  mounted  city-builders.  Should 
heaven  deign  to  hear  their  prayer,  assuredly  it  would 
be  a  cheap  way  of  building  a  city,  for  this  ])rayer  and 
that  wagon-load  of  clothing  and  food  was  their  entire 
capital. 

Well,  to  make  the  story  shoi-t,  aftcu'  calling  on 
Joseph  Smith  at  Quincy,  and  making  an  excursion 
over  the  Santa  Fe  road  from  Independence  to  Ijent 
Fort,  the  IV'oria  company  disbanded,  whereat  some 
ten  of  them  aflirmetl  that  they  never  intended  to  ixo  to 
Oregon  at  all,  while  the  others,  now  only  four  in  num- 
ber, after  winterino-  in  the  vicinity  of  ]3ear  IJivcr  went 
northward  the  ibllowing  spi-iu'^',  and  by  wav  of  forts 
] lalland  lioise  passed  ontoWallaWalla.  Aftci'visiting 
the  missionaries  thereabout,  and  the  people  of  Willa- 
mette Valley,  early  in  December  Farnhaiii  sailed  in 
the  ship  Wdicoiirci',  Captain  Duncan,  to  Honolulu, 
and  thence  ])roc{>eded  by  way  of  California  and  llirough 
]\[cxico  to  the  ITnilcil  States.  Fai'nham's  three  com- 
])anions  take  up  their  abode  in  Oregon,  but  their  me- 
tropolis remains  unbuilt  to  this  day.'^ 

"Faniliitm  'oai'riod  a  IniLre  lilj!)ik-l)ook  luicklcil  ami  strajipcil  ti)  liis  liack, 
and  cvi'i'v  niulit  lie  wroto  iiii  liia  travels.  .  ,Hi.s  dutii'H  as  caiituiii  wryc  wvW  dis- 
I'liar^'ed.  Ilulniun'x  I'lm'm  J'(trl;/y  MS.,  4.  .Josjpli  lloliiiaii,  a  in<  iiil)ei-  of  tin; 
party,  lieini;  a  iiu'cliaiiic,  iin]iluyud  his  time  during'  thr  wiiitii-  in  niakinj^ 
saddle-trees  and  luw  j^unstocks  fnrtlio  Shoshoucs,  receiving  his  pay  in  beaver- 
lIlsT.  N.  W.  i;o.4gT,  Vol.  II.    o'i 


m 


FURTHER  AFFAIRS  IN  GENERAL. 


Among  the  few  exceptions  to  that  great  army  of 
trappers  and  traders  who  roamed  the  llocky  Moun- 
tains and  died  leaving  no  sign,  Avas  James  Bridger, 
christened  by  the  savages — if  savages  can  christen — 
the  Blanket  Chief  If  it  ])e  of  advantage  to  a  dead 
man  havin<;  his  name  in  livin<>:  men's  mouths,  then 
Ih'idger  was  more  fortunate  than  his  fellows,  for  one 
of  his  jtaths  across  the  mountains  became  known  as 
Bridger  Pass,  and  one  of  his  trading-posts  was  famous 
in  the  days  of  the  great  emigrations  as  Bridger  Fort. 

We  encounter  Bridger  several  times  in  our  re- 
sj)ective  mountaineerings,  first  as  tra])per,  guide,  and 
trader,  then  as  discoverer  of  Great  Salt  J^ake,  and 
then  at  tlie  I'cndezvous  in  18'J0,  with  ^lilton  Sublette, 
Fit/4)atrlck,  Frapp,  and  Jervais,  buying  i'rom  Smith, 
Sublette,  and  Jackson  their  interest  in  the  Bocky 
Mountain  Fur  Company.  Trapping  hither  and  thither 
through  forests  and  over  mountains,  among  the  head- 
waters and  affluents  of  thu  Yellowstone,  Snake,  Bear, 
and  Green  livers,  now  with  a  party  of  the  North 
American  Company  at  their  heels,  spying  their  move- 
ments and  anticipating  their  plans,  and  now  brought 
face  to  face  with  a  Hudson's  Bay  party,  whereupon 
each  immediately  begins  to  tamper  with  the  hunters 
of  the  other;  then  we  find  Bridger  and  his  Bocky 
Mountain  party  in  183G  attacked  by  eleven  hundred 
Blackfeet  on  the  Yellowstone,  where  he  had  a  tenn)o- 
rary  fort.    After  this  he  went  to  Green  Biver  again. 

In  I80G  he  was  at  the  Pierre  Hole  rendezvous,  but 
times  were  now  so  hard  that  an  infatuated  trai)per 
could  not  s))end  a  thousand  dollars  a  day  on  his  women, 
horses,  anil  alcohol,  chieily  for  the  reason  that  he  did 
not  have  it.  Winterinj^onthe  Missouri  in  1 807, Bridger 
was  at  the  Wintl  Biver  rendezvous.  In  1837-8  he  win- 
tered on  ]?owder  Biver,  and  in  the  s[)iing  of  the  next 
year  led  his  mon  through  the  Yellowstone  country 


tikins.  lie  tells  his  story  in  .a  clear  concise  narrative,  taken  for  me  hy  S.  A. 
("aike  of  Suleni,  for  which,  together  witli  nmiiy  otiier  favors,  I  still  remain 
his  debtor. 


SIR  EDW^\RD  BELCHER. 


Cll 


to  the  rendezvous  near  the  Yellowstone  Lake.  This 
summer  the  American  company  held  its  la.st  rendez- 
vous in  the  Rocky  ISIountains  at  Bonneville's  old  fort 
on  Green  Rivei*.  There  were  too  few  beavers  for  so 
stronj^  com[)etition. 

Bridjjfer  now  becfan  to  think  of  locatin*;  himself 
more  permanently  at  some  one  of  his  many  tcmj)o- 
rary  forts  or  camping-grounds.  Now  that  gamo  was 
so  scarce  he  could  do  better  by  thus  establishing  him- 
self and  let  the  trappers  come  to  him,  than  by  lead- 
ing parties  from  place  to  place  and  supidying  their 
necessities  at  their  several  hunting-camps.  Tlio  spot 
finally  chosen  was  on  the  Black  branch  of  Green  llivcr, 
one  hundred  miles  directly  south  of  Fort  Bonneville. 
There  Brvant  found  him  in  company  with  Yasquez,  in 
July  184G.'- 

During  his  voyage  of  maritime  discovery  in  the 
ship  Su/phur,  1830-42,  Edward  Belcher  explored  the 
Pacific,  visited  the  Bussian  American  establisliments 
in  1837,  touched  at  Nootka,  and  then  set  sail  lor  San 
Francisco  Bay.  In  1839  he  was  again  at  Sitka,  and 
thence  [)roceeded  to  the  mouth  of  the  Columltia,  where 
he  found  Lieutenant  Kellctt,  with  the  SlarliiKj  of  the 
same  ex])editi()n,  who  was  then  surveying  the  mouth 
of  the  river,  and  who  having  descried  lielelier's  a[»- 
proach  had  stood  out  to  meet  him.  In  enterinu  tlie  river 
the  ^Sturl'nKj  lost  her  rudder,  and  was  ol)liged  lo  pro- 
ceed to  Fort  A'^ancouver  for  repairs.     Ai  the  dila[)i- 

"Fort  Kridgcr,  as  it  is  called,  is  a  siniill  tradiiij^-fort,  fstaMislicd.  and  now 
oecuiiiril  liy  Uridc;!'!'  and  Vasfincz.  The  biiilcliii^rs  arc  twn  or  tlirco  iiiiseiaLlc 
liig-caljiiis,  riuk'ly  ciiiistriutt'd,  and  licarim,'  Imta  faint  ri'srnililant  <•  t^i  IjaKita- 
Lie  Ikhiiscs.  l!iii(ntf.<  W/in/  /  Snir  in  < 'u/ihiniid,  14'2;  I'l  0  rs' Kit  Cirsnii,  \'1~- 
'M;  \'iclor'n  /t'iriro/tlf  HV>7,  passim ;  U'/iih'.t  Or.,  W.',:  Ermi^'  /ll.fj  ),:,MS., 
.'i4'2-;t.  Ccilonil  l>i)d.i.'i'  wiili  117  nun  made  an  i'.\|it'ditiiin  <lnrinL'  tlic  sum 
nur  of  is;?.")  from  I'mt  Leavenworth  up  tlie  Sctiith  I'hitte  to  I'ilie's  I'eaii,  and 
en  tho  Arkansas.  ('.  S.  S'li.  JJvc.  JO'J,  J.'flh  Coiiij.,  /■-/  >V'«-. ;  A  mcrirdti  Sinlf 
/'tij'irs,  Mililar;/  Ailair.",  ncwed.,  vi.  KiO  4<i.  !•'.  \.  Mattliien,  in  Jiis  /'i/n- 
',l'i\  Tniji/irr,  ami  .Sftllcr,  a  manuscript  dietateil  hefure  to  lue  niy  stenoj;- 
lapliur,  gives  a  clear,  intclliguut  narrative  of  wiiat  eonstitiies  ]iart  of  that 
maze  of  events  oceurrinj;  in  th(!  Rocky  Mountain  region  !  >  |.S'JU-40,  (tvents 
as  nia/y  as  tlio  niountuins  tliemstilvus,  uiid  utterly  impos.-jihlc  to  hpiii  into  ouo 
coutuiuous  tliread. 


G12 


FURTHER  AFFAIRS  IX  GENERAL. 


dated  port  of  Astoria  they  had  found  !Mr  Birnie  ready 
to  render  tliciii  every  assistance. 

Sir  Edwai'd  speaks  in  condeseendin<^  tcrnis  of  tlio 
establishment  on  the  Cohmibia,  and  compares  it  flat- 
teringly withliussian  American  head-quarters;  hut  he 
expresses  his  surprise  that  pilots  are  not  kept  in  wait- 
ing" to  guide  vessels  in,  and  breaks  forth  into  disgust 
when  informed  that  the  fort  had  not  cattle  for  his 
cicw,  although  plenty  of  good  beef  was  placed  before 
the  commander.  This  he  was  sorry  he  had  eaten 
when  afterward  he  was  shown  over  the  premises,  and 
saw  plenty  for  his  men  which  had  been  denied  him.^^ 

As  usual  Gray  is  hard  to  please.  If  Americans 
were  snubbed  at  Fort  Van(?ouver,  it  was  because  they 
were  Americans;  if  an  Englishman  received  cool  treat- 
ment, it  was  })art  of  the  duplicity  of  that  company  in 
their  effort  to  deceive  their  own  ccjuntrymen  as  to 
the  value  of  the  country  over  which  they  had  lulod 
so  long.  Such  inferences  are  no  less  childish  than 
false. 

All  things  being  equal,  British  subjects  ])refer  that 
their  farming  interests  should  be  within  British  ter- 
ritory. Hence  alter  the  opinion  became  current  that 
the  Columbia  Iliver  would  eventuallv  be  the  dividing 
line  between  the  lands  of  the  two  nations,  thout^h  the 
attractions  were  ni  some  respects  inferior  to  those 
oficred  by  the  Willamette  plains,  attention  was  di- 
I'ected  to  tlie  lands  lying  between  the  Columbia  and 
Puget  Sound. 

Simon  l*loniondeau^^  had  been  sixteen  years  in  the 
service  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company.  He  was  then 
advised  by  !McLouglilin  to  go  to  the  lower  end  of 
Cowlitz  prairie  and  become  a  farmer.     !McLoughlin 

'^  nd'hn-'.'i  To//.,  i.  ifJ-lU,  2T()-H1 1.  ' TIio  n.lvont  of  Sir  E.  BflcluT  ■•iiul 
Ki'lli'tt  with  tin-  snrvcyiiii,'  Hliips,  the  Sulphiir  iiiul  Sfarlhii/,  ostcnsihly  tn  pur- 
vey tho  r\\\v  and  cross  tho  sound,  thiit  is  Sitkii,  wus  ju-oliahly  to  ])iotectthi; 
coiniKuiy  anil  to  overawe  tlin  Kussians.  Jielcher  thought  lie  was  bliglited,  Lut 
I  think  Poufzlaa  was  only  earryin^  out  his  orders.'  Itolnrt-t'  /!ii\,  MS.,  8. 

"  I'loniomleau  could  neither  vviul  nor  write;  ho  did  not  even  keep  the  run 
of  time,  and  coidd  not  tell  tho  year  in  which  he  niude  his  most  important 
movement.  /'.  .V.  Co.  L'e.,  11.  B.  Co.  Claims,  ll-lo. 


THE  COWLITZ  FARM. 


eta 


loaned  lilin  nnimals,  gave  liim  permission  to  take  up 
land,  and  ordered  the  natives  nut  to  molest  him.  This 
Mas  ill  I8.'{7.  IMomondeau  went,  and  with  him  Fain- 
cant,  who  planted  himself  there  at  the  same  time.  Two 
years  afterward,  Douglas,  Work,  and  Koss  proceeded 
to  the  prairies,  measured  off  about  four  tliousand  acres, 
beginning  at  the  river  bank,  and  made  a,  map  of  the 
tract.  Half  was  wooded,  and  half  o[)en.  This  maj) 
assisted  the  company  greatly  in  establishing  its  claims 
before  the  joint  commission.  The  year  following, 
the  Jesuits,  Blanclict  and  Demers,  settled  on  the  laml 
between  Plomondeau  and  the  l*iiget  Sound  Com- 
pany's claim.  Large  portions  of  this  plain  were 
gravell}';  some  were  sandy;  these  were  pronounced 
tit  only  for  grazing.  About  one  fourth  of  the  land 
was  suitable  for  cultivation. 

The  company's  farm  was  opened  immediately  after 
the  survey;  many  people  were  employed  tliere,  and  the 
quantity  of  land  under  cultivation  was  increased  from 
year  to  year,until  in  184G  there  were  1,500  acres  fenced 
and  under  cultivation,  11  barns,  and  in  the  vicinity 
1,000  cattle,  200  horses,  100  swine,  and  2,000  sheep.'' 
A  saw-mill  was  erected,  which  was  burnetl  before  it  was 
finished.  The  English  continued  to  occupy  these  lands 
until  1853-4,  at  which  time  there  was  quite  a  rush  of 
American  settlers,  and  the  English  were  so  encroached 
upon  that  they  made  no  further  r.ttcmpts  at  farming. 
For  not  only  did  the  settlors  take  the  ground,  but  the 
fence-rails  and  in)provements  as  well;  and  acting  in 
unison  it  was  understood  among  them  that  any  inter- 
ference on  the  })art  of  the  l^ritish  conipany  should 
be  resisted  by  force;  for  which  ])urposo  they  carried 
guns  and  pistols  when  ploughing,  })lanting,  and  fencing. 

In  charge  of  the  Cowlitz  farni  for  the  Britisli  com- 
pany, in  1845,  was  Charles  Forrest,  who  was  suc- 
ceeded in  1847  by  George  B.  Roberts,  and  he  by  II. 
X.  Peers  and  William  Sinclair.     Soon  after  1851  the 


'■''  The  liorscs  were  Indian  and  lialf-broeds  worth  §40  caeli ;  the  sheep  were 
tolerably  good,  and  wortli  four  dollars  euuli. 


614 


FURTHER  AFFAIRS  IX  OEXFRAL. 


settlors  bi'foro  iiicntioncd  appcarctl,  claiiniiiLf  under  tin? 
donation  law.  E.  L.  Finch  and  J.  H.  Picrson  cjinio 
first,  and  after  thorn  William  Lomon,  Goorjjjo  Ilol- 
.sapplo,  and  Jackson  Barton.  Those  wore  tlic  first'" 
to  settle  upon  the  British  company's  lands,  and  when 
ordered  oft'  by  Peers,  then  the  British  agent  in  cliarge, 
they  refused  to  go. 

But  little  farming  was  done  on  Pugct  Sound  prior 
to  1839,  after  which  time  Fort  Nisqually  became  tlie 
])rii]cipal  depot  for  curing  meat  and  loading  vessels  for 
the  llussian  American  posts.  The  lan<ls  of  the  Cow- 
litz farm  and  round  Fort  Nisquall}' being  better  suited 
to  pastoral  pur[)oses  than  to  cultivation,  cf)mparative]y 
little  grain  was  raised  there." 

As  tlio  commercial  and  agricultural  interests  of  the 
Hudson's  ]3ay  Company  developed,  there  were  those 
among  the  old  i'ur-trading  members  who  tliought  thai 
at  the  least  farming,  which  was  so  diametrically  opposed 
to  fur-cultivating,  should  bo  abolished.  At  all  events 
they  said  the  two  adventures  need  not  be  united; 
segregate  them,  and  lot  those  cnijago  in  either  who 
would. 

This  advice  was  duly  acted  upon,  and  led  in  1808  to 
tlio  organization  of  the  Pugot  Sound  Agricultural 
Company,  which  in  the  settling  of  the  nortliern  bank 
of  the  lower  Columbia,  was  second  only  in  historictd 
importance  to  the  lludsoi  's  Bay  Company. 

Indeed  the  latter  association,  though  totally  distinct 
from  the  former,  was  but  an  oftshoot  I'rom  it.  The 
shares  were  hold  almost  exclusively  by  stockholdcis 
of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company ;  its  officers  wore  chosen 


'^  About  the  same  time  came  James  Galloway,  Lemuel  Whittaker,  and 
.Tames  Morgan,  cacli  clamiing  100  acres,  and  J.  li.  Brouchard  G40  acres.  /'. 
N.  Co.  Ev.,  11.  n.  Co.  CUiima,  .32. 

"  Still  the  amount  was  not  inconsiderable,  if  we  may  believe  Wilkes,  wlio 
writing  in  1S41  says,  Nar.  U.  S.  Exjdor.  Ex.,  iv.  .S'J8:  '  In  connection  witli  tliu 
company's  establishment  at  Nisqually  they  have  a  large  dairy,  several  hun- 
dred head  of  cattle,  and  among  them  seventy  milch  cows,  whicli  yield  a  lar;;o 
tiujjply  of  butter  and  cheese;  they  have  also  large  crops  of  wheat,  pease,  and 
oats,  and  were  pre^jariug  the  ground  for  potatoes.' 


^VI^LIA^[  tiiaskr  tolmik. 


618 


from  tlio  ofTicrrs  nClliiit  coqxn'atioii ;  iind  it«  i-i;_;lit.s  wcvo 
njcoj^iiizcd  \>y  tin;  lioimdary  treat}'  of  184(5. 

It  was  ill  18.j7  that  the  suhject  seriously  presented 
itself  at  Foit  Vaiu- )uver.  The  fornmtioii  of  tho 
Willamette  Cattlo  Company  by  United  States  set- 
tlers, and  the  encouragement  all'ordeil  that  association 
l)y  Slacum,  the  secret  ;i;4vnt  of  tho  Unite(l  States, 
stimulated  this  movement.  Surely  tho  British  had 
need  (»f  cattle  as  nmch  as  tho  Amei'icans;  tlu-y  could 
handle  them  better,  and  more  readily  fmd  a  market 
for  them.  Further  than  this,  if  not,  indeed,  iirst  of 
all,  1)V  layim^  claim  to  and  stockini;  larufo  tracts  of 
land,  by  extensive  l)uilding,  i'encing,  and  i>lantinuc, 
they  miL;ht  show  a  lootint*'  in  tho  countiy  which  would 
materi.tl'y  assist  England  in  the  coming  ])artition. 

Two  purposes  were  served  in  making  this  company 
distinct  i'rom  that  of  the  old  adventurers  of  Eng- 
land trading  into  Hudson's  Bay.  First,  tho  profits, 
if  any,  would  not  bo  subject  to  such  small  subdivi- 
sions; and  secondly,  there  might  be  some  in  tho 
company  who  thought  that  the  original  fur  lousiness 
should  bo  more  strictly  adhered  to,  and  who  did  not 
care  to  engage  in  stock-raising  and  agriculture. 

Therefore  a  ])rospectus  was  issued,  signed  by  W. 
F.  Tolmie/^  Forbes  Barclay,  and  George  B.  Roberts, 

''William  Frascr  Tolmie  was  born  at  Iiivcmcss,  Scotlanil,  cilucated  at 
( Uasgow,  botany  being  liis  special  pvcdiluction.  Ho  cntci'o<l  tho  Jliulson'a  ]5ay 
Company's  soi'vice  as  pliy.sician  iu  lMi'2,  and  arrived  at  Fort  Vancouver  by 
way  of  Ca]ic  ILoru  from  Loudon  in  tho  spring  of  18153.  Sent  to  assist  at  tlio 
founding  of  Foi't  ^IcLoughlin  at  Milbank  Sound  the  following  Hummer,  in 
eonscqucnco  of  an  accident  to  ono  of  the  party  Tolmie  wan  detained  at  Nis- 
•jiudly  nntil  Xovend)er,  v  hen  with  the  party  he  proceeded  to  Milbank  Sound. 
'I  ho  year  following  ho  waa  appointed  surjjeon  to  the  cxpeilition  sent  under 
Ogden  to  establish  a  post  on  the  Stikcen  Kiver,  which  expedition  failing  ho 
a.ioisted  at  tho  removal  of  I'ort  Simpson.  During  the  sunnucr  of  LSI!  I  he  acted 
as  Indian  trader,  and  in  tho  autunm  took  his  place  a.s  sui'geon  at  Milbank 
Sound,  where  he  remained  until  February  IS.'Ki.  litick  at  Fort  Vancouvc'r 
where  settlers  now  eanie  for  nu'dical  advice  as  well  as  for  supplies,  ho  was 
both  doctor  lavl  trader.  Obtaining  iu  1840  a  year's  respite  fi'om  medical 
duties,  ho  spent  tho  time  ti'avelliug  over  tho  Willamette  plains  and  elsewhere, 
establishing  Ccattlo  and  dairy  farms,  iind  procuring  wheat  for  tho  liussians. 
Ho  encouraged  tlio  natives  to  engage  in  useful  pursuits,  so  that  many  of  them 
became  good  boatmen,  ploughmen,  and  herdsmen.  A  visit  to  Scotland  in 
1S41  involved  a  journey  up  the  Cohunbia,  the  accountant  in  charge  of  tho 
sjn'ing  express  that  year  being  George  T.  Allan  who  aftervvard  settled  at 
L'athlamet.    The  mountains  were  crossed  on  snow-shoes,  each  traveller  beiixg^ 


I 


GIG 


FURTHER  AFFAIRS  IN  GENERAL. 


settinjjj  fditli  the  ]>lun.  The  country  l)otAVocn  the 
lieac I- waters  of  the  CowUtz  and  l'uu,et  Sound,  it  said, 
Mas  specially  adapted  for  producini;' wool,  hides,  and 
tallow,  ii;  then  proposed  organization  under  the 
auspices  of  the  ITudson's  Jiay  ('(>in{)any,  the  ca})it;d 
stock  to  l)(^  £200,000  in  i:i00  shares.  Until  tli.' 
Oren'on  lith;  should  l»e  defined,  direcitors  resident  in 
Lonilon  should  have  primary  control,  and  such  direc- 
toi"s  should  he  John  Henry  ]^elly,  Andrew  Colvillc. 
and  ( Jeoi<4e  Simpson.  Stockholders'  met'tinu;s  should 
he  held  in  Jjondon  every  Decendiei-,  hei^innin*'-  in  1840. 
The  l*uj4et  Sound  Company  should  purchase  of  the 
Hudson's  l)ay  Company  all  their  shee[),  horses  c;it- 
tlc,  and  iinjilemcnts  of  hushandry  iu  the  districts  of 
their  i'uture  (»j»crations,  thus  sejiaratini^  in  a  <^re;it 
measure  I'ur-ii'adini^  and  farming  in  these  jiarts.  The 
three  Jjondon  directors  were  to  appoint  local  managers 
and  agents,  hut  always  so  that  the  Puget  Sound  C(^ni- 
})any  should  invariably  he  under  ofHcers  of  the  Huil- 


so 


n's   Ij;iy  Company;    nor  shouhl   the   Puget  Souinl 


loaflfd  with  a  pack.  After  Iii.s  iTtnni  from  Euroiic  liy  way  of  Ca])e  li'iii 
ill  IN-Ct,  'I'dlliiii'  contiiuu'il  atlcndiiiijr  to  tlio  win  at  liii.sin''s.s  fcir  tlio  (■iiiii]';iii\ . 
l>\liiiif^  liis  ahsciu'c  alirnail  iic  liail  stiidiiil  S|):misl\  witli  the  view  of  taking' 
(•liarj;e  of  the  pcist  at  Y'lrlwi  Jjiiciia;  in  jihu'c  of  whiih,  liuwi'Vii',  ho  «;!>■ 
now  j,'ivfii  tho  .sii)HTiiit(Mnh'ii('V  of  tiie  l'iiL:('t  Snitinl  .\L;iit!idtiiral  Coiiiiiaiiy 
at  Ni.sciiially.  Tht  ic  ho  ri'iiiaiiiicl  niiid  |S,">!»,  when  lie  iiiovrd  to  \'ii'tiii!a. 
and  wa.s  jilact'd  uimii  tlio  hoanl  of  inanaL,'i'i':' lit  of  Jliidson'.s  IJiiy  (.'oiiijiaiiy 
all'aiis,  still  ii't.iiiiiii;f  the  siipoiiiitciidoiicy  of  tlu^  I'ligct  Sound  t'oiiij'aiiy.  At 
t!i<>  r(i|Ui'st  of  his  associatt's  in  ISOO  Toliiiic  hi'caiiio  a.  iiuinln r  of  the  iioii-^c 
of  li'j.'isiati\('  asMiiilily,  wliii.h  jiositioii  lu'  occuiiicd  for  live  years.  His 
most  iiiiiioitaiit  Work  during  that  tonii  was  tlio  aliolitioii  of  tlio  fioo-jmit 
systom.  Ill  )ioisoii  'I'lilmio  was  ratlioi-  lulow  modiiim  hoi;,'lit,  liroad-slioul- 
doi'od  and  .stout,  with  a  !ar,i;o  round  head  paitially  hald,  liiuli  forolioad,  oo;ii>o 
fi'atiiri's,  round  di  c  |i-.sct  i>yi;s  ;:littorinj^  from  umlor.sha;.;  .;y  hrows,  lai  jje  rouinl 
niliy  iio.so;  in  intilloot  shrewd  rathor  than  Jofty;  in  tcnpir  hot  and  unloi 
jiivinu;  aiiil  yet  a  man  warm  in  his  friendships,  di'Votod  to  his  family,  hoiii^t 
in  liis  do;iliii;,'s,  a  1,'ood  (Christian  harrim,'  oeoasional  oaths,  and  a  p  triotie 
oiti/on,  ospei  ially  w  hero  patriotism  wa.s  iirolitaMo.  To  the  litoratuii'  of  tlie 
eoast,  and  to  my  lihiary,  'I'oliuie  has  ooiitrilmtod  two  manii-eri[)t  vohimos;  •■■,,> 
a  oiipy  of  the  journal  liept  at  Ni  ipially  llouso,  l''ort  MeLoui;liliii,  J^id  I'""i  t 
X'aui'ouvor  in  Is.'i.'t  (i,  and  the  other  a  ll'islorii  nf  I'li'ivl  !<itiiii<l  uml  the  Xi-rili- 
iri'st  (tiii.tt.  'I'he  lirst  oontains  oomiiaratively  little  >aluaMo  iiifiiiiiiati>iii, 
ttioimli  ooinposoil  of  nriny  words;  the  other  i.  in  answer  to  dii-ect  ijiiestion-, 
written  for  the  most  part  liy  Mrs  liaiieroft  mid  myself  diirin;,' our  visit  to 
Vietoria  in  1S7.S.  We  found  Tolniii'  rather  a  dillieul'  siilijoct.  lli'  eonid 
liavo  told  more  than  ho  did,  and  would  have  done  so  liiit  for  his  diplomatie 
iiiKtinots,  aiicl  dislike  to  full.  free,  sti'iii^ditforward  Htateini'iits.  Xeveitheli  •-, 
for  what  ho  did  give  us,  wliicli  is  most  valuaMe,  let  m  lie  duly  thaiiU'.il. 


THK  PUOET  SOUND  COMPANY. 


m 


Company  1)C  allowed  to  dr-al  in  furs.  As  rooanlod 
tlie  engaging  and  restriction  ot"  agents  and  servants, 
and  all  unspecitied  conditions,  the  regulations  of  the 
Hu<lson's  Vy.iy  (\)ni]uiny  were  to  be  taken  as  a  model. 
Should  (Jreat  Britain  finally  ])erome  ]>ONsessed  of  tlio 
sovereignty  of  the  lands  oecupied  by  the  Puget  Sound 
(\)m[)any,  applieatiou  should  then  be  madf  for  an  act 
of  ii!corporatif»n.  INIeanwhile  a  deed  of  settlement 
vv-as  to  be  executed  by  tlio  Jjondon  agency,  defining 
the  duties  of  olHeers  and  rules  of  management. 

T'lX)  origir.;',tors  presented  their  scheme,  the  condi- 
tior.s  of  which  were  in  tlie  maiii  ado[)ted,  though  the 
members  of  the  cou'pany  were  destined  to  remain  only 
copartners  on  ^!ie  joint-stock  ]  "inciple,  and  never 
reach  tlie  di-niitv  of  an  incornori.Ted  l)odv. 

]^v  A'ii'tiio  of  i\unv  i)ositioii  as  cliior factors  directing: 
the  aifairs  of  the  Hudson's  iJay  Company  on  the 
Northwest  Coast,  John  Me!  >r  ughlin  was  tiist  managei- 
(f  the  I'uget  Sound  Con  pany,  and  James  JJouglas 
the  second, receiving  tlu>re!br  in  a(l(htion  to  their  salary 
and  intei'est  in  the  Hudson's  ]>ay  (Company  a  i'lU'tliei- 
considei-aliou  of  s2,500  per  annum. 

John  ^NFcLoughlin  was  in  London  in  1838--0,  and  ho 
Imrnght  the  matter  before  the  Hudson's  Bay  diivctors, 
and  a  general  }»lan  was  determined  upon,  and  thus 
it  was  that  the  C<i\vlitz  farm  and  all  th<>  agricultural 
and  gi'a/ing  lands  togetlier  with  the  TiAe-stock  and 
implements  at  first  the  pi'opeity  of  the  JEudson's  Bay 
Com[)any,  were  about  IS40  transferred  to  the  l*uget, 
Sound  ( 'oJiipany,  wliieh  larer  secured  for  themselves 
an  establisliniei'l   at  J']s(|uimalt,  on  \'iinc(»u\er  Island. 

In  IS-H  Tolmiewent  (o  l^iigland,  and  made  I'urther 
arrangements  I'oi-  the  fuller  carrying  out  of  tlie  j)Ui 
poses  of  the  l*ug(>t  Soimd  (  N)m[)any  on  the  Xnitli- 
west  Coast.  J  )y  permission  of  the  Mexican  goverment 
slu'e])  were  pmcliased  in  California,  some  of  which 
wer<.'  brought  up  hv  land  and  some  by  sea."    Horned- 

'"I'viins  H.'iy^  .'>,0()(liuiill;  .1,0(K)  of  wliicli  were  ilrivi'ii  iipovnliiiul  lhrouj,'li 
Oio"on,  mill  ■_'.(•()<>  Nfiit  liy  .siiiliiij,'-voH»i.'l.  lUit  from  what  Toliniu  toUl  ino,  I 
tliiuk  tii<;  Jiiiiubii'  c'xaygoiateil. 


61S 


FURTHER  AFFAIRS  IX  GENKRAL. 


cattle  were  likewise  <)l)taiiu'<l  in  California;  and  pij^s, 
and  improved  l)reeds  of  slieep,  ]jeioester,  SoutlidowM, 
and  Cheviot,  from  England,  to  cross  witli  the  coarser 
hreeds  from  California.  Old  sei-vants  of  the  JLudson's 
J:Jay  Company  were  encouraged  to  take  shares  and 
assist  the  new  company,  and  skille<l  farmeis  and 
shepherds  were  hronght  from  l^ngland  and  Canada. 
In  July  1850  Tolmie  removed  to  A'ictoria,  leaving 
in  charge  of  affairs  at  Nisfpially  ]']dward  JIuggings, 
who  thereafter  conducted  the  afl'aij's  of  the  J*uget 
Sound  Comj)any  until  its  ahandonnient  of  Xis(|ually, 
when  he  hecamc  an  American  citizen,  recorded  tin; 
land  on  which  Fort  Nisqually  stood  as  a  donation 
♦•iaim,  a!id  })r.rcliased  from  the  company  such  of  its 
trading  goods  and  live-stock  as  he  re(juired.  During 
this  same  yi-ar,  James  Douglas  severed  his  connection 
with  the  Hudson's  l^ay  and  Puget  Sonn<l  companies, 
when  the  renmant  of  the  affairs  of  the  l*uget  S()Und 
re   reuioved   to  Victoria   and   ])Ia('ed    in 


( 


ompany  wt 


charge  of  Tolmie,  who  acted  in  this  instance  without 
salaiv. 

The  Puget  Sound  Company  did  not  prove  profitahh; 
to  its  shareholders.  Of  the  two  tliousand  slian-s  com- 
posing its  stock,  six  hundi-(>d  and  forty  were  never 
sold,  and  on  the  otlier  shares  not  more  tlian  ieii  ]>er 
cent  was  ever  prdd  in.""     Yet  the  little  lliat  was  paid 


)roved  alm<>st  a  total  loss  t«»  the  hoMer; 


J^ 


rom  tiiei 


th 


-"  Wh.n  Wilkfs.  Xnr.  ['.  X.  Kxphn:  i:.r.,  \\\,  •^•l^,  snys  ttiJit  '  tlicciipital  ■■( 
tlic  I'liiiC't  Soiniil  <'i)mi)iiii\  is  L'.">(M),(ht«),  dh  idcd  into  sliiiri's  uf  CldO  I'lnh;  only 
£*JO<>,<hHt  (if  tills  liiis  ln'in  juMiI,' titliiT  111!  vir  tluMitiicLTs  of  tlio  lumpiiny  an; 
j,'reiitly  in  error. 

'-■'  'Two  sliarcs  ncconliiii;  to  my  st;itii'<  in  t!io  scr\'i('e  wore  jillottcil  to  nir, 
which  I  Wis'  iisf'il  of  si\  yi'iirs  iilto.  ro.iliziiu,'  little  more  tliaii  the  iMjiital  with- 
out interest.  'I'liere  were  [  think,  only  three  small  dividencls  piiiil.  I  have 
no  ilniilit  theirs  «as  a  nohtica!  oKjeet  in  "taitin^'  the  e(ini|iany,  vithan  eye 
to  the  ftUure ;  that  is  they  eimld  ur^'e  I  Ik  v  had  farms,  llsheries,  etc.,  all  over 
the  emintry,  and  the  virtual  ]"isM'ssion.  llnd  the  conipany  taken  \\'hidln  y 
Island  instead  of  Cowlitz  farm  it  would  lnue  lieen  much  more  to  their  inter- 
4'st,  and  at  tin-  treaty  carried  over  that  island.  I)out;las  iiimself  remarked 
this  to  me.'  /,'(il"  ri.-i'  l!rc.,  MS.,  !),  y[y  chief  authorities  on  the  all'airs  of  the 
ruj,'et  Souiiil  Agrieultur.d  < 'om]>any  are:  'J'nhiiir'x  I'lii/it  Sniiinl,  MS.,  pas- 
sim; FiiiliiiiMiiii'ti  r.  /.,  MS,,  jiassim:  /-.rlili  nrr  lifi'ori'  tin'  /Iritix/i  nn-l  Aunriinn 

Johil  I'limiiiif^tion,  piissim;  lfii:i>i'  < 'i»iiii\iiii\  I'ljit.,  ls.">7,  'JIH-ti;   l>ri;l<iii  .I/;/".", 

March  3,  iSUi;  McLkhVm  J'cuvr  ll«ri;  101);  Fitzjeratd's  I'.  /.,  ^M;  Martin's 


RODERICK  FIXLAYSON. 


619 


1(^11^  oxporloneo  and  great  advantages  one  would  think 
they  should  have  made  money.  But  they  did  not. 
It  is  true  that  several  annual  dividends  of*  from  five 
to  ten  per  oerit  on  the  amount  paid  in  were  made,  but 
there  was  little  profit  in  thi?  The  time  was  unpro- 
])itious.  They  had  no  title  to  -lieir  lands,  and  soon  in- 
dividuals began  to  appropriate  them.  Their  men,  hired 
at  from  one  to  three  hundred  a  year,  could  do  much 
hetter  in  Oregon,  where  finer  lands  which  they  could 
hold  for  their  wives  and  children  were  given  them 
upon  the  simple  condition  that  they  should  live  on 
and  improve  them.  The  natives  broke  out  in  open 
war,  after  which,  between  them  and  the  settlers,  six 
tliousand  head  of  the  company's  stock  were  found  to 
have  \>ovn  destroyed.  In  order  the  better  to  sustain 
their  claim  against  the  United  States  they  contin- 
ued their  business  at  an  actual  loss  for  several  years. 
Finally,  when  in  18(57,  after  losses  and  long  delays,  the 
tlaims  of  the  Puget  Sound  and  Hudson's  Bay  com- 
panies were  determined  and  paid  by  the  United  States, 
the  shareholders  were  scattered,  some  of  tliem  dead, 
and  the  little  dividend  was  not  of  nmch  benefit  to  any 
one. 


Wiien  Bodcrick  Finla^'son  arrived  at  Fort  Van- 
couver in  the  autumn  of  1839  as  clerk  in  the  com- 
]>a»iy's  service,  he  was  an  ardent,  aspiring  youth, 
liriniful  of  energy  and  honesty,  but  with  more  enthusi- 
asm than  experience. 

Shortlv  after  liis  ai-rival  he  was  i)laced  in  charge  of 
the  new  grist-nll)  livt;  miles  above  the  fort,  with 
thirty-two  men  undir  liim.  It  was  part  <>f  his  duty 
to  render  af  the  fort  a  weekly  account  of  operations 
every  Saturday  night.  On  one  occasion,  when  tilings 
luul  iionc  wrong  at  the  mill,  and  he  was  exceedinglv 
anxious  to  clear  up  satistujtorily  the  week's  work  be- 


//.  /;.,  147-.S;  /;.  r.  Chtih',  ^cc.  20,  ISOS;  March  29,  1S71;  Recu'  Letlrr, 
Sept.  IS,  I.S7(»;  >  oniiriil/in'  Ar,r  L'lilordilo/.iH;  Uarrtt t- Leu HU id's  VVai'.,  2S3-4; 
iriUt's'  Sar.  U.  S.  Explvr.  Ex.,  iv.  327-30. 


I 


020 


FURTHER  AFFAIRS  IX  GEXER^VL. 


fore  handing  in  his  report,  ho  arrived  at  the  fort  in  a 
lieavy  winter's  rain,  and  greatly  fatigued,  for  ho  liad 
wallvod  all  the  way,  and  was  so  late  that  he  was  obliged 
to  hail  the  watchman  to  let  him  in  at  the  gate.  Tliis 
was  wholly  contrary  to  rule.  The  sharp  car  of  ^ff- 
Louiihlin  cau<jcht  the  summons,  and  ordering  the  <!«•- 
linquent  into  his  august  presence,  he  rated  him  soundly 
for  his  tardiness.  "We  shall  have  to  teach  3'ou  young 
gentlemen  from  the  cast  discipline,"  he  continued. 
Finlayson  then  explained  to  him  the  combination  nt 
circumstances  which  had  detained  him.  "And  aftoi- 
my  work  was  done,  I  had  to  walk  five  miles  sir,"  stam- 
mered the  clerk.  "Yes,  yes,  I  know  all  about  that. ' 
i'e[»lied  the  governor.  But  when  the  sovereign  saw 
the  shivering  youth,  cold,  wet,  and  hungry,  and  whox; 
gi-eatest  crime  was  zeal  in  the  performance  of  duty,  the 
old  man's  heart  relented;  he  spoke  kindly  to  the  zeal- 
<tus  clerk,  and  turning  to  Douglas  remarked:  "\";>ii 
had  better  let  him  have  a  horse."  Finlayson  bow* d 
his  thaidv  and  walked  awav.  "A  horse,"  cried  out 
the  doctor  after  him,  "a  horse,  but  mind  you,  10  sad- 
dle;  you  must  furnish  your  own  saddle." 

Till!  next  ^Fonday  Finlayson  selected  a  sjuriti  d 
horse,  and  bought  himself  a  good  saddle  and  bridle, 
with  Mexican  spurs  and  gay  trapjiings.  Thus  sud- 
denlv  transformed  to  a  dashing  cavalier,  the  vounu 
man's  head  became  a  little  flighty;  and  when  return- 
ing early  the  following  Saturday  in  high  spirits  and 
with  his  accounts  all  in  perfect  order,  so  great  wa-^ 
Ids  good  o])inion  of  himselt  that  on  arriving  at  the 
fort,  and  seeing  the  gate  open,  he  reineil  his  [iranein'4 
steed  within  the  palisade  that  others  might  behold 
and  adnure  his  horsemanship. 

^^'hile  thus  engaged,  suddeidy  there  fell  upon  iiis 
ear  stentorian  sounds: 

"Who  the  devil  is  that  daring  to  bicak  the  rules 
of  the  establishment  by  conting  into  the  scpiare  in 
that  fasliion?" 

Ixadiant  in   Ins  achievenjent,  and  cap  iri  hand,  the 


FINLAYSON  ON  McLOUGHLIX. 


C2l 


young  man  pulled  up  before  the  governor  and  an- 
nounced himself.  He  was  immediately  ordered  to 
dismount.  Then  after  a  severe  lecture  his  horse  was 
taken  from  him,  and  throughout  the  remainder  of  that 
winter  he  was  obli<j:ed  to  wade  throucjh  the  mud 
])et\veen  the  mill  and  the  fort  as  a  warning  to  others. 
After  telling  mc  this  story  of  himself,  his  fine  face 
the  meanwhile  overflowing  with  good-humor,  Fin- 
layson  exclaims:  "I  cannot  but  express  my  utmost 
admiration  of  his  character." 


CHAPTER  XXVIII. 

FOUNDING  OP  THE  NORTHERN  COAST  ESTABLISHMENTS. 

1831-1835. 

TBE-iTY    OP    St    rKTERSBfRO  —  BtTILDIXG    OF    THE    FIRST    FoRT    SlMPSON  — 

Noil  rii  Coast  CoMMKiuE — Policy  op  the  Company  in  RKciAito  to  Oith- 
siTiox — ForNm.vooF  Fort  McLocuiilin- — Inuiax  DisTrRii.vNCES — Fhkt 
McLorcjiiLi.v  Removed  to  Fort  ItrrERT— Expeuitiox  to  Stikees— 
The  Ri'ssiaxs  Interpose  Forcible  Objections — Abandonment  of  the 
first  Fort  Simpson — Founding  op  the  second  Fort  Simpson — Fokt 
Essinoton — FoRt.'  McMioRD— Fort  Glesora. 

By  convention  between  Russia  and  Great  Britain, 
signed  at  St  Petersburg  the  28th  of  February  1825, 
it  was  agreed  that  the  subjects  of  both  governments 
might  navigate  the  Pacific  at  pleasure,  and  trade  with 
the  natives  of  any  shore  not  ah'eady  occupied  by 
Kuropeans,  AVhcrever  there  was  a  Russian  post 
Enghslinien  should  not  land  except  for  shelter  or 
repairs,  without  ])erniission  of  the  governor,  and  vice 
rcrsd.  The  soutliern  end  of  Prince  of  Wales  Island 
in  latitude  54' 40' sliould  be  the  southern  limit  of 
Russian  American  seaboard;  and  the  boundary  line 
should  run  tiience  easterly  to  Portland  Canal,  along 
whoso  channel  it  should  proceed  northerly  until  it 
struck  the  continent,*  when  it  should  ascend  to  the 
summit  of  the  Coast  Range,  and  should  i'ollow  said 
summit  parallel  to  the  coast  as  I'ar  as  longitude  141  , 
which  line  it  should  follow  to  the  Arctic  Oeean.  It 
was  further  stipulated  that  Prince  of  Wales  Island 
should  belong  wholly  to  ]lussia,  ami  that  wherever 
the  summit  of  the  mountains  from  the  5Gth  parallel 

'  The  treaty  says  in  latitude  5G',  but  the  chaimcl  does  not  cxt«>iKl  so  fai'. 

1  0'J2 ) 


NORTHERN  POSTS. 


023 


to  lonf,ntU(lo  141°  should  be  distant  from  tlie  ocean 
more  than  ten  niarhio  leajxiies,  tlic  divicHinjr  hnc  should 
curve  Avitli  thocurvaturc  <)t'theshore,so  that  the  shore- 
strip  sliuuld  nowhere  be  more  than  ten  leagues  wide. 
Ihitish  vessels  might  frequent  for  purposes  of  trade, 
except  in  spirituous  litpiors  and  arms  and  ammunition, 
all  the  inland  seas,  gulfs,  and  creeks  of  this  shore- 
strip,  incliKUng  the  ]M>rt  of  Sitka,  for  ten  years,  and 
all  streams  running  through  this  strip  should  be  open 
to  ]h-itisli  navigation  forever. 

Fort  Langley  had  been  planted  at  Fraser  River,  as 
we  have  seen;  but  along  the  seaboard  beyond,  up  to 
this  timt\  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  luul  not  carried 
their  trading  operations,  but  had  left  that  tratiie  to  cer- 
tain Indian  merchants  who  made  a  business  of  going 
iVom  place  to  place  in  boats  gathering  the  periodical 
harvests. 

^reLoughlln  now  determined  to  enter  and  occupy 
that  iieM,  which  l)olicy  was  begun  by  sending  I'eter 
Skeen  Ogden  and  Donald  !Manson  with  a  party  of 
men  to  tlic  mouth  of  the  river  Nass,  where  in  18:^1 
was  built  the  iirst  Fort  Simpson,  another  establish- 
ment of  that  name  bein'*'  founded  later,  as  we  shall 
see." 

For  successfully  to  comjiete  along  the  coast  with 
IJoston  traders,  the  Hudson's  Bay  Comjjany  re<|uired 
jiermanent  posts,  with  fast  sailing  schoon(.'rs  to  ))ly 
between  them.  Then,  whenever  information  of  the 
})resen(.'e  of  an  American  trader  in  its  vicinity  reached 
any  one  of  tliese  }»osts,  tliere  might  be  des[)atched  to 
the  j»lace  a  loaded  vessel,  and  arms,  li(|Uors,  and  other 
jirticles  oU'ered  the  natives  at  lower  prices,  less,  in- 
deed, than  cost  in  London  or  Boston  if  by  that  means 
opposition  might  be  cruslied  out.  We  liave  seen  one 
of  these  vessels,  the  Wtuconrcr,  already  built  at  Fort 
Vancouver  in  1  HJ9.  Lieutenant  Simpson  of  the  Boyal 
Navy  was  su|K'rintending  the  l)uikling  of  another  when 
h(!  died  at  the  lii'st  Fort  Simpson  in  1831.     Shij)- 

'  Andersuii'ii  Northwat  Coast,  MS.,  9,  10,  7C-7. 


024 


NORTHERN  COAST  KSTABLLSIIMEXTS. 


liuildiiij,',  liowovor,  was  not  tlie  fur-liuntcr's  forte.  As 
u  rule,  the  coiiipany  louiul  that  they  could  buy  better 
and  ehca])er  vessels  than  they  could  build.'' 

A  small  force  suliieed  to  bcj^in  the  j^reat  woi'k  of 
occupyini^  this  new  six  hundi-ed  miles  of  sliore  limit, 
six  hundred  miles  as  the  ship  sails,  but  as  the  sea 
beats  U[)on  it,  with  all  the  straits,  inh.'ts,  and  bays  of 
mainland  and  islands,  six  thousand  miles  or  more. 

Early  in  the  season  the  ])arty  sailed  aloni^  nj)  the 
coast,  ])assed  throULjh  Portland  Lilet,  and  entered 
Xass  Harbor.  After  an  examination  (jf  the  sur- 
rounding country  the  vessel  proceeded  up  the  Xass 
Itiver  some  six  miles,  and  there  upon  the  northern 
bank  landed  her  sup[)lies.  A  stockade  and  buildinL;s 
were  l)e<^un,  and  indeed  carried  forward  so  lar  as  to 
leave  a  mark  for  many  years  thereatter;  but  the  s})ot 


^  nohert.-i'  J'cr.,  MS,,  7.     This  jiolicy,  wliicli  continiicil  fnrinnny  ywirn,  in 


fact  ui>  to  the  tiiiu!  of  the  j;'ihl 


•ili.si'ijvirv  iiii' 


I'ttK 


tr,f  t 


h:  cdUlitrv,  Wild 


liV  ti 


IC 


I'Vcn  nioi'o  linnly  i'-  ■,  •'!  in  thu  minds  nf  thi'  inimagL'is,  ns  iriiiy  liu  Kct  ii 
following  instnictioiiS  from  tliu  J^ondou  oIIIl'i!  to  tho  otiic.  r  in  chargu  of  tlio 
Noitliwx'st  (Joust:  '  ^V(l  have  j;i\x'n  an  attentive  coiisiik'iation  to  ymir  oliser- 
vations  iqion  tiie  aflairs  of  the  eountry  to  the  vest  of  tiie  Ivoeky  MonntaiuH 


gcneia 


iiy. 


ml  have 


had 


sevei'al  eonversiitions  with  ^IrCh.  l'\  I'inlavson  wiio 


Keems  to  take  a  eomiuehelisive  ami  sound  view  of  tiie  tiaile  of  that  eountry. 
Wo  tliiiik  ]>y  jii'oiierarran^'eimnts  it  may  Ije  made  to  [irodme  very  eonsiderahle 
jirotlts,  and  v.e  think  it  good  jioliey  not  to  exereise  too  elose  t cononiy  in 
guaidinj,'  both  thu  coa.st  and  interior  trade  from  oji]>o.sition.  ^\'ith  this  view 
v.e  Ken(l  out  the  steam-vessel,  and  we  think  that  f-iio  and  twc>  sniliriLr-vossels 
should  lie  kejit  employed njion  the  eoast  (unless  exjierieneo  shouhl  jiiovo  tliat 
one  sailing- vessel  with  the  steani-hoat  is  Hilltieient I,  for  tlie  ]iur]>oM;  of  eairy- 
ing  on  tiio  trade  and  watching  any  ojiposiuon  width  may  arrive  on  tlio 
eoast.     \\'(!  do  not  think  under  jirescnt  eiieunistauces,  that  any  new  access 


from  tiie  sea-eoast  to  New  Caleilonia  wo 

our  traiie,  w  liicli  is  suiiplieil  )iy  th(!  ]iresent  route  at  a  iNodirate  enst,  ai 


would  lie  safir  fi 


iin  o|ipositioii,  am 


1  1). 


uld  be  of  aiiv  material  ailvantage  to 

.1  it 
til- 


lik 


ciV  to  excite  any  teelmg  on 


jiart  of  the  llussian  eom[iany,  tlian  if  you  endeavored  to  intirceiit  the  tradr 
of  furs  from  the  interior  to  tiieir  ten  leagues  of  country  on  tlie  coast,  hy 
extending  your  jiosts  from  tlie  interior  rather  than  by  estalilishmciits.su]iiplu( 


from  the  eoast.     The  stcii 
charge  of  the  district  to  ex; 


un-vessel  may  eua 


ble  tl 


lllcU 


Kin  \\  ho  may 


be  ill 


inline  accurately  the  dill'cri  nt  inlets  on  the  eoast, 
and  We  tiust  will  also  enable  him  to  obtain  a  trade  along  the  eoast  to  tin- 
northward,  and  in  time  tin  y  may  lie  able  to  coiimct  the  two  jioiiits  of  the 
coast  reai'hed  by  captains  liccchy  and  Sir.Iohn  l''rauklin.  Itajijicars  that  Mr 
Fi'ench,  an  Ainci'ican  at  thi^  Sandwich  Islands,  carries  on  intercourse  with  tin' 
Russian  Conijiany,  and  has  a contnict  with  them  for  the  supply  of  certain 
articles;  and  that  ho  combines  with  this  a  fur-triwle  alon;,'  the  coast,  on  the 
return  of  the  siiip  to  the  Sandwieli  Islands.  Itwould  be  of  imjiortance,  it  it 
can  be  a('c(»inplislicd,  without  loss,  to  intei'rupt  this  intercourse  by  oH'crin.:  to 
sup])ly  the  ilussians  on  better  terms.  And  an  extfUBiou  of  your  cultivalitu 
miyht  enable  you  to  do  this.' 


FORTS  SIMI'SUN'  AND  McLOL'GIIUX. 


ffi» 


vas  not  well  chosen.      It  was  not  acccssiMc.     Tt  was 
too  I'ai'  iiortli,  ami  too  I'ar  inland.     Sonio  other  point 

lioaivr   the    ojkII   oeean    \\on](l   he    hi'ttel-,  Would    enni- 


nian< 


I  a  mufh  widi  r  aiva  ol"  hoth  sea  and  land.    1  len 


ee 


Iteiore  the  post  was  I'airly  tini>>hed  it  was  deteiinined 


to  ni(»\c  it. 


The  next  post  noi'th  of  Tian'^lcy  cstaldished  hy  tlie 
Hudson's  liav  ('onii)aiiv  on  the  Northwest  ('oast 
after  the  beginning- of  the  lir>t  I''ort  Simpson  at  Aass 
llarho)' was  placetl  on  .Milhaiik  Sound  and  called  i'orl 


]\I\ 


.oii-'idin 


Tiider  J)Lincan  Finlayson,' assisted  l»y  Daniel  ^Tan- 
son'  and  A.  ( '.  Andi'i'soii,  ill  the  hri;.,'  J)i\/<n/,  ( '.ijihiin 
Kipliii-',  ill  the  s]>riiig  of  is;;:;  the  exjiedition,  consist- 
in!.^  of  liirly  l.mdsnien,  set  sail  fioiij  l"'ort  X'ancoiiver.'^ 
Of  the  jiai'ty  was  dohn  J)nnn,'  who  acted  as  iiiter[tretLr 
an< 


laii  niana'>-ei- 


lln.l 

After  some  <leliiy  in  crossin;^  the  Iciv  ol'  the  (  'ehiin- 
l)ia,  \\u'  I)i'i/'i(/  proceedeii  to  t!ie  ri\iT  Xass,  and  after 
taking-  from  the  lirst   l''oi  i    Siiiipsun  certain  siipjilii-s 
to   ?ilill)aiik   Sound,  where  ihe  jcirty 


iritii 


i'l 


down 


was   joined  hy  Cajttain  McXeill   in   ]ii>  .--hip    fJ'im 
Ki'coniioitrin;^-  linished,  nndcr  j>rotectii.n  of  the  .N'lij 


ii' 


Ull; 


aiK 


lassist(.'d    l)\'    the    cre\-,S    of    hoth    \es^>(ls    tin. 


'Chi  f  f;;ctoi'juul  iiiuIl' of  J!o;Uii(k  Fiii'av. 


caiui-  ti)  I'ort  ^^lllc()^lv< 


in  lf-'.'!l,  iijiil  111)  speciiil  |!u;-!t  n^si'.'iml  him,  IiiU  Iiy  liis  csiu  riciicr  iiiiil  ;v)iyl 
judu'iiKiiL  ho  tuiiUilmU'd  ^rwiily  U>  thcsiiii'c. h  of  Uu-  cdiinp.iiiy  (i;i  tli>'  Xoith- 


wost  (.'iKi.  1,  wliiTi!  ill'  rcMiai:u  il  iin!:l  1.' 


Jii  I'^rilic  Wii    ill  chill:  I  II 


\i 


Honsi'.  iS^'ij  A I 


'.1  Xnrf/ii'Tyf.  ro'i'if.  17,  :!-;  Mar'in'-'  II.  II.,  I'J.'i. 


■  .\h 


n  c'litcivil  the  Htrvii-c  of  thi:  lIiiih-uirM  IJiiy  ( '(iiiniany  in  |s|.' 


J'lV'Ilt 


several  yea  rm  HI  tlicS.-iMkatilu  wan:  in  ISJ7  \Vii:i\\  itii  Cliicf  lacfor  P.lai.'U  ixi.li' 
illfi  I'iu'ay  Kivcr;  jiltir  whicii  he  ^piiit  hhim'  tiiiii  mi  the  ('"Inmliia    I  I'lVn  ii 
Astmia  and  I'nit  Naneimxci-.     Siill  latrr  he  wu.s  i  'a<  rd  in  riiai"r  if  t!if  Xon^ 


iii'ia  and  I'nit  \' 
( 'ak'dniiia  <li.-tri(.'t.     On  ntiiiir,' fioiu  llii- siTvii'o  In' M'tthd  iit  Cliaiini''^!;  i' 


l.S.-)4.    To 


iii!i\i  I 'ill  If 


rl  ,S'i 


'/.   MS. 


Aii'li 


\  ml  III 


.•</  r 


i-i.   M.- 


Fiiilavs'iii,  //;-/.    r.  /,,  MS.,  K,  \.\\n  is  irtial!v  very  ciirnrt,  dntos  Iho 


founilin!.' iif  I'urt  .McLoiiLihlin  I' 


'1 


111  I  imr  1.-*  iiiiic!i  iii'ifr  n  111.11 


tliat  >:a!!i 
fiiitiid  it  i:i 


//,  I! 

!7.     1 


Kul.!- thill 
p-.rtli,  and 


I'l-lialis  \si' 


lid  [ilaiT  tlir  I'll  t   in  jiititiidi-  - 
iimhi  Inrj^ivi'  him  tlu' cii'iTof  dati'.  ai  In'cujiiril 


It  truiii  Sir  ( !c(ii'!,'c  Siniii.''iii. 

'  .\i\\.\\n\-  i)i  ll'tititiii  I  /till  Ih-i'ji'ii  'I'l  rrifiiii/,  a  hook  lint  iii 
acuiie  or  tnithfuhu'.>s. 

Ul8T.  N.  W.  Coast,  Vol.  II.    40 


ilal. 


fill   rtOllud 


XORTIIERX  COAST  ESTABLISHMENTS. 


Moik  of  iort-biiildiiit^   l>rn'aii   in    .[uiu!,  aiul  wus  com- 
l)k'ti'(l  lor  sal'c  occuiialion  l»_v  (^ctolii-r.'* 

'I'lic  S(|UaC('  OlK'losud  ill  J»irki!ts  ri^lltcon  feet  lo  yir 
and  t\\«»  I'iH't  ill  eiifimilc'iviict',  uiortisud  into  a  scju  u\; 
\t)if  sunk  into  the  oaitli,  was  one  liiindri'd  and  twciily 
iV'i't  oil  each  side.  Inside  the  pickets  i-an  a  ^^allery, 
and  ill  each  of  the  two  hastions  were  mounted  tour 
iiiiU'-|»oundei's,  with  sniall-arnis  and  ainniunition.    TIi 


usual 


huild 


lliLfs  were  erecti'd  within. 


Wat 


cli  was 


kel»t 


iii_L;ht  and  day,  lor  tlie  sa\a_!^es  liere  were  daniL^i'i'oiis. 
Several  years  previous  an  American  vessel  visitini;" 
!^[i]l^ank  Sound  was  attacked  by  tiie  Hi-Uacoolas,  and 
the  ca[itaiii  and  part  (»!'  the  <'rt.'W  wvw  Ivilled.  Tiie  deed 
was  done  ahout  1)  o'clock  in  the  morning',  wliile  most 
of  the  crew  were  al<»f"t  airing'  the  wet  sails.  Jiouiid 
theslii[>  a  tleetof  canoes  (hsplayt'd  ((iiantitiesof  teinpt- 
iiijj;'  I'urs.  Willi  culpahle  carelessness  the  savages 
Were  admitted  on  deck  armed.  Ma\inL,^  stationed 
theiiisel\-es  to  suit  their  juirposo.  the  chief,  Tyect, 
calling'  the  caj)taiii  to  the  i^anu'way  to  look  at  the  I'urs, 
drew  his  Unite,  j)hin^-ed  it  into  his  side,  and  ]»itclied 
the  l)o(ly  o\erl)oard,  where  it  was  cut  in  ))ii'ces  with 


I 


ia(  Idles 


IK 


lis  was  tlie   siu'iial   lor  a   <>eiieral  a 


1  i; 


ittack. 
The  crew  f'ouu'ht   for  tlieir  li\es,  and  at  last  cleared 


tl 


le  (le( 


k  and 


i|)I)e(l  o 


'I'l 


ut  t 


o  sea. 


The  /Jill, III  \\;is  the  iiist  to  sail,  anil  afti'rwai'd  tlu^ 
Di'i/'iil,  {''inlaysoH  retuiiiiiiij;'  to  Fort  \'ancouver  in  the 
latter  vessel,  leaving'  Maiisou  in  diarufe. 

l'[)  to  this  tinu',  iiis|)ired.  hy  whoIesonR^  feai",  th(^ 


iKltlVi 


ha( 


1  l.el 


laNeii  Will   enoU'_;'it,  and  seemed  to  en 


tei'tain  no  thoui^ht  of  treachery.  It  happened  on<' 
day,  howe\«'r,  n<»t  loii^-  after  tin;  de])arture  of  tlu^ 
JJi\i/(iil,  that  a   man   was  missiiio',  llichanl  hy  name, 

"sir  ( li'iivgc  Siiiijisiui  ^^,•ly,^  tli>'  site  must  originally  liiivc  Ik'cii  iiiii;vcii  iiinl 
nvim'il  rock,  Mliii'h  liy  lihiHliiiL'.  Kvclliuj,',  an. I  giJivtlling  was  iiiaili'  .siii'Lahli! 
f  r  a  fiirtif^s,  ami,  \\  lii'ii  gaiiixiiHil  l>y  twiiity  nun,  might  sat'cly  ili  fy  all 
till'  maivi'son  tlio  coa^tt 

"  i)iiiiii.  '/(■.  'I'l r.,  "i'llt-lil,  with  exceeding  Itad  tnste  seems  partly  ti)  acco)'t 
till'  i\i  use  (if  'Jyei't,  who  said  it  was  not  so  iiuirli  |iillag('  that  jirompttd  tiii' 
massiiiTi',  as  that  the  Amciicans  were  nieuii,  uuiirincipled  men,  so  dillci-Lut 
fiDUi  lilt;  iMigliih,  etc.,  a  I  iian-'tiiiii. 


INDIAN  ATTACK. 


r,'27 


vlioui  it  was  afterward  ascortaiiuHl  liad  di'siM'tcd  tlu 


lor   the   superior  allureiiien 


its  (tf  sa 


va<'isiii. 


tort 

cliiet',  Tveet  liiliiselt",  was   seized  and   liild  as  liostage 

until  the  luu-ksHder  slioiild  he  returned  to  them. 

Tile  (hiys  ])assed  hy.  It  was  deemed  im[>rudeiit  to 
stir  far  from  tlie  fort;  hut  on  a  Sumhiy,  wlu-n  primeval 
stillness  pei-vaded  the  foicst,  and  not  a  human  Ixin^' 
was  in  siL;ht  save  a  solitary  Indian  seated  hy  a  lire  on 
tlu;  opposite  hank  of  the  hay,  eveninn"  eanie  (piielly 
on,  and  the  men  asketl  and  ohtained  |i'  , mission  to  go 
foj"  water.  Anderson  did  not  a[»prove  of  tiie  meas- 
ure; to  one  ae(juainte(l  with  the  Indian  eharacter  sueh 
tian«piillity  was  in  itself  suspicious;  hut  instead  of  cx- 
])ostulatin;j  with  ^Fanson  In-  lu'lted  on  his  ]»istols  and 


aceompanied  the  men 


thiuK 


wvi  to  assi 


^t  tl 


lem  1 


f  at- 


tacked. 1  [e  had  not  lon^-  to  wait,  for  just  as  the  nu'ii 
had  reached  the  water,  and  wert^  stoo]>ini;'  down  to  till 
tlu-ir  vessels,  suddenlv  from  hehind  e\  erv  hush  spriui-' 
a  hlii.  k-j)ainted  wari'ior,and  all  with  sinudtaneous  yells 
rushed  for  the  open  ^ate.  (.'lost'  hi'hind  and  minnlinLj 
with  them  were  AikKtsou  and  his  men.  Tveet,  seeing 
it  all,  was  wild  with   excitement. 


oil 


'  l>ind  your  prisoner!"'  shouted  .\ndi'rson  toTyeet's 
;ird.     And  to  the  men  in  the  ha.stion,  "Fire  voiu 


•iuns 


(" 


]^(  »th  orders  were  <  )l)ey(^d.  The  savages  were  thr<  iwn 
into  confusion,  and  aflei-  seveial  of  them  were  killed, 
the  fort  was  cleared  <»f  the  assailants.  When  An- 
dei'son  and  his  companions  had  regained  entrance 
thev  lound  one  of  their  numher  wounded,  while  one 
was  missing.  The  watcli  was  douhlcd,  and  all  put  in 
order  for  the  hest  defence.      Ahout  ten  o'clock  fmrn 


out  the  darkness  came  a  voi 
JManson!" 


Cl' 


Mr  Mai 


ISOll 


Ml 


It 


tl 


was  tiie  voice  oi 


tl 


10  mis>iii<--  man. 


'AVlu)  are  youf''  was  the  icply 


I'm  (j 


iV!>-oire 


10  crie( 


I.  "h 


•oiind  111  a  eanoo;  a 


nd 


unless  Tyeet  is  safe  these  devils  sav  I  am  to  he  saeri- 
iiced." 


CJ8 


NORTHERN  COAST  ESTAlM.lSHMr.XTS. 


Tvcct  was  siiniinoned  to  a  l)astioii  and  iiiadf  to  Idl 
tliis  jKoplc  that  lio  Avas  \\\W,  and  that  tiny  .slimild 
(•(»ine  the  tollowinf]^  moniiiij,'  and  hriiii^  tlicir  jjiisom  r. 
It  was  d()!n',  ami  tho  oxcliaii<j;o  iiiad«'.  It  was  sul»s(- 
(HU'iitly  ascirtainod  tliat  iJichanI  uas  stoind  to  death 
l>y  soiiK!  liuhaii  boys,  which  opuratioii  was  inoio  di  - 
lij^htlul  to  th»'  savai^t'  urchins  than  to  thu  new  con- 
vert to  sylvan  seductions. 

It  was  the  custom  of  the  company,  as  T  h.avo  hcfmo 
jcmai'ked,  wlieii  one  of  its  ofhcers  liad  cxj»crirn<H'd 
troulile  with  the  natives  of  one  locahty,  to  rcinove 
liim  to  another  post,  that  ]\v  miglit  not  remain  a  marl; 
of  offence  to  the  nuich-tenipted  children  (tf  tho  i'orest ; 
lieMice  shortly  after  the  Indian  distnrl>ance  in  which 
lie  had  slain  at  least  one  savaj^e,  Andi-rsoii  was  sent 
back  to  the  Columbia. 

In  November  is;;;?  W.  V.  Tnhu'io  left  Nisquitlly 
for  Fort  ]\rcLouj4lilin,  where  he  took  the  j)lace  of 
Anderson.  remainiiiL,'  until  May  iS;!!.'" 

Manson  I'euiained  in  charn'e  <»r  this  post  imtil  tixi 
autumn  of   ls;!l»,  when  he  was  succeeded  bv  Charles 


1 


voss 


11 


^Iil!)ank  Soiuid  was  not  lon^f  afterwai-d  aban- 


doned, Fort  McLou-'hlin  bein^;-  remt»ved  tothe  north 


l.v  tl 


'"  It  is  wtll  ui'^li  liciiit-iciiiliii;,'  to  sec  tlif  lin-.sof  MtriiL,'gliii;,';;(iiiiis  Hinothcriil 
till'   vciv  Aii.-itu(s.<  (pf  the   smiouiiiliii ,'   \:ii-iiiiiii ;  ti»  ."ic   iilt:i.s  (li.-J..i|i;itL' ', 


imltiiiL,'  into  iiotliiiiL'iKss  liy  ruasoii  nt'  tin'  niiity  iiml  illiiiiitaliiiin'sH  of  tlicir 
incntiil  iitiiio>]iIuiv.  'I'oiiiiir's  ,/o/';v/('/,  k<'|>t  at  Ni.->i|ii,illy  n')tisii  in  lh,'!;(,  ;;t 
J'"ort  MrLoii^hliii  ill  Is,", I-."),  iiiid  at  l''oit  \aiin'ii\(i-  in  |s;;( 


),  IS  an  •■xaiiip 


mati'ii  imlv  llircii;;!!  the  nuiliinn  of  linoks,  the  niiiul  rut  aipl  triniiiiid  liv 


the  coiivciitionalitif.-i  of  oM  Niiiit.tit'.-i,  wlun  tlirowii  ujion  its  own  ii'SduiccH 
ami  left  alone  with  natuie  it  liail  iiothiii;,'  to  think  of,  nothing  to  s.iy.    Ht'i 
this  hliit'Wil 
liilllMilf,   tiie 


lis  hliit'Wil   yoiinv'  Seotrli  inedieal  ni;in    iiisttail  of  lellini,'  us  MHiiutliiu!,'  of 


stranm-  new  coiintrv   he   is  in,   the   peoph-,   \vhit« 


I     Vl'\<\>' 


Hkitineil,  their  aims,  failures,  aii<l  ile^tinies,  .si^'hs  over  what  he  ilid  this  day  ,i 
:o  in  Seotlancl.     'I'heii  he  j.'o(s  on  with  ,>*eiiics  of  |i;ii,'es  of  nothin;.rs 


veai 


eo\  (1  ii;'_'  iitonths  (it  iion-e\i-^ti'nec,  until  the  leadi  r  wonders  atiesh  how  it  Wi  ro 


jio.-sihle  tor  so  w  ise  a  man  to  write  so  nineh  and  say  so  littlt 


small  ]> 


ti<pii  of  the  w  titer's  t  iiiK  was  now  .'in  lit  in  ;■•  adiii;,'  siali  hooks  ;is  I 'a  ley,  l)w  iu'ht, 
iiikI  iiurhiie,  njioii  w  hit  h  he  piou.sly  disi  (nii.tes,  jiiid  w  ilii  mueli  learning  f' 
so  young  .1  liinii.     'What  a   ]'ity  that  as  we  ;;r.>w  old  we  must  k 


do  Worse, 
twc 


>d  vouii!.'  man  is  the  most  l((jii:tiliil  si:;iit  in  nati 


I 

-e.\ee|it 


now  les.i  aiii 


1  \oung  men.      I'.nt  none  like  'i'olmii'  at  >.iM| 


the  iioliiciirmv  of  iiortli-west  tiallicl 


uall\  ean 


I'ollli 


dl 


'11 


len,  t< 


low  inteiestm''  ilisserta- 


tioiis  on  theology  and  history  make  the  otherwise  insipid  journal  of  the  youn;^ 
and  ardent  fui-  trading  diMtor. 

"   \|i]iointed    to   sujeiinfeiid  Tort  ^'i^tol■ia    in    !Si;!.    Chaihs  I!oss   died 
bhoitly  tifterwurd,  and  wus  succeeded  at  Victciiu  l>y  RuUciick  i'iiiLiysuu. 


RUSSIAN  AMHRICA. 


0J9 


fiMj  (11(1  of  VaiicoiiNur  Island  and  rcclirlstL'ncd  Fort 

X()i\vitlistaii(linj4'  l>y  tli((  frcatv  of  IHiI")  it  liad  Ixon 
n'^ivcd  lift  uccii  (Iif  lJu>siaii  and  iJritisli  ^ovcnnmiits 
that  jliitisli  (radrrs  sliould  have  tlic  riujlit  rortscito 
I'lvi-ly  iiaviL;att'  all  ilvcr.s  crossiiii,^  tli(j  Jlus.-.iaii  sliorc- 
.strip;  \vi  when  in  ISol  an  oxi>cdition  was  lltti-d  out 
at  l''oi'(  A'aiicoiiNcr  to  cstalilisli  a  ti'a(rni;jc-ito>(  on  the 
Stikitii  I'ivci',  alioNc  Ikiissian  tcirilorv,  and  smihc 
lortvor  lit'tv  miles  iVoin  any  linssiaii  [tost,  tlir  lirilish 
I'ound  a  liiisslan  I»1oc1;-1iou.sl'  d'cctcd  at  tli«'  inontli  oi* 
tlif  ii\(r,  and  a  Itussian  C()rvett(j'^  llir  ThIIji-Iki  and 
tw. 
l.id 


n-oaicd    nnn-!)oats    stationed     lIuTe    I'nr 


in:^'  euliane 


The    11 


tilssiaii  Anierieali  ^-ovelliof 


])ar(»n  Wraiiuxl,  liad   heard  of  it,  and  was  leadv    lor 
them. 


Tl 


le  mission  was  imnortant 


('oini»riset|    ;i 


11  th 


IT* 

•1 


nco  the  ex[)edilion 


le  nu'ii  and  machinery  iieeessaiy  hn' 
linililin'4'  and  ei|nii»|>in:4'  a  station  of  snllieit'nt  slreii'^ih 
to  [iroteet  itseir  nearly  a  thousand  miles  iVoiii  the 
S(»urce  of  supi»ly,  n<»t  only  from  sava^'es  hut  fiom 
lival-,  ^fanv  of  oiii"  old  Iriends  we  lind  (•(•inno-inL- 
t!'eeomj)any,  wliicli  had  for  their  (M»nviyaiu-e  the  liaric 
J'ii/ii(/.  J*eter  Skciii  ()ij;den  Was  in  eommaiid,  and 
Mas  aMv  assiste(|  \ty  A.  ('.  Anderson,  (leorm'  JJ. 
lioherts,  and  W.  l'\  Tolmie,  the  latter  aeting  as  sur- 
;L;"eon  as  well  as  tiadi'l". 

If  llie  armed  \ essel  which  opposed  their  entiaiic 


to  the  river  was  not   enoim'h,  other  (»hstael 


es    W(»ll 


Id 


liavo  prevented  the  aec()m[ilisliinent  ttf  their  desi  .;n. 
it  is  extri'iiiely  doniitful  if  they  could  liave  passed  the 
leiideaij^ue  liussiaii  shore-stri[)  on  the  Stikeen  l\i\>  r, 
and  convt  yi(l  tliemselves  and  their  snp]ilies  thioii'^li 
Ivussian  and  into  iJiitish  territory.    Then  theiinti\es, 


'-Itoss  coulil  Mcarcc'ly  liiivo  rt'liiiiilU'il  tlicru  tliriill;.r]i  flif  wiiittr,  for  wi 
find  liiiliiVMili,  r.  /.,  .MS.,  t»-S,  tiiuiliiii;;  tlicru  in  liic  btfiH!!-  i'  lUtin  r  in  tin 
hiiiiii;'  cf  islO.  ill  V,  hicli  tiliK'  lie  linils  •liink.s  of  tli;it  furt  slill  i-iinaiuln;,-.' 


Audi 


lli^t.  Soiihii-ist  Ciiusi    MS.,  II,  Mn  s  two  vlsscIm;  otiii 


i.lioritii i*  liinit  thi'iii.stlvi's  to  oiiu. 


NOIITIIEIIN  COAST  i:sTAr.r.ISIIMi:XTS. 


the  StikceiiH  proper,  iuliuMtliin'  tlic  coast,  wii-c  o\- 
tiviiitly  .ji'iiloiis  of  tlu'ir  tiiulc  with  tin:  interior  ttiljcs, 
••111(1  woiilil  not  taiuclv  see  the  wliite  men  s|M»i!  tii-.  ir 
coliiini'ice. 

Howcvi'r  stoixl  tlie  ri^lit  of  the  niutti'r,  tlie  fart>; 
arc  tht.'se.  I'assin;^  up  Clarence  Sttait  the-  ])ni<iil 
turned  into  tlie  ehaiuiel  hetween  Zareinho  and  I'^tlio- 
liiie  islands,  and  on  the  isth  of  , June  IJ^.'M  came  to 
aneiioj"  sevin  miles  otl'  JNiint  Hii^htidd,  near  the 
iiortliorn  «n(l  of  ^^'l•anL;('l  Island,  and  a  little  south 
of  the  entrance  to  the  Stikeeii  J{iv«r.  From  the 
ship's  deck  was  plainly  visiMc  the  ]\edoiil»t  St  J)io- 
Tivsius,  he-'un  1>\'  the  llussians  in  IS.'I'J,  a  few  hundred 
yards  fi'<,m  the  spot  w  heie  lal«'r  Fort  Wran;;el  was 
erected  hy  1h«'  United  States  ^((Vernment.  To  the 
eyes  ol"  the  i'Ji'.;lish  tiii>  fortress  presented  itself  a 
shapt'less  mass  of  lo^s  ;,nd  }»lanks."  'I  )ir  truth  is, 
tliat  ther'c  w.-is  ihen  on  the  j^rassy  point  a  larju'e  1»1  ick- 
housf  in  coiuse  of  construction,  and  a  saw-pit  whv-re 
I'ii^ht  oi'  ten  men  wen*  at  woik. 

Scarcely  was  the  anchor  cast  when  was  seen  ap 
j)r(»achinin'  from  Ihc  shoii'a  lonij  whale  hoat,  with  four 
oarM,  and  a  swivd  in  the  l»ov,.  The  (»llicei'  in  chari^c, 
who  was  little  more  than  a  hoy  in  years,  soon  i-eached 
the  deck  of  the  Jh-f/dil,  and  presented  O^den  a  l.U'>4'e 
lta|ier,  whieh  jii<»\cd  to  he  a  [»roclamation  issued  i»y 
( loNcrnor  Wr;uiu;t  1  p!'ohii)itinijf  l-aij^lish  and  An.'i-ricau 
\e>sels  from  tradinn'  in  (  laii-nce  Strait. 

■•\Ve  l;ave  no  intention  of  ti-adini^'  in  ('larence 
Strait."  said  ( )e(l,.n. 

The  younj^  man  who  was  unahle  to  understand  <'i- 
speak  .1  woi'd  of  I'jiL^lish,  I'' i-ench.  or  Spanish  m(»dest|y 
letiied.      lint  as  Ik   was  Iea\inn  the  \essel  ( )Ljden  uiii- 


"TIh'  Hi'ilmilit  St  Iii<ii,y»>.uH  wiiH  Imilt  iiiimi  '■nine  rorkx  ■wliicli  foniii'il  . 


IS  iiii  i.i!iiii<l.     Till*  llinUoi 


r 


Miiiill  iii'iiiiisiilii.  ..ml  \\lii<  li  lit   liif^Iitic 

• 'iii!i|iiin\    .sii1iscc|iii 'itly  M|iiiil    till'   iai.»siiiii    pust.      I'ort   N\'r;iii;;fl   of  1 

I'liili'il  st.itis  \\;is  lilanil  nri  the  isl.iiiil.     Siiii|i«c)ii.  ./niiriii  I),  i.  'Jnit,  .miinm  t 


Hltl-   WilS    I'.M 
111.  Tl^llfV     I'lll 


]\   iliiiM'ii;    lliiit   till'    priiiliMll.i  \\ii^  ■  liiiirly  liilL't'  <  Iliiii..'ll   \<iV  l! 


ilili/" 


ilii'i'    fill'    tiili-.    liv  ii\t  rlli>\\  ill''   till 


tlllllllH    lit      IllLlll 


iiti  r,  i-rndi'iril  iiiiv  in  tiiicial  cvliiisinii  <if  tl 


«'  jiii  HUM'S  II  I  ,iwt  )in|ii'ai  ticii- 


1)1'  ;  aii'l    Uit'  Nliliic  that  waw  1mi  imlli  ally  ilrjuiKilnl   liV  tlir   tlit't'ilill;^  H'.i   \MH 


RlIDOUliT  ST  PIONi  ^IU.S. 


ai 


tioiK'd  liiiii  to  vaik,  and  a<Uli"c'Ssiii!L!j  t(»  llai'oii  Wi-aii'^cl 
a foiiiial  prutcot  to  liis  |)rocIaiiiati<»ii,  and  m<»i'<>  paitiru- 
larly  ajjjaiust  armed  oUstructioii  at  tli»j  ciitranci'  <•!"  the 
livui",  li<;  haudt'd  it  to  the  youiiu;'  man,  who  siniiilicd 
liis  cntii'c  comiirclicnsioii  ot*  what  was  to  ho  done,  and 
j'apidly  r(»w«'d  away.  \«'.\t  canic  out  in  a  hidjuka, 
]»a<ldl(.Ml  hy  two  men,  a  Russian  oMici'i- and  an  Jndian 
intt'r|H'('tt.'i".  'IMk'  I'mnu'i'  was  a  thin,  dai'k-('om|»U'\- 
i(»iicd,  olikMly  man,  in  a  hhio  surtoiit  jind  whilo  visi, 
who,  with  his  cnniiniiiion,  on  ivarliiny-  the  >hi|>,  was 
usliort'd  into  the  cai'in,  and  hrai  dv  was  pljiccd  h(>t"'ii-c 
tlioni,  <»}'  which  (hnin^'  tiu-  intci'.l.-w  that  I'oljowod,  il' 
'I'olmie  s[u'aks  tndy,  tho  olhci  r  alone  (h'ank  <i\ri'  ;i 
]»int.  III!  was  wliolly  ahlc,  howcst  r.  notw  ithstanihnL;' 
his  |»(»tatioi!s,''  to  transact  his  hnsiiu  .  s,  ;in<l  was  l-x- 
fuo(hnnly  |H»hto  in  doini;'  so. 

"Voii  lead  the  prochiuiation,  I  |irisumi' .' "  lie  asked 
l)landly. 

'*lt  do(\s  not  affect  ns,"'  ii|tlied  ( )iL(dcn.  "\Vi'  are 
simply  nsin'^'  the  I'iver  hy  whicli  to  enter  .lui-own  tcr- 
)iloiy  accordin^j;'  to  treaty,"  iiplie(|  ()n(|(.||. 

"A  jolt  liei-e  or  thirty  niiKs  lV«im  hei-e  is  all  ihc 
same:  it  carries  the  trade  with  it,"  smiled  ili«  ltn>Niau 
lictweeli  <;'lasses. 

■'That'  i  <-annot  hdp,"  l)histere.l  OMtKn;  "F  shall 
tise  the  ri\ei',  as  J  lia\c  a  ri.;ht  to  it." 


liiilcil  I'V  till'  |nit>i.Mt;,  '11111  lillli  (pf  til"  iiiiti\i'  \  ill;ii'is  ill  tlu'  111  i;lilHiiliii(Hl, 
ia  (»i>i>r<M>iii;,'  ilio  utiii'i.sj.ln n- with  a  iimst  iiiiii^i'nis  |«iliiiiir.  'I  lif  iinrliDr. 
iiiorcoMr,  \\;'-<  >i.  liiir  iiw  tluit  ii  \rssil  ut  I'lic  liiiinlnil  tuns  iii.stt'inl  of  nvii  ;.'■ 
inn  "'  mill    ^  "lis  iiihIii'IIk-  ln^^s^it\  ut  niuiiiiii;,'  .stiiu  iiimI  sIitii.  niid  tat! 

SM|(jily  (if  til'-. I  s\ jiti  r  WHS  liriiiiv;lif  liy  t\  w li  ii  .'niiiriliirt.  wjiirli  tlir  miviiu'-m 

Iiiii;lil  ;it,  liny  time  ili  -Iruy.  iViiii  ii  stiriim  iilmiii  twu  liiinilricl  y.iriU  ilixtii    I 

' '  As  I  li:iM'  riscM  lull'  It'liwirkril,  it  is  j  jittlr  i>ilr_'lll.il-  l"i«'  tin'  li.i.  ilittt 
diiiiki  iM  ill  till'  J'!n;.'li.-li  tiii-liiintin;r  riiiiks,  w  !i(iif\  i  r  tiny  cnini-  in  mntiict 
« itii  t'li-  IJii>si,iiis,  iilw.iy-  iK  Tiu.c'i  |!i<  III  I  I'  (]i(|.  lit  inUiu^',  Nuw  |  Iuim-  xn  i 
nil!  1 1  111  I  SI  Ill's  Itiiy  iiljl.'i'is  sii  ilniiik  tliiit  tliry  rniilil  nut  ^pi'iik,  Ml  ili'iilik  as  to 
liiU  iVuiii  till'  ili.iir  wliili'  liviii','  t'l  till  nii'iif  »ln'  |ialliiy  ilass  juii;.'  i.'uiii'  liy, 
ami  \it  I  iii'\('i'  wiiit  nut  I't  my  w  ay  tu  [luiaiii'  tin  irdi  iinki  iim  - 1  ii|>un  an  im- 
pityiii),' wurlil.  As  II  lull',  tin-  Minl-i'ii.s  Hay  iiirii  ilid  lint  ill  ink  tu  iiitu.\i. 
ratiuii:  Imt  w  Inn  si'atril  in  a  sjiij 
a  lii'aiiil,\  liuttic  anil  (ilassi  s.  |  j^n 
xliiiri- as  well  IIS  till-  Kiis.sian  iitlii'i  r; 


iliili  I'oiinil  n  t.iMi'  uli  <^  I'ii  li  was  .staliilili;^ 
nut  till'  sliiilifcsl  iluiit.t  tlial  tin  V  ilnl  tlifii* 


an 


I  I 


111  mil  at  all  MUi'i'  'riiliiiii'  lii'l  not 


taki'  Mihic  uf  that  pint  lir  i-in-aks  nf,  tur  I  l,u\i'  isct'ii  tlu-  iliH'tur  '  iH'i-MCiib"'  for 
liini^iL'lf '  i|uiti'  lilici'iilly  ii|Hm  ocumtioiiM. 


<i)i 


xonrnKRx  coast  estahlisiimknti^. 


«\r 


A^cry  s(HTV  to  l)o  dlilii^od  to  iu'o  ii|tou  you  in  caso 
you  {i.Ufin|>f  to  ciittT  il,"  aiis\Vi.i'('(|  the  jiiraljlc  oi'iccr 
MS  lie  (Irani;  a  liiial  i;o(>(|-li«'allli  and  n"oo(l-niL;lit,  and 
(lanrrd  down  the  ladd«.'i'  to  liis  Itidarka. 

Jlarlyiii  tlir  iiioniiii^' aiiotlur- a|i|icaicd ;  tlilstinn'a 
l.dl,  thill,  lici-ccdookinn'  I'tllow,  in  a  tliicadl>arc  siirtout 
liiittoMcd  closr  undi  T  liis  chin,  most  «»!'  all  i< markahlc 
lordcclininn'  to  drink.  1  Ic  canic  in  the  u  half  I»t»at  and 
1110,11  lied  t  hi'  iU'ck  with  one  atti'iidant  tdch  li\t  r  ( );.;-d(ii 
an  in\i(ation  to  visit  his  ('((niniaiidci',  !/Kiitrii;iiit  Zar- 
ciid'o,  ashoir.  ();j;d{'n  thanked  the  ollicer,  and  said 
Tohiiic  should  !4<>  altor  hrcakl'ast. 

Arnit'd  to  the  teeth  with  ]iistols,  kni\'es,  and  lihm- 
deihuss,  and  accmipanied  hy  ( 'a|»tain  I  )unean,  Tolini;' 
sullieil  I'oith.  Alter  )'oinidiii'4' the  |M(int  llvf  mlK-s  dis- 
tant, Mliieh  jKirtially  eoneealed  (hf  I'ort  IVoui  \  iew . 
'rolinie  ill  tlif  shi|)'s  ^j;'\<^  was  directed  hy  si^iis  to  tli<' 
hii;^'  moored  near  the  I'oit ;  hoarding;'  whieh.  hi'  wn^ 
Ushered  into  the  eahin  hy  Zai'emho,  arrayt-d  in  l'u!l  uni- 
t'lrm,  whit  inroi'iiied  him  thai  ( )ndeirs  pidte^t  h;id  Ih'-'Ii 
forwarded  hy  hidarka  to  Sitka  the  exeiiiiiL;"  |ii'e\  iou-^, 

that   a   re|ily  eould  not    he  cxpceted   within   ei.;llt   ultiji 

days,  and   that  in   the  mean  time  the  Eii;j;lish   \«'ssil 
could  lint  he  alli»\\cd  to  eiitef  the  river. 

Tolmie  was  not  loii;^-  i-eturned  to  his  own  ves>ol  wliv  n 
<'i  niessaj^e  reached  him  I'roiu  Zareiiiho.  inl'oiiainL,^  him 
th;il  aiiolhci'  hiiat  was  ahoiit  to  start  \\)V  Sitka,  and 
A,  oil  Id  takeaiiv  niessan'e  il'desired.     Ilvthis  convcN'aiir,' 

()n.!e||  wmte   more  at    lell'^lh   to  (ioVellKir  WlailL^cl. 

.Meanwhile  intei\iews  were  held  with  Sciv.  the 
Stiket'ii  chit T,  a  tall,  I'at  |totfnlale,  el'  di^nilicd  dc- 
nieaiioi',  with  (Ireciaii  reature>;,  i'rin^'ed  with  locks  nl" 
llowinn"  Jit ,  and  surmounted  hy  hushy.  hlaek  uhiskii 


\i\\  u'laiid  as  he  sat  arrayed  in  lox-skin  mh 


Hi 


\  llla<4e  w 


as  Hot  far  t'r«>ni  the  mouth  ol'the  ri\rr;  and 


alllioiii,di  he  was  peilectly  willing-  Odnvn,  Zaremho, 
or  any  one  else  should  settle  on  the  sea->hor(  ,  ihey 
must  not  enter  his  domain,  or  s|  mi  I  his  comnierc  •  w  it!i 
inU'iior  trilus.      Zai-eml  o  also-'avc  {)u(li'n  liirthir.i 


EVACUATION  OF  OLD  FORT  SIMP.^OV. 


cn3 


^v^i!U'!l  |»r<>liiliit "mn  fi<im  triidiii'j,'  or  ;is('(  ii.liiii^-  tlit^ 
r'wi'V.  Tliiis  iimttcrs  stoixl  ui.til  tlu!  'J'Jtli  ol'.liuit', 
wlicii  word  came  from  Z;ircii»i>o  that  \\'iaii'.;v|  was 
ahsi'iil  iVoiii  Sitka  at  ( 'ook  liixcr,  ami  t  liat  Llnitcii- 
aiit  ICtlioliii,  (Icpul y-;_;o\ri",ior  at  Sill;a,  in  rrjilv  to 
();^f<l(ii,  >lati.'(l  that,  Zarcliilio  must  act  in  accordali'-c 
witli  iIh'  articlrs  of  llic  (dii\ciitioii,  which  in  ]iis, 
I^tholin's,  o|)iMioii  lorltadr  IJritoiis  from  iiaviyatiiij^' 
waters  wlicrr  l*u»iaii  jio:.fs  wtic  plaiitrd.  At  all 
•  •vciits  thtiy  slioidil  Hot  ciitrr  thr  ri\ir,  ?-o  said  liic 
Itussiaiis,  and  so  said  tlic  sa\a^\'s. 

As  the  ti-caty  sli|iiilations  ri-lii-rcd  all  dilitrt'iicis 
ai'isiiii^  iVom  tin-  inlradion  of  anv  aitidr  of  thr  roii- 
\tiition  to  higher  |»ow<rs.  (^vdcii  and  his  men  ruuld 
not  1<  j^ally  ll'^lit  thf  matti'r  o.it  on  tin-  siiot,  t,\fn  jiad 
they  lictii  so  dispiiscd,  and  jdiysically  aide  JItnco 
iHithinuj  rrmaini-(l  t'oi-  tlnni  Imt  to  n-tiic. 

SuI»»'<|iU'ntly,  arint'd  wiiii  coi/us  of  the  h  ttois  and 
]irot»'sis,  and  a  lou'^  hill  of  losses,  the  Jlritish  |irt'- 
■nti'd  thrnisclvt's  hcfoi-c  their  ;,n»vi'rnnn'nt  with  haid 

mplahits  l»e'jfL,dni,'  rediiss."  N\'sstlrode  and  I'alni- 
erston  uri,'ed  the  clisputanfs  to  amieahle  adjust meiii. 
The  result  was  dama;j,'es  to  the  anioimt  of  .Cl'O.ooo, 
the  rcssion  of  |''(ii't  Wraiii^i'l.  ami  the  leasing'  hy  the 
liiissians  to  tin-  l>ritish  of  the  shore-strip  h.foic  d;  - 
scrihed,  with  the  Stikei-n  |>o>t.  and  |»ermi»ion  to  huild 
an  est altiishinent  still  further  to  the  north  on  the  Tako 
liiver.     ( )f  this  I  shall  speak  in  anoilu f  plaee. 

Meanwhile  that  the  exjieilitioii  nii^ht  not  provi^ 
w holly  iVuitless  ( )\fih'\\  d(  terinined  to  elian'^e  t ht  po>i- 
tion  of  |"'ort  Siniji-oii.  'riiercforr.  dro|>pin'4' di'W  n  the 
eoast  to  Xass  I  larhor,  the  J)ii/iii/  entend  tin  ri\ei' 
and  moored  liefore  the  old  fort.  All  that  wa-  there 
of  any  \alue  was  linn  p'.n-ed  on  hoaid  the  /-*/■'/'"/, 
and  the  post  ahandoned. 

It  was  done;   on!    it   ]»i'o\( d  not  so  ea^y  a  ta'^k  nA 


Si 


CO 


'*  A-*  a  luatti  T  i>f  c'liirsi'   '  i^'i-nu   iiuli  j;ti:iti<>ii  was  ivpn^.  •■  1  in  <.\r  |i'ililii; 

]i|'im    iif    I/lliln|i.'    .  I /(i/i /•.<./)('.<  A  I  <■/;,"•(  .<M  I, ((^/,   MS.,    1  J.       ,•■  I'u  a'..ii»    iiil'/niH 
I  ■»;/.,  i.  'JXI-oOO. 


(m 


XORTITEnX  COAST  ESTAELISIDIF.XTS. 


one  iiiiu'lit  think.  The  sava^jfcs  did  not  like  to  sog 
tlit'ir  luni-si'llers  icliiino-;  lor  in  ('oni|H'tition  with  tlic 
l^ussiaiis  till!  lOiii^lish  then  sold  Ijit'-watt'i-  to  these 
natives.  Excuse  iiiouj^h  to  do  wroni^'  is  that  (»ur 
neiyhhor  does  wionLf, 

Jt  was  Saturday,  the  .']Oth  of  Aui,nist,  that  oKl  i'\)rt 
Simpson  was  evacuated.  Early  in  the  morning  the 
sale  of  iun»  lu'nan.  "^I'he  sava;.jes  reali/.»'«l  that  it  was 
their  last  chance,  and  they  <Ktennined  tt»  inake  the 
most  of  it.     J)iMnkenness  witliout  hloodshed  anion«'' 


forest  uf(;ntle!nen  is  a  tame  affair. 


jV  (juarrel   is   a 


easily  lound  by  thiin,  us  hy  white  |u,'(»|)le,  infer  jhk-k/h. 


K 


enne<l 


a( 


■ti'il  as  laaster  of  ceremonie 


Th 


le   posi- 


tion of  the  I'ort  had  heeii  taken  with  such  jud'^nunt 
that  the  sava^^es  had  only  to  stand  upon  a  hill  o\er- 
lookin;^  it,  and  sho(»t  down  upon  the  occujiants.  As 
tluy  warmed  with  (hiidi,  they  loni^ad  for  a  little  fij.,dit. 
A  scalp  or  two  Would  he  Itetter  than  n^tthini,'.,  A 
party  took  possession  of  the  hill,  and  [lointin^'  their 
_s^'uns  ovi?r  tlu'  palisades  tli(\v  did  not  shoot.  ( )utsidc 
the  pi<'kets  the  Jndians  armed  with  iijuns,  hoardinn- 


likes,  and  knives  <i-owded   round  the  men  as  tlnv 


rolK'd  the  harrels  of  cilcslial  <lriidv  down  to  the  land 
iuij^,  and  with  wihl  intimidating  yells  thn;.tened  to  cut 
lach  on«'  <»f  tlu.'ni  into  a  million  pieces.  liut  they  (hd 
not;  that  is,  if  wc  may  helieve 'I'olmie,  who  was  ther* , 
and  who  says  tiny  did  not,  an<l  <lisplays  a  whole  human 
l>ody  in  proof  of  it;  iind  who  further  states  that  with 
his  own  ri^ht  hand  lioldiuM'  a  cutlass  he  dro\e  av^ay 
forty,  or  four  hundied  of  them,  he  forj^cts  which. 
Einallv.  as  halls  hc-an  to  whi/  fn-elv  and  a'>  there 
remained  nothim^f  within  the  i'orticss  hut  one  harii  1 
more  (if  li(juo)-,  the  white  men  ji^ave  if  to  the  sava;.^ 


wl 


JO,  intoNiealed  as  they  were,  were  s 


till  t 


res. 


on  slil'eWil 


to  try  to  di\ide  it  amonj^  themselves,  kiiowinir  that 
liloddshed  Wonld  he  the  conse(|Uenee.  And  alter  all 
their  Mnster  almut  hutchery  they  actually  tnoL  tin' 
cask  to  the  ship  to  l»edi\ided  |nr  thein.  .\ll  ui^lit, 
as  the  white  n)en  lay  on  Ixianl  the  shi[>.  tluy  h- .iid 


FORTS  MUMIOIU)  AND  <;LEX0RA. 


llio  sound  of  liaiii!:n.r  ;\\u\  axo  as  tlio  nativrs  wcro 


kiiockiiii^  «l()\vn  tlif  [lickits  to  .sccuit'  the  lion  ^I•il 


Ivl'^. 


Till!  Drifiiil  finally  cK  ami  iKTsrlt'ttt'  the  |)la<'i',  w  Iicii 
slit!  jinHVL'dcd  soiiK-  fuity  Miilts  snulh-wtst  t<>  a  small 
bay,  sine*'  lalhd  l*<»it  SiiMjixm,'' at.  tin:  noitlurn  nid  ol' 
tlu' ( 'liinisyaii  lVnin>iiIa,  wiiti*'  the  iu'iiiianciit  Fort 
Sinijisitu  was  to  lu-  |ilaiitt<l.  lirt'oii'  the  slii|)  was  I'airly 
at   aiiclior  on  the  i'Jth  ufJuIv,  liirnic  and  AihUisuh 


Writ;  o 


tr  in 


«>ne 


Ijout. 


aiK 


I  J) 


nnran  ant 


1  'l\.l 


inir  III  all 


(dhcr,  siukiiii^rasitc,  wliitli  WIS  soon  toun<l;  and  Ittton; 
two  days  had  |»as.>cd  thr  t'oit-luiildi-is  \svvv  all  asliurf, 
tilt'  nn'ii  ill  hnish-liiits  and  tlu- (tlKctTs  in  tents,  and 
round  them  all  a  hanieade  of  iMK-d  ttt'es.'^ 

]n  A|»ril  1H;{.'>  a  jtarty  set  out  from  Fort  Siin|»son, 
and  |tr»j(;t;edini;  to  the  mouth  of  Skeena  Hivtr  tiny 
there  erected  an  txtaMi^iiuunt  whicli  they  ealh-d  i'oit 
JvsNini^toii. 

Two  posts  Were  I'stahlislicd  uj)  the  Stikeen  l^iver  hy 
the  llutlson's  Jiav  ( '••initanv  it,  Uritish  territorv  .iftcr 
their  repulsion  at  Ifrdoultt  St  J)i<»iiysius — on«',  I'nrt 
^trunilo'-d,  sixty  niil<->  Iimiii  the  m<»uth,aiid  thr  other, 
h'oit  (ileiiora,  oiif  hiiiidrrd  and  t'oity  miles  from  the 
ocean.     When  tin-  ^old-jiuntei-s  came  and  iVi^htcncd 


tl 


luay  the  iLfanu;  th'sc  posts  were  al»ain 


lolled. 


'"  Kiiiiwn  at  livMt  as  Mi  Lnu'^liliii  ll,iil"ii-,  uiulcr  s\  lii<  li  iiaiiic  tiic  ciirlii  r 
l''olt  Siiii]mi)ii  joitnialM  arc  ilatfl. 

''Speaking;  in  liis  /'riiiiii-  /'»//.<(>,  MS..  uM  mi,,  .">!»,  Sir  .iaiius  I)iiiii,'|;H 
(.'ivi'M  till'  fiillow  in;.'  illt^l■^•^till•_'  ii'ti'iination  icsjHTtin.L,'  alMiti^jiriai  i mnnirici'  .•( 
tliLs  ]K)int:  'Tlir  < 'liiiiihyaiiH  I'll  tlirii'  roiiti'  from  I'larl  lliiil>nr,  Ski'cna,  .'iml 
cillui- jijaifs  Noutll  of  tliirr  t">  Na>s  )ti\  ir  iracli  tlif  furt  <'arly  in  I'llinnii  v  , 
mill  ;;rtn'rally  xtuy  till  re  iinlil  tli«-  lM';.'in!iin;.' "f  Nictjili,  ulun  tlir  m'liiL'liai  i 
mtrrtlic  rivrr.  After  tli''  ti-liin;;  isi.vrr.  tlifV  rcti.rn  with  tiif  liili  iiii>l  i.,l 
tliry  ii.i\  ('  priH  iMi  il.  w  liii  li  fiiiiii^  pal  t  "i  tlic  rtisuini,'  w  intt  r'>  |iim  i^mns,  alxMit 
till*  lattrr  part  <<t  May.  an<l  ni  ki  aiiuthi  r  sojoiiiii  at  tin-  fm  t  until  .liil}  .  w  [,<  a 
liny  ilis|Hr.ti',  sunn-  for  tin-  Sk- 1  na,  ntln  r<  p>  m*  tar  Muiitlia.stliiiilini  r"i  <  alii.l, 
wlicri'  tiny  art'  ri'iistantly  •in|'l<i\i<l  aUint  tlirir  Haltnun  li.sliii  iir,  iliirinjj  tlio 
Ml',  1 1  mil 'r,  TIkv  liki'U  im'  limit  a  h<  I  trail''  v.  itii  tin'  n.iliviM  in  tin  int'iliM  raiwil  -, 
aiii|  priifiirv  <|naiititi«  H  iif  Im  riii^  >.|<a\vii  fniiii  tln'  ju'iiiilr  nl  \li|i>,- nk  Siinnl, 
anil  il'i  nut  \  isit  tin'  tort  iii  a  ImhIv  until  the  fuilnw  in.'  bcKniaiy  ;  .su  llmt  .liiiin 
ami  Filiiiiary  an'  tin  otily  mi>litli>  \\  In  n  tlnrtaii'  l.'irj.'i' a>M'iiiMi« -.  "I  hiilian>« 
it  tlir  furt.  I  la  '•('t  II  ^M'l'iii  \aliu' Mil  iRilaylian  I  1,  an  it  luiiiis  tin  i  ■uiiliiiH'«t 
iif  aliiii'st  I  very  <li'<ii,  U'iii>;  u.--' il  with  their  ili  ml  li.'^ll  ami  i-|iawn,  »  ith  rimt* 
ami  a  1 1  kiln U  III'  iia  I  ivi'  friiitii.  Xwu  L'Utfi-s  uf  thi.'ioil,  cuntu'isiiig  tDiirtvu  (juUuii.-, 
un;  v;'-Ui»'il  lit  u  U'uvfr.' 


CllAPTKil  XXIX. 

A  DKCADK  OF  XorvTlIKIlX  1.\LI1)I:NTS  AND  llOUTINK. 

l.s;t4-lS44. 

C.U'TAiN  PuMiMs  — Tin:  'Li.ama'  -Tin;  'Iii^iii'ii  riiAnoitY'  — St' a'iku 
'1;i;avi:i;'  Imhan  I'.xtti.k  Mitinv  -Wau  Tin; ''I'lmMvs  I'l  i:kin-;' — 
IscK.MorsvKss  tir  in:-;  AisnuiuiNAr,  Skin-ski. lik  and  thk  IIikoi-kan 
UiM^iii.i.i.ii  FnisT  Tuii"  XiiiuinvAKK  uk  thk  Stkamkk  'Ukavku'-- 
Li.A.'i;   <>i  A   Tkni.kacik   Mniia:-.-<Tiiii'   kkdm    riii-;  lIi    sians  -  K.M'k- 

DITluN    Til   'Ivivi;    l'iis.>KSSIl)\  —  I'lMMUNi;    (iK    I'uur    ]>I1;IIAM,    IKI   FoKT 

TaIvu- l'iM,A\.-()s's  Kncointku  wrrii  thk  TAKns  —  Ahammix-iim  m' 
Tin;  Tm.(i  I'ust— <'tiMrAKAiiVK  S  iVAcisM  OK  WniTK  .Mi;n  aso  Itl.li — 

MfUliKll  OK  JullV    .McLullilll.lS    .TIMull   l.\     HIS   MiN. 


Tui;\  now  to  i\\o  rcoonl  of  lluirduiiiMs  IVoiu  dav  ti) 
(Itiv,  kf|)t.  Ity  the  i'ur-lrad*  IS  tlninstlvus/ 

Koutiiic  Ml  those  pai-ts  (liirnid  hut  litlK'  iVoi.i  I'.rl 
hh' I'lsfXkhcrt' oil  I  he  Xorthwcst  (Joast.  JJi-eakiii'.;'  ihi; 
<l('a<l  iKoiK'toiiy  UL'iv  occasional  incklciits  worth  lucii- 
tioiiinif. 

The  Slh  of  Aui^tixt  is:il,  C.ijitaiii  l)ominis,  hkw  of 
the  Hawaiian  hark  Jl'llrnr  /,/7tr /•(/^^/•,  hy  a'^rt't-nicnt 
\vith  llic  lliissiaii  Aniiiican  ( 'onipiiiiy  sails  with 
twontv  'I'liiiirass  to   hunt  sra-  'ttn-  on   thi-  cousts  i.t' 

'  [ti  tin' .sumiiur  of  |s7s  I  M  nt  Iv.iii  rrtr"!l' tn  AImhUm  for  nmtcri.'iN  fur 
lii.tniy.  till  Ills  rt'tiini  li«!  rciiuittd  ii  lumiUi- i.t  IIihUiiiih  IJiiy  i'liiiijiiniy 
J  iiiliaU  J  it  rcMi.iiniiii,'  nt  I'oit  SiiiiMsim.  I  i:iiiiii-ili,itt  ly  ji|»,<lici|  lo  Tliiif 
I 'actor  ( 'liiirl<-<  of  \'ictori,i,  «  li..  \ciy  kiinlly  -  ^  |i|ii  il  tlniii  aM  <lii\vii  to  iiif.  I 
fMiiinl  tlnlii  to  coiisi.st  of  t\io  \o]iiiik'h  ilaU'il  MiLoii^liliii  llarlior,  I'ln  iiiu;^' a 
I  I  rioil  from  the  foim"liii>r  I.t  tli.  fut  'v\  July  |s;:4  to  the  I'ltli  of  .liiin'  l^l;t. 
Of  the  liitcr  loiiriiiils,  jioilioir.  of  wliirli  mtf  usfil  in  tin-  history  of  I'.i'itifili 
t  .iiiiiliiii,  tip.rc  wiri^  li\i'  volimiis,  liriijiiiiiii,'  in  Mnnli  |K.|((  »\u\  tiiiliii;,' 
Jtii'i'iulur  l^iii'i.  'J'lioll;.'li  the  iiitiiriiiiitioTi  iilistnicli-'l  from  this  lin;;i' liii:si  of 
inaiiiiMi  ii|it  1^  mt!i','n',  it  is  of  n>\\w,  iiii|"ii'tiiiii'r,  In  iii','  tiowiipni  il-u  foitiul. 
jSi  :iily  till'  I  111  ire  i  hit  nils  of  Ihi  sr  voluimiioiis  rc-orilti  i  oii^mt  of  ilcscHplioim  of 
llii'  wciith"  r,  iiioMiiiciit.s  of  till'  M  iiih'  I  •  !i  mill  savii,"-,  iiinl  thi.'  iimiilu  r.-t  of 
bl.iiis  si'i'uri'il,  iiijittt'iM  of  iimaiiiiMint  inr  .irtaiicu  to  IIkmi'  vh"*"  <h'iMry  life  it 
Va.s,  but  wliidly  Jnvoiil  ot  gciiiial  iui«(Wi»t. 


FOUT  SIMI'SOX  .lOl'HXALS. 


037 


houOkth  Oregon  mid  iMirtlurii  ( 'alil'oniia.  Ten  days 
J.itcr  .loliii  Kciiiu'dy  arri\f.s  at  F»»rt  Simpson  with  Iiis 
i'amily,  his  wilt.'  Ix'iii-^'  tlic  tiist  wliiti;  \v«»i)iaii  -thai  is 
t<t  say  it'shr  was  white — in  thusu  parts."    'I'hc  lolhtw- 


iiiLf  suiiiiiicr  I)t>miiiis  and  his  Jio/lntr  n-tuiii,  and 
jilaciiii;  at  (Kfiance  hoth  English  and  lliissians  hi; 
(»}H'iis  trade  ah)ni^  tlic  coast,  exchani^fiiiy;  rimi  I'oi-  I'ms, 
The  .'Id  of  Fehniarv  iSUf)  tlie  natives  threaten  to 
burn  Fort  Simpson.  Four  days  later  they  tlirow 
stones  at  tlie  sentries,  and  on  the  4th  of  March  those; 
who  enter  to  tviido  become  so  insolent  that  tiie  liir- 
hnyei'S  arc  ohh^red  to  use  force  to  r\vi\r  their  store 
<»t' them.  The  1st  of  A|>ril  the  assend)h'i|  ti'ihes  en- 
jjfaLje  in  a  little  li-^ht,  in  which  nine  are  killed  ainl 
many  w< 


)unded.      In  ^fav  of  tln'  i 


uliownii;  year  tliev 


coni^re<.;atc    around    thi'    foi  t    in   larLje    numhei-s  and 
are  iirevented  lioni  an  attaejc  onlv  Itv  the  oiiiiortuiie 


IT 


arrival  of  the  TJaiua.  ^[eanwhile  affairs  are  not, 
{dtoi;»'ther  harnioniitus  auKMiLC  •'"'  ^vhite  men.  A 
j>arty  of  J'Jii^lish  sent  to  Tunuass  for  spars  in  .Fnly 
1H.T4  ar>!  diivci'  away  lt\'  the  Uussianri.  ('ajitain 
^r<'\eill  is  ordered  \)\  t!l<'  iiUssiail^  to  keep  the 
IJtiin'i  clear  of  their  coa.>t  ;  and  in  theii'turn  the  Fort 
Simpson  i>eoplt',  seeinijf  the  American  In'iLj  h'iris  otf 
l*eint  Wales,  si-ad  out   tlu>   hark  to  diixf   her  awav. 


In  Ftl)r'nary  lS;}Othe  U'lmn  arji\es  at  Fori  Simps( 


>u 


with  a,  larjj^e  nunilxr  ol   sknis  jiun 


hase<l 


on   Ikussian 


territory,  am 


I  in  til 


une  a,Iin>-.|an  \'esscl  is  slatloliet 


I  at 


runu'a>»s  to  j)l'event    sueli    tialli< 


Tl 


lib 


\  u 


Itur 


vs 


these'  i>-presrntalives  of  Christian  ci\  ili/ation  wraiigK 


ovev 


tl 


Mil'  I 'rev 


ar 


■ticl 


he  wintii'  passes  »|Uiet!v 


th 


radf  is  fair 


.\   f. 


es  are  stolen:  ami 


le  (lav  in 


M 


IV  th 


e    elile 


ew 

in 


attenij»Tinf.x  ^"  recover  an  a>:e  taken  hy  "He  nf  hi>  f  rilte 
is  killed,  and  for  a  short  time  tlu'  trader-  lliink  il  net 
hest  t«»  lea\v  their  intr«  nchnient.     Contrary  tn  their 

'■' Tho  fjict  is,  Koiiic  of  thi'iM>  noitlifrii  trilx's  an.'  full  ns  white  iim  the  half- 
'>i'"fiU  of  ('aiuuiii  ami  the  (.  uluuilia,  uud,  us  a  nilc,  injut-i  ssitl  ol'  far  moio 
■icutiil  force. 


A  r>ECADE  OF  NORTlIRnX  IXCIBEXTS. 


usual  l)(>ll«'y,  tlu'V  «1<»  not  t]vr\u  it  advisahlo  to  compel 
the  ictuiii  of  tJK!  stolen  articji's,  as  sueii  a  eduise 
v/oul(l  ieatl  to  Muodslu'd,  wliieli  sadly  iiitoit'ei'es  with 
trade. 

The  "JOtli   «)('  Veluiiarv  l.s;u;    the'  LhiiiKt  dni|is   ill 
on  them  w  ith  Work,  Tohnie,  an<l  McXeill  on  hoard. 
Jn  Apiil  thi'  Ameriean  hrijr  ./o.sry/A  Prulnulii  nnm-s  to 
l''ort  Simpson  IVom  Sitka  to  hunt  sea-otter  with   tin 
Kainaiiies.      Later  a  nativi'  <l_vinj^  <d'  small-pox,  and 

ishiii^'  to  take  witii   liim   to   the   next  woild   I'oi'  ,1 

rvant  his  hrotiier's  two-year  old  child,  entices  it  to 
his  side  ajid  strangles  it,  wherenpon  the  people  at  \\\<' 
I'ort  seeing  that  lile  is  not  wholly  extinct,  apply  rem- 
edies and  finally  restore  it  to  its  mother's  arms.  I*\ir 
thus  sa\iii<^'  the  child's  life  tliry  have  |o  j»ay  a  coat, 
}>ants,  and  -"hiit. 

'I'he  Hcunr  is  now  upon  lur  regular  ti'ip>!.    A  hattle 


\\ 


St 


ensues  thi 


i.'7t 


I   o 


r.i, 


imiarv 


The    \ 


l>N 


hid 


laii- 


witnid  waylay  and  kill  lli>  traders,  and  as  o\-er1ures 
tail,  hoth  I'orl  and  steamer  oprn  tlieir  hii^  <^\\\\s  ii|)mii 
tlie  sava'^es,   who   icply   with   a    \olley  of  mnskelrv. 


No  di 


imau'e  IS  doni' 


I  »a.-'. 


'I"  ahoriLiinal   int'elieitit 


en 


till  the  lull    joiiniaU,  and  hy  simply  statini,' that  sn 
ai'i'  the  normal  condit  ions  tif  noii  liern  coast  I'm-tradin'^ 
1  dis|i(tse  (»t'  volmnes  of  detail. 


McN 


enl,  now  ca]ttam  ot   the  llcdnr,  is  m  .laiiuai 


.], 


I  S.IH   at    McL(Hi!;hlin    llailMir.    ill.      Iiisin^'  ti'oiii   I 


li- 


sle 


l>e(|  lie 


II 


( )<  >'S 


tw 


o  seamen   lor  (llsoliedlelice.  U  here 


upon    the  crew    miiliiiy   and   refuse   to    sail    under   a 
l'oreit,Mi    ca|ttain.       I'aetdr    Wink    in    charLi'e    of    tin 
jort  is  ohlii^'ed   to  j^ci   oil  lioard   and   play  the   /v)A    of 
commander  in  order  to  ^ct   the  steamer  hack  to  \is- 
(jiially.     Work   is  ah-tiit    iVoiii   iiis  jxtst  two  months. 


■'  r  will  ^jivc  fill'  nsultH  iif  mic  innntli'^  ti;i  Ic  at  l''iii't  .Sim)w.iii,  tin-  iiicmtli 
(if  .Xnu'ii"!  1^.17,  "liii  li  ^Wl^^  liiinii  liiri^i  T  lli.ni  .lie  iiVfirtp':  7  ljii-i'  lilaik  Im'jii', 
!)  small  li!a«k  liiar,  "J  Miiall  Immwii  lual.  ."iSj  liil:.'!'  fMiiVir.  "J.'U  Miiall  liravrr. 
'J.'l  jMlpainl  iilltili;.' I'laMl-,  (i  lisliirs  I  crosHldX,  l(il\ii\,  1  lyiiv-loln' (S  Mkillxt, 

'.Ml  liiilik.  7''  liiii.-.i|U.isli,  '.''.)  laiu'i'   laliiltittci',   "i 
ai|i   m;i  'ittri,  "2  WdKciiiiis,  •_'   nuati't 


■I)    IIMlti  11^,   !)    Iliai  tril-l'iilll'i 

iiiiiil   lainl'iittrr,  I    Miiall  M.-i-nt tri', 


.w,  '-'.S',  1m-1 


ic'-i  I.I 


itatiHM,  l.">|  lialiliiit,  .'iS  ileii'. 


bcax  IT,  .S."t  |iiiiliiil.s  ili'ci's  ta 

lU  gC'OUCi  l,().'l.°{  trisii  ami  liall'  iliy  >:hliii<iit,  .'i'.l.i  ili\  naliiiuii,  '1\\  »i:ul-iskiiiit. 


AliSTRACT  I'llO.M  Tin:  IMTOIID^^. 

jL,n'eatl_v  <<>  his  di^i^ust,  liaxiiiL;'  ii>  Iiuiiiof  llif  iiinl  iiifcrs. 
'rill'  cruw,  huwcvrr,  <lt>  not  ^fl  rid  mI'  their  <"t|itaiii; 
th(>HL;Ii  lint  hi-iniLj  Iiiiii>*'ir  ii  lliitisii  .>>iihicct,  lie  placi'S 
StntManls  iiaiiii!  <»ii  the  ,*^hi|t's  |»a|tfrs  as  master.  .V 
hill  in  ^•|^|lu^it  ion  in  May  of  thi>  yrai-  cnahlts  t  lie  coni- 
j»any  to  advant't;  thtii'  |trit'(s.  Hitherto  ;i  i,r;dloii  ot' 
|)o\v«ler  was  i^iven  I'oi-  a  Ixavi-r,  hut  now  only  a  ((iiart. 
Jndi'ed  Chief"  Factor  Meljoui^hhn  orders  stopped  thcr 
sale  ot' arms  and  annnunition  to  the  natives  of  the  norlii 
coast,  hut  Woik  reinonstratint;,  on  the  unround  l>oth  of 
extn-n f  cruelty  iiiid  injiUT  to  tiade,  the  sale  is  con- 
tinued, hut  at  ijuadruple  rates. 

War  ainoni;'  the  nei'^hhoiiiii;  trihes  was  continued 
thi'oui^h  IH;5!).  'I'he  Kith  t»r.lune  tidings  reachlii'^ 
J''oit  Simpson  that,  white  men,  prohahly  of  the  I  Ind- 
us I  Jay  ( 'ompany  from  t  he  Mackenzie  Hi\  er.  ha\  in!..j 


.■^o 


eslahilsiied  tlieniseKes  ]\\  file  niterio|-  ii 


f  Stii 


vceU,  are 


toLjethei'  with  the  natives,  in  a  starxiuLf  condition, 
they  are  ri'lie\-ed  hy  a  hoatdoad  ot"  pi'o\isions  sent 
them  l»y  the  liussians.  Thereupon  the  wiM  men 
exjiress  surpi'i>e  that  op|)onents  .should  assist  oppo- 
nents :  and  ai.-  told  that,  the  while  mens  opposition  is 
not    like   that    of  the   ri'(l  men's,   l»iil    extends  onlv  to 


trad 


I'utt 


in;4    which   charily    Ixside   certain   other 


unaciMiimlalile  dnim^s  o|"  ci\  ill/atiou,  si\a;^'ism  won- 
ders. ( )tr  I  )undas  Island,  to  the  no  small  disiurhance 
of  hot h  lOnnlish  and  IvUssiaiis,  in  August  appi-ars  the 
hriif  T/iitniiis  /'crl'nis,  l-'arnham  and  l''ry.  New  York, 
owners,  with  Xaimv  as  captain,  ;umI  Swan  as  .supci'- 
car^o.      Dominis  sails  j'ldni  Sit  ka  lo  Kamchatka.     I'p 

^o  the  I  trices  of  flU',  |o  the  sUprcUie  >;\\  isfactioli  nf  t  he 

unsophisticated  savage,  who  the  moment  he  >ies  .1, 
strani;i'  sail  approachiu'j^  innnedialely  stops  tiadim.;' 
until  (hewliitt  nun  shall  have  ceased  Itiddin^.  ( 'our- 
tesies  are  interchanL,^ed ;  the  Ijl'^li  di  \isit  the\ess(l 
and  the  Americans  tlu'  fort.  I*]ach  learns  as  nnich  us 
pDssihlc  of  the  othe|-"s  allinrs,  and  lonununicalrs  as 
little  as  possihlc  in  return. 

The  next  moi'uiuLr  the  hall  hcuins.    '['he  Americans 


A  i)i;cAi)i:  OP  N'onTiii:i!N'  ixcidkxts. 


((flrr  lor  a  IxMVfi'  one  Ijlaiikcl  ami  li\r  jL,^all()iis  nf  iiiix<(| 
rum.     '1'Ik!  JOii^lisli  naim-  Iwd  Maiikiits,  one  j^alloii  i.l' 


mixed  rum,  am 


I  11 


live 


luurti 


IS  (il    a  Moiiiiu    < 


leal 


tohac'co.      " 'I'lu'su  arc  eiicrmous  ])ri('c'.s,"  wiilts  .Inlm 
Work   ill  111*'  fort  journal,  "and   would  nvM-r  do  to 


I 


)ii    colli  1IUI('( 


1.      Yet. 


iiiakuii,'   tlii'st!  sacnlircs   will,  it 


is  coiilidciitly  rx|H'ctc'd,  he  ultimately  advaiitai^-eoib 
Xotwillistaiidiii^;  lli(5  late  of  Captain  IJancritl't,  Snow- 
is  ready  to  eml>ark  in  tlu;  Califoiiiia  coast  trade,  and 
lirel'ers  Kaij^anie  liunters  to  any  others.  Tlie  little 
Jiriinr  proses  so  ser\  iceakli;  in  these  wat»Ts  that  the 
Ivussiaiis  proiiiisi.'  tlu.'niselves  ji  steamer,  and  tlu-  Sitka 
•governor  stiids  word  to  Work  that  he  may  expect  a 
visit  Iroiii  him  in  his  own  steam-vessel  the  follow  in;;- 
jiiitumn;  in  wlii<li  he  is  disajijiointed,  as  the  fir.-t  itu.-- 
siaii  strainer  which  apjiears  on  this  coast,  and  which 
is  huilt  at  Sitka,  is  not.  Hni>he(|  till   IS.");;.' 


l^ractical  .li»hii  Work   meditates  ujion  tlu?  advi> 


a- 


hility  ol"  sciidini;'  the  Xmiil  with  tradiiii^  Ljoods  at'ter 
the  J'/iiHiiiis  J'rrhiiis,  l»nt  as  (  aptain  \'arney  hou'^hl 
some  potatoes  IVom  Work,  and  would  not,  thereluir, 
he  oM'iLjcd  to  stoj)  at  Skidde_'L;';i<e  or  ClUllsheWas,  wilt  I. • 
I'urs  would  also  Ik!  sold,  the  chiel'  (actor  concludes  he 
may  sa\t'  his  coni])aiiy  thfit  expense.  Honest  dohii 
Work  is  iiiucli  pleased  that  his  opponents  are  liaxiii-^' 
t  roiihl  I  •  with  their  i  ill  liaii  hunt  el's  ^•hippe(l  lor  the  ( 'ali- 
lornia  coast  ;  tliat  they  yet  \rv\  drunk  on  the  mixed 
I'um  i;d\ai)  I'd,  and  that  the  rank-snicHiiiL;-  loi'ds  dc 
dine  til''  al'n'iidaticc!  of  tlK'ir  ladiis  in  tin  ir  huntiiiL;' 
excursions  to  ( 'aliloriiia." 


*'rii;il.  is  til  Miv,  iiiilowM  \vi!  rlii8M  ns  a  stc.'micr  V.\o  liltli'  til'.'  liiiilt  .'it  Sitkn  ii 


IHM). 


I  islciiiil  till'  .III    ail''  r  Hi 


<ii<  I, 


il  til  tlir  I'liitcil  St.'itis,  iiiliris 


toiinl  tlif  l.'i 


iili'l  wrctUol  ill  I '■711. 


Tl 


liiiMl  I 


ii'Sd  Iniiitiiij;  MiViiiC'  fi'i'iii  I!!!-"::!.!"  .ViiU'tii'.i  to  ('.ilifiiniiii  iisii;illy '"'I'n- 


ii>in  I'diir  to  live  iiMiit.liM,  s(;lili>m  iii'»n;  tliaii  (10  diiNs  lui 


II','     SlHllt     ll|»Pll 


till'  t'llifiiriiiiiii  oia.t.      ''I'luy  tii:.':i''i'  tlu'  Indiiiiw  lien'  In  limit.'  ^■.•ly■^  Work 
J'^rt  iSiiniixiiii  ./■ii'rii'il,  ^FS.,  .Viij.'.    Ml,   ls.",!l,  'fiiriiisli  tluiii  witii  )>r>ivi'<ii>!is, 

ii'iiniiiiiilion,  aiiil 


jpriiH  iji.illy   muli  lis  iliy  siiluii 


•\\   li.s'i,  <;i'cas(',  ctt 


tliir.l 


iili'l  irivi'  llii'lii  dill'  tliini  ui'oiir  fonrili  of  u  lint  tlirv  kill ;  tlii' otlicr  two 


•1  or  vlirti'  In. 11 


Ills  l«'li 


to  till- vc.-T'il.     Till'  lii!iitii'"f<  mif  tliiiil 


loiutli,  HA  till'  lii:i';::iii  may  lie,  is  );lro  to  lie  ;;ivcii  to  tlic  vcn*'l  at  ii  Mtijiulali-il 
|ii  i'T.'     Siiow  loll!  Woik  tlia'  .')!). I  Hra-otit'i'  \v>A\  il  jiay  r\]iniHi'-»,  iiinl  tliat  10.) 


woulil  iiiiilii.'  a  ,';.i>>il  vi 


jf  it. 


IMM  ANI>  TIIH  lll'.NSlAXS. 


on 


l?i't  llic  (liicf  lactiir  <1(>('W  iK.t  like  so  \vt  11  <■»  1»" 
toM  fjijit  till'  Kiissi.ms  sxvi'  ii(»\v  r()iilr-;ii-liii'4-  \\i  Ii  tlpf 
AiiH'ric'iiis  Tor  sii|i|ij"n.'s,  loiii-  t  intiisjUHl  <4;illiiii>  ••!'  iimi 
l»oiii',;"  Hiic  i.r  tln'  items  to  lie  riiniisiicd  l»y  Siim\\  .  |  |c 
is  uliid,  Ii.iucM  1',  tli.il  llic  I{ussi;nis  ;iiiil  tli"  ^';lI:k^•t•s 
(|iijin('l  <>\rr  (licir  ti;illickiii^s  just  ]il;»'  otlni-  |m'o|iIi', 
iiiiij  lliat  Sii(»\v  juits  (ijl'un  till'  Sitka  ii-ovcnntr  a  1.ii'«ai 
(juaiility  III"  riKilassrs,  iMiii'^'  j»ai-(  of  a  coiiti-act  iiiadi! 
with  line  '|'li(iiii]»si>ii  \vli(»  tunitil  it  ovn-  to  !'\ini!iam 
and  P'lN^aiid  of  w  liirji  ai'tidc  llio  I'lissiaiis  lia\  <•  aliiady 
ail   o\rrsiii)i>l\'.      'riicii   till'  rliid'  I'actoi-  iiravs   |o  his 


'Pi 


compaiiN  s  i^od  Alaiiiinoii,  and  reasons  witli  Imn,  say- 
inn':  "Should  the  Americans  have  sutliriinl  sni-eess 
ill  the  sea-otter  Ininfinn'  to  indiiee  them  to  <oiitimie 
ill  it,  it  will  Ik'  of  immense  injury  to  u-;,  lor  they  will 
still  he  here  ojiei'  or  tv.iee  a  year  retiirniii;^'  tlieii* 
Indian  hiinteis  and  taking'  others;  and  though  they 
may  make  trade  on  the  coast  only  a  secondary  con- 
sideration, they  will  still  have  odods  with  them,  and 
pick  ii|)  some  j'nrs;  anil  we  will  lia\e  to  continue  the 


hi-h 


XU    |irices,  <>!•  Ihe  sa\"a'4'es  Will    hold  t  heir  IUI>   I'M-  1  he 

arri\al  of  oiir  o|>|»oiieiits  and  '4'i\e  tliein  a  i^reatei" 
chance  ol"  _L;"ett in_j  them.'  'riieii  he  asks  Mammon  if 
the  company  shall  not  send  out  I'rom  divers  posts  well 

laden    canoes    and    J4'i\'e    the    N  aidvCi'S   enough    oi'   eom- 


V 


'tit  i'.n.     I  lilt  Mammon  savs  "  No;  it  is  not  ne< 


essary, 
I  will  attend  to  it,  and  see  that  my  most  laithriil  ser- 
vants do  hot    too  seVel'cly  slljlv  1\" 

J^oM'j;'    att'l'    till'    llepartllle    of    the     A  lllelic;!  U'-,    liOW- 

ever,  the  etl'eei s  of  tlieii'  e\il  wmvs  remain;  \'<>V  the 
savaL;'es  oim'c  ta^^tin^■  hi'^li  pil(es  are  not  swcet-iiiii- 
pored  or  L;racifiil  in  accept iii<4  le.-ser  rates.  Alter 
the  de|)ai'tiire  of  A'aniey,  ('a|ttaiii  l)oinini--  i>^  e\- 
jH'cted,  and  the  simple  sa\a;;'es  say.  "  \\'«'  will  wait, 
until  the  .\mericans  come,  when  we  will  '^<t  more 
for  our  skins."  .\nd  a^ain  they  reason  in  tin  ir  inno- 
cent wa\  :  "The  T/ioiii'is-  l^crhins  must  hrin^'  had; 
the    Ivain'anies    she    carried    away,    so    we   sh.dl    cer- 


tainly   see    her   a;.',;llli:    We    W 

llixr.  N.  \V.  CoAMj,  Vol.  U.    41 


ill   wait."'     Whereat   ll 


le 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


1.0 


I.I 


ittpM    1125 


-  m ^ 

2.0 


Hi  m 


1.8 


1-25      1.4       1,6 

^ 6"     

► 

Hiotographic 

Sdences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STRUT 
WEBSTUR,  NY.  14580 

(716)  8i'i-4SUl 


S. 


*" 


^•^ 


V 


^q^" 


\\ 


%^ 


rv 


o^ 


'<b 


6% 


<> 


i 


^£^ 


%o 


5^ 


i 


042 


A  DECADE  OF  NORTHERX  INCIDENTS. 


fortinod  fur-buyers  groan  throughout  the  remainder 
of  tlie  year. 

To  go  back  a  httle.  John  Dunn  left  Fort  ^Ic- 
Loughlin  in  the  hri^j;  Dri/dcf  in  1834  for  the  Cohunbia, 
wliere  he  remained  two  years,  ])art  of  the  time  at 
Fort  Vancouver  and  ])art  at  Fort  George,  acting  as 
su[)erintendent.  In  the  summer  of  I80G  he  returned 
to  Fort  ^IcLougldin  in  the  steamer  licurcr,  where 
he  was  agaiii  trader  and  interpreter  uiuk'r  ^fanson. 
Though  he  had  with  him  but  few  men,  ^NFanson  liad 
ch'ared  quite  a  s))ace  round  the  fort,  Avliicli  lie  liad 
planted  in  vegetables.  Several  additional  buildings 
had  been  erected  within  the  palisades;  the  natives 
were  quiet,  and  all  betokened  thrift  and  good  mau- 
aLTcment. 

This  was  the  first  northward  trip  of  the  Beaver, 
and  as  she  ploughed  those  waters,  blackening  the  air 
with  her  smoke  and  calling  upon  the  wildei'iiess  with 
shrill  shrieks  to  awaken  fi'om  primeval  lethargy,  the 
sight  Avas  scarcely  less  stirring  to  white  men  than  it 
was  novel  and  mysterious  to  the  red. 

On  board  was  Chief  ]'\ictor  Fiidayson,  n'connoi- 
tring  tiic  coast.  Home  conunanded,  an<l  T)odd  was 
chief  mate.  The  traders  were  ■  enabled  to  enter 
manv  intricate  inlets  that  in1  .co  the  coast,  and 
Avhich  had  batiled  the  efforts  of  sailors.  Thus  tluy 
Wi'i'e  able  to  ])(Mietrate  the  interior  and  visit  inland 
tribes  that  had  never  before  seen  white  men,  to  say 
nothing  of  their  wonderfully  strange  tire-vomiting 
vessel. 

John  Work,  connnanding  Fort  Simpson,  assisted 
by  John  Kennedy,  had  also  his  potato- patch  and 
vegetable-garden  adjoining  the  establishment.  The 
Nass  Indians  liad  been  subjected  to  the  dreadful 
ravages  of  small-poK  the  year  previous,  and  as  they 
suspiciously  eyed  the  Bearer  they  wondcivd  what 
this  new  infernal  medicine  was  that  the  white  men 
had  bi'ought  upon  them. 


TOO  LITTLE  TERRITORY. 


C43 


It  would  secni  that  his  conipany  of  Brltisli  traffick- 
ers might  luive  been  satisfied  with  the  extent  of  their 
uiipaid-for  domain,  equivalent  as  it  was  to  more  than 
all  Euro[)o  in  extent.  But  such  was  not  the  case. 
Xor  would  content  have  sat  amongst  their  councils 
had  their  lands  and  waters  covered  the  globe,  or  ten 
globes.  ^Een  are  n<»t  so  made.  Each  wants  all;  and 
to  get  it,  following  human  instinct,  will,  if  necessary 
and  within  the  possibilities,  kill  all  the  rest. 

Seeing  profit  in  the  fields  of  their  less  enterprising 
northern  neighbors,  in  IS-TJ  the  adventurers  of  Eng- 
land asked  and  obtained  of  the  Russian  Fur  Company 
a  ten  years'  lease  for  trachng  purposes,  of  a  stri}>  of 
land  ten  leagues  wide,  extenchng  north  i'vom  latitude 
54°  40',  and  lyinu'  between  I^ritish  territorv  and  the 
ocean,  paying  therefor  two  thousand  east-side  land- 
otter,  worth  thirty- two  shillings  and  sixpence  each. 
It  was  ]\[cL()Ughlin  who  suggested  it,  and  British 
statesmen  wondei'ed  what  the  company  wanted  with 
ten  leagues  of  Russian  seaboard." 

But  the  object  of  the  com]»anywas  not  alone  traific 
with  the  natixes.  Tluy  thought  to  nudce  a  customer 
of  the  Russians  as  well  for  Euroi)ean  goods,  which 


Tiolx'tts,  I'lrdHi'f^fioiif,  MS.,  8,  says  the  rent  was  piiiil  in  wlicnt,  Imttcr. 
and  tiist-siilo  <ittf:'.  Kitlu'r  tlic  toriiis  of  this  stipulation  were  in  his  niinil 
confust'd  \\ith  ihiisc  (if  tlir  I'ontraL-t  'iov  tho  sah;  <if  jiroiliici.',  or  some  ]iart  if 
tho  1  aynicnts  wciv  niailo  in  thu  artiili's  mcntioni'd  ai-curdini,'  to  convonirnci-. 
Sip  (.icoi'ge  Sinijison,  Ik'I'oiv  thi.'  house  of  L-oininons  coumiission,  J'l/i/.  II.  I:. 
Co.,  1S,')7,  ;")!(,  status  that  n  ndsnndiTstandinj,'  aljout  tiic  I'stalilishiii;,'  of  a 
post  on  one  of  tlic  riven  arisini.'.  serious  dilliculties  cnsiiedi,  and  a  lon^'  eor- 
rcspondunc'f  on  the  snhject  cniUd  in  the  lease  of  tiie  territory.  ]"inlaysi  u, 
Jlix.'.  r.  /.,  MS.,  ,'i,").  names  •J,()()0  east-side  otter-skins  as  the  ainnial  \iv'u" 
paid.  In  Ami.  rsKii'x  /llyf.  \nriliii;s/  Cna.-^i,  MS.,  KCi  4.  we  Hnd  tiiat  'in 
addition  a  large  ([uantity  of  furs  of  vaiions  deseri)>tions,  Mhieh  were  speeialiy 
in  demand  l>y  tlu'  Jiussian  Anieiiean  Company,  Mere  sold  to  them  annna'.lN, 
11  ^reat  projiortion  of  whicli  were  transported  frcjm  Yoik  faetory  and  othei- 
pails  in  that  vicinity  (jverland  l>y  the  route  of  the  animal  express  to  I'ort 
A'aueouvei-,  and  tluiiee  sent  to  .Sitka.  The  relations  hetween  ourselves  and 
the  Russians,  indeed,  with  the  solitary  e\ee]iti(in  referricl  to.  were  always  of 
the  most  frienilly  eharaeter.  ^^'e  supplied  them  annually  with  larL'o  i|iian- 
titles  of  wheat  and  othei'  piodnee,  some  of  wliieh  was  raised  on  the  farm  at 
Vort  \'aneouver,  and  the  remainder  jnu'ehased  from  the  settlers  who  then 
iniiahited  till!  AN'illametto  ^'alley,  or  ]inrehased  in  <  'allfornia  fidin  the  Spanish 
inhahitants  there,  j'lvery  eourti'sy  was  extended  hy  the  Itus.-ian  oilieials  to 
niiy  of  till!  ]|n<lson's  liay  Company  otiieers  who  ehaneed  to  eall  at  Sitka:  and 
■when  Sir  Gcoryu  Sinip.son  passed  there  in  1841-1.',  on  his  way  to  St  i'etcrs- 


1 


6U 


A  DPX'ADE  OF  NORTHERX  IXTIDKNTS. 


the}'  could  bring'  in  any  quantities  from  England,  as 
f'oi-  the  products  of  the  soil,  which  the  inclcnioncy  of 
the  northern  regions  prevented  the  Russians  from 
raising,  and  which  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  novr 
determined  to  cultivate. 

The  Russians  on  the  whole  were  not  the  best  of 
luisiness  men.  Their  ethics  and  energy  were  nuich 
below  the  Scotch  standard.  Their  establishments 
were  more  military  and  naval  than  those  of  the  Hud- 
son's Bay  Company,  an  admiral  being  usually  in  com- 
mand. Even  witli  their  magnificent  seal  monopoly 
they  could  not  make  tlunr  business  profitable,  so  the 
Sitka  governor  himself  asserted,  l>ut  for  their  trade 
with  Ciiina,  which  in  excliange  for  furs  gave  them  tea 
to  pay  their  men  with  at  an  enormous  profit.  A  small 
sum  in  tlie  shape  of  wagi^s  must  needs  cont<nit  thcii 
serfs,  who  lived  on  r^'e-bread,  train-oil,  and  fish  ;  and 
who  for  the  love  of  liquor  were  ready  at  any  time 
almost  to  lay  down  their  lives  or  take  those  of  their 
neighbor. 

In  pursuance  of  this  arrangement  a  party''  was 
organized  at  jNIontreal  in  f  8ol)  to  take  jiossession  of 
the  land  thus  leased.  Setting  out  from  York  Factoi'V 
in  .luly  they  proceeded  to  Edmonton,  then  the  liead- 
(juarters  of  the  district,  and  tlience  by  way  of  Jasper 
House,  Boat  I'^ncampment,  Colville,  and  Walla  Walla 
came  to  Fort  Vancouver,  where  their  arrival  on  the 
7th  was  ibllowed  l)y  a  grand  feast.  After  spending 
the  winter  at  this  post,  in  the  si)ring  of  f  840  the  party 
was  ri'oi-ganized  with  J)ouu'las'*  in  connnand,  assisted 

Imrjj;  liy  w;iy  of  Okhotsk  overland,  a  ship  was  placed  at  his  disposal  which 
louvoyi'd  hill)  to  tho  last-iiaiiitd  place,  and  the  nio.st  cordial  attentions  weio 
shown  to  him.  ]>eing  aided  by  tlic  atitliority  of  an  imperial  nUazc,  the  suh- 
.■-ei|nent  journey  of  Sir  (ieorge  acros.s  the  Asiatic  continent  to  St  I*eters))nrg 
was  grciitly  exjiedited.'  See  also  'J'()li)ii('s  /'injit  S(iiiii(/,^l>>.,*20.  In  ('.  V.  //. 
/i'(/'/.  .'7,  ^'i/h  Coiiij.,  o(f  iS'r.s.s-.,  (iO,  it  is  stated  that  the  Hudson's  IJay  Com- 
pany's contract  with  tlie  Russians  in  regard  to  London  goods  was  to  supply 
tliem  at  '2'i  p(!V  cent  advanci!  on  Londiin  cost,  adding  notliing  fin-  freight. 

'  Of  tliis  party  was  Roderick  Finlayson,  then  a  clerk  in  the  service  of  the 
Hudson's  J>iiy  Company',  fuid  to  whom  I  am  indebted  for  tho  narrative  of  tins 
expedition. 

"It  is  a  little  interesting  to  note  how  the  methoilical  Douglas  went  about  a 
piece  of  work  of  this  kind.  Carefully  written  out  in  his  Private  Pai/nv,  MS., 


LEASl'I  FROM  THE  RUSSIANS. 


m 


by  W.  G. Rao,  John  Kuiim.'(ly,  John  McLoughHn  junior, 
llodcrick  Finlayson,  and  fifty  men. 

Enibarkini;',  the  l>aity  proeeodcd  by  way  of  the  Cow- 
htz  Rivor  to  Foit  Niscjually  on  Piiget  Sound,  Avlicru 
tiio  Jjc'ircr  awaited  the'in.      Thence  down    the   jiine- 


cMNelope 


Ic 


i' 


fet)un( 


1,  and  tlirouu'h  the   •'"ulf  of  (Jeoi'L-ia 


tliey  steamed,  little  dreaming  tl  at  the  great  i.^land  of 
Vancouver  on  their  left  was  the  destined  future  home 


ot  so  ma 


»y 


C) 


ftl 


lem. 


Entering  Fraser  Iiivoi'  tliey  nscended  to  Fort  T^;ing- 
ley,   only  to  fmd  that  [)ost  in  r  lins,  it  having  been 


d 


urned  sever 


al  di 


ivs  i)revious. 


]\[r  Yale,  then  in  com- 


mant 


rount 


I,   was   living   ^^•itll   liis   men   in   tents,   and  sur- 
led  b^ 


y  sa\ages  whose  plans  for  an  attack  were 
fi'ustrated  by  the  o]:)}>ortune  arrival  of  the  steamer. 
All  hands  disembarked  and  set  to  work  witli  a  will  t<j 
rebuild  the  fort;  nor  did  they  leave  their  I'cllow- 
traders  until  they  saw  them  all  safely  housed  and 
fortified  again.  Then  (lr(Ji>ping  down  the  river  tiny 
steamed  U[)  the  gulf,  and  passing  through  (^uecn 
Charlotte  Sound  came  to  ^lilljank  Sound,  where 
they  found  :-emainin!jf  marks  of  Fort  !McLou<'ldin. 
Then  they  went  to  Fort  Simpson  at  the  northern  end 
of  the  Chimsyan  Peninsula,  just  within  tlie  Ihitisli 
54^  40'  boundary  line,  where  they  remained  several 
days,  taking  in  wood  and  pU)visions;  after  which  tliey 
proceeded  to  the  lledoubt  St  Dionysius,  oi',  as  it  Mas 
thereafter  called,  Fort  Stikeen — the  Russian  })ost  (ju 


2il  scr.,  oS,  wc  find  first:  'Sumlru.s  i(!(|iiircil  for  my  use  in  ostalilisliinj,'  a  now 
f(iit.'  TIr'U  the  iU'tielis  are  iMUUin'iMtcil:  1  i^tovc  with  pil"',  '>  ''Wt.  lini'  Ih-imiI, 
'2  cwt.  Ildur,  •_'  Ivoiis  Mine,  1  <lii.  hiamly,  1  tent  with  imles,  2  oil  i!i)ths,  2 
dif.inters,  1  ImsUet  fiirnisiicil,  ii  t:il)le,  2  ili;iirs,  2  keg.-i  liuttcr.'  \ut  nineh 
liuililing  niatciial,  surely,  to  s.-iy  nothing  of  tools,  iumiiunition,  ;incl  aims, 
A\hiL-!i  lie  proliahly  regards  as  niattt'rsof  course.  Nevertluh'ss,  he  thinks  fur- 
tiicrof  '12  spikes  for  ert'eting  stork:idrs,  -l,(MI()  r)-iiieli  s|Mke-iiails  lor  rooling 
building,  and  2  wrenehes  for  holt  nuts;'  aucl  remarks  that  'the  hreadth  and 
thickness  of  the  fort  giit'S  tu  be  ascertained  before  tho  irons  aie  made,  so 
that  the  bolts  and  lunges  be  made  of  tho  proper  length.'  T'w  business  must 
be  eonilueted  with  due  ilignity  ami  decorum.  'The  largest  and  most  eonimo- 
dio'is  berth  in  the  cabin  to  be  atmy  entire  disposal,  no  person  h.iving  the  right 
toinvite  company,  or  dispense  hospitalities  iluring  my  re-ideiue  on  board, 
llusincss  to  be  stiictly  atteniled  to,  and  not  pleasure;  the  master  to  absent  him- 
Bi.'lf  as  selilOni  as  possible.' 


M8 


A  DECADE  OF  NORTITERX  IXCIDEXTS. 


Point  Highficld  at  the  iiioiitli  of  tho  Stikucn  River.'' 
The  place  wliere  the  fort  was  built  was  an  island  at 
high-tide,  and  connnunication  was  had  with  the  main- 
land by  means  of  a  small  bridge,  over  which  water  as 
well  as  provisions  had  to  be  transported. 

Here  was  to  be  the  Britisli  head-(|uarters  f)f  the 
leased  territory.  In  charge  of  the  fort  the  new- 
comers found  a  Russian  officer  with  fifty  men,  guarded 
by  a  brig  carrying  thirty-two  guns.  When  John 
McLoughlin  junior  and  W.  G.  Rae,  who  had  been 
a])poiuted  to  the  new  charge,  signified  their  intention 
of  remaining  with  only  eighteen  men,  the  Russian 
officer  demurred,  saying  that  the  savages  were  troul)- 
lesome,  and  that  the  chief  had  many  slaves  skilled  in 
assassination,  and  forced  to  do  his  bidding  under  pain 
of  deatli.  But  the  brave  British  men  made  liijht  of 
the  Russian's  fears,  and  said,  "Other  forts  we  rule 
with  twenty  men,  and  we  will  hold  Stikeen." 

So  the  Russian  turned  the  place  over  to  them,  and 
with  his  men  departed  in  his  brig  to  Sitka,  whither 
he  was  soon  followed  by  the  /ie«t'cy  carrying  Douglas, 
Kennedy,  and  Finlayson  with  the  remainder  (jf  theii 
party.  Arriving  at  the  Russian  head-quarters,^"  a 
salute  of  nine  guns  was  given  and  returned,  and  they 
were  received  in  royal  style  by  the  governor  and  his 
officers.  An  entertainment  and  week's  stay  followed, 
during  which  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  was  formally 
])laced  in  possession  of  the  leased  territory  according 
to  terms  stipulated.  Then  sailed  the  Beacer  soutli- 
ward,  her  mission  accom})lished. 

The  destruction  of  Fort  Langley  by  fire  in  Ajiril 
1840,  in  which  not  only  the  houses,  utensils,  and  fui'- 
niture  were  destroyed,  but  also  a  large  stock  of  salt 
provisions  and  the  seasoned  barrel-staves  for  the 
salmon-fishing  of  the  approaching  season,  was  severel}' 

'On  Arrowsmith's  mop  this  post  is  oiillcd  Iliyhficld  Fort. 

''^  'The  fort  at  Sitkii  was  thou  luaiiiK^il  liy  ovor  500  iiii'ii  with  two  or  more 
guanl.ships. .  .  Wo  fonnd  about  oi^'ht  .ships  in  tlie  liarhor  at  the  time,  Coast- 
in;-vessuln  wen.' stationed  11])  Bering'  Strait  and  among  tlie  Aleutian  Isles.' 
Fiiduijsoii'ts  V.  I.,  MiS.,  10)  11. 


FOCXDING  OF  FORT  TAKO. 


G47 


felt  by  the  north-coast  cstablishiuoiits.  The  actual 
loss,  besides  the  buildings,  was  £1,800,  and  the  pros- 
pective loss  was  still  greater.  It  became  a  serious 
questii)n  whether  the  occupation  of  the  Stikeen  post 
and  the  erection  of  an  establishment  at  Tako  were 
practicable,  in  view  of  the  dependence  of  these  ])()sts 
on  Ijungley  for  salt  provisions.  The  coasting-vessels 
likewise  nmst  suffer;  new  arrangements  must  be  made 
with  the  liussians,  and  permission  obtained  to  pur- 
chase venison  at  Tungass  and  Port  Stewart.^^ 

The  f^tcanior  Beaver  sailed  from  Sitka  May  29, 1840, 
falling  in  with  and  taking  in  tow  the  Hudson's  l^ay 
Company's  bark  VcDWOUix'r,  laden  with  trading  goods 
and  a  year's  supply  of  provisions.  On  board  the 
steamer  were  Douglas,  director;  Kennedy,  doctor; 
and  Finlayson,  secretary.^'  Their  destination  was  the 
Tako  Kiver,  and  their  object  was  to  plant  a  post  tliere. 

Arrived  at  the  entrance  to  the  river  the  steamer 
came  to  anchor.  Small  boats  were  launched  and  a 
jiarty  ascended  the  stream  for  a  distance  of  fifty  miles, 
but  so  rough  and  mountainous  was  the  region  that 
there  could  not  be  found,  if  we  may  believe  Finlayson, 
a  level  s})ot  sufficiently  large  for  the  requirements  of 
a  fort.  Moreover,  the  ice  which  Hoated  abou^  the 
river  warned  them  that  the  sunnner  was  short,  and 
that  by  far  the  greater  part  of  the  year  the  ri\er  was 
not  navigable. 

While  thus  engaged  in  their  profitless  search,  they 
encountered  an  Indian  slave,  whose  master  with  others 
was  inland,  hunting,  and  whom  they  pleased  to  call 
Locality.  This  poor  chattel  of  a  savage  on  learning 
their  wants  took  them  down  the  coast  to  a  small  Ijay 
about  ten  miles  south  of  the  entrance  to  the  river.  It 
was  a  o'ood  harbor,  witli  tolerable  surroundings,  and 
there  the  traffic- monarchs  determined  to  erect  a  cita- 


in  I B 

I 


n  n.-trnjln.-,'  JniirimK  1S40-1,  MS.,  1,  2. 

'- Fiiiliiysoii  pos-sesscd  (iimlitics  far  superior  to  those  of  scii1)o,  judging 
from  liis  uuuuiscript,  whicli  1  soiuetimea  liml  it  most  ditlicult  to  decipher. 


m 


A  DKCADE  OF  NORTHERX  INCIDENTS. 


del.  So  the  bark  and  steanicr  wore  Imniglit  to  aiiclior 
in  the  bay,  and  the  workmen  kindod.  Log-liouscs 
■\voi'o  put  up,  and  an  eiglitocn-foot  stockade  witli  two 
bastions  was  thrown  round  a  s])aee  one  hundred  and 
fifty  yards  s(]uare.  The  sui»}ilies  were  then  talceii 
from  the  l)arl;  and  ])]aeed  in  the  storehouse,  and  the 
carronades  and  small -arms  taken  to  the  bastion.s. 
Finally  Douglas  pronounced  tlie  ])laco  d('fensible, 
named  it  Fort  J)urham,  after  the  earl  of  Duiham, 
then  g'overnor-g'eneral  of  Canada,  tliou^li  it  was  oltdier 
called  Tako;  and  })lacing  Kennedy  in  charm',  "^^  ith  l*'ii!- 
layson  as  his  assistant,  and  eighteen  mt.ii,  he  sailed 
witli  his  bark  and  the  Bedver  southward. 

They  were  a  Ijravc,  sullen  race  these  Takes.  A 
Boston  trader  (piarrelled  with  them  in  iS;!8,  and 
sailed  away  after  lii'ing  several  destructive  sliots  into 
their  canoes.  FinLiyson  came  very  near  losing  his 
life  there.  On  account  of  op[)osition  tlu-  Hudson's 
Bay  ]>eo[)le  were  at  this  time  dispensing  ardent  s[)irits 
to  the  natives.  So  numerous  and  strong  were  tliey, 
and  the  drink  made  them  so  wild,  that  but  two  or 
three  were  allowed  within  the  fort  to  trade  at  one 
time.  (3ne  day  tlio  savages  congregated  round  tlic 
gate,  and  as  one  was  passing  out  the  crinvd  ])uslicd 
aside  the;  gate-keeper,  overpowering  him ;  seeing  which 
Finlayson  ran  to  his  assistance  and  was  greeted  by  a 
stuiming  l)low  from  the  foremost  savage.  This  so  en- 
raLred  tlie  Scotchman  that  on  recovering  himself  he 
imprudently  followed  the  savage  out  of  the  gate  alone, 
into  the  midst  of  the  angry  crowd,  and  began  liam- 
niering  his  head  with  his  i)istol.  Instantly  Finlayson 
was  seized  by  the  hair,  stripped  of  half  his  clothes, 
and  was  rapidly  being  dragged  toward  the  water,  when 
lie  cried  to  Kennedy  to  lire  blank-cartridges  from  the 
big  ''uns,  which  was  dcjne,  and  this  so  frightened  the 
savages  that  they  drop])cd  their  prey  and  iled.  Fin- 
layson returned  to  the  fort;  the  gates  were  ck)sed  and 
all  trade  stoj)})ed  until  the  natives  had  paid  in  furs  the 
penalty  for  their  outrage. 


TAKO  ABANDONED. 


640 


In  tliosc  (l;iy3  every  diiof  worthy  the  name  possef^scd 
fi'oiu  iiCty  tooiie  liundnxl  slaves,  worth  tliirty  blankets 
each,  ^n-iiiTally  purchased  from  the  natives  of  Qiieeu 
Charlotte  Island,  the  oreat  sluve-niart  of  the  North- 
west Coast.  The  chiefs  took  no  small  delight  in  kill- 
ing their  slaves  at  their  feasts,  which  was  a  mark  of 
greatness.  While  Finla3'son  Avas  at  Fort  Tako  the 
savages  assembled  at  Tako  Gidf  one  day  in  the  summer 
of  1840,  and  havino;  finished  their  tradini;  they  held  ;i 
gran<l  foast.  Warmed  to  a  proper  pitch  of  egotism  l»y 
the  wliite  man's  rum,  one  of  the  chiefs  arose  and  made 
a  speech :  "  I  am  a  mighty  man,  a  most  valiant  <'hief, 
and  wealth.y  withal,  having  so  nuich  ])ropertv  I  know 
scarcely  what  to  do  with  it.  So  rich  am  I  that  oi'teii 
I  amuse  myself  thus" — with  which  words  he  drew 
a  pistol  and  shot  dead  one  of  his  slaves.  Another  chief 
not  to  he  outdone  made  a  longer,  l)raver  speech,  and 
shot  two  slaves.  Catching  the  cruel  mania  others 
followed,  until  ten  poor  wretches  lay  dead.  Next  day 
Finlayson  with  a  well  armed ^xw.sy' went  out  and  buried 
them,  tor  the  lordly  savage  would  not  touch  a  dead 
slave,  but  wouKl  leave  him  to  rot  where  he  fell. 
Then  ho  told  them  that  those  who  indulo-ed  in  such 
dastardly  acts  in  the  future  should  not  be  allowed  to 
trade  at  the  fort. 

In  the  sunnner  of  1841,  W.  G.  Rao  having  been 
removinl  from  the  Stikeen  post  to  Yerba  Buena,  Fin- 
layson was  sent  from  Tako  to  take  his  place.  During 
Rae's  rule  at  Stikeen  an  attempt  had  been  made  by 
the  savages  to  scale  the  stockade  and  take  the  fort. 
The  assailants  were  fired  upon ;  some  few  were  wounded, 
l)ut  none  killed.  ]3uring  Finlayson's  time  the  natixes 
destroyed  the  bridge,  tlius  cutting  off  the  water.  A 
captured  chief  was  held  as  hostage  until  the  damage 
Mas  repaii'cd  and  peace  made.  Again  the  place  was 
besieged,  and  although  the  fortress  suil'ered,  a  little 
brackisjv  water  to  drink  was  obtained  by  digging. 

On  the  whole  the  occupation  of  the  Tako  ])ost  proved 
unsatisfactory.     Flence  in  the  opening  of  184;]  orders 


m 


A  DECADE  OF  NORTIIERX  INCIDENTS. 


Avcro  ij^ivcii  for  tlu;  ,'il)an(lojiineiit  of  tliat  ostaMislimoiit, 
and  the  distributioii  of  its  iiu'ii  and  oflicers  to  otluT 
jilucos.  Thureafter  traffic  at  'I'ako  and  tlu!  nuiglihoi'- 
iiii>-  isles  was  conducted  l>y  tlio  steamer  Ikdirr,  as  a 
trading-vessel.  DouLjlas  made  a  vo^'aL^e  of  snrveillanco 
U])  the  coast  and  put  tlu!  new  regulation  into  elleci, 
and  Finlayson  was  transferred  from  Fort  Simi)son  to 
the  JJcdtri: 

With  the  instructions  from  Governor  Simpson  for 
tlie  al)andoinncnt  of  Fort  Tako,  came  orders  likewise 
for  the  abandonment  of  Fort  ^IcLoughliu  on  Milbank 
Sound. 

The  Hudson's  Bay  Company  found  the  tribes  sur- 
rounding tfiesc  northern  posts  to  be  more  dangerous 
than  any  others  encountered  by  them  throughout  the 
Northwest  Coast.  Ill  the  first  jJace  the  northern 
nations  were  by  nature  tierce  and  independent,  and 
secondly  their  warlike  mood  had  by  no  means  been 
quieted  by  intercourse  with  the  Europeans.  Brute 
force  had  been  the  policy  of  the  Bussians,  many  of 
whom  were  scarcely  more  Christian  or  humane  than 
the  savages,  and  the  intoxicating  draught  now  freely 
offered .  alike  by  English,  American,  and  Bussian 
ti'adi'rs,  fre(juently  maddened  them,  and  made  tluiu 
too  often  turn  the  white  man's  firelock  against  him- 
self. And  white  men  can  be  as  insanely  savage  upon 
emergency  as  red  men.  The  cruelties  of  civili;^ation 
may  be  a  little  more  direct,  may  bo  somewhat  less 
sim])le,  more  refined,  but  they  are  none  the  less 
devilish.  The  follies  of  civilization  are  absolutely 
unmatched  by  savagism,  the  reason  being  chiefly  that 
the  former  has  more  inventions  for  oriijinating  and 
propagating  evil  than  the  latter. 

It  has  always  seemed  to  me  that  the  heaviest  |)cn- 
alty  the  servants  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Com[)any  were 
obliged  to  pay  for  the  wealth  and  autliority  advanci'- 
ment  gave  them,  was  the  wives  they  were  cx})e('ted 
to  marry  and  the  ])rogeny  they  should  rear.     What 


THE  FUR  TRADERS'  CURSE. 


c-.i 


Cfroater  linppiness  to  the  father,  what  greater  benefit 
to  niaiikind  tliaii  noble  eliil(h'enl  I  never  could  un<ler- 
stand  how  sueh  men  as  John  MeLonLjhlin,  .lames 
Douglas,  Ogden,  Finlayson,  Work,  Tolmie,  and  the 
rest  could  endure  the  thought  of  having  their  luimo 
and  honors  descend  to  a  degenerate  posterity.  Surely 
they  were  possessed  of  sutticient  intelligence  to  knctw 
that  by  giving  their  children  Indian  or  hali'-bi-ccd 
mothers,  their  own  old  Scotch,  Irish,  or  English  blood 
would  iji  them  be  greatly  debased,  and  hence  that  they 
were  doing  all  concerned  a  great  wrong.  Perish  all 
the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  thrice  over,  I  would  say, 
sooner  than  bring  upon  my  own  offs[)ring  such  foul 
corruption,  sooner  than  bring  into  being  offsj)i'ing  sub- 
ject to  such  a  curse. 

Place  John  McLoughlin  father  beside  John  Mc- 
Loughlin  son,  and  tell  me  what  there  is  in  all  the  wide 
universe  that  would  pay  this  strong,  high-soulcd  gen- 
tleman  for  havin^j;  taken  so  vile  a  copy  of  himself 
Not  that  the  son  was  so  very  bad,  or  any  worse  than 
the  average  in  such  cases,  or  than  the  father  might 
expect.  The  su[)erior  intellectuality  of  tlie  father 
developed  in  the  son  as  superior  brutality.  Instead 
of  benevolence  and  justice  as  the  dominant  motives, 
we  have  seltishness  and  passion.  Nor  is  the  son  so 
much  to  blame  that  the  misceijenation  of  white  and 
red  should  result  in  black  rather  than  golden,  as  the 
father  who  thus  reduces  to  ashes  a  beautiful  structure. 

When  Rao  was  called  from  Stikeen  to  Yerba  Puena, 
of  which  event  I  elsewhere  speak  fully,  John  Mc- 
Loughlin junior  was  left  in  full  coumiand  of  the  ])ost. 
Of  an  arbitrary,  sombre,  and  morose  dis[)osition,  with 
vindictivcness  the  foundation  of  his  ethics,  the  strong 
love  of  spirituous  liquors  a  passion,  and  varied  concu- 
piscence a  chief  delight,  su[)erstitious  and  low-mindi'd, 
lie  was  nevertheless  honest,  courajjfeous,  and  not  al- 
ways  mtemperate.  AV^ith  his  antecedents  and  en\i- 
ronmcnt  it  was  impossible  he  should  be  wholly  bestial. 
He  would  like  to  do  his  best,  but  he  was  not  made 


«n 


A  DKCADK  OF  NOHTI[r:RX  IXCIDEXTS. 


for  iimcli  well  doiinj^.  Simpson  saw  tliis,  and  did  not 
like  it  IxM-ausu  ^[cLouyhlin  had  given  liini  an  csttib- 
lislmicnt. 

Prohal.tly  no  post  in  tlio  scrvleo  nocdt-d  aMcr  nian- 
!\L;x;nu'nt  than  Stikcen,  and  yoniiLjf  ]VrcLon^!din  was 
not  tilt!  ablest  niaiian'oi'  in  tliu  siTviec.  The  savii-'cs, 
■\vlio  thorcabonts  wrwi  both  treacherous  and  ferocious, 
'made  their  abode  in  the  vicinity  in  laroo  numbers, 
having  not  the  slighest  hesitation  in  openly  ]»roclaim- 
iii,H'  their  intention  to  take  the  fort,  or  anythiun'  in  it, 
as  the  o})portunity  oilered.  ]  lence,  !^^cLou,^hlin  \\as 
obliu^edto  hold  his  men  inclose  restraint,  so  close  that 
thoy  often  broke  the  rules,  and  were  severely  punished. 
This  exaspei'ated  them,  and  made  them  ripe-  for  any 
crime,  for  they  were  a  villainous  crew.  There  were 
twenty-two  in  all,  part  Canadians  and  part  Kanakas. 
Contrary  to  the  rules, some  of  them  held  nightly  intei- 
course  with  the  women  of  the  nei^'hborini''  lod'>es; 
some  made  themselves  drunk  on  liquor  obtained  fiom 
the  natives,  which  \ras  the  irony  of  intoxication,  buy- 
ing' s])irits  from  saxa^es  who  tirst bought  it  from  them- 
selves. ]\[cLoughlin  drank  freely,  and  sometimes 
■when  the  fit  was  on  him  wouM  not  only  give  the  nun 
liquor,  but  force  them  to  «lrink  themselves  insensible. 
Thus  as  time  went  on  McLoughlin  became  more  cruel 
and  tyrannicid,  and  the  men  U'ore  mutinous,  until  they 
threatened  to  take  his  life. 

Finally,  on  the  night  of  the  20th  of  April  1842, 
John  ^IcLoughlin  junior  was  shot  dead  by  a  Cana- 
dian, Urbaine  Heroux.  The  fort  was  in  a  general 
state  of  misrule  at  th(!  time;  most  of  the  men  M'ero 
drunk,  ]Mc-Lou<'hlin  witli  his  own  hand  havin<j:  dealt  out 
liquor  freely,  and  being  not  altogether  sober  himself 
Several  had  openly  sworn  to  do  the  deed;  others 
had  fired  their  guns  at  the  master  or  at  each  other, 
and  the  murderer  was  not  more  criminal  than  sonu' 
of  the  others.  Throuu'liout  the  aiternoon  and  evening 
McLoughlin  had  been  bellowing  about  the  establish- 
ment that  he  was  to  be  killed  that  night,  and  that  ho 


MfLonaiLix  .luxioiis  death. 


658 


slmnld  (lie  like  Ji  iiian.  Altoifftlicr  it  wms  no  Ics;? 
sillv  tliMU  sickciiiii!'';  and  it  was  no  wondi-r  tliat  wlini 
(jtoNC'i'iioi'  Sini|)sou  aiTivt'd  at  tlio  tort  five  days  later 
lie  was  <lis<riisted,  or  that  the  dead  man's  lather  was 
an<nv  wlien  the  fjovernor  hlanied  the  mastei*  almost 
as  iHUeh  as  the  men.  Sueli  disi^raeetul  oceurrenee.s 
were  not  common  iu  tliu  «urviee.'^ 

At  the  expiration  of  the  ten  years'  ]o,aso  the  con- 
tract with  the  Tlussian  .Vnierican  Company  was  ]i'- 
newed,"  and  the  Hudson's  IJay  Company  continued 
to  hold  the  country  up  to  a  few  years  jtrior  totho  pur- 
chase of  Alaska  1)V  the  United  Status.^' 

"  '  TliccliJiry  Avny  in  wliicli  SirGeorgo  liuliavcd  !i1)oiit  thi.s  dcit'/i  fUveiKPiiud 
tliu  (liictor  iiyaiiitit  liiiii.'  Unlmits'  I'v.,  MS.,  S.  •  lliiu's' iiuci'i  it,'  say-  ,)<;^,so 
Ain>lc;,':itc  iu  Stiytuii's  <Ji\  Ti  r.,  ^IS.,  l.'W,  'is  calciilati'd  t  ■  i:atu  a  wn>r,  ; 
iiiUnvssion  of  tliu  (lisciiilinu  ami  conduot  of  the  Jludtjdii'.s  ]!ay  ('uiiipaiiy.' 
Siiiiiisoii  was  I'C'taiidy  iiukIi  iiiuiu  slai'k  iu  brin^^'iiiy  tlic  oll'i'ijili'is  1  ■  iustiito 
tiiaii  lie  w  il  '  la\(:  bi'tu  liail  tlu'y  lici'ii  na^^ivis  and  t!a' uiurd<  ;  .d  mauoiio 
of  his  own  nunu  roiis  iilogifiniatu  jn'O'^uny.  '  Ji-.  my  ()|iiuion.'  iii;  .'■!i}s,  Oivc- 
hiiiif  JitHi-iiiij,  i.  1S"J,  '  tlic  jiiri.-dictioii  of  Canada  as  fstuldi-liid  i<y  4;{  (luo, 
IU  .  c.  lys,  and  1  and  "J  (Ico.  1\'.,  c.  (id,  did  not  extend  to  Itiissiaii  Aiiuiica; 
and  on  the  other  hand,  I  knew  that  tiie  i;i!>sians  laid  no  eoiirt  of  criminal 
jurisdiction  in  America;  while  at  the  same  time,  i  ■,\as  l)y  no  means  ( titaiii 
that  even  if  they  had  such  a  tribunal,  tiiey  wnuld  take  any  eoL'iiizauee  of  !i 
eriuie  that  ilid  not  eoneern  them.  So  giving'  charge  of  the  estahlishmcnt  to 
Mr  l)(jdd,  chief  mate  (jf  the  tship  ('oir/if~,  which  brought  him  there,  \\itli  ii 
sailor,  lUenkiu.soji,  for  an  assistant,  he  eairied  Iferoux  to  Sitk;i  and  thero 
turmd  him  over  to  the  J'ussians,  though  ho  had  just  aihnitted  Lhat  he  did 
not  ex|ieet  them  to  luinish  liiin. 

"ileuce  Jvol)erts,  J'<r.,  ^IS.,  0,  is  mistaken  when  ho  saya  the  arrangement 
proved  uniaoiitalile  to  his  company,  and  that  the  country  was  abandoned  upon 
the  termination  of  the  le.'iso. 

'■'There  was  another  i'ort  Sim]iaou  on  the  ^lackenzie  River,  at  the  junction 
of  the  Ivivit'ii!  aux  I.iards.  .See  l''H-huril<oii\i  ■lonriiul,  i.  11)3-7.  My  material 
tor  this  and  the  foregoing  chapter  is  derived  from  Toliiik'»  Jniirual,  MS.,  W), 
where  it  is  stated  that  Manson  beat  the  man  Jiichard  at  Fort  McLoughliii 
until  he  wished  himself  a  free  savage.  See  also  Tulmic's  Journal,  MS.,  ap])., 
pas.sim;  Tolniic't  l'ii(/i:t  S'ltind,  MS., ;!-."),  o!»;  Anderson's  Xorf/nccslC'r-:'-^',  MS., 
11-'J:J,  lO;]-.");  Finlo/f.^oirsJIisf.  I'.  /.,  .MS.,  1>;  Dowilas'  I'rhaie  Pnprr.^,  MS.,  'Jd 
ser.,  ."iS-Ol;  /'or<iSV«);x»/./o«/'»f(/,  MS.,  passim;  JJtiiin's  >Jr.  7V  ;•.,  l.'78;  llun-t' 
Or.  IH^f.,  ."94-40(i;  (//•«// ".s  (Jr.,  40-.")4;  Martin\-<  II.  /!.,  'JS-.'iO,  whose  error-t 
of  dates  and  facts  it  is  idle  to  notii.'e;  J'ohcrl.-t^  J'er.,  MS.,  7,  H;  >!ay/on's  Or. 
Ter.y  ;MS.,  138;  llarr(  i/'.i  Li/c  of  MfLoKjIJin,  MS.,  'JO;  Towii.seiur.-i  Xur.,  UOJ. 


CHAPTER  XXX. 

TWO    NOTABLE    VISITORS. 

1841-1842. 

TiieMoxaech  Moves— SirGeoroe  Simpsox  CrHC'rMN'A\ar,ATES  the  Wor-Ln— 
The  JoruNF.v  across  the  Continent— SruvEiS  the  Noi!T]ierx  Posts 
— Drops  uown  to  San  Francisco  Bay — Mos  rEHEV — Hoxoi.rLr — Sitka 
AND  Foi:t  Simpson  acain — Then  Asia  is  Honored — An  Ikaschuk 
Gaul — French  Cl'riosity — Ei'tiENEDrvioi'  de  ^Iofras — HnisEt.F  and 
his  Book — From  Mexico  and  Caliiokni  a  He  1'roceeds  to  Honoi.ii.i' 
AND  FdiiT  VANcorvKR— Simpson  does  not  like  his  Looks  and  Smls 
Him — Whereat  He  is  Irate,  Tiioriiii  in  his  Book  Charitahle-  Arn;ii 
Calling  again  tpon  the  California  ns,  whom  He  Scourges  to  his  Com- 
plete Satisfactiox,  He  Returns  to  France. 


In  a  journey  round  tlic  worlil,  niado  in  1.841-2,  Sir 
Georg'c  Simpson,  governor-in-cliief  of  the  Hudson's 
Bay  territories  in  North  America,  paid  tlie  J*acilic 
coast  a  second  visit  wortliy  of  brit'f  mention.-^ 

Outlined,  the  journey  was  from  London  to  Boston, 
thence  to  jNIontrcal,  and  by  way  of  Lake  Sujterior  and 
the  Assiniboine  and  Saskatchewan  rivers  to  Echnoii- 
ton  House,  and  from  there  to  forts  Kootenai,  C'ol- 
ville,  Okanagan,  and  Vancouver.  After  visiting"  Sitka 
he  took  shi[)  to  San  Fi'ancisco,  Santa  ]>;irbara,  and 
across  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  and  from  there  to 
Sitka  again.  Thence  he  sailed  to  Okhotsk  on  the 
coast  of  Siberia,  crossed  Asia  by  way  of  Yakutsk, 
Irkutsk,  and  Tobolsk,  to  INToscow  and  St  Petersl)urg, 
and  through  tlie  Baltic  by  way  of  Hamburg  back  to 
London. 

■  His  Narrat'irc  af  a  Jnur))c>i  round  the  World  dnrhuj  I  lie  Yi  amlSJfl  <nid  J,-!.} .', 
2  vols,,  Svo,  Loudon,  1S47,  vas  not  ]irinti'(l  until  live  yiiiis  after  his  return, 
owing  to  iibsorbiny  lUitits  couuccteil  with  tho  alliiii's  of  tlie  company. 

IC51) 


SIMPSOX'8  JOURXFA'. 


Co5 


The  (lato  of  liis  (lej)arture  from  London  was  the  P>d 
of  ^[ai'cli  1841,  and  ho  reached  Edmonton  House  in 
the  lattei"  part  of  July.     Simj)Son's  journey  tlirou^h 


tl 


le  ooi 


itinent  of  America  at  tliis  time  was  not  unhk 


0 


tlie  niai'ch  of  a  monarch.     He  was  virtually  kinu^  of 
this  rude  region,  the  chief  of  a  conuner'cial  <lesp()tism. 

Forty-five  horses  was  his  mount  from  Echnontou 
the  2.Sth  of  Julv,  and  eight  o'clock  at  nijiiit  saw  liim 
sixtv  miles  from  liis  startinu;-i)oiut.  He  was  acoom- 
panied  l)y  ^Fr  llowand,  for  many  years  in  cliarge  of 
the  Saskatcliewan  district,  and  eighteen  selectid  men. 
Fresh  animals  were  I'urnislied  at  intervals  along  the 
route. 

At  Fort  Colville,  then  in  charge  of  ]\Ir  ]\Ic- 
Donald,  the  horses  were  al)andoned  for  a  six-oared 
canoe  ])esides  l)t)wman  and  steersman,  in  wliicli  one 
hundred  miles  were  made  the  hrst  day  and  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty  the  second.  This  boat  hecomin<j" 
leaky  was  exchanged  at  Walla  Walla  for  another. 
Mr  ^[cKinlay,  then  in  charge,  also  furnished  an  inter- 
preter for  the  trihes  l)elow. 

Tiie  ])arty  now  consisted  of  McMillan,  Todd,  Tay- 
lor, and  twenty-seven  men,  part  of  whom  were  ]  la- 
waiian  Islanders.  On  the  way  down  the  Columhia 
Simpson  was  informed  by  a  friendly  native  that  the 
savages  were  [)reparing  to  attack  him  at  the  ))ortag(^ 
of  ]jes  Cliutes,  which  however  M'eie  passed  without 
act'ident,  though  not  witliout  hostile  demonstrations. 
Calling  at  Wascopanr  wliei-e  Mas  th(^  ^Metliochst  mis 
<ion,  Sim])son  was  politi'ly  met  l)y  Lee,  who  honored 


the  travellers  hv  eatiu'''  wi 


th  tl 


lem. 


Aft 


(■)•  a  moon- 


light hath  tlft'  governor  wrajtped  himseli'  in  his  cloak, 
and  stretching  himself  on  the  hot  torn  of  his  hoat  com- 
posed himself  to  sleep  while  heing  rapidly  propelled 
down  the  pictures.jue  Columhia. 

]h-eakfasting  at  the  Cascades  the  party  ])n)cceded, 
meeting  a  hoat  with  letters  en  r(»'f<'  from  l'\irt  Xtin- 
couver  to  Walla  AValla  at  two  o'clock,  and  calling  at 

'■'Called  Wlia8]^)ieum  by  Simpson. 


656 


TWO  NOTAELl-:  VISITORS. 


sunset  at  the  company's  saw  and  jurist  mills,  five  miles 
above  the  fort,  wliere  they  \V(!i'e  honored  by  a  salute 
from  the  company's  schooner  Cadboro,  which  was  also 
a  signal  '>f  their  arrival  to  their  ex2)ectant  friends  at 
the  fort.  "  Bein;^  anxious  to  approach  head-quarters 
in  proper  si.yle,"  writes  the  t^overnor,  "  our  men  here 
exchanu'ed  the  onr  for  the  i)addle.  which,  l)esiiles  beinfj: 
more  orthodox  in  itself,  was  better  adapted  to  the 
quick  notes  of  the  voyagcur  songs.  In  less  than  an 
hour  afterwards  we  landed  on  the  beach,  having  thus 
crossed  the  continent  of  North  America  at  its  widest 
part,  l)y  a  i-oute  of  about  five  thousand  miles,  in  the 
space  of  twelve  weeks  of  actual  travelling."  Mc- 
Louglilin  being  absent  at  Puget  Sound  the  party  was 
here  received  bv  ])oui>las. 

Simpson  found  at  ^^)rt  Vancouver  two  vessels  of 
the  United  States  exploring  squadron,  which  made  a 
week's  stay  all  the  more  pleasant.  Taking  cordial 
leave  of  Wilkes  and  his  officeis,  and  accom[ianied  by 
Douglas,  on  the  1st  of  Septend)er  Simpson  and  party 
embarked  in  a  batc^au  with  a  crew  of  ten  men,  passed 
swiftly  over  to  the  upper  mouth  of  the  Willamette, 
and  rf)nnding  Sauvt'  IslancP  landed  on  the  west  side 
five  miles  from  its  southern  end,  where  was  the  com- 
])any's  dairy.  Thi-ee  or  four  families  resided  there  at 
the  time,  havint>'  in  charije  about  one  hundred  milch 
cows  and  three  hundred  breeding  cattle.  Passing 
down  the  lower  channel  of  the  Willamette,  sunset  saw 
them  again  on  the  Cohnnbia,  and  in  the  morning  they 
wei'e  slowly  ascending  the  Cowlitz.  Since  Sinq)son's 
visit  in  1828  ft'Ver  had  swept  the  banks  of  this  stream 
of  a  large  population,  and  there  were  few*  now  left  to 
mcnn'n  the  dei)aited. 

Taking  with  him  some  Chinooks,on  the  morning  of 
the  nd  J)oui>las  went  forward  to  Cowlitz  farm,  ten 
miles  from  the  landing,  and  when  the  party  reached 
the  sp(jt  they  found  him  there  ready  with  the  animals. 

'Called  by  Simpson  Mnltonoiuuh,  auil  ngaiii  'ilcU-^iiomuh,  or  Wajppatoo, 
lalaiiil. ' 


ox  THE  SOUND. 


667 


Horses  were  a  di'liglitful  relief  after  forty-elglit  hours 
in  a  canoe, and  the  party  were  soon  at  the  farm,  which 
was  well  stocked,  and  had  a  tliousand  acres  under  cul- 
tivation. Besides  this  establishment  there  was  another 
farm  on  Puget  Sound,  and  a  Catholic  mission  with 
one  hundred  and  sixty  acres  under  cultivation. 

Spending  Sunday  at  Fort  Xisqually  inspecting  the 
farm  and  dairy  and  visiting  the  Methodist  missionary 
Richmond,  next  day  the  Gtli  of  Septend)er  the  party 
embarked  on  board  the  company's  steamer  JJedcer, 
Captain  ^IcXeill,  Hopkins  and  Heath  being  in  tem- 
porary charge  of  Nisqually,  and  under  a  salute  of 
seven  guns  started  down  the  sound.  Xext  njorn- 
ing  they  were  off  the  southern  end  of  Vancouver 
Island,  whicli  did  n(jt  fail  to  attract  the  attention  of 
the  keen-sighted  Simpson,  who  remar];ed  Uj)on  its 
advantages  for  commerce  and  cultivation.  Up  the 
inner  passage  through  the  strait  of  Georgia  the  little 
steamer  i)lou<j^hcd  her  wav,  occupving  nearly  as  much 
time  taking  in  wood  as  in  burning  it.  Stop[>ing  at 
McNeill  harbor  to  trade,thirt  v  or  fortv  canoes  crowded 
round  the  steamer,  and  by  noon  next  day  beaver,  mar- 
ten, raccoon,  bear,  lynx,  and  otter  skins,  to  tho  value 
of  £500,  were  taken  on  board  in  exchange  for  tobacco, 
blankets,  cloth,  vermilion,  knives,  tiles,  guns,  and  am- 
munition. 

Passing  through  Queen  Charlotte  Sound,  the  Bea- 
ver again  stopped  to  trade  at  tlie  uj)[)er  end  of  Van- 
couvei'  Island,  where  furs  to  the'  value  of  £200  were 
secured.  Fort  ]\[cLoughlin,  \\\um  Charles  IJoss  was 
in  connuand,  and  Fort  Simpson,  then  in  charge  of 
Work,  were  next  visited.  Continuinu'  their  voyau'c 
the  afternoon  of  the  18ih,  the  little  steamer  anchored 
for  the  night  at  the  Canal  de  Revilla.  Passing 
throuLjli  Clarence  Strait  on  the  nioi'niii'''  <>l'  the  '20th, 
the  party  were  welcomed  by  young  IMcJ^ouglilin  at 
Fort  Stikeen.  Here  Powand,  who  had  been  stricken 
by  fever,  was  left.  Through  Wrangel  Strait  and  ' 
Frederick  Sound  the  vessel  [)lied  next  day,  anchoring 

Uwr.  N.  W.  Coast,  Vol.  II.    ii 


I 


658 


TWO  XOTABLE  VISITORS. 


for  tlic  night  at  the  entrance  of  Stephen  passage.  In 
the  afternoon  of  the  22d  they  came  to  Fort  Tako, 
governed  by  Kennedy,  with  one  assistant  and  twenty- 
two  men.  Passing  round  the  northern  end  of  Ad- 
miralty Island  they  entered  Chatham  Strait,  sailed 
down  to  Peril  Strait,  and  thence  t(^  the  liussian 
American  Company's  establishment  of  Xcw  Arch- 
angel at  Sitka. 

While  salutes  \\x^re  being  exchanged  Captain  Lin- 
denbi.Mg"  presented  himself  on  board  with  Goyernor 
Etholin's  com])liments,  soon  after  which  Simpson  and 
Douglas  landed  and  called  upon  the  governor.  Xext 
morning,  in  full  uniform,  his  excellency  visited  the 
Bearer  in  his  six-oared  gig,  and  was  received  with 
a  salute.  During  tlieir  four  da^'s'  stay  at  Sitka  the 
visitt)rs  spent  the  day  ashore  and  slept  on  board. 
Sim[)son,  always  sensitive  to  the  charms  of  woman, 
seemed  struck  by  the  l)eauty  of  ^ladame  Etholin,  tlie 
governor's  wife,  Kathrine,  the  tailor's  daughter,  and 
others.  Weighing  anchor  the  30th  of  September,  he 
returned  through  the  labyrinth  of  waters  by  the  way 
he  came  to  Nisciually  and  Vancouver. 

Aftei  visiting  the  settlement  on  the  Willamette, 
Sim[)sou  endjarked  on  the  CoirJitz  ibr  (Adifornia,  with 
j\r.  de  !Mofras,  Hale  of  the  United  States  exploring 
stpiadron,  and  Mrs  liae  and  family  as  conqxtf/nous 
(Ic  nn/aiic,  mnuQ-  on  board  at  Fort  George  the  3d  of 
December.  Amon<>'  his  own  iiartv  were  AIcLou<jjldin, 
Hopkins,  and  RoAvand,  who  had  been  brought  back 
from  Stikeen  by  tlie  Jicdirr  on  her  return.  Sailing 
down  the  coast  tlie  fur  governor  dwells  lovingly  ou 
whatever  here  lias  been  ]']iiglish.  Entering  the  strait 
which  we  now  call  the  (joldeii  Gate  on  the  30tli,  tlivj 
CiHi-fi/':  passes  the  dismantled  fort  on  her  right,  and 
tlu>  presidio,*  then  in  command  of  Prado  Mesa,  a 
short  distance  beyond, 

Lying  in  Whalers'  Harbor,  as  Simpson  calls  Sau- 

♦  'A  s((tmre  of  liiits  (listin},'uislio(l  liy  tlio  lofty  title  of  tliu  I'lvsidio  of  San 
Francisco.'  liiiiqisou'ts  Xur.,  i.  -77-8. 


SIMPSON  IN  CALIFORNIA. 


God 


zalito,  were  two  vessels,  the  schooner  California  and 
the  Kussian  hng  Constaiitine,  the  latter  just  ready  to 
sail  for  Sitka  with  the  remnant  of  the  Ross  colony, 
consisting  of  about  one  hundred  men,  women,  and 
children.  Hoj)kins  was  despatched  by  Simpson  to 
the  Russians  with  his  compliments.  It  was  here  first 
ascertained  at  San  Francisco  Bay  by  the  Englishmen 
C(jming  irom  the  east  and  the  Russians  from  the  west 
that  there  was  a  day's  difference  between  them;  for 
while  'C  was  Thui'sday  with  the  former,  it  was  Friday 
with  the  latter.  Rounding  Clark  Point,  the  Onrfif-: 
dro2)ped  anchor  before  Yerba  ]^uena''  where  were  lying 
the  United  States  bark  Alert  and  brig  Bolivar,  the 
British  bark  Index,  and  the  Mexican  brig  Cataliim, 
and  after  tii'ing  a  salute  Simpson  hastened  ashore  to 
see  Mr  Rae,  then  in  charge  of  the  Hudson's  J]ay 
Company's  interests  at  this  place. 

Next  day  the  Bolirar  sailed  for  ^Monterev,  having 
on  l)oar(l  j\Ir  Hale  and  M.  de  Mofras  en  route  for 
!^[l■xico.  After  despatching  a  courier  overland  to 
]\Ionterey  for  the  purpose  of  asking  Governor  Alva- 
rado's  pern.ission  to  land  certain  articles  without  fu'st 
vir^iting  the  seat  of  government,  and  after  duly  cele- 
brating New  Year's  dav,  on  the  ;kl  of  Januarv  IH42 
Siui[>son  accompanied  by  Rae  and  Forbes  proceeded 
in  the  hnvj;  and  iollv  l)oats  1)V  way  of  San  Rafael  to 
visit  GeneridA'allejo  at  Soncjma.  There  they  found  de- 
lightful entertainment.  A  ride  round  the  valley  under 
escort  of  Salvador  N'alkjo  and  several  raqneros  who 
won  the  admiration  of  tlie  strangers  by  their  feats  of 
liorsemansliip  was  followed  by  (Unner,  after  which  w;is 
d.'Micing  to  the  musii  of  tlie  guitar  played  by  Sidvador 
ix:  u    'lie  of  his  men. 

ReturningtoYerliaBuenaon  tlie  Gth,  four  days  after- 
ward, Sim])son  visited  thi'  mission  of  San  l*'r;incisco, 
of  late  undi'r  the  stewardshij)  of  l^'rancisco  Guerrtro. 

■•'A  prettly  little  liiiy,'  says  the  Xnrnitiir,  •JS.'i-4.  '  Wliosi;  sliotcs  are 
tl()iil)ilcss  (Icstiiii'd  iniiliT  lic'tttT  aus|iit('s  to  1k!  the  s-ito  of  ;i  tloiiiishiiiL;  town, 
tlmimli  at  ]in'.si'iit  tliiy  loiitaiii  only  i  iuht  oi'  iiiiii'  housuH  in  ailditiun  to  tlio 
llud»on"s  Liny  Comiiany'a  cstablisliniunt.' 


680 


TWO  NOTABLE  VISITORS. 


Meanwhile  the  messenger  returned  from  Montero} 
with  Alvarado's  refusal  to  permit  the  landing  of  any 
goods  until  the  duties  had  first  been  paid  at  Montere)'. 
To  this  port  the  Cowlitz  therefore  proceeded,  leaving 
Yerba  Buena  on  the  r2th,  and  coming  to  anchor  before 
the  capital  on  the  evening  of  the  loth.  A  salute  of 
seven  gunswas  next  evening  exchanged  with  the  castle, 
which,  Hay^  Simpson,  "was  at  present  so  flush  of  gun- 
powder as  to  return  our  compliment  without  borrow- 
ing from  us."  Then  boarded  the  ship  six  customs 
officers  witli  countenances  of  radiant  expectation  until 
informed  that  tonnage  had  been  paid  at  San  Francisco, 
and  that  there  was  no  cargo  to  land  at  Monterey, 
whereat  their  faces  fell. 

The  siofhts  were  the  church  where  mass  was  being 
said  when  the  strangers  landed,  and  the  christcnmg 
of  a  newly  erected  bridge  now  gayly  decorated  foi-tliat 
[)urpose.  At  the  church  door  Simpson  made  tlie 
acfjuaintance  of  Spencc,  who  conducted  him  to  the 
unpretentious  house  of  the  governor,  and  introduced 
him  to  the  other  notables  of  the  town.  While  return- 
ing to  his  boat  Simpson  was  saluted  by  a  horseman  in 
Californian  costvm.e  whom,  after  penetrating  the  dis- 
guise, he  found  to  be  Ermatinger,  who  at  his  request 
liad  come  from  the  Sacramento  Valley  to  give  such 
information  as  he  possessed  relative  to  the  company's 
interests  in  southern  Oreii^on  and  northern  California. 

])uring  the  night  the  Cowlitz  was  closely  watclietl 
by  two  customs  officers,  and  in  the  morning  arrange- 
ments were  consummated  for  sendino-  bv  tlio  Llama, 
then  in  that  port,  such  portion  of  the  Cowlitz  cargo  as 
was  destined  for  Yerba  Buena.  On  the  17th  the  Cat- 
alina  arrived  from  San  Fi'ancisco,  making  six  vessels 
then  in  Monterey  Harbor. 

Setting  sail  the  19th  the  Cowlitz  continued  down 
the  coast  to  Santa  Barbara,  Avhere  the  fur  governor 
landed  and  paid  liis  respects  to  the  inhabitants,  after 
which  his  vessel  crossed  over  to  Honolulu,  where  it 
came  to  anchor  the  12th  of  February.    A  house  had 


THE  STIKEEN  TRAGEDY. 


661 


been  prepared  for  the  distinj^uished  visitor  by  Sir  John 
Pelly,  the  representative  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Com- 
pany at  this  port,  whieh  indeed  was  nothiiii^  less  than 
a  royal  palace,  the  residence  of  royalty  })rior  t(t  the 
retirement  of  the  court  from  Honolulu  to  Lahaina. 
IV'lly's  residence  was  a  cottage  four  miles  up  a  n'entlo 
ascent  in  the  valley  of  Nuannau  wlicre  the  air  was 
pui '.'  and  the  temperature  cooler  than  at  Honolulu. 

Next  day  the  company's  ship  VaiicoKvcr  came  into 
port,  bound  for  the  Columbia,  and  on  her  ]McLou'^di- 
lin,  Kowand,  and  Ho})kins  embarked.  After  creating 
some  stir  among  the  white  and  dusky  society  of  the 
Islands,  on  the  24th  of  ]\Iarch  Sini])son  embarked  for 
Sitka,  where  he  arrived  the  Kith  of  April. 

As  the  vessel  destined  to  carry  him  to  Okhotsk  was 
not  ready  to  sail,  Simpson  determined  to  make  another 
vi.sit  tt)  his  company's  forts  in  that  vicinity.  Chartering 
the  Russian  steam-tug  to  tow  the  Cuiditz  through  the 
channels,  the  fur  governor  sailed  from  Sitka  through 
Peril  Strait  and  Chatham  Sound  to  For^:  Tako,  w]iei'o 
the  vessel  took  on  furs  and  fuel,  and  then  proceeded 
t]ir(JULi:h  Wr'ingel  Strait  to  Fort  Stikeen,  where  she 
arrived  the  25th  of  April. 

Two  Hags,  the  Russian  and  the  English,  at  half- 
mast  as  thev  came  in  siu'ht  of  the  fort  awakened 
in  the  minds  of  the  travellers  serious  apprehensions, 
which  were  more  than  realized  on  landing.  Five  days 
had  elapsed  since  the  killing  of  McLoughlin  junior. 
Twentv-two  white  men  were  left  within  the  fort,  and 
outside  the  i)alisadcs  were  cou'jfreu'ated  two  thousand 
savages  waiting,  as  Simpson  ckiinis,  a  favorable  o})por- 
tunity  to  seize  the  establishment  and  massacre  the 
men.  At  which  critical  juncture  the  two  vessels  ar- 
rived, thus  saving  atrocities.  But  of  this  there  is  no 
proof." 

"  Simpson  says  that  four  of  the  principal  chiefs  '  whi'.e  rppudidtin^  any 
iiDputatiiinof  the  kind  for  tliomsclves,  adiuittcil  tliat  an  attack  (Hi  the  full  iiail 
hccn  iceunnniuikcl  by  some  rasli  ytmtlis,  Imt  had  been  opposcil  lij-  the  uiscr 
and  ohlcr  heads.'  The  fur  governor  wisliing  to  make  liis  arrival  appear  most 
Opportune  would  lm\e  it  inferred  that  liia  eoniiny  saved  the  garrison  und  gooda, 


lii.; 


k 


CG2 


TWO  NOTABLE  VISITORS. 


Placing  the  jiost  in  charge  of  Dodd,  chief  mate  of 
the  Cowlitz,  with  a  sailor,  Hlenkinsop,  as  an  assist- 
ant, and  taking  with  liim  the  murderer,  Simpson  lei't 
Stikeen  the  28th,  and  after  towing  the  Onvlitz  from 
her  anchorage,  cast  her  off  and  proceeded  to  Sitka  in 
the  steamer.  Shortly  after  his  ari-ival  there  a  drunken 
quarrel  occurred  among  the  natives,  resulting  in  the 
loss  of  three  lives  and  nearly  approaching  to  an  out- 
break. The  evils  of  intoxication  being  thus  almost 
simultaneously  brought  home  to  the  fur  governors, 
after  due  consideration  they  entered  into  a  compact, 
to  take  effect  at  Sitka  inunediately,  and  at  the  other 
posts  as  soon  as  notice  could  be  conveyed  to  them, 
discontinuing  the  traffic  in  spirituous  lifpiors  with  the 
natives  of  the  American  coast. 

Having  changed  his  calendar  from  the  English  to 
the  liussian  by  subtracting  twelve  days,  on  the  9tli 
of  May  Simpson  embarked  on  board  the  Russian  ship 
Alexander  Bardnof  for  Okhotsk,  where  he  aii'ived 
the  24th  of  June.  Proceeding  thence  across  Asia  lie 
reached  London  after  an  absence  of  nineteen  months 
and  twenty-six  days,  which  at  that  time  was  as  great 
a  feat  as  is  a  voyage  round  the  world  in  eiglity  days 
at  present.^ 

The  voyages  and  explorations  of  La  Perouse,  La- 
place, and  others,  indicate  that  the  French  liave  more 
than  once  had  a  desire  to  establish  intercourse  with 
the  Northwest  Coast  of  America,  and  it  is  even  su})- 

but  the  savage  words  of  rash  youtlis  was  something  far  from  an  attack  on  the 
fort.  In  the  Fort  Simpson  journal  under  the  (late  (jf  Sunday,  May  1,  lS-1'2, 
I  find  entered:  '  Sir  Geoi'ge  came  direct  from  the  Ishmds  to  Sitka  iu  the  ('oirli/~, 
and  got  the  Russian  steamer  [meaning  the  steam-tug  Ale.nin(l<  r  liartUinJ']  to 
take  licr  to  Stikeen  round  l)y  Tako.  He  is  to  return  in  the  Russian  steauii'r 
to  Sitka,  and  send  the  Cowlitz  on  liere,  wliere  lie  desires  her  not  to  be  iletaiiied 
more  than  a  day,  and  directs  our  furs  to  be  packed,  and  oO  or  00  tons  of  ballast 
collected  ready  for  shipment.'  They  must  be  awake,  for  his  eyes  are  on  thcni. 
'  The  two  octjivo  volumes,  Nnrnitivc  of  a  Joiinny  rounil  Hn>.  W'urltl,  in 
which  Simpson  narrates  the  incidents  of  his  journey,  ai'e  a  moilel  record  of 
travels.  The  author  was  an  exceedingly  able  man,  a  keen  observer,  quick  iu 
thought  and  action,  with  a  mind  overltowing  witli  general  intelligence,  and 
possessed  of  every  means  that  earthly  jiower  couhl  give  to  facilitate  his  mo\e 
ments.  His  command  of  words  is  excellent,  and  his  style  is  no  less  torso 
than  graceful. 


EUGtNE  DUFLOT  DE  MOFRAS. 


CG3 


posed  that  tliey  have  looked  M'itli  a  longinti^  eye  on 
California.  Tliu  visit  in  1H41-2  of  Euycnc  j)urt<)t  do 
Mofras  gave  decided  strength  to  these  views,  and  so 
did  the  annual  cruise  of  French  men-of-war  along 
the  coast,  about  the  same  period,**  !Mofras,  who  had 
for  three  years  been  attached  to  the  French  legation 
at  ^ladrid,  and  there  ac(|uired  a  knowledge  of  Spanish 
language  and  customs,  and  was  accordingly  well  fitted 
for  a  mission  to  the  Spanish  Americans,  was  trans- 
ferred at  the  close  of  1839  to  the  legation  of  ^lexico, 
with  instructions  to  visit  the  west  coasts  of  Mexico, 
the  Californias,  and  Oregon,  and  rejtort  u})on  their 
civil  and  political  condition  and  resources,  with  a  view 
to  commercial  relations."  He  M'as  provided  with  let- 
ters of  reconnnendatiou  to  officials  and  leading  men, 
and  received  from  the  minister  of  foreign  relations  at 
Mexico  a  ])assport  for  a  scientific  tour,  insti'uctions 
being  issued  to  provincial  governors  to  render  him 
every  aid. 

]Mofras'  own  book  is  devoted  entirely  to  the  re- 
sults of  the  mission,  with  scarcelv  a  reference  to 
the  incidents  of  his  voyage;  but  so  nota]:)le  an  event 
as  the  visit  of  a  French  official  has  not  been  over- 
looked l)y  the  isolated  settler  in  California,  and  his 
character,  at  least,  is  fully  discussed  in  more  than  one 
memoir  on  my  shelves.  After  a  tour  through  the 
north-western  states  of  the  present  Mexican  re})ublic, 
he  embarked  at  Mazatlan  for  California,  arriving  at 
San  Diego  April  13,   1841.'°     He  hurried  to  Mon- 

*Iu  a  letter  addressed  in  1841  to  the  father-president  of  California,  Mofras 
states  that  for  the  future  he  expects  that  one  or  two  Freneli  war-vessels  will 
visit  this  coast  every  year.  J'io  J'ico,  J)or.,  MS.,  toni.  ii.  l.'i.  Mofras  admits 
in  the  preface  to  liis  work  that  the  gi-eat  prospects  of  the  Nortli\\est  Coast, 
tlie  whale-tishery,  and  other  interests  had  long  attracted  the  attention  nf  liis 
government.  Dnjlot  de  Mofms,  Exjilorutioii  da  TarriUtirc  di-  rorn/un.  dr-i  ( '(di- 
/'oniicn,  I't  dc  la  nwr  Veniiedlc,  toni.  i.  vii.-viii.  A  few  years  after  tiiis  a  re^'- 
idar  party  api)cared  in  California,  which  advocated  a  French  protectorate  for 
the  country,  but  it  never  attained  to  any  strength. 

"  '  De  rechercher  enfin,  indcpendannnent  du  point  de  vue  politiijue,  quels 
avantages  pourraient  ottrir  ^  notre  commerce  et  ;i  notre  navigation  dcs  expe- 
ditions niercantiles,  et  la  fondation  de  coniptoirs  dans  ccs  regions.'  Mij'nts, 
Exjilor.,  toui.  i.  ix. 

'"The  instructions  of  the  minister  at  Mexico  to  the  governor  of  ( 'alifoniia, 
to  give  Mofras  every  aid  that  he  imght  rec^uire,  are  dated  May  -1,  1840,  so 


1  d' 


!,r 


M 


TWO  NOTABLE  VISITORS. 


toroy  to  present  himself  to  the  governor,  aiul  there- 
upon set  out  on  a  journey  through  the  missions  and 
towns,  examining  archives,  making  inijuiries,  and  ol)- 
serving  afi'aii-s  <>-enerallv.  Aware  of  the  inlkiencc  of 
the  fathers,  and  the  need  lor  tlieir  assistance,  hc^  had 
brought  an  order  from  the  San  Fernando  coHege, 
at  Mexico,  re(|uiring  the  friars  to  open  their  archives 
and  to  affortl  him  every  aid.  He  also  took  care  to 
gain  tlicii'  good-will  by  means  of  presents  in  the  shape 
of  images  and  other  appropriate  articles,  and  by  show- 
ing them  a  I'espcctful  attention.  The  co])ious  informa- 
tion bc!  obtained  })roves  that  these  efforts  were  not  in 
vain.  From  Sonoma,  the  residence  of  General  A'allejo 
and  the  most  northern  settlement  t»f  the  Mexicans, 
he  crossed  to  I'ort  Rof  ^,  tluMi  on  tlie  eve  of  l)eing 
evacuatetl  by  the  Russians.  Deviating  from  the  usual 
silence  concerning  his  movements,  he  refers  to  two 
visits  made  to  this  place,  and  dwells  on  the  frank 
hospitality  with  Avliich  he  was  received.  He  extols 
the  ablo  and  humane  policy  of  the  llussians,  and  the 
excellent  arrangements  of  the  forts ;  and  he  is  charmed 
with  the  beautiful  gardens  and  the  picturesque  .sur- 
roundings. A  reason  for  this  special  eulogy  may  be 
found  in  the  presence  of  a  cultured  lady,  the  charming 
wife  of  Governor  Alexander  liotchef,  iicc  Princess 
Gagarin,  who  had  renounced  the  sj^avctics  of  the  court 
to  follow  her  husband  to  this  remote  corner  of  the 
world. 

Sliortly  after  this,  Mofras  proceeded  to  Oregon  by 
way  of  the  Sandwich  Islands,  and  would  no  doubt 
have  been  cordially  welcomed  at  Fort  Vancouver  by 
the  Ijljeral-minded  jMcLoufjhlin,  to  whom  he  broufjht 
a  letter  of  introduction  from  the  agent,  llae,  of  San 
Francisco.  Sir  George  Simpson,  who  had  arrived 
there  a  few  davs  before  on  his  tour  round  the  world, 
did  not  ap[)ear  pleased  with  the  presence  of  a  French 

tliiit  his  tour  in  lower  Mexican  provinces  nnust  Im  vo  been  quite  lengthy.  A  irh. 
C'al.  l)i]it.  State.  J'apiiH,  Aiaj.,  ^IS.,  torn.  xi.  118-11);  /</.,  toni.  iv.  S3;  Val- 
lejo,  Uoc,  MS.,  torn.  x.  130.     ttee  further  Jfist.  Val.,  this  series. 


MOFRAS  AXD  SIMPSON. 


m 


agent,  and  tlic  result  Avas  a  coldness  In  intercourse 
which  ^lolVas  docs  not  tail  to  place  in  contrast  with 
the  hearty  iecc[)tion  accorded  to  him  by  the  IJussians. 
Another  <»I)ject  of  the  governor's  animadversion  was 
Mv  Hale  of  the  United  States  (!X})loring  cx])edition, 
who  had  remained  with  the  professed  purpose  of 
studying  Indian  languages,  hut  in  reality,  says  ^Tofras, 
to  watch  the  Hudson's  JJay  Company  on  behalf  of  his 
government/^ 

Mofras  gives  a  concise  review  of  tlio  geography  of 
the  country,  and  of  the  historic.'  data  which  bear  u\um 
the  title  of  possession,  adding  his  own  observations 
on  the  settlements  and  social  institutions.  Astoria  i::i 
depicted  as  a  miserable  squatter's  ])lace,  invested  by 
the  rival  English  and  American  factions  with  the  pom- 
pous name  of  Fort  George  and  town  of  Astoria,  tluf 
fort  being  represented  by  a  l)ald  spot  from  whicli  the 
vestige  of  buildings  had  long  since  disa})[)eari'd,  and 
the  town  l)y  a  cabin  and  a  shed.  Occasionally  frinu'eil 
with  a  lew  Indian  lodges  somewhat  higher  U|)  the 
Columbia,  on  Oak  Point  ho  notices  a  small  salmon- 
curing  establishment,  belonging  to  the  Hudson's  Bay 
Company,  and  tl  n  comes  Fort  Vancouver,  to  wliicli 
he  refers  witli  complimentary  minuteness.  He  en- 
ters freely  into  the  history  and  trade  system  of  "the 
company,  ])ut  i-efrains  from  ccMnmcnts  on  its  monopo- 
lizing policy.  Despite  the  re1)uff  from  Sir  (iJeorge 
Simpson,  h(3  refers  to  him  as  an  intelligent  cliief;  of 
McLoughlin,  however,  whose  French  mother  had 
imbued  him  with  sympathies  for  la  grande  nation, 
he  speaks  more  fully  and  in  the  highest  terms.  He 
dwells  on  the  zeal  and  ability  of  the  French  mission- 
aries and  on  tlieir  influence  over  the  French  (  ^nuuhan 
employes  and  settlers.     The  latter  received  him  with 


'*  J/^q/y-fM,  Ex.,  torn.  ii.  lO.VO.  Sir  George  shows  liis  dislike  to  Mofras  1)y 
dccliivin,.;'  tluit  lie  jirefcrrod  tidkiiii,'  of  liis  own  cfnu'striau  ex])loits  rutlier  than 
lidicuin.i,'  to  infomiation,  and  to  liu;,'ei-  by  tlie  lircsidc,  iiirite;.d  of  colleeting 
data.  \or  i-ould  he  exhihit  ercdiiitialn.  Siniji^dii'-i  Sitr.,  i.  'J4").  Sini|ison  is 
evidently  jinjiidiot'd,  for  the  California  arihives  jnove  at  least  that  ilofraa 
waa  Mcli  jnoviilcd  with oiiieial  reconiniendutious  nud  passport. 


TWO  NOTABLE  VISITORS. 


(loll^lif  !it  ilit'ir  j)r()sjH'r()Us  farms  oti  tlio  Cowlitz  and 
Willaiiit'tti:,  and  were  (jultf  (leinoiistrativc  in  expres- 
sions of  love  for  the  mother  conntry,  <leclai'inL(  that 
nothini^  could  e<|ual  that  which  pertains  to  France. 

Snch  ideas  fostered  hy  the  almost  eeuer'al  use  of  the 
I'l'ench  lan^uan'e,  were  not  ajit  to  create  a  leanini^' 
toward  theii'  exclusive  English  masters,  and  MotVas 
expresses  a  ho})e  that  the  race  may  coinhine  some 
(lav  and  shake  off  the  hated  yoke,  in  Canada  as  well 
as  on  the  ]?acitic  coast,  and  become  at  least  semi- 
inde[)endent  under  the  American  fla,i,^  l)es[)ite  his 
sym[»athy  with  Americans,  he  ex[)resses  a  conviction 
that  the  I{ln,!L>lish  hold  the  best  title  to  Oregon. 

^Tofras  returned  to  California  by  the  Coirlifz  in 
oom[)any  with  Sini[)son,  and  arrived  December  30, 
1841,  at  San  Francisco,  wlu;nce  he  hastened  to  Mon- 
terey to  prejjare  for  a  second  tour  tlirouijh  the  prov- 
ince. California  ])leased  him  best,  for  in  the  chai-acter 
of  a  French  nobleman,  reconunended  bv  the  ^Mexican 
o'overnment,  he  became  the  lion  wherever  he  appeared. 
There  was  a  round  of  feastin<^  and  anuisements,  less 
refincMl  no  doubt  than  those  of  the  European  ca})itals, 
but  nevertheless  a  source  of  [)leasure  from  their  very 
noveltv;  and  then  to  be  the  centre  of  the  ladies' 
aduiiration  an<l  of  the  men's  envv,  this  sutficed  for  a 
Frenchman  to  cover  a  multitude  of  discrepancies.  He 
shone  at  bull-baits  and  horse-races,  balls  and  parties, 
and  had  every  prospect  of  leaving"  a  bi-illiunt  record. 
]^ut  faults  arose  to  dim  his  fame,  and  charges  were 
made  of  the  most  re[)rehensible  con<luct.  He  is  said 
to  have  been  arrogant  toward  the  Californians,  and 
openly  expre^ -^ed  his  contempt  for  them;  but  this 
must  have  ta  en  })lace  when  he  succumbed  t(^  his 
partiality  for  rong  di'ink.  Some  of  his  ])rominent 
accusers  conct  rated  their  feeling  against  him  in  the 
word  '  crazy,'  v  vile  the  more  cliaritable  suppose  that 
ji  hasty  tempe  and  })ride  at  times  overcame  his 
naturally  genei  >us  im[)ulses,  and  that  he  had  been 
imbued  with  tiie  liilse  idea  of  regarding  CalifornUuis 


MOFRA.S  IN  C^VLIFORXIA. 


m 


as  littli!  Ix'ttor  than  IiidijinH.  At  San  Antonio  !Mis- 
sion  it  is  said,  and  |H'ol)al)ly  falsely,  the  administrator 
placed  him  under  arrest  lor  rude  lan<^ua;^e  and  i»ei'- 
sonjd  violence,  and  was  upheld  by  the  government  in 
11" 


lis  eoui'se 


])uliot  do  Mofias  is  not  less  coni|tlinientarv  in 
stampinn'  the  Calitornians  as  an  indolent,  loun;;in^', 
sniokini;',  and  hard-drinkinjj;'  i-ace,  carin^^  lor  nt)  othi;r 
exercise  tiian  ridinir  and  danciu'jf,  and  leaviny:  all  hard 


w< 


»rk   to   the   lon«j-sufterin<r   woi 


neii. 


II 


o  iiive.s  aue 


hu 


credit  to  their  hospitable  an<l  social  character,  how- 
ever, and  predicts  a  glorious  future  for  a  country  no 
richly  endowed  hy  nature.^' 


'^  ]'(ill<ji>,  ill  //^s^  Cat.,  MS.,  trim,  iv.  245;  Id.  Due,  ^IS.,  toin.  xxxvi. 
201, '.'S.");  Alriinu/o,  I/isf.  Ci/.,  MS.,  torn.  iv.  IT.V-',),  208;  JlnrlmlC^  Xnr., 
MS.,  It  20,  FiriKiiiili'z,  Cosftx  ill'  Cat.,  MS.,  87;  Cnl.  Piomrrx,  Xn.  2,  MS.; 
J'io  /'lot,  J>oi\,  MS.,  torn.  ii.  l;{-l."j;  S.  Vnlliju,  XotiM  J/ixf.,  MS.,  121)-:!0; 
Vtillijit,  Cinri's,,  MS.,  28;  Cirnifi'.i  Jliiinliliii<in,  MS.,  l!(,j-0;  Misr.  /Jinf. 
Pnjiirn,  MS.,  (lou.  3(i;  Arr/i.  (.'id.  Jkjit.  fitnle  I'cqierH,  J'nj'.  y  Jiizij.,  MS.,  v. 
13;  .s'.  ])h<ii>,  An/i.,  MS.,  201. 

'■^  .Mofi'UH  ri'tniiu'd  to  Paris  in  1842,  where  his  collection  of  well  written 
facts  was  piihlisiied  two  years  later  in  two  vohunea,  hy  onler  of  tiio  king 
1'hiy  1110  (leilicated  to  Marshal  ■'^oult. 


1"< 


resident  of  the  council  of  ministers, 
by  A\  honi  lie  hadhcen  charged  with  the  mission,  and  presumed  to  he  a  continu- 

region.     In  the  JJidli'tiii,  di    Id 
"  ■iiijment  d'liii  voi/aj<:  en  Cut- 


ntion  of  Humboldt's  descrijitic^n  of  the 

Soiiilr  dii  (li  (jijrapkk,  toni.  xix.  .">-;{7,  is  printed  /•' 

ij'onik  lu  «  la  nuance  ijaicra/e  dit  oU  Diccmhre  1S4^ 


CHAPTER    XXXI. 


UNITED    STATES    EXPLORING   EXPEDITIOX. 

1841-1842. 

Object  of  tiif,  MovF.:\rF.N'T  —  Siiirs  Employf.i)  —  Offickks  —  Com^iandfr 

WiLKE-!  — BinLIOGR.VlMIV  OF  TIIK  VoVAOE— UofN'l)  C.Vl'K  lIoilN' — 1I\- 
\V\1I.\X    INLANDS  —  (,']:(ISS    TO   Ali.'MlIlALTV    Isi.KT — CasK    SlMlVr.VS    ILoul) 

Canal— Ri.NiHidLi)  Examines  Ad.mikai.tv  Inlf.t— Excrusios  of  John- 
son AN])  Faktv  to  Cor.viLLK  AM)  AValla  Walla — AViLKi:s  Calls  on 
McLor(,iiLiN — And  Visits  jiie  Vallky  Willaimf.itk— \Vue(  k  of  tub 
'Peacock' at  THE  MorTii  of  the  (Jolxtmiua — Emmons' Ovi:i!Lan])  Ivk- 

PEDITIOr        i:oM   OllEC.ON   TO   CaLIFOKNIA — TlIE    '  VlNCENNES  '   PkoCEEHS 

to  Yeuba  Buena. 

Under  tlic  comiiiand  of  Charles  Wilkes,  of  tlio 
United  States  luivv,  was  sent  l)y  con'jjress  in  1838  to 
the  South  Sea  and  round  the  world  an  exploring  ex- 
pedition, whoso  operations  terininateil  in  1842. 

The  object  of  this  movement  was  the  examination 
of  islands,  reefs,  and  harbors,  and  the  protection  of 
conunerce,  itarticularlv  of  the  whale-hshinu'  interests 
in  the  Paeitic.  Instructions  dated  the  1 1th  of  Angust 
1838,  and  signed  by  J.  K.  Paulding,  secretaiy  of  the 
navy,  dii'ected  the  expedition  to  sail  from  Norfolk  to 
Ivio  do  Janeiro,  Tierra  del  Fuego,  and  A''al[)araiso; 
thence  proceed  to  examine  the  Navigator'  group  and 
the  Fiji  Islands;  achieve,  if  ]iossible,  tlie  Antarctic 
ivgion,  after  which  a  isit  the  Hawaiian  Islands;  then 
survey  the  Northwest  Coast,  cxaniino  the  Columbia 
Piver,  and  note  specially  the  ba}""  of  vSan  Francisco; 
after  which  tlie  coast  of  Japan  was  to  be  visited,  then 
the  port  of  Singa})ore;  when  this  was  accomplished 
the  ex[)cdition  was  to  return  to  the  United  States  liy 
way  of  Cape  Good  Hope.     No  traffic  v.as  permitted 

;608) 


PERSONNEL  OF  THE  EXPEDITION. 


with  cither  civihzed  or  savage  peo[)los,  except  for 
necessaries  or  curiosities. 

Tlie  squadron  consisted  of  the  sloops  of  war  Vin- 
cennes  and  Peacock,  the  hrig  Porpoise,  the  ship  Iiclief, 
and  tenders  *SV((  GuH  and  F/i/iiu/  Fish.  Store-shi})s 
with  fresh  suppHes  were  to  be  sent  to  Val[)araiso,  the 
Hawaiian  Islands,  and  Singapore.  Although  beuefit 
to  counnerce  was  the  })riuiary  object,  the  interests  i)f 
science  were  not  to  be  neglected.  Attached  to  the 
expedition  was  a  corps  of  learned  gentlemen,  whoso 
duty  it  was  to  gather  knowledge,  each  in  his  special 
iield.^ 

The  first  attempt  to  organize  a  national  expedition 
had  failed,  and  the  movement  now  was  not  a  very 
po[)ular  one."  Xor  <lid  the  commander  then  or  subse- 
quently wholly  escape    re[iroach.^     For   himself   ho 


'Their  names  were  as  follows:  In  the  ship  ViiireniKS,  Charles  Pickering 
and  Jo.se])h  P.  Couthouy,  naturalists;  .lo.sepli  I'raytun,  artist;  J.  ]).  Lraekcn- 
riilge,  assistant  botanist;  Jolm  (i.  Drown,  niatbeuiatical  instrunioiit  maker; 
Jolui  W.  W.  l)yes,  assistant  taxidermist.  In  the  ship  I'carnrk,  .Luiies  1). 
Dana,  mineralogist;  T.  R.  Pealc.  naturalist:  Jloratio  Hale,  philologist;  F.  L. 
Davenport,  interpreter.  In  tlie  J'di'f,  William  liieli,  botanist,  and  Alfred  S. 
Agate,  artist. 

-.F.  X.  lUynolus  of  New  York  was  tlie  originator  of  tlio  expedition,  and 
the  act  of  eiingress  authorizing  it  was  under  t!ic  administration  of  President 
Jackson,  anil  jiassed  tlie  14th  of  May  ls8(j.  Of  Reynolds,  Carroll  says,  ^^fiff 
o/t/ii'  H'l*/,  l(i:  'He  received  from  tiie  scii  ntilic  ]irofessions  and  tlie  country, 
the  highest  evidences  of  honor  it  was  in  their  jiowir  to  bestow. '  'hi  return  for 
years  of  study  and  travel  in  connection  witlitiie  sid)jeet,  when  the  expedition 
wliicli  lie  liad  called  into  being  was  ready  to  sail,  Reynolds  was  denied  position 
or  even  jiassage  in  it.  Tlie  failure  of  its  first  organi;<ation  iiad  exposed  tlu 
wliole  allair  to  rioicnle,  and  liad  seriously  imjiaired  tlie  eonfideiieo  and  ardof 
of  its  ollicers  and  frieiuls.'    Xnrth  Am.  11)  rU:ii\  .July  1S4."),  "),">. 

^diaries  A\'ilkes  was  born  in  New  '^'ork  in  ISOI,  served  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean in  lSl!t,  in  the  Paeilic  in  lSlll,.Mi<l  in  IS.'iOwas  aiijioiiited  to  the  depart- 
ment of  ciiarts  and  iimtrnnieiits.  On  Ills  retui'ii  from  tlio  present  expedition 
charges  were  preferred  against  him  liy  Jiis  olHcers,  of  all  v  hicli  a  eourt-mur- 
tial  acquitted  him  except  the  illegal  iniiiishiiRiit  of  seamen,  fnr  which  li<'  wa.s 
reprimanded.  Wliile  commanding  the  frigate  .sV/;(  ./(ir'u,/,,  in  KSiU  in  tlie  West 
Indies,  looking  for  the  confederates  steamer  Sinnlcr,  lie  fmiibly  tonk  thi'  con- 
federate commissioners  Mason  and  Slidell  fnim  the  Rritisli  mail  steamer  'J'n  iil, 
for  wliicli  lie  received  the  tliauks  of  eoiigress,  thcmgli  the  ]ii'esident  finally 
di.sap])roved  the  coi,  r.se  and  surremlered  the  commissioners  to  J'lngland.  Among 
the  priticiiial  ollicers  of  tlie  exploring  ex]ieilitiiin  were  lieiituiaiits  'i'homas  T. 
Craven.  Overton  Carr,  Robeit  K.  .I'lhnson,  .James  Aldeii,  William  L.  Maury, 
and  acting  muster  of  the  \  iiiirmit:-',  James  H.  North;  William  L.  Hudson, 
commander  of  the  Piacoik;  Lieutenant  A.  K.  Long,  commander  of  tlio  I!i  H-.f; 
Lieutenant  Cadwalader  Ringgold,  coniniander  of  the  I'orp<iis( ;  and  James 
AV.  K.  licid  and  Samuel  11.  Knox,  in  charge  of  the  tcudera  Sea  Gull  and 
Flyimj  n<<h. 


620 


UNITED  STATES  EXPLORING  EXPEDITION. 


claiined  that  many  impodimcnts  were  thrown  In  liis 
Avay,  while  his  officers  accused  him  of  arbitrary  and 
illegal  rule.*  Be  this  as  it  may  the  objects  of  the 
expedition  were  accomplished  to  the  high  honor  <jf  the 
nation,  and  the  results  given  in  several  editions  of 
printed  reports  both  public  and  jirivace.'' 

Sailing  from  Norfolk  the  18th  of  August  1838,  the 
squadron  touched  at  Madeira,  stopi)cd  a  month  and 
more  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  visited  Tierra  del  Fuego,  and 
thence  after  a  southern  cruise  proceeded  to  Valparaiso, 
where  it  arrived  the  middle  of  May  1831).  The  Sm. 
Gull  was  lost  off  Cape  Horn.     Callao  was  the  next 


'  Wilkes  was  even  taccuseil  of  purchasing  Lis  commniul.  Though  this  was 
never  proven,  there  were  hot  politiwil  procee<lings  witli  some  sprinkle  <  *' 
infamy  in  appointing  a  comniander  for  the  expedition.  ^Vilkes  was  ritlicn'  il 
as  a  lieutenant-connnodorc,  Ijecause  being  a  subordinate  he  was  promoted  in 
this  important  connnand  over  tlio  heads  of  his  superiors.  His  impudeneo  was 
greater  tiian  his  talents.  It  is  said  that  he  was  eliosen  for  the  eoniniand  nmiu 
on  account  of  his  scientific  pretensions  than  Ins  ability  as  a  naval  otiieer.  Says 
the  Xurlh  Am.  Ili  ricir,  July  184."),  tVt,  while  looking  with  national  priilo  upon 
the  results  'we  have  no  intention  of  expressing  an  opinion  »:ither  as  to  the 
manner  of  his  appointment  or  as  to  tlio  conduct  of  other  ollicers.' 

■*  First  there  was  the  illustrated  ollkial  edition  in  18  vols.  4to  and  8  v(jls. 
folio,  printed  for  presentation  by  government  to  public  institutions.  Of  sonu; 
of  tlieso  volumes  but  100  copies  were  printed,  and  tliere  aie  few  if  any 
complete  sets  in  existence  to-day.  Tlie  titles  are  as  follows:  Vi>ls.  i.  to  w 
Kurritiirc  «f  llir  Ui:ikilSliit(8  E.vphriiuj  Er/icditioii  durunj  the  i/crir-i  18.'>S— 12, 
1)1/ <'/i(irli'n  ]i'ilb'.i,  I'liiladelpliia,  1S44;  vol.  vi.  L't/nioiirfi/i/ii/  fiii'l  Philohjijij  hij 
J/nniflo  Hale,  I'liiladelpliia,  184();  vol.  vii.  Zo(i/ihj/lfs,  lnj  Jitimx  J).  Ittnin, 
IMiiladeljiliia,  lS4(i;  vol.  viii.  Miiiiimalia  and  Onii/ho/n;/;/,  Iti/  T  ■■ui  /'.  /'cd', 
Pliiladelphia,  1848;  vol.  viii.  />/x,  Jfawincdoii;/  mid  Oniit/w/wi;/,  /ii/JfiJiii  (Vf>-v'//, 
riiiladelpliia,  18."iS,  with  folio  atlas  of  .IS  plates;  vol  ix.  T/ir  J.'rin.f  ,</  Jin.), 
a)id  llinh'  <i'");ir(ii)liir(d  Dixlrihittion,  Iii/  ('Jko'/ik  Pickcrhnj,  I'liihidelphia,  IS  IS; 
vol.  X.  difi/Diifi,  l)ij  ,/««)M  /).  /)u)iii,  with  atlas  of  iM  phites,  i'liiladelpliia,  184'.t; 
vol.  xi.  Mttioroloi/i/,  hy  Cluirh)i  Wil/.r.i,  Philadelphia,  ]8.')1;  vol.  xii.  M<illu<'-^i, 
vi)d  Skill",  hi/  Aii'jiif'fiis  J.  (lonld,  l'liiladeli)hia,  IS.VJ,  an  atlas  of  plates  an- 
liouiued  but  never  jnililislied;  vol.  xiii.  ( 'runtdrru,  hi/  James  1).  Dana,  I'liila- 
deli)liia,  I8.VJ;  witli  folio  atlas  of  !)(}  plates,  I'liiiadelphia,  bS.V);  vol.  n\. 
Jiiitiiiij/,  J'/iaiieroi/aini(i,  hi/  As<i  (Irmj,  with  a  folio  atlas  of  100  plates,  I'hil.i- 
deljiliia,  I8.'>4;  vol.  xvi.  Jio/aiiij,  ('ri/jifni/an'a,  Filiee:i,  iiiehiilhi;/  J./irnpodlarm; 
(hid  //i/dro/iti'r'de/i,  hi/  William  D.  IJmeli  nridi/e,  I'liiladelpliia,  I8.")4,  with  a 
folio  atlas  of  40  plates,  I'liiladelpliia,  IS."),");  vols,  xvii.,  xviii.,  and  xix.,  never 
published;  vol.  xx.  Ileriietohxji/,  hi/  S.  F.  Jiaird,  with  folio  atlas  of  ;J2  jilates 
I'liiladelpliia,  18."i8.  Ihiniet  numbers  the  volumes  (piite  differently,  and  givi  s 
the  jilaee  of  pidilication  of  some  of  them  New  York,  and  some  ]5ostoii.  For 
example,  vol.  xiv.  is  I'/iaiierni/etmla,  hi/  Ana  drai/,  Now  York,  18,")4;  vol.  xv. 
The  (i'i()(/ra/)hieal  Dislrdmlwa  of  Aiiim(d-<  and  Man,  hi/  ('havlei^  Piebrini/, 
IJoston,  I8.")4,  etc.  '  Uno  partie  des  exeniplaires  des  10  volumes  de  eette  \n'i'-- 
cieuse  collection  out  C't6  envoyes  en  eadcau  aux  principaux  gouvernement.s  1 1 
nnx  grands  establissements  scientitirpics  des  deux  mondes.'  An  illustrated 
8vo  edition  of  the  Xarraliee  in  .")  volumes  apjieared  in  I'hihuleljiliia  in  184."), 
uuother  in  1841),  uuotlier  in  New  York  in  185:J.      A  coiideased  edition  ia  one 


MOVEMENTS  OF  THE  VESSELS. 


671 


port  made.  From  this  point  the  lii'lief  was  scut  homo 
by  way  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands  and  Sydney.  A 
cruise  in  the  South  Pacific  and  the  Antarctic  then 
followed  with  the  Hawaiian  Islands  as  a  rentlezvous. 
It  was  the  24th  of  September  1.S40  that  the  Vin- 
cenncs  reached  Honolulu,  after  which  the  other  ves- 
rels  came  straggling-  in,  but  too  late  for  operations  on 
the  Vorthwest  Coast  that  winter.  To  fill  up  the  time 
excursions  about  the  Hawaiian  grouj)  were  made,  the 
Poriiviso  meanwhile  cruising  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
Society  Islands,  while  to  the  Peacock  and  Flijiiiij  Fish 
were  given  other  south  sea  ndssions. 

volniiiu  octavo  .ijipeared  in  LoikIoh  iu  184"),  and  one  in  1S,")G.  In  1S.")0  there 
vas  priiito<l  at  Aul)nni,  New  Vork,  in  one  octavo  volume,  Voiinijo  nf  the. 
Uiiitiil  SUi/cs  Ej/iloriiiij  SijiKulroii,  rnititiHimffil  t(i/  ('ii/iftilii  ('htii/i.<  Wilkrx; 
ami  in  ISwl,  a  condensation  in  one  volume  (jctavo  was*  luinted  iu  \<\v  York, 
entitled  I'di/dijc  rinnul  the  Wnrhl,  Eiiihrii'-hxj  I  he  J'rhniiXil  Ert  iit.^  nf  /he  Xar- 
rutirr  ij'  I  hi'  L'tiltcil  Slulrs  E.i/.loriii;/  Lj'/icdi/io)!,  with  170  illustrations.  After 
the  discovery  of  gohl  in  California,  selections  were  made  from  the  Xiwrdtivc, 
and  i(ul>lished  in  I'liilailelphia  in  1S4!>,  under  tlie  title  of  Wistiru  Aiiwrha, 
iiicliidiiKj  Cdlij'urnia  and  Omjoii,  irith  Jhi/is  dj' those  Heijioiix  and  nj'lhr  Sacid- 
iitcnto  ]'((!!( If. 

]>efoi'e  any  of  the  regular  editions  of  the  Xarrativc  iind  its  cnlliiteral 
Bcieutilic  volumes  apiieand,  however,  there  was  jiiinted  u  Si/iii'ji.'<!k  a/  the. 
Cniisrifthc.  U.  S.  E.e/ifor.  L'.r.  i/nriii;/  Ihr-  ymrH  /■^'■IS-.'/l,  J><  lir( f '/  lir/tiyi'  the 
Kritioiiiil.  Institute  hif  if.f  (  'owmnni/i  r.  Charlr.i  ll'/Z/rv,  on  the  ,.'(ilh  i\f,lni,e  lS.'i2. 
'The  ri,sults  of  this  expedition,'  says  the  Xmih  Am.  J'(  eieir,  April  l,S4;?, 
'will  lie  the  first  eontriliution  to  science  ofl'ered  to  the  worlil  liy  tlu;  govern- 
ment (if  the  Unitecl  States;'  and  yet  it  never  excite<l  nuudi  jiulilic  atten- 
tion, and  no  pulilic  enthusiasm.  There  was  too  nnicli  political  juhhery  al)out 
it,  too  imuh  struggle  for  self-ag^randizenient  for  the  men  or  the  movement 
ever  tolie  deemed  gi-eat  or  glorious.  On  his  return,  in  answer  to  the  ehargen 
lirought  against  him,  w  itli  unhlu-ddng  etliontcrj'  he  tndeavored  to  make  it 
appear  tliat  the  command  was  coiiferied  upon  him  without  soliiitation  on  his 
part.  Hut  however  disgraceful  sonn^  of  the  attendant  circumstances,  the 
e.\|;editii'n  itself  and  its  results  wen;  reganled  on  all  sidis  as  most  im;)ortant, 
and  as  highly  honoralde  to  the  nation.  Says  the  Ihdiifin  ile  la  Sufiefe  (/.■ 
(-1:  ••'jrUi'hie,  tom.  xix.  1.S4."!,  H7:  'I'e  voyage  est  un  iles  ))lus  ini]iortaids  i|ui 
aicnt  eti'  entrepris.'  Wilkes'  style  as  a  writer  is  far  from  goml ;  heside;* 
lieing  .'dovcnly,  he  is  often  ungraunnatical.  -\s  one  of  a  hundred  illnstiations 
wliicli  miglit  l)e  lirought  forward,  I  Avill  <|Uote  a  line  from  the  .Xnr/h  Am. 
J'erirn',  .Inly  lS4.'i,  57,  where  tliat  journal  is  s])eaking  of  the  commander's 
neeouut  of  IJrazil;  'Captain  A\'i Ikes  has  devoted,  vt'ry  unu'-icssarily,  as  we 
Conceive,  two  chapters  of  his  work  to  a  discri|itiou  of  llio  ilc  .lam  iio,  ;in  1  an 
account  of  the  jiolitieal  condition  cif  the  ]>ra/.ilians.  Seeing  that  he  lias  mado 
So  liberal  use  of  the  facts  of  Mr  Arniitage's  history,  he  ought  to  have  lior- 
rowed  also  some  of  that  writer's  lilierality  and  candor.'  A  snuiewhat  strict 
order  was  eniliodied  iu  the  instructions  to  the  ell'eet  th.'it  all  information 
ohtaineil  by  the  expedition  was  tlie  property  of  the  I'nited  States,  and  nuist 
not  be  given  in  any  form  to  any  not  belonging  to  the  ]iarty.  At  the  termi- 
nation of  the  expedition,  each  person  was  obliged  to  surrender  all  joui'nuls, 
ineniuruuda,  and  druwiiigd  iu  lii.i  possessiuu. 


672 


UNITED  STATES  EXPLORING  EXPEDITION. 


Procccdin;^  from  the  Islands  the  5th  of  April  1841. 
the  Viiicenncs  and  Porpoise  arrived  off  the  mcuth  of 
the  Columbia  on  the  28th;  but  owing  to  the  lough- 
ness  of  the  water  on  the  bar"  the  commander  turned 
his  vessels  northward,  and  entering  the  strait  of  Juan 
de  Fuea  with  a  view  of  befjinninor  his  survey  of  the 
coast  in  that  quarter  came  to  anchor  in  Port  Discov- 
ery the  2d  of  ]May. 

The  chief  (jf  a  Clallum  canoe  party,  who  boarded 
the  vessels  next  morning,  demanded  if  those  were 
Boston  or  King  George  ships,  and  thought  it  exceed- 
ingly strange  that  these  wdiite  men  would  not  buy 
furs.  Fish  and  game  were  plentifully  su[)plied  by  tlie 
natives  in  exchanofe  for  tobacco  and  trinkets. 

A  native  was  immediately  despatched  to  Port  Nis- 
qually  at  the  head  of  Puget  Sound  with  a  letter  to 
the  officer  in  charge  requesting  a  pilot.  Four  days 
were  occupied  in  examining  the  harbor,  during  which 
time  the  botanists  found  a  new  and  attractive  field 
ashore.  Receiving  no  reply  to  his  letter.  Lieutenant 
Wilkes  weighed  anchor  on  the  Gth,  and  proceeded  to 
Port  Townsend,  which  he  examined  next  day,  and  on 
the  8th  moved  his  ships  up  eight  miles  to  an  anchor- 
age at  the  entrance  to  Hood  Canal,  which  place  he 
called  Port  Lawrence.  On  the  following  day  Wilkes 
brouglit  his  ships  to  a  cove  on  the  west  side  of  Admi- 
ralty Inlet  o})posite  the  south  end  of  Whidbey  Island, 
and  being  there  met  by  the  mate  of  the  Befircr,  sent 
to  his  assistance  by  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  he 
called  tlie  place  Pilot  Cove. 

Early  on  the  morning  of  the  0th,  under  direction 
of  the  pilot,  the  two  vessels  continue  their  way  up 
the  iidet,  j)assing  a  place  named  by  tlie  commander 
Appletroe  Cove  from  the  number  of  those  trees  blos- 
soming there,  and  at  night  anchoring  near  a  fine  bay 


"''Move  flosci'iption  can  give  little  itlc.i  of  the  terrors  of  the  bar  of  tho 
Columhiii;  ill!  who  have  seen  it  have  siiokcn  of  tho  wildiiess  of  tlio  sci'iie, 
niid  the  incessaiit  I'oar  of  tlic  Maters,  reprcsontini,'  it  as  oni;  of  tho  most  fear- 
ful sights  that  can  possibly  meet  tlie  eye  of  tho  sailor.'    \i  ilkcn'  Sui\,  iv.  313. 


SURYFA'ING  P.UITIB8, 


673 


on  the  west  shore,  which  ho  calls  Port  ^LkIIsoii.'^ 
Continuiivj;'  next  day  under  the  shadow  ot"  Hudson 
Kiver  scenery,  taking  the  passage  to  the  west  of 
Vaslion  Island,  the  vessels  pause  for  the  night  just 
holow  the  narrows  leading  into  Puget  Sound,  which 
l)y  the  assistance  of  the  tide  they  shoot  on  tlie  11th, 
and  anchor  off  Nisqually  that  night. 

Mr  Anderson  w^as  in  charge  of  the  establishment 
at  the  time,  and  Captain  McNeill  was  also  there 
re 'pairing  his  little  steamer;  and  it  is  needless  to  say 
tliat  the  stranu'crs  w-ere  wx'lcomed,  meat  and  milk 
l^eing  sent  them  from  the  fort.  Richmond  and  Wilson 
were  at  the  !Methodist  mission.  Officers  and  men  were 
enthusiastic  over  the  beauties  of  those  waters,  which 
they  pronounced  unqualiiicdly  tlie  finest  in  the  world. 

A  scientific  campaign  was  now  planned  in  wdiich  all 
were  to  take  a  part.  Lieutenant  Case  with  the 
boats  of  the  Vinccnncs  was  to  examine  Hood  Canal, 
and  Ringgold  with  the  Porpoise,  Admiralty  Inlet. 
Lieutenant  Johnson,  accompanied  l)y  Pickering,  T.  W. 
Waldron,  ]3rackenridge,  and  three  men,  w%as  to  make 
an  excursion  to  forts  Colville,  Lapwai,  and  Walla 
Walla,  returning  by  way  of  the  Yakima  River,  two 
months  being  allowed  for  the  trip.  Wilkes,  with  Dray- 
ton, R.  R.  Waldron,  and  two  men,  was  to  cross  to  tlu; 
Columbia,  visit  Astoria,  Fort  Vancouver,  and  the  Wil- 
lamette settlement,  and  ascend  the  river  to  Walla 
Walla.  Should  the  Peacock  enter  the  Columl)ia  in 
safety,  her  boats  were  to  survey  the  river.  The  instru- 
ments and  clocks  were  landed  from  the  Vincennfs,  and 
an  observatory  planted  on  a  hill-top  within  hail  of 
the  ship. 

The  surveying  parties  under  Case  and  Ringgold 
wore  first  despatched,  after  which  horses  wxre  bought 
and  the  land  expeditions  equipped.     After   Johnson 

^All  these  places  WilUos  says  he  surveyed,  though  we  nrc  soarcely  to 
understand  liy  tliat  term,  when  wo  consider  the  time  spent  ami  the  results, 
V  hat  would  be  called  surveying  beside  the  thorough  work  of  Davidson,  Law- 
•014,  0'  Ellicott. 

Ui8T.  N.  W.  Coast,  Vol.  II.    43 


074 


UNITED  STATES  EXPLOniXG  EXPEDITIOX. 


lind  started,  the  Wilkes  party  was  sent  by  Andor.sr)u 
on  horses  with  .'i  Canadian  guide  through  a  i)ark-hko 
country  to  CowHtz  Farm,  sixty  miles  south,  wheme 
they  were  sent  by  the  supr  rintendent,  Mr  Forrest,  in 
a  canoe  in  charijfc  of  Simon  Plomondeau  to  Astoria. 
On  their  way  down  the  Columbia  they  met  the  Ijrig 
]\\ue,  which  liad  brought  them  some  stores  from  the 
Hawaiian  Islands,  and  which  had  left  them  at  Astoria 
in  charge  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company's  agent, 
Birnie. 

Sunday  the  2od,  Birnie  proposed  a  trij)  to  the  Clat- 
so])  village  and  the  missionary  station  at  Point  Adani-<, 
whicli  invitation  Lieutenant  Wilkes  gladly  acce])ted. 
Besides  ^Iv  and  Mrs  Frost  in  char<j:c  of  the  mission, 
there  were  two  settlers  from  the  United  States,  Tib- 
bits  and  Smith,  who  were  i)-iilding  themselves  houses, 
and  a  farm  four  miles  distant  belonging  to  Mr  Fro>t 
and  a  brother  clei'gyman,  ]Mr  Keen. 

Leaving  Waldron  at  Astoria  to  await  the  uirival  of 
the  P<'(K;ock,t\io  party, still  guided  by  Plomondeau,  jiro- 
ceeded  by  canoe  t(3  Fort  A'ancouvcr  by  way  of  Lak(! 
River,  to  avoid  the  current  of  the  Columbia.  They 
were  captivated,  as  all  men  were,  by  Dr  McLough- 
lin's  courtesy  and  kindness.  Quite  a  company  of  mis- 
sionaries were  at  the  time  enjoying  the  fur-traders' 
hospitality;  there  were  the  Smiths,  th;  Griffiths,  the 
Clarkes,  Mr  Waller,  and  others.  Excursions  were  made 
to  the  dairy  farm,  the  grist  and  saw  mills,  and  no 
])ains  were  spared  to  show  the  exploring  party  every 
ol)ject  of  interest. 

Furnished  by  ^IcLougldin  with  a  largo  boat  bounte- 
ously provisioned,  on  the  od  of  June  Wilkes  and  his 
compani(ms  left  Vancouver  for  the  Willamette  Valley. 
On  the  bank  of  the  Willamette  they  found  encamped 
under  two  small  tents  Jason  Lee,  accompanied  by 
Mrs  ]jee  and  the  AVhitcom  I'amily  en  route  for  Clatsop. 
On  Oak  Island,  near  where  Portland  now  stands,  they 
found  busily  at  work  the  eight  young  boat-builders  of 
whom  I  make  mention  elsewhere. 


^VILKES  IX  OREGON. 


CT' 


At  ilio  falls,  now  Orosfon  Citv,  they  r«)iiii(l  Waller, 
the  missionary  in  charge,  quarrelling  witli  the  Hud- 
son's liay  Company,  who  had  a  post  there,  oviT  busi- 
ness matters.  ^Irs  Waller  played  the  pai't  of  cook 
and  hostess  to  perfection,  and  after  dinner  they  went 
out  to  see  the  natiyes  catch  salmon  at  the  i'alls. 
Eighteen  miles,  above  the  lalls,  at  Champoeg,  they 
were  entertained  in  a  rude  way  by  Mr  Johnson,  a  le- 
tired  Hudson's  Bay  Company  trapper,  who  had  a  hirni 
there,  and  whose  Indian  woman  in  his  ()[)iiii()n.  was 
worth  six:  civilized  wives.  Johnson  had  been  in  the 
navy,  and  found  in  Wilkes  rare  companionship.  His 
three  or  four  neighbors  came  forward  and  ])aid  their 
res{)ects  to  the  distinguished  strangers,  the  burden  of 
their  conyersation  being  mostly  of  laws  and  goverii- 
ment  in  which  accursed  necessities  they  were  lacking. 

Even  yet  within  the  ranu'o  of  McLoui"'] din's  lios- 
pitable  intluence,  next  morning  the  explorers  found 
I'eady  with  horses  at  their  door  ^Michel  la  Frandjoise, 
who  had  come  to  this  region  in  the  Tonqdin,  and  who 
knew  the  country  thoroughly,  as  he  often  had  charge 
of  trapping  })arties  to  California  and  back. 

Mounting,  they  proceeded  up  the  valley,  calling  on 
Blanchet"^  at  the  Catholic  mission  twelve  miles  from 
Cham})oeg.  On  reaching  his  own  house  shortly  after- 
ward Michel  left  the  party,  Plomondeau,  Johnson,  and 
others  beinix  Y^'t  with  them  as  guides. 

Entering  the  grounds  of  the  ]\lethodist  mission, 
eight  miles  beyond  the  Catholic  mission  and  eighteen 
miles  from  (Jhainpoeg,  the  attention  of  the  travellers 
was  a!'reste<l  by  a  })ati'nt  threshing-machine  rotting 
in  the  road,  Avhich  did  not  speak  well  for  the  thrift 
of  the  missionaries.  There  they  were  entertained  by 
the  Abernethys  and  yisited  by  Doctor  ]]abcock. 

Declining  an  invitation  to  ])e  ])resent  at  a  4th  of 
July  diimer  tendered  by  the  settlers,  the  ]>  irty  rodo 
over  to  the  mill  nine  miles  south-east  i'rom  the  mission. 


''Wilkes  culls  liim  1]iiL'lu'lit,  nnd  takes  partieiilar  care  to  aceent  tlio  last  e. 
Like  most  uarly  goveiiuaeut  wuik  hlti  JS'itimtiic  16  badly  piiiitud. 


070 


UNITED  STATES  EXPLORING  EXi  EDITIOX. 


Tliero  tlioy  dined  with  Mr  Raymond;  before  which, 
however,  Mr  Hines  took  them  to  the  site  selected 
for  a  seminary,  two  miles  distant,  where  his  family 
Avas  encamped  under  some  oak-trees.  Wilkes  coukl 
not  understand  what  savages  wanted  with  semi- 
naries. 

After  a  visit  to  the  okl  Mission  site  on  'the  bank 
of  the  Willamette,  the  party  crossed  the  river  and 
(encamped  near  O'Neill's  farm,  formerly  belonging  to 
Mr  Leslie,  and  the  best  in  the  country.  It  was  now 
the  8th  of  Juno  1841.  Next  day  the  party  started  for 
the  Yam  Hills  where  were  a  number  of  settlers,  tlie 
most  remote  of  Mhom  on  that  side  of  the  river  %\as 
George  Gay,  an  Indianized  M'hite  man  and  a  most 
unsettled  settler.  l\vo  brick-kilns  were  passed  on  the 
way  thither.  The  farms  of  McLoughlin,  La  Bonte, 
Young,  and  Bailey  were  examined,  after  which  Wilkes 
returned  to  Vancouver,  leaving  Drayton  at  the  falls 
of  the  Willamette,  to  make  further  additions  to  his 
collections  in  natural  history. 

During  W^ilkos'  absence,  Fort  Vancouver  had  been 
enlivened  by  the  presence  of  Peter  Skecn  Ogden, 
chief  factor  of  the  northern  district,  and  his  brijj^ade 
of  gay  voyagcurs.  From  Ogden  Wilkes  learned  much 
of  the  upper  country,  which  he  did  not  fail  to  record. 
Meanwhile  the  Peacock  not  appearing,  Wilkes  deter- 
mined to  return  to  Nisquall}^  Ogden  offering  him 
a  seat  in  his  boat,  manned  by  fourteen  ribboned 
and  plumed  voyageurs,  as  far  as  Cowlitz  farm,  and 
at  the  same  time  requesting  Drayton's  company  to 
Walla  Walla.  Both  of  these  invitations  were  gladly 
accepted.  The  party  from  the  Peacock  which  Lieu- 
tenant Wilkes  had  thought  of  sending  up  the  Colum- 
bia, would  have  visited  Walla  Walla,  and  thence 
have  crossed  the  mountains  to  the  Yellowstone;  but 
fears  were  now  entertained  for  the  safety  of  that 
vessel,  and  it  was  deemed  best  not  to  postpone  fur- 
ther the  examination  of  so  important  a  part  of  the 
country. 


JOHNSON'S  EXCURSION. 


fl77 


Ogdeii's  brigade,  which  Drayton  had  been  invited 
to  acconipanv,  consisted  of  nine  boats  navigated  by 
sixty  voyageurs,  of  whom  eight  were  aoconi})anied  by 
their  wives.  Of  the  party  were  ]Mr  and  ]\Irs  McKiii- 
hiy,  on  their  way  to  take  charge  of  Fort  Walla  Walla, 
and  ]\Ir  Cameron,  en  route  for  Black's  station.  About 
one  quarter  of  the  boatmen  were  Iroquois,  the  i-e- 
mainder  Canadians. 

Embarking  at  Fort  Vancouver  the  2Gth  of  Juno, 
they  camped  the  second  night  at  the  Cascades,  where 
the  ancient  aboriginal  called  Slyboots  came  forward 
and  received  his  annual  present  of  some  tobacco  and 
a  shirt  for  once  having  saved  Ogdcn  and  his  party 
from  attack  by  giving  timely  warning.  A  cheaj) 
reward.  At  the  Methodist  mission  near  the  Dalles 
Drayton  was  welcomed  by  Mr  Perkins  and  Daniel 
Lee.  Arrived  at  Walla  Walla,  Drayton  learned  that 
Lieutenant  Johnson's  party  had  passed  that  point  a 
week  before  on  their  way  to  Nisqually.  Arter  a  visit 
to  the  Waiilatpu  mission,  where  were,  Dr  Whitman 
and  Mr  and  INIrs  Gray,  and  an  excursion  to  the  Blue 
Mountains,  Drayton  returned  by  horse  to  the  Dalles, 
and  thence  by  boat  to  Vancouver. 

The  4th  of  July  was  heartily  celebrated  at  Fort 
Nisqually  by  a  barbecue  on  shore.  Dr  !McLoughlin 
was  expected  to  be  present,  but  did  not  arrive  until 
next  day;  when  he  visited  the  Vincennes,  the  first 
man-of-war  on  which  he  had  ever  set  foot.  On  leav- 
ing ho  Avas  heartily  cheered  by  the  crew. 

The  middle  of  July  Lieutenant  Johnson  returned 
from  his  Okanagan  excursion,  which  I  will  now  briefly 
notice.  With  riding  and  pack  horses,  and  ]?ierre 
Charles  and  Bercier  as  guides,  the  party  set  out  from 
Nisqually  the  19th  of  ]May,  crossed  the  Puyalhq), 
and  continued  easterly  through  Nahches  Pass  to  the 
Yakima  country,  w'lierc  they  met  old  Tidias,  a  chief- 
tain cunning  in  horse-dealing.  Thence  taking  a  more 
northerly  direction,  on  the  2d  of  June  they  reached 


(ITS 


rNrii;i)  st.vtrs  exploring  ExmrnTiox. 


llio  Y.'ikiiii.i  l{Iv(;i*,  wliicli  Iumijl,'  too  deoj)  for  loaded 
IiorscH  <(>  (oi'd,  <li(!y  (M'osscd  tlioir  hi,i,'',L(;i,!j^(i  on  iiidia- 
1  ul)l)('r  h(i/sns.  ( '((iiiiiiuiii!^^  iiortliwju'd  t  licy  struck  the 
( 'ohiinl)I;i  Jwsl,  Ixlow  llu;  IMciiiiclic,"  .'iiid  on  the  8tli  of 
.linio  iiri'ivt'd  iit  ()kan;i;j^;iM.  In  «liar;^o  of  tliu  j)ost  was 
liC  l*ra(t, and  on  tlio  Dtli  Maxwell  ai-iivitd  from  (Jolvillo 
with  i'orty  liuh'n  hoi'ses  for  ()_i^d en's  l)ri;^ad(!.  lioth  of 
these  ollicers  (rordially  extended  their  hospitality. 


.ToitN'siix's  Kxcrnsiox, 

Loa\ino"  ()kana<_>'an  the  10th,  the  iiartv  crosst'd  the 
(^ohnnhia.'"  and  takinj;'  an  easterly  course  jxissed  over 
the  C<rande  Coulee,  erosseil  the  Spokane  at  its  junc- 
tion witli  the  Columbia,  and  after  a  visit  to  the  Cliimi- 

"(^illoil  l>y  Wilkos  tlio  Pisolums. 

''Miiihtljziui:  in  somowhiit  too  lihoral  ]iotation3  at  parting,  or  elso  over- 
I'onio  l>y  liis  j.rivato  l>ottlo.  Joluison  hocanio  separated  from  hi#  party,  aiul  lay 
tho  thst  i\ii;!it  ont  iiyon  tlio  i.-rounil,  alone,  licad-dniuk. 


DIVERS  sl'rvi:ys. 


r.T!) 


haiiio  inls.sioii,  arrived  at  Fort  Colvilk-  »»n  tlu-  KUli. 
At  Cliiiiilkaiiic  thuy  found  the  native  <liiet'.  pious 
f 'onieliiis,  and  tlie  wives  of  Walker  ami  Iul>,  their 
liusljuiids  heiiii^  absent  on  a  visit  to  Walla  Walla. 
^McDonald  was  then  master  at  C'olville. 

Three  days  weie  spent  at  this  post  relVeshinn"  them- 
selves and  tlieir  horses,  and  i-epairinn"  their  paek-sad- 
dles.  The  tort  furnished  all  their  re([uiri'ments.  takiiiu' 
orders  on  the  ship  in  payment.  J)e[)artiii;^'  and  |iui'- 
sniuLj  a  southerly  course  they  eame  ay,aiu  to  Chinii- 
kaine,  where  they  found  the  missionaries  returned. 
iVoni  whom,  as  well  as  from  the  fur-ti-aders,  they 
learned  much  about  the  country  and  tlui  })eople. 
Thence  they  passed  through  the  Spokane  country  to 
Lapwai,  where  they  found  Spaldinj;',  who  expounded 
to  his  2»eo[»le  the  doctrine  of  the  expedition.  Sj)ald- 
iiii^  gave  the  party  fresh  horses,  taking  their  tired-out 
animals  in  exchanfje. 

Leaving  Lapwai  the  2r>th,  the  ]xirty  ])i"oceeded  to 
Walla  Walla,  whence  after  remaining  a  l'ew<lays,  they 
]eturnc<l  to  Niscjually  by  way  of  the  Yakima  ]{iver. 
Subsecjuently  Hale,  who  was  lej't  in  the  country  by 
the  expedition,  went  from  Waiilatpu,  by  way  of  the 
Palouse  River,  to  Chimikaine  and  Colville,  thus  com- 
pleting a  })retty  thorough  survey  of  that  ivgion. 

On  his  return  from  hisOkanagan  tour  Johnson  was 
ordered  to  cross  the  country  to  the  Chehalis  River, 
descend  that  .stream  to  the  ocean,  and  make  a  survey 
of  Grav  Harbor.  But  refusing  to  take  i)asse(l  mid- 
sliipman  Eld,  who  was  to  accompany  him,  mto  his 
deliberations,  Johnson  was  placed  under  arrest,  and 
the  connnand  given  to  Eld,  who,  with  the  assistance 
of  Colvocoresis,  performed  the  service  to  the  entire 
satisfaction  of  his  connnantler. 


The  Peacock  and  Fhjh(j  Fish,  not  yet  returned  Irom 
their  South  Sea  cruise,  were  nowthrce  months  overdue, 
and  the  explorers  were  becoming  exceedingly  anxious 
for  their  safety.     To  complete   the  survey  of  those; 


UNITED  STATES  EXPLORING  EXPEDITION. 


Blioros  And  liaHten  tho  squadron  to  other  posts  was  all 
that  could  bu  done. 

Tho  Purpoise,  which  liad  left  Nisqually  tho  l^th  of 
!May,  bcjj^an  hur  survey  at  the  moutli  of  the  Puyalliip 
River,  from  which  circumstances  the  place  was  called 
Commenctnnent  Bay."  Thence  the  work  was  carried 
northward. 

Connnunication  by  water  was  discovered  between 
Port  Urcliurd  and  Port  Madison,  and  Lieutenant 
Maury  sent  to  survey  it.  Near  this  place  was  a 
Catholic  mission.  Peim  Cove  was  next  examined; 
after  which  tlie  i)rig  moved  through  Deception  Pas- 
sage to  the  nortliern  outlet  of  Possession  Sound.  Tiio 
4th  of  July  found  the  surveyors  near  Point  lloberts, 
and  next  day  they  were  at  the  mouth  of  the  Frascr. 
The  brig  joined  the  Vincennes  on  the  20th  at  New 
Dungeness. 

Soon  aft^T  ombarkinc:  on  another  extensive  .system 
of  survev,  including  Haro  Strait,  Fi'aser  River,  to  Fort 
Langley,  and  the  southern  end  of  Vancouver  Island, 
tidings  were  received  by  way  of  Nisqually  of  the 
loss  of  the  Peacock,  beaten  in  pieces  on  th(!  bar  of  the 
Columbia  on  the  18th  of  July,  but  without  loss  of 
life.  The  surveys  were  soon  cut  short,  as  the  ship- 
wrecked mariners  demanded  attention.  Mr  Waldron 
was  sent  with  letters  by  way  of  Nisqually  to  Astoria, 
where  Captain  Hudson  and  his  crew  had  taken  refuge, 
and  the  sliips,  after  completing  certain  surveys,  got 
out  to  sea,  and  arrived  off  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia 
the  Gth  of  August.  Tho  whale-ship  Orozuaho  was 
there;  likewise  the  Fli/i<if/  Fish.  Hudson  reported 
on  board  the  Vinccnne.<^,  niid  vVilkcs  proceeded  at  once 
to  make  such  dispositio;)  of  the  squadron  as  should 

"  Professor  Davitlson,  in  his  Panfic  Coast  Pilot  of  California,  Orerjon,  and 
Washingtiin  Ten-itari/,  ISOD,  240,  says:  'It  was  named  in  17'J'2  by  Vancouver, 
who  thought  this  the  entrance  to  sonic  large  arm  of  the  inlet,  on  account  of 
the  low  country  beyond.'  I  fail  to  lind  any  mention  by  name  of  thia  bay  by 
Vancouver,  although  a  full  description  of  it  is  given  on  pagea  208-9,  Vancouirr's 
Vny.,  i.,  with  a  full-page  steel  illustration.  What  Vancouver  says  is,  'Wo 
flattered  ourselves  we  should  iind  tlio  inlet  take  an  extensive  easterly  course,' 
in  which  he  was  disappointed;  but  not  a  word  alxmt  Commencement  liay  by 
that  or  any  other  name. 


OVERL.VNB  TO  CALIFORNIA. 


681 


meet  the  j)rosciit  emergency.  ITe  would  despatch  a 
party  overland  by  way  of  the  Willamette  Jind  Sac- 
ramento valleys  to  San  Francisco,  llu  would  survey 
the  Columhia  to  the  head  of  navigation,  but  he  would 
not  jeopai'dize  the  VIncennes  in  crossing  the  bar.  lie 
therefon.'  shifted  his  pennant  to  the  Por/toisr,  and  sent 
the  Vincetines  in  charge  of  llinggold  to  San  Francisco. 
Then  with  the  Porpoise,  guided  by  Ilamsey,  a  Chi- 
nook pilot,  he  crossed  the  bar  in  safety,  the  tciukr 
lolloNviu''',  and  anchoretl  before  Astoria.  Lvinsj  there 
was  th(3  biig  Tlioiiids ][.  P<'>kins,Yiirncy,  master,  which 
lie  bought  for  {i?0,000,  put  her  in  thorough  repair,  and 
changed  the  name  to  Oreijon.  The  trip  across  the 
Kocky  ^Mountains  to  the  Yellowstone,  which  was  to 
have  been  under  jNIr  Dana,  was  abandoned. 

Orderiii<_j  the  boats  of  the  wrecked /^'ecr^cZ;  manned 
on  the  9th  )f  Au'jfust  1841,  the  survey  of  the  Colum- 
bia  was  bc!]cun,  thouijch  it  was  the  18th  before  the  Por- 
j)om'  and  the  Onyon  left  Astoria  to  ascend  the  river. 
At  Fort  Vancouver  were  Sir  George  Simjtson,  and 
Von  Freeman  of  the  Russian  company.  A  formal 
dinner  was  given,  which  the  explorers  j)ronounced  stiff; 
evidently  they  enjoyed  their  first  visit  Itettcr.  Sim[)- 
.son  was  more  suspicious  than  !McLoughlin.  The  so- 
called  survey  of  the  Columl)ia  which  followed  amounted 
to  little.^^  The  middle  of  October  the  scpiadron  lei't 
the  Columbia  and  joined  the  Vinccnnes  at  San  Fran- 
cisco Bay. 

Meanwhile  a  party  had  been  despatched  under 
Lieutenant  Ennnons^^  overland,  from  Ore<jfon  to  Call- 

'- 1  have  no  doubt  this  visit  of  these  sailors  to  the  Pacific  eoast  at  tliis 
juncture  was  worth  to  tlic  United  States  all  it  cost;  but  as  for  oli.servation  I 
v<j!iturc  to  Kiiy  that  two  or  throe  intclli^'ent  ])rivate  p'l.tlenien  of  average 
ability  would  have  aecumulated  more  valuable  kno-"-l((l.,'v;  than  jdl  these 
hundreds  with  their  fine  nhips  and  costly  outfit  and  [uiblie  jiaradc.  Tho 
most  remarkable  feature  of  tliis  meni(>ral)le  expedition  Wiis  the  .'nnouiit  of 
knowledge  which  it  everywhere  left  untouched.  Their  surveys  were  nothing 
lik^  f>s  thorough  as  Vancouver's  before  them,  or  of  those  of  the  United  States 
at  a  latov  period. 

"At  tliis  writing  llear-admiral  Emmons.  In  .a  letter  to  mo  dated  Nov.  I, 
1870,  he  states  that  'the  land  e.\i?edition  grew  partly  out  of  the  loss  of  tha 
Peacock, ' 


682 


UNITED  STATES  EXPLORING  EXPEDITION. 


f'ornia,  uliicli  loft  the  Columbia  the  latter  [)art  of 
August.  This  party  consisted  of  thirty-nine  ])ersons 
with  seventy-six  hor.ses.  Beside  seamen  and  n'uides 
there  were  of  the  votaries  of  science,  Peale,  Rich, 
])ana,  Agate,  and  Brackenridge,  and  several  families, 
hy  name  Walker,  Burrows,  Nichols,  and  Warlields, 
who  joined  for  escort. 

Their  route  Avas  along  the  now  well  established 
trail  up  the  Willamette  and  across  the  rivers  and 
mountains  of  Unipqua,  Rogue,  and  Klamath,  to  the 
valley  of  the  Sacramento.  The  narrative  of  this  ex- 
l)edition  is  tilled  with  trifling  detail  of  little  value  to 
history.  While  listening  at  the  mission  to  a  sermon 
from  Mr  Leslie,  one  of  the  men,  Tibbits,  in  nodding 
by  an  open  window,  knocked  out  the  support,  and  let 
the  sasli  down  on  his  neck.  At  Champoeg,  they 
engaged  Thomas  McKay,  a  noted  chai'acter  in  those 
l)arts,  as  guide. 

Arrived  at  Elk  Creek  the  10th  of  Septenjber,  Em- 
mons visited  Fort  Ump(]ua,  fourteen  miles  distant, 
where  he  found  the  officer  in  charge,  Mr  Gangriere, 
in  great  fear  of  attack  by  the  natives  on  account  of 
their  losses  by  small-pox,  introduced  by  Hudson's  Bay 
Company  parties  under  La  Framboise  and  ^IcKay. 
Elks  w»3re  plentiful  everywhere;  the  first  giizzly 
bears  seen  were  on  the  Ump([ua  River.  The  country 
through  which  they  were  now  passing  was  regarded 
as  hostile.  On  the  22d  they  were  on  the  Ump(|ua 
j\[ountains,  and  three  days  afterward  they  encamped 
on  Rogue  River.  Many  of  the  party  were  suffering 
with  ague.  The  Klamath  River  was  crossetl  on  the 
1st  of  October;  and  thus  without  incident  worthv  of 
mention  they  passed  on  over  the  mountains  until  they 
came  to  the  Sacramento  River,  which  they  followed 
to  Sutter  Fort,  arriving  there  the  l!)th  of  October. 
There  they  fountl  the  Vl)iccnne:i'  launch,  in  which  ])art 
of  the  company  embarked,  the  remainder  i[)rocee<ling 
by  way  of  San  Jose  to  San  Francisco  Bay.  .lose  An- 
tonio Estrada  at  San  Jose,  to  whom  thev  took  a  letter 


DEPARTURE  OF  THE  SQUADROX. 


683 


from  Captain  Sutter,  did  not  sccin  overpowered  with 
joy  at  seeing  them.  Ephraim  Travel,  however,  a  Httle 
Yankee  tailor  belonfjinjj:  to  the  mission,  showed  them 
the  sights.  Arrived  at  Yerba  33ucna  their  horses  and 
accoutrements  were  sold  by  auction,  brinyinL?  from  one 
and  a  half  to  five  dollars  each  for  the  animals,  the  sale 
au'OT-eijjatino;  two  hundred  and  ten  dollars. 

Lieutenant  Rinij^ijold  sailino^  in  the  Vinccnncs  from 
the  Columbia  River  anchored  off  Yerba  Buena  the 
14th  of  August.  By  the  advice  of  Richardson,  cap- 
tain of  the  port,  he  removed  the  ship  three  days  after 
to  Whalers  Harbor,  or  Sauzalito,  water  being  ditH- 
cult  to  obtain  at  Yerba  Buena.  Neither  the  countrv, 
the  towns,  nor  the  people  of  California  seem  to  have 
struck  Lieu!onant  Wilkes  favorably,  nor  were  the 
Calif  )rnians  overwhelmed  with  joy  on  beholding  Lieu- 
ter.ant  Wilkes.^' 

In  six  boats  provisioned  for  thirtv  days  RingLi'old 
Avith  a  party  from  the  Vincennes  set  out  the  20th  of 
August  on  an  excursion  up  the  Sacramento,  and 
arrived  at  New  Helvetia,  or  Sutter  Fort,  the  tliirtl 
day.  Here  four  sailors,  attracted  by  the  charms  of 
the  voluptuous  valley,  deserted,  a  common  occurrence 
on  these  shores,  even  at  tliat  early  day.  Ascending 
the  river  to  the  vicinity  of  Colusa,  they  found  them- 
selves in  a  countr}'  swarming  with  game  and  full  of 
interesting  phenomena.  Thence  they  returnetl,  reach- 
ing the  Vinccnncs  the  \)^h  of  So[)tember. 

When  Lieutenant  W^Jkes  arrived  from  the  Colun.i- 
bia  he  attended  a  ietc  and  bull-fii;ht  i^iven  the  24th  of 
October  by  the  Irishman,  Murphy,  at  San  Ivaliid. 
]le  Hkewise  visited  the  missions  at  San  Francisco  and 
Santa  Clara.  On  the  1st  of  Novemlter  ].S41  the 
S(|Uadron  weighed  anchor  f  tr  Manila,  by  way  of  the 

'*'  ,  /or'"  •••'  'V('i/V)rH)'aanilothor  sources  accessible  to  till,' United  States 
povcriiiiieiit  on  easier  terms  than  soiuliiij;  to  the  I'acilie  a,  si]iia(lron  for  tlieni, 
AVilkes  tills  some  fifty  iiai,'cs  of  his  ;■..•'. rrativt;  with  facts  so  min^l'.d  with 
Jirejuiliees  as  to  contain  little  absolute  knowledge. 


''t 


I 


m 


UNITED  STATES  EXPLORING  EXPEDITION. 


Hawaiian  Islands.  At  Singapore  the  Fbjing  Fish  was 
sold.  The  Vincenncs  after  stopping  at  Cape  Town 
and  St  Helena  reached  New  York  the  10th  of  June 
1842,  the  Porpoise  and  Oregon  arriving  shortly  after, 
having  crossed  the  south  Atlantic  to  llio  do  Janeii-o. 
MeaG:re  as  was  the  knowledije  gathered  bv  this 
expedition;  its  influence  upon  the  aflairs  of  the  Pacific 
territory  of  the  United  States  in  their  then  incipient 
state  was  important.  Tlic  country  then  was  little 
known ;  and  what  Wilkes  and  his  associates  said  of  it 
was  for  the  most  part  not  only  true  but  bore  a  great 
nation's  stamp  of  authenticity.  These  shores,  which 
hitherto  were  little  more  than  myths  in  the  world's 
mind,  were  now  clothed  in  reality.  Tlie  selection  for 
the  honorable  part  of  commander  of  a  man  void  of  true 
nobility  of  feeling,  and  more  conspicuous  for  puerile 
petulance  than  manly  ability,  as  before  remarked, 
while  it  detracted  from  the  dignity  of  the  enterprise, 
did  not  wholly  hinder  its  usefulness.  The  benefits 
to  the  coast  were  most  important,  and  to  the  young 
government  for  its  lofty  endeavor  the  highest  praise 
was  due.  Though  exceedingly  imperfect'^  in  their 
material  and  execution  the  published  reports  of  this 
expedition  formed  by  far  the  most  important  literary 
work  hitherto  issued  by  the  United  States  government. 


'"'  '  The  injuilicious  manner  in  which  the  vohimos  have  boon  crammotl  witli 
mutters  hiivinj^  no  relation  to  tlin  duties  or  events  of  the  expedition  is  ii  proper 
Bubjeet  of  eritioisni.  A  work  of  oppressive  dimensions  has  been  ooiistrueted, 
and  tlic  real  narrative  of  the  ernisc,  a  btory  of  Burpassing  interest,  isernshed 
undera  weight  of  irrelevant  matter,  enough  to  change  tJie  native  Inie  of  reso- 
lution in  the  most  determined  reader.  We  are  aware  that  one  objeet  of  tlie 
expedition  was  to  pronioto  the  neijuisition  of  knowledge,  but  not  of  knowl- 
edge acquired  from  the  stores  of  libraries  ;  and  it  would  be  ridiculous  to  diiiy 
that  a  large  portion  of  this  work  was  prepared  by  Captain  Wilkes,  or  his 
fi'ieuds,  iu  tUo  closet  ut  home.'  jS'orth  Amerkaa  licvkw,  July  1S45,  100. 


CHAPTER  XXXII. 


CURRENT  EVENTS. 

1S40-1844. 

LoxDON^  AN'D  Fort  VAXcotrvER  Vessels — McLouonLiN  in  En'oland — Tot- 
mik's  Road— Couch's  Salmok-fisiiery — Mcrdkk  of  Kexxetii  McKay — 
The  8riip  'Thomas  Perkins' — Spauldixo — William  Glen  Rae — Post 
Established  at  Yerba  liuENA— Wall.\  Walla — The  Gcnpowder 
Story — Ermatinger's  I-Ixpeditiok — Abolition  of  the  Liquor  Traf- 
fic—The Umpqca  Country — Fremont's  Expedition. 


There  Avcro  three  barks  at  this  time  regularly 
engaged  in  the  London  and  Pacific  coast  trade,  one 
outward  bound,  one  homeward  bound,  and  one  in 
reserve  at  Fort  Vancouver.  In  1837-8  McLough- 
lin  was  absent  in  England,  explaining  his  industrial 
]irojects,  not  all  of  which  his  associates  seemed  heart- 
ily to  approV'C.  Nevertheless  he  was  far  too  valu- 
able a  man  for  the  company  to  dispense  with.  The 
fact  is,  McLoughlin's  judgment  in  Northwest  Coast 
masters  was  better,  and  safer  to  be  followed,  than 
wouli  l»c  that  of  the  directorship  of  London  and  Can- 
ada i'--  aibined.^ 

A  i"<nv  En'jjlish  men  and  women  now  began  to  cross 
the  Mountains  *'rom  Canada,  and  settle  on  the  plains 
of  C  x;.;uu.  I'our  families  came  in  1839.  It  was 
during  this  same  year  that  the  American  settlers  in 
Oregon  petitioned  congress  to  extend  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  United  States  over  that  territory.'  In  1841-3 
there  was  quite  an  emigration  of  half-breeds  from  the 

*  Hia  projected  operations  with  the  Russians  met  the  highest  enconrnge- 
ment  from  the  directors,  if  we  may  credit  Fiulayson's  //M.  V.I.,  MS. ,73-4. 
■'HuMon'*  Or.  Tir.,  MS.,  7,  38;  Tulmie's  Piojel  Hound,  MS.,  24. 

( Gtj5 ) 


C80 


CURRENT  EVENTS. 


Red  River  settler  lent,  tlieir  destination  being  cliiefly 
Nisqually. 

Witli  a  boat  party  of  Iroquois  and  Kliketats  in  1840 
Tohnie  cut  a  cart-road  round  the  falls  of  tiie  Willa- 
mette at  Oregon  City;  that  is  to  say,  from  the  navi- 
gable waters  below  to  the  naviijable  waters  abovi'. 
The  year  previous  Tolmie  had  been  in  charge  of  Fort 
AValla  Walla. 

Another  Columbia  River  sahnon-fishery  was  now- 
attempted  by  Boston  people,  who  sent  f)ut  the  ship 
JSIarylandy  Captain  Couch,  with  trading  goods  and 
the  necessary  implements.  It  was  during  the  year 
1840  that  (  vi.-i>  nrrived  and  made  his  observations, 
after  which  ji  ned  a  small  store  at  Oregon  City; 

then  he  sailed  a  ay  for  Boston,  returning  to  Oregon 
in  the  Chenamus  in  the  spring  of  1842.^ 

One  Snndav  morninf;,  while  Kenneth  ]\IcKav,  wlio 
was  this  year  curing  salmon  for  the  company  at  Pillar 
Rock,  was  sleeping  in  his  tent,  Whalaki,  a  slave  from 
the  west  coast  of  Vancouver  Island,  accompanied  by 
a  Cape  Flattery  savage,  entered,  and  after  slaying 
the  sleeper  pillaged  the  tent.*  Acting  under  Mc- 
Loughlin's  advice,  American  settlers  as  well  as  British 
fur-hunters  joined  the  experienced  Indian-fightei's 
sent  under  Tolmie  for  the  capture  of  the  criminals. 
Whalaki  was  ambuscaded  and  shot.  His  accessary 
was  surrendered,  and  lianged  at  Astoria  with  a  lead 
line  from  an  American  brig  then  lying  in  the  stream, 
every  i)erson  present,  white  or  copper-colored,  pulling 
at  the  rope. 

There  came  in  1841  tlie  ship  Tliomaa  11.  rerUm^,  Caji- 
tain  Varney,  of  Bt).ston,  the  second  American  vessel 

'  Totmic\  Ptifjpt  Smml,  MS.,  1.");  Finhnmii's  V.  T.,  MS,,  (iO. 

■•  Toh)iir'.-<  I'lii/if  SoiiikI,  MS.,  8.  Tlii.^  i.s  the  Inst  Indian  outrage  coni- 
niittcil  on  tlie  ('(pluiiiliia  I  iini  called  upon  tn  clironicic  in  this  vohiiiu';  and, 
eonsidi'i'injj;  all  tilings  connected  with  the  fnrdinnting  discip'.ne  and  llio 
occupation  of  the  country,  I  nuist  say  there  was  roinai'ka1)ly  little  violence  oi' 
bloudslied  on  either  side. 


VESSELf^*-  IN  THE  COLU.MBIA, 


CS7 


ontering  the  Columbia  specially  to  trade  since  tlie  sail- 
ing lience  of  the  May  Dacre  in  1835,  tlie  Jfarijlanil, 
Captain  (Joucli,  being  the  first." 

In  his  journal,  1841,  Captain  Spaulding  of  the  ship 
Lausanne  speaks  of  the  universal  courtesy  extended 
him  l»v  the  officers  and  servants  of  the  Hudson's  Bay 
Company,  especially  Barrit,  in  charge  of  Astoria,  and 
McLoughlin  at  Fort  Vancouver.  Captain  Humphries 
of  the  Colunihiainlotcd  him  in.  McLoughlin,  as  ever 
tireless  in  good  acts,  sent  on  board  a  bag  of  frcsli 
l)read  and  a  tub  of  fresh  butter,  and  afterward  invited 
the  whole  crew,  lifty-four  men,  to  dine  on  shore.^ 


Clerk  at  Foit  V'ancouver  in  1837  was  William  Glen 
Bae,  native  of  the  Orkney  Islands,  who  came  from 
York  Factory  in  1834,  and  after  serving  at  Cohilk', 
Okanagan,  and  Walla  Walla,  was  appointed  to  head- 
quarters, where  he  won  the  heart  of  tlie  fair  Eloise, 
daughter  of  ]\IcLoughlin,  and  married  her  in  1838.  In 
March  1841,  as  we  have  seen,  Bao  was  sunt  to  tlie 
Stikeen  Biver.  After  an  absence  of  a  few  months  lie 
returned,  made  preparations  for  establishing  a  post  at 

'The  reader  'vill  tlistinguish  between  vessels  ■which  came  to  trade  and 
missionary  vessels,  or  those  which  entered  simply  to  land  passcn^jers,  as  we'll 
as  Ijetween  English  and  American  ships.  Tlie  Owi)hie,  Captain  Domini.--, 
which  entered  the  Columhia  in  IS'29,  was  tlic  lirst  American  trading-vessel 
after  1814.  T\.i  Coiifrii/,  Captain  Thompson,  belonging  to  tlie  same  lj<jsto!i 
linn,  arrived  a  mouth  latei*.  JJotli  vessels  coaste<l  during  sunnner ;  the  Owi/h  a 
wintered  in  the  Columbia,  and  the  Conciii/ ut  Oaliu.  Jn  tin;  sjiring  of  b-iIiO 
the  (''iiivoi/  again  entered  the  Columbia,  and  in  the  sunnner  both  vessels  sailed 
away,  and  neiilier  of  them  ever  returned.  Then  the  J/«.'/  Dcvre,  (Japtain 
Lambert,  in  bS.'M  made  a  voyage  to  the  Islands  during  winter,  returned  to 
the  (Jolumbia  in  the  sjiring,  and  left  in  the  summer  with  half  a  cargo  of 
salmon.  After  tli(!  J/if//  Darre  was  the  JJiaiin,  ( 'aptain  Hinckley,  who  after- 
wanl  settled  in  Californiaand  married  a  native'  Calibrinian  lady.  lie  airived 
in  May  1S;!7,  bringing  besides  White  and  wife,  one  bachelor  and  three  .•^inglo 
women,  as  yet  married  only  to  heiiven,  but  not  un\iilling  to  enti'itain  an 
earthly  spouse  sliould  one  suitable  oiler.  The  Sinwitra  from  IJoston  airiveil  in 
September  18;i7.  The  Lniisainic,  Captain  Spaulding,  was  eharteretl  ami  lilkd 
with  missionai'it'S,  under  Jason  Lee.  who  having  returned  east  brouglit  out  thi  < 
cargo  of  co-workers  with  their  ed'ects.  Then  came  the  1  'nitecl  .States  S(,uadron 
under  Wilke.i,  and  (lie  Tltonics  II.  I'erhiiin,  Captain  \'arn^y. 

•"'Accomjianyiug  these  graceful  acknowledgments,  Spauldiu',',  U.  S.  floiLic 
ll(')tt.,ll,  :.'7fh  <  'onij.,  od  Se-fS.,  oO-Ol,  lays  befoie  eongressa  w  ild  and  iiieohereiit 
account  of  illicit  connnercu  and  atrocities  wholly  inconsistent  with  facts. 


088 


CURRENT  EVENTS. 


Yerba  Buena  Cove  in  the  bay  of  San  Frauclsco,  and 
proceeded  tlioncc  by  way  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands, 
where  his  outfit  was  made. 

Rae  had  not  been  long  at  Ycrba  Buena  when  the 
bark  Cowlitz  from  the  Columbia  River  dropped  in  upon 
him  bringing  the  magnates  of  his  company,  Simpson, 
McLoughlin,  and  Rowand,  and  best  of  all  Mrs  Rae. 
By  this  same  arrival  came  also  ]\Ir  Halo  of  the  United 
States  exploring  squadron,  and  M.  Eugene  Duilot  do 
Mofras.  His  visit  to  California  completed,  Simpson 
sailed  in  the  Cowlitz  for  Sitka,  touching  at  Honolulu, 
INIcLoughlin  and  Rowand  still  accompanying  him. 
It  happened  the  day  of  their  arrival  at  Honolulu,  that 
the  Vanr.oHVcr  came  into  port  on  her  way  to  tlio 
Columbia,  and  on  her  McLoughlin  and  Rowand  took 
passage  for  their  respective  posts.^ 

The  August  following  Rae's  arrival  his  company 
purchased  from  Jacob  P.  Lease  the  largo  frame 
building  which  he  had  built  three  years  previous  on 
the  beach  of  Yerba  Buena  Cove,  wdicrc  is  now  the 
corner  of  Montgomery  and  Commercial  streets,  and 
established  there  an  agency  for  the  purchase  of  hides, 
tallow,  horscSj  cattle,  and  sheep  with  European  com- 
modities. For  a  year  or  two  subsequent  to  the  date 
of  this  purchase  the  record  of  the  company's  trans- 
actions constitutes  the  history  of  San  Francisco.  The 
servants  of  the  conipany  then  composed  almost  the 
entire  population  of  the  place. 

During  the  existence  of  the  establishment  at  Yerba 
Buena  Cove,  both  free  trappers  and  the  company's 
traders  fijund  it  very  convenient  to  drop  down  from 
the  interior  for  their  supplies.     Indeed,  Englishmen 

'  Says  Roberts  in  a  letter  to  mc:  '  On  dlt  that  on  their  arrival  at  the  Islands 
Simpson  asked  ]  )r  McLoughlin  what  had  brouglit  him  there.  Tliey  went  from 
hero  in  the  bark  Columbia.  Mr  AlLm  was  of  tlic  party;  also  Cliicf  Factor 
Rowand  and  son  from  Fort  Desprairie.  Sir  George  Simpson  and  tlie  doctor 
weroiiotontlio  best  of  terms.'  This  is  all  wrong,  as  McLoughlin  accompanied 
Simpson  to  tlie  Islands,  and  the  Columbia  was  then  on  her  way  to  England. 
See  Simpsim's  Journal,  i.  253;  ii.  143.  Roberts'  remembrance  is  worthy  of 
iiotico  only,  as  showing  the  state  of  feeling  between  the  governor  and  tho 
Northwest  Coast  managers,  as  some  such  remark  was  probauly  made  on  some 
occasion.    See  also  Harvey's  Life  McLoughlin,  MS.,  23. 


THE  VERBA  BUENA  POST. 


CGf) 


miicli  preferred  doing  business  with  their  own  people, 
or  even  with  the  rough  swaggerer  fr-om  the  United 
States  frontier,  rather  tlian  with  the  Cahfornians,  wlio 
were  denominated  a  wild,  lawless  lot,  with  an  alcalde 
as  irregular  and  unreliable  as  the  worst  of  them. 

In  1845,  Governor  Simpson  sent  word  to  !Me- 
Loughlin  to  abandon  Yerba  Buena,  the  post  being  not 
])r()fitable,  "Xo,"  said  McLoughlin,  "do  not  abandon 
it;  though  a  loss  thus  far,  it  will  surel^^  prove  profitable 
in  time.  We  can  give  the  Californians  for  their  hides 
and  tallow  our  London  goods  at  our  own  prices.  It 
is  an  ini[)ortant  post;  do  not  abandon  it." 

Had  the  wise  men  of  the  east  and  Europe  listened 
to  this  far-seeiniif  saije  and  takciu  advantage  of  their 
opportunity",  they  might  have  doubled  their  capital 
stock  twice  over  during  the  next  five  years.  In 
184G  the  company  sold  the  establishment,  and  retired 
forever  from  San  Francisco  Bay. 

Died  at  Fort  Walla  Walla  in  1841,  Pierre  S.  Fam- 
brun,**  there  commanding  for  several  years  past. 
Visitors  often  spoke  of  him  as  an  intelligent  and  able 
gentleman.  As  an  example  of  the  latter  tpiality  I  will 
quote  an  incident:  Tawatowe  on  reaching  tlu;  gi'aiid 
chieftaincy  of  the  Cayuses  became  insolent,  and 
began  to  dictate  policy  and  prices  to  the  Hudson's 
Bay  Company.  Aided  by  his  l)rot]ier  chiefs,  he  even 
went  so  far  as  to  seize  Fambrun  one  dav,  bind  him, 
and  refuse  to  release  him,  until  he  had  [)romis('d  to 
increase  the  tariff,  that  is  the  prices  in  goods  that  he 
would  [)ay  for  furs.  Fambrun  said  little,  but  gradually 
he  drew  round  him  lesser  chiel's,  young  men  aspiring 
to  chieftaincies,  and  began  to  treat  them  with  formal 
C(rartesy,  and  to  show  the  j)eoplo  that  these  were  tlie 
men  of  rising  power  whom  the  great  corj)oration  would 
in  the  near  future  reeoixnize  as  their  i-ulers.     ^lean- 

*  A  r. :...cO-Cnnfulian  by  birth,  and  among  tin-  vt-iy  few  (if  tli;it  race  rising 
to  coiiiniaiiil.     I'anibrun  hold  a  coiiiniissioii  in  tlio  Canailian  iDrns  iliiriag  tho 
Viir  of  I.SI2,  and  was  an  otliocr  in  both  tliu  Xorllnvcst  and  J riultjan'tt  liiiy  com- 
prmics.     His  death  was  canscd  bv  a  fall  from  a  vioioua  horse. 
Him.  N.  W.  Coabx,  Vol.'  II,    11 


609 


CURHEXT  EVEXTS. 


wliil  •  tho  presents  which  ]io  had  boon  accustomed  to 
distriljute  to  Tawatowe  and  his  co-conspirators  ho  gav« 
to  tho  new  favorites,  so  that  the  fangs  of  tho  I'onner 
were  soon  extracted  and  their  inlhience  in  their  nation 
destroyed.  It  was  a  familiar  practice  of  the  company 
everywhere  when  a  cliief  became  obnoxious  to  break 
his  influence  l)y  raising  others,  and  to  put  down  one 
tribe  by  elevating  another. 

Successor  to  I'ambrun  was  Archibald  ^dcKiiday. 
In  1842  F(jrt  Walla  Walla  was  burned  and  was  re- 
built with  adobe  in  1843. 

Vv^hilo  there  in  charge  McKinlay  had  occardon  ono 
day  to  visit  the  saddler's  when  ho  observed  that  tho 
stock  of  seasoned  birch  used  by  that  functionary  was 
gradually  diminishing.  Being  informed  that  natives 
and  white  UK-n  alike  vrere  in  the  habit  of  appropri- 
ating the  seasoned  wood  out  of  which  to  make  v,hi[)- 
haiuUes,  ]McKlnlay  forbade  it.  Some  days  afier  the 
saddler  informed  iMcKinlay  that  a  young  Indi:iu  had 
just  taken  a  piece  of  wood  and  refased  to  \iv]\  ib  u[). 
McKiulav  sent  a  clerk',  William  Tod,  to  setllo  the 
matter.  Soon  he  heard  loud  voices,  and  runniuix  to 
tho  door  saw  the  clerk  and  the  native  strug'g'liag  over 
tho  wood.  Tlie  combatants  were  separate;.!,  but  not 
until  the  native  had  been  badlv  bruised. 

An  hour  after,  the  young  Indian's  ilitlier,  wlio  was 
fi  chief,  came  with  lifty  warriors  to  take  Tod  and 
punish  him.  For  Wliite  he  said,  the  great  Boston 
chief  from  Washington,  had  made  a  rule  that  if  an 
Indian  assaulted  a  white  man  the  Indian  should  bo 
flogged,  and  if  a  white  man  struck  an  Indian  the  white 
man  should  be  Hogged,  ]\[('Kiiday  refusing  to  give  up 
the  clerk  the  chief  endeavored  to  take  Tod's  life  upon 
the  spot.  Parrying  a  blow  aimed  at  Tod's  head  by  the 
enraged  chief  McKinLi}^  sprang  to  arms,  and  present- 
ing two  pistols  at  the  chief's  breast,  held  him  at  bay. 

Then  undertook  the  chief  tho  difficult  task  of 
making  tho  white  man  blush. 

"Oh!  you  magnanimous  man,"  he  cried,  "who  would 


THE  G^xpo^^^)ER  story. 


001 


Ivill  a  c-liit'f  for  taking  a  llttlo  picet;  of  wood  wliicli  you 
lii-st  stole  IVom  liis  I'oivst.     Shoot  bravo  cliicf!" 

"I  do  not  want  to  kill  you,"  MeKiulay  said,  "l)ut 
you  nuist  not  touch  my  clerk  wlio  was  only  obeying;" 
my  orders." 

Just  then  tlic  chief's  son,  who  had  slipped  round 
behind  jNIcKinlay,  struck  him  a  severe  blow  U[)on  the 
side.  McKinlay  whirled  and  seized  him  by  the  hair. 
The  enra<'ed  savaijes  made  a  rush  at  McKinlav,  who 
saw  that  bloodshed  could  be  stayed  t)nly  by  resorting 
to  some  desperate  remedy. 

Hurling  the  youni]:  \\\^\\  against  the  advancini:'  foc> 
ho  shouted  "Stop I"  Then  slipping  through  the  door 
into  the  adjoining  room,  quick  as  lightning  he  re- 
turned with  a  copper  keg  which  he  jdaced  U])on  the 
table.  Opening  it  he  showed  them  the  contents, 
Vvdiich  was  some  sixty  j^ounds  of  powder.  Then  tak- 
ing his  Hint  and  steel  he  stood  over  it  ready  to  lire 
the  blast. 

"You  think  to  frighten  us  because  we  are  few  and 
you  arc  many,"  he  exclaimed.  "You  call  yourselves 
braves,  but  you  are  dogs  and  I  defy  you.  Lift  Init  a 
flnLrer  aciainst  my  youu'j:  man  and  we  will  all  ijcrish 
together.     Sec  now  Vvho  is  afraid  to  die  I" 

Instinctively  the  savages  felt  that  !McKiiday  was 
in  earnest,  and  one  by  one  they  slunk  awa}'. 

A  day  or  two  after  Tawatowe,  a  friendly  Ca^mse, 
warned  McKinlay. 

"  AVhat  a  f(K)l  you  are,"  he  said.  "  Do  you  not  knov/ 
that  unless  you  send  the  J'oung  man  away  there  will 
surely  be  bloodshed  ?" 

"Are  you  a  chief?"  asked  ^[cKinlav. 

"Ask  the  enemies  of  my  people,"  was  the  reply. 

"And  would  you,  contrary  to  your  conscience,  send 
one  of  your  young  men  away  thi'ough  fear  of  one  who 
hated  him?" 

Thus  often  was  the  native  wrath  assuaged  by  the 
white  man's  cunning,  who  by  skillfully  playing  one 
passion  against  aniither,  brought  about  friendship  and 


I 


i 


(i92 


CURRENT  F-VENTS, 


;ift-making  where  otherwise  were  butchery  and  scalp- 


takm*^." 

In  the  aiituiiin  of  1841,  Mr  Ermatinger,  an  officer 
of  the  Hudson's  ]5ay  Company,  left  Foit  Vancouver 
for  Cahfornia  in  connnand  of  tlie  annual  trapping  ex- 
pedition. Proceeding  up  tlie  Willamette  Valley  the 
party  crossed  over  to  the  waters  of  the  Sacramento 
hy  way  of  Pit  Mountain/"  where  they  suffered  much 
fi'oni  the  cold,  as  did  a  paity  of  trappers  ten  years 
])revious,  who  lost  in  a  storm  all  their  furs  and  some 
three  hundred  horses.  While  on  the  bank  of  the 
Sacramento,  Ermatinger  received  a  letter  from  Sir 
(;!eorge  Simpson,  written  while  on  a  visit  to  General 
Vallc\jo  at  Sonoma,  requesting  him  to  meet  him  at 
Yerba  Buena  or  Monterey,  in  older  to  confer  on 
business.  Simpson  having  left  San  Francisco  iJay 
just  before  his  arrival,  Ermatinger  followed  him  to 
Monterey." 

At  various  times  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  had 
a])plied  to  the  British  govei'nnient  ior  ])rotection  in 
their  coast  traffic,  to  which  applications  the  reply  had 

•Archibald  McKinlay.  Narrative  of  n  Chief  Factor  of  the  Ifiuitoii's  Ilaj/ 
Com /HI  III/,  v.JS.,  Victoria,  1878.  In  the  matter  of  dates  and  idl  other  facts  not 
fdlinic  within  the  injincdiate  cognizance  of  tlic  narrator  but  little  relianca 
f-iiould  1)0  placed  npon  what  is  given  under  his  name,  lie  states  things  par- 
tially and  inaccurately,  from  lack  of  knowledge,  or  tl.;.  t  and  a  lack  of  con- 
science cond)ined,  though  not  intentionally  misleading.  His  accounts  of 
lUack's  death  ami  of  the  rencounters  with  I'iopio  Mochmuch,  Tianquille, 
and  Xicola  give  original  and  good  autiioi-ity,  throwing  light  upon  the  character 
of  tho  great  men  of  the  country  before  the  advent  of  the  whites.  McKinlay 
was  lioni  in  rcrthshire,  Scotland,  in  1811  and  entered  the  Hudson's  Bay  Com- 
pany's service  in  18;il  at  York  Factory.  Thence  ho  went  to  Fort  Ceary,  now 
Manitoba,  two  years  later  to  Fort  St  James  on  Stuart's  Lake  west  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  travelling  that  j^ear  'J,.")(K)  miles  on  snow-sliocs,  in  company  with 
A.  C.  Anderson.  He  was  left  in  command  at  Fort  St  James  for  six  months, 
while  Peter  Skeen  Ogdeu  was  absent.  He  was  then  placed  in  charge  at  Fort 
(ieorgc,  and  while  there  was  in  the  habit  < if  ti'avelling  GOO  miles  every  win- 
ter. Ho  was  next  transferred  to  Fort  Alexandria,  and  thence  to  Fort  Hall. 
In  1840  he  married  Sarah  Julia,  daughter  of  I'eter  S.  Ogden,  who  was  tho 
lirst  ^^■hite  woman  to  live  in  tlie  Salt  Lake  country.  From  1841  to  1840  he 
was  tlie  neighbor— "J,")  miles  distant— of  ]>r  Whitman  at  Walla  Walla.  Ho 
w.as  at  Victoria  in  1878  during  my  visit  to  that  place. 

'"Often  erroneously  written  Pitt.  Tlie  mountain  was  not  named  from  the 
Fnglish  statesman,  but  from  the  many  pitfalls  dug  by  the  natives  for  trapping 
animals. 

"  An  account  of  this  journey  is  embodied  in  Simpson's  AW.,  i.  350-j'^. 


ev 

fo 

tcj 

in 

wti 

Hill 

pli 

wcl 

wl[ 

the 

fro 

pn 


LIQUOR  TILVFFIC. 


603 


ever  been  that  vessels  of  war  could  not  l)o  sent  so  far 
for  such  a  j)urpose,  and  that  the  fur-tradeis  must  ] )!•(»- 
teet  themselves.  For  some  time  ])ast  tlie  ]3;tston 
traders  had  pressed  so  hard  their  traihe  on  the  North- 
west Coast  that  the  English  and  Russians  di;tei-mincd 
finally  to  combine  and  get  rid  of  theui.  To  accom- 
plish this  purpose  they  felt  obliged  to  employ  tlie 
weapon  most  effectually  used  by  their  competitors, 
whiskey.  Whenever  a  Boston  trader  apjuared  U})on 
the  coast,  messengers  were  despatched  in  small  boats 
from  fort  to  fort,  notifying  the  several  posts  of  the 
|)resence  and  probable  destination  of  their  rival.  Ti-ad- 
ing  goods  with  j)lentirul  su})plies  of  lI(|Uor  were  then 
sent  to  the  neiuliborhood  in  which  the  ibreign  vessel 
was  traffickinij-,  and  all  the  fui's  Ijou'jht  up  at  anv 
price  the  purchasers  were  obliged  to  ])ay.  Tiieso 
sufjerior  attractions  brought  from  afar  the  lords  of 
the  soil,  who  for  a  time  wallowed  in  debasing  bliss. 
Under  this  opposition  the  foreigners  linding  the  trade 
unprofitable  quitted  the  coast,  whcreu[)on  the  posses- 
sors of  the  field  returned  tt)  the  larger  gains  of  virtue 
and  temperance.  In  the  autumn  of  1842,  under  an 
agreement  between  the  Ilussians  and  English  the 
liquor  trade  was  discontinued  for  a  term  of  ten  years. 

It  is  needless  to  sa}^  that  the  licjuor-loving  savages 
did  not  relish  this  arrangenunit.  ]>ut  for  their  own 
safety,  to  say  nothing  of  proiits,  the  Europeans  were 
forced  to  this  course.  Eor  while  intoxicating  drink  was 
freely  sold  it  was  unsafe  for  white  men  to  ap[»ear  at 
any  distance  from  their  forts  except  in  armed  bands. 

So  reluctant  were  the  sava^res  to  conform  to  this 
regulation  that  for  a  time  they  held  back  their  furs, 
refusing  to  sell  them  at  any  price,  unless  they  (  'iJJ 
have  liquor.  Finlayson  states  that  while  a  trader  at 
Fort  Simpson,  in  order  to  induce  him  to  o[)en  the 
liquor  trade,  on  one  occasion  the  natives  assemhU'd  in 
large  numbers  and  s]iread  before  the  fort  a  tempting 
display  of  sea  otter,  beaver,  and  silver  fox,  car|)eting 
a  large  space  with  these  rich  furs,  and  oifering  them 


m 


,. :    l!   \ 


■I  : 


m 


CLTwRENT  EVENTS, 


at  tlio  pnrrliasers'  own  \)r'u'v,  if  only  ilic  pay  v/ns  in 
nun.  Finding  tlu;  wliitu  men  firm  in  their  intentions, 
tliev  tlireatened  to  storm  the  fort.  Prayers  and  thri'at.-i 
lu'insjf  alike  unavailini^  they  went  to  Sitka  and  made 
the  same  efforts  there  and  with  like  failure.  The 
jtoor  thirsty  savage  thus  foreed  to  total  ahstineneo 
finallv  he<>an  to  trade  aujain,  first  for  amnnmiti(jn  and 
then  for  Mankots.  This  happy  state  of  things  con- 
tinued until  the  country  was  overrun  with  gold-seekers 
in  1848,  when  hedlam  broke  loose  again,  and  the  nohlo 
red  man  sank  forever  in  the  slough  of  civilized  enter- 
prise. 

About  this  time  there  was  a  Hudson's  Hciy  Company 
station  established  below  the  old  fort  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Umpqua  by  Paul  Fraser.  Joseph  W.  !MeKay 
immediately  after  his  arrival  in  the  country  in  1844 
was  ordered  to  join  Fraser,  whom  he  found  in  a  state 
of  alai'm  by  reason  of  the  inilux  in  that  vicinity  of  so 
many  United  States  emigrants.  Several  ti'ains  ai-rived 
during  the  winter  of  1844-5,  and  the  fur  busines 
became  very  poor.  As  has  always  been  the  case,  many 
who  came  were  disgusted  with  the  country,  the  climate, 
and  society,  and  threatened  to  return,  and  indeed  some 
did  go  back.^^ 

In  order  to  connect  a  reconnoissance  made  oy  him 
in  1842  along  Platte  liivcr  to  the  Kocky  Mountains, 
with  the  surveys  of  Wilkes  on  the  Pacific  Coast  in 
the  spring  of  1843,  J,  C.  Fremont,  captain  of  topo- 
graphical engineers,  with  thirty-nine  men,  Creoles, 
French  Canadians,  and  Americans,  with  the  assistance 
of  Charles  Preuss,  two  or  three  scientists,  and  two 
Delawares  as  hunters,  guided  by  Thomas  Fitzpatrick, 
and  obsequiously  served  by  black  Jacob  l)obson, 
in  the  sunnner  of  1843  marched  up  the  Pcpublicaii 
branch  of  the  Kansas,  crossed  the  Platte,  saw  Pike 
Peak,  came  upon  Laramie  plains,  and  following  the 

^'McKai/s  liec,  MS.,  3;  Fbihtyson'a  V.  /.,  ]\IS.,  20. 


FREMONT  IX  OIIKfiON". 


G05 


c'luinraiit  rnad  l)y  I'ort  l-}ri(l;.;Tr,  arrivrd  (»n  i\\v  C,i]\  of 
S('[)tA'iul>er  at  Salt  Laki",  nvIutu  lie  took  a  lio.it  I'uKj. 
Nothing  (»ct'UiTL'(l  to  mar  tliu  i)loasurtM)t'  thu  journey. 
At  Fort  St  Vrain,  Kit  Carson  had  joined  the  jKirty, 
thus  riTiivinL;'  any  anxiety  as  to  the  way  thi'on;^!!  this 
now  well  known  i-egion,  which  niiglit  linger  in  the  mind 
of  the  givat  patlilinder.  Part  of  the  men  were  sent 
back,  so  large  a  \)ixrty  heing  I'ound  unnecessary. 

Bv  way  of  l'\)rt  llall  th(f  expedition  contimied  to 
the  mission  of  Whitman,  called  at  Fort  Walla  Walla 
Mhere  they  came  U[>on  .(\.[)j (legate's  emigrants  who  had 
preceded  them,  and  reached  Fort  Vancouver  early  in 
November.''' 

ILis  im[)ortant  mission  accomplished,  Fremont  was 
ready  to  return.  Leaving  Fort  Vancouver  the  1 0th 
of  XoveMiibir,  the  party  reached  tin;  JJalles  the  !Sth. 
From  this  point  they  struck  southward  to  Klamath 
Lake,  driving  with  them  a  suj)ply  <il"  fat  cattle  for 
food.  The  ])arty  now  consisted  of  twenty-live  men, 
^vith  over  a  hunih-ed  horses  and  nudes,  carrying  sup- 
plies and  dragging  a  heavy  gun,  and  their  intended 
route  was  to  the  mythical  J>uena\'entura  River,  and 
thence  through  the  Great  Basin  and  across  the  Kocky 
Mountains  to  the  Arkansas  Biver. 

It  was  the  10th  of  December  when  they  reached 
Klamath  Lake,  having  accomplished  with  ease  and 
pleasure  the  jouiiiey  thus  far  in  fine  weather  and 
through  a  level  country  of  alternate  forest  and  open 
plain.  Then  proceeding  due  cast  over  the  mountains, 
in  the  vicinitv  of  Pit  Biver,  at  that  time  well  whi- 
tened  with  snow,  the}'  next  turned  southward,  and 
continued  along  the  eastern  base  of  the-  Sierra  Nevada 
to  Pyramid  Lake,  where  they  encam])ed  the  14th  of 
January  1844.     Searching  in  vain  for  the  far-famed 


I 


'•'So  void  of  information  or  rosnlts  was  tliis  expedition  tliat  it  vonld  })e 
Tinw'ortliy  of  iiieution  in  this  connection,  were  it  not  for  tlir  fact  that  the  ex- 
pon-ses  wcro  Loi'no  by  the  United  States  governiiient,  and  that  nineh  politii'id 
capital  lias  been  made  of  it  by  ignorant  or  desi.i^ning  n;en.  (.)n  his  retui-n  ho 
accidentally  fell  into  trouble,  which  adds  a  little  interest  to  the  nan'utivc,  a.i 
we  shall  sec. 


m 


CURRENT  EVENTS. 


Buenaventura,  the  party  continued  their  way  along  a 
well  beaten  Indiou  road  south-eastward,  until  they  im- 
agined themselves  seventy  miles  due  east  %)m  Sutter 
Fort,  and  near  where  the  parties  of  Chiles"  and 
Walker  had  two  years  before  passed  over  the  Sierra. 
Carson  was  sure  <jf  his  bearings,  as  he  had  visited  the 
valley  of  (yalifornia  fifteen  years  ago.  The  tempta- 
tion to  sec  California  was  too  strong  to  be  resisted; 
and  making  a  pretext  of  the  condition  of  his  horses' 
feet,  Fremont  determined  to  cross  the  Sierra.  Taking 
now  a  long  breath,  they  plunged  into  the  snow-em- 
bosomed mountains,  and  after  a  well  fought  battle 
with  environment,  came  down  on  Fort  Sutter,  where 
they  arrived  the  Gth  of  March  in  a  somewhat  dilap- 
idated conditiisn,  but  without  having  sustained  serious 
damage. 

After  rest  and  refreshment  at  New  Helvetia,  the 
party  proceeded  southward  up  the  San  Joa(|uin  Val- 
ley, passed  by  Tulare  Lake,  and  about  the  middle  of 
A])ril  crossed  to  the  eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Xevada, 
and  from  San  Bernardijio  })roceeded  to  Salt  Lake, 
and  thence  returned  liome.  In  1845,  Fremont  found 
himself  again  in  the  Klamath  region,  where  several 
of  his  men  were  killed  by  the  natives.^^ 

'*  A  ])iirt  of  the  Chiles  comimny  had  descended  the  Sacramento  from  its 
heiid-waters,  whi  :h  wuukl  liave  beuu  the  better  way  fur  Fremont  to  liave 
taken. 

'•'/••/■(•■mo«r.s  Kiplor.  Ex.,  10->-t290;  Evans'  Hist.  Or.,  MS.,  271-2;  McLotcjh- 
I'liCa  PriciUe  Pajjera,  AIS.,  2d  ser.,  13. 


CHAPTER  XXXIII. 


THE   EXD   AXD    THE    LEGIXXIXG. 

184-2-1840. 

CATiLOcrE  OF  PAShiXi;  Events — Amehk'anizatiox  of Okeoon — ATTiTrpK  op 
OrrosiNr.  Paimiks  at  Tout  Hall— I.s  it  ilicirr  to  Kill  A.mkkk  ans? — 
ToL511K",S  RkI'OKTON  the  ^^*ILLA^rETTE  J'lain.-*— .\mki:i(A.n'  Si:ri  i.kmk.nt 
Bkijcv  ov  rirtiKT  NursD— Immicuatiov— Siiir  'Mooksti:'  -1')Oai:i)  hf 
Ma.naoement — CoMMissioNEns  Wakkk  AM)  Vavasoik — Uetiuement 
OF  McLorciiLix— iFames  Doifjr.As  in  Commanh— iNuitATrn  he  okCeh- 

TAIS'  AmEUK'AX  SETTLhllS— The  St.HOONEIl  'ShaUK' — I'o.-SKS.SliliV  Ul(;HTS 
OF  THE  HiDSON's  Hay  'JO^II'ANY — WhaT  BecA.ME  of  the  I'lrU-TltADINa 
EsTAKLISUMENT.S— liEMUVAr.  TO  ViCTOUIA. 

The  end  of  the  old  rtyiine,  tlio  l)eL>'iMnin<jf  of  the  new. 
We  are  now  amidst  the  elo.sing  scenes  of  jiaoitica- 
tion  in  tlio  Ore^'on  jiror-iM"  part  of  the  Northwest  Coast, 
and  at  the  tlireshold  of  an  era  of  ([uiet  oeeupation. 

Tliero  is  yet  some  international  sn:u  lini^  to  he  done 
in  the  partition  of  territory,  hut  peoples  often  tliiidv 
themselves  derelict  in  duty,  as  well  as  eowardly  in 
appearance,  if  tlu-v  do  not  hhister.  Tlu'  reader,  h<tw- 
cver,  need  not  he  frightened.  The  motlu-r  and  child 
■Nvho  this  century  or  two  have  been  so  husy  killing  and 
Htealing  in  North  America,  will  not  fight  over  a  tritlo 
of  the  s[)oil,  although  at  tirst  tluy  both  swivir  tliey 
will.  (Jne  says  "I'^ifty-four  forty  or  fight;"  there  are 
others  who  would  light  any  way  now  the  western 
limit  of  rapine  is  leaclied.  And  yet  th(3  mother  and 
child  will  not  tight.  They  liiow  each  otlier  too  wi'll, 
they  are  too  nearly  like,  the_,'  have  tried  it, 

l^rielly,  then,  to  complete  <)ur  catalogue,  Die  lead- 
ing events  tliat  transpired  in  ih"  (Jiegon  'I'criitory 


i  if 


COS 


THE  EXD  AND  THE  EEGIXXIXG. 


\vliilo  the  trappers  and  fur-tratlcrs  were  making  ready 
to  retire,  and  the  tradesman,  the  shopkeeper,  the 
])lounhl)oy,  and  the  sclioui-mistress  were  coming  in 
to  take  their  places;  l)riefly,  I  say,  because  the  era  of 
savagism,  though  the  savages  are  yet  not  quite  all 
dead,  is  pru(-'tically  closed,  and  the  things  relating  to 
permanent  occupation  will  be  repeated  at  length  in 
other  volumes. 

The  events  of  1842  and  1843  affecting  the  interests 
of  the  United  States  in  Oregon  were  the  sending  of 
Elijali  White  as  Indian  agent  to  tlie  Northwest  Coast, 
by  Senator  Linn  of  Missouii;  the  permission  given 
Fi'c'mont  to  make  a  tramontane  tour;  the  first  emi- 
gration pro])er  into  Oregon,  and  wliicli  first  bronglit 
wagons  west  of  Fort  Hall;  the  crystallization  of  tlie 
American  sentiment  and  corresponding  decay  of  hith- 
erto omnipotent  corporation  iniluence,  as  manifest  in 
the  invitation  by  United  States  settlers  in  the  Wil- 
lamette Valley  to  the  Canadians  settled  there,  to  join 
them  in  organizing  a  temporaiy  government,  and  on 
their  refusal  the  resolution  to  orn'anize  without  their 
aid;  the  hostile  combination  of  Walla  Wallas,  Ca3'uses, 
and  Nez  Perces  against  the  American  missions  and 
settlements  in  their  vicinity,  and  the  effectual  quieting 
of  the  same  hy  Agent  White  and  others;  the  passage 
of  a  bill  in  tlie  United  States  senate,  granting  lands 
to  settlei's;  uie  attem})ts  of  the  Willamette  Cana- 
dians to  defeat  the  Americans  in  their  provisional 
government  efforts;  the  sitting  of  the  first  legisla- 
tive assen:l)ly  and  constitutional  c(»nvention;  and  the 
founding  of  Victoria  on  Vancouver  Island,  all  stand- 
ing prominently  amidst  a  multitude  of  collateral  in- 
citlents. 

The  chief  happenings  from  1844  to  1840  jiereafter 
to  1)0  [)ropei'ly  considered,  lire  the  conduct  of  the  Ore- 
gonians  under  their  provisional  govermnent;  Indian 
depredations  at  Willamette  Falls;  first  American  set- 
tlement north  of  the  Columbia;  the  organization  of  a 
municipality,  and  the  incorporation  of  an  institute;  the 


INCOMING  OF  SETTLERS. 


099 


election  of  governor,  and  tlic  petitioning  of  tlie  united 
congress  l>y  the  provisional  government;  the  wreck  of 
the  Shark,  whose  captain  gave  her  colors  to  the  as- 
pirants for  federal  forms.  Last  of  all  was  that  eventful 
treaty  between  Great  Britain  and  the  Ignited  States, 
Mhich  designated  the  dividing  line  in  North  America 
between  Ensilish  and  United  States  domain. 


Although  the  Americanization  of  Oregon  fell  more 
to  the  missionaries  and  agriculturists,  the  inlhience 
of  the  free  trap[)ers  of  the  United  States  border 
should  not  be  overhjoked.  Above  conventional  rules 
the  freedom  and  dariuLf  of  tlieir  huntin*''  life  excited 
then'  minds  to  bold  measures,  and  fostered  in  th(!m  a 
spirit  of  independence  and  a  love  of  self-government; 
and  the  nearer  akin  it  was  to  non-statutory  govern- 
ment or  no-law  rule,  the  better.  This  element  of  sys- 
tematized lawlessness  proved  an  imjiortant  factor  in 
tlie  new  settlement.  Should  the  unwelcome  necessity 
of  government  be  tinally  I'orced  U[)on  them,  let  it  be 
under  the  lax  authority  of  the  distant  and  unprotect- 
ive  states'  confederacy,  and  altogether  away  IVom  the 
strict  military  discipline  (^f  an  omnipoti-nt  an*'  grind- 
ing cor[)oration. 

Nor  was  the  organization  of  American  citizens  on 
the  northern  irt)ntitr  under  the  name  of  the  Hunters' 
Association,  growing  out  of  the  insurrectionary  movi- 
ment  in  Canada,  and  denounced  by  })roclaniation  of 
President  'i'vler  in  IS-H, without  its  inllueiice  in  the; 
distant  north-west.  ^lullltudes  in  the  I'nited  States 
herein  sympathy  with  the  insurrection,  an<l  after  the 
failure  ot  ^.Tackenzie  at  Ttu'onto  many  cro^so  I  tin- 
border  from  Cana<la,  some  of  whom  i'onnd  t'leir  way 
to  the  western  front  it  r  and  a(M'oss  the-  Koelcy  ?.[oun- 
tains.  Thus  the  Canadians  thfuisulvcs,  \,ilh  the 
Americanization  of  ()r»'g(in,  were  to  some  small  ex- 
tent becoming  Americanize<l. 

At  l''ort  Hall,  which  was  still  in  the  ])ORscsslon  of 
the  Hudson's  ]jav  Coniiianv,  there  were  some  high- 


'm 


THE  END  AND  THE  BEGIN'NING. 


handed  proceedings,  partly  in  fun,  luit  yet  so  sober 
tliut  niiseliief  might  easily  have  eoiiie  of  it. 

A  jiarty  of  trappers  arriving,  the  British  flag  was 
lioisted  as  usual.  The  Americans  there  present  took 
umbrage  uud  di;manded  that  tlie  I'nited  States  flag 
should  he  allowed  to  wave  beside  the  British  colors. 
This  the  commandant  declined  to  do,  whereupon  a 
deputation  of  Americans  demanded  the  removal  of 
the  British  flag  and  the  hoisting  of  the  American, 
"else,"  said  they,  "we  will  make  the  substitute  our- 
selves." This  modest  request  being  likcnvise  deuietl,  a 
force  of  Americans  soon  appeared  Ixifore  tlie  fort  and 
demanded  its  sinnv-uder.  The  answer  came  from  tlie 
bastions  in  the  I'orm  of  shots  tired  over  the  heads  of 
the  assailants.  The  attacking  party  returned  the  lire 
and  several  shots  were  exchanged,  but  with  careful  and 
intentional  aim  on  both  sides  to  do  the  enemy  no  dam- 
age. Finally  the  assailants  forced  o[»cn  the  gate.  The 
commander  barricaded  himself  in  his  room.  The  sur- 
I'ender  of  the  fort  was  then  ordered  on  the  following 
tei-ms:  The  United  States  flag  should  be  hoisted,  and 
a  bairel  of  whiskey  should  be  rolled  into  the  yard 
and  tap[)ed  for  the  free  use  of  the  people  ])resent.  The 
terms  were  complied  with,  and  the  c^)untry  was  saved. ^ 

Though  not  particularly  pleased  with  the  original 
a.pi)earing  in  their  midst  of  the  fui--traders,  the  natives 
were  much  more  disgusted  when  they  saw  farmers 
driving  stakes  inb^  their  lumting-groimds. 

"Is  it  right  for  us  to  kill  the  Ami.>ricans?"  asked  a 
Cascade  chief  of  ^tcJ^oughlin  one  day, 

"What!"  roared  the  Doctor. 

"  They  or  we  nuist  die,"  the  chief  cahnly  continued. 
"Not  only  do  they  spoil  our  forests  and  drive  away 
our  game,  thus  depriving  us  of  food  and  clothing,  but 
with  their  accursed  morals  and  religion  they  sow 
broadcast  the  seeds  of  disease  and  death.  Shall  we 
kill  them  or  let  them  kill  usi"  ' 

'  Scviicn  in.  the  liocki)  Mountains,  228. 


ON  THE  SOUND. 


vol 


"  Only  a  (log  would  talk  so,"  ropli<'<l  ^rcLouglilin, 
ineffable  scorn  conspicuous  in  voice  and  features. 
'"You  are  not  a  gentleman;  you  are  not  a  chief;  you 
are  only  a  little  man;  never  speak  to  me  again;  I 
will  not  look  at  you." 

The  savage  slunk  abashed  away,  and  never  again 
was  seen  at  Fort  Vancouver.  Notwithstanding  which, 
who  shall  say  that  the  po(jr  heathen  had  jmt  the  best 
of  the  argument;  who  shall  say  he  had  not  the  right 
of  the  matter,  as  right  goes,  if  backed  by  sufficient 
strength?^ 

Visiting  the  Willamette  Plains  in  1843  for  the  pur- 
pose of  collecting  debts  due  the  coni])any,  which  were 
iisuallv  paid  in  wlieat,  there  beinsj:  now  no  monev,  and 
in  farming  sectu.iis  very  few  furs,  Tolmie  saw  every- 
where signs  of  increasing  [population  and  progress. 
And  not  onl}'  were  the  settlers  here  and  elsewhere,  in 
manv  instances,  slow  in  UKikino'  returns  for  the  seed- 
grain,  breeding-cattle,  and  farming  im[)lements  given 
them  by  McLoughlin  when  they  were  penniless  and 
oftentimes  starving,  but  they  caused  the  fur-traders 
much  annoyance  by  encroaching  on  the  comjwmy's 
cultivated  and  well  stocked  lands  at  and  arountl  Fort 
Vancouver,  Cowlitz,  and  Niscjually.^ 

Indications  were  apparent  of  American  settlements 
on  Punet  Sound.  To  the  better  behaved  of  United 
States  frontiersmen  it  hafl  been  the  custom  of  Mc- 
Louiihlin  to  ijfive  emplovmcnt.  Anion*;  other  in- 
dustries  that  of  sliinglc-niaking  was  introduced. 
Shin-^les  were  wanted  for  the  old  buildings  as  well  as 
for  tliosc  now  constantly  lu-ing  built;  they  were  like- 
wise wanted  for  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  The  Yuriket-s 
were  expert  shingle-maktMs:  and  in  1H44  s«'V(  r;d  of 
them,  Kind)all,  Crockett,  Jones,  (joi-don,  and  Push, 
the  la.st  named  having  a  black  skin,  under  the  encour- 

»  UarvnJ*  Life  of  MrLowihUn,  MS.,  30-1. 

•  Tolmi'e'ii  Pwjet  Souiui,  MS.,  14,  15.  , 


t 


702 


THE  EXD  AND  THE  BEOINNIXG. 


agomont  of  McLoughlin  procoodod  to  Pugot  Sound 
and  tliero  cn2ra2:cd  in  the  nuiniit'acturo  of  sbintjles. 
At  tlicir  head  was  Michael  Siu)ni()ns,  who  erected  the 
first  saw-mill  on  Puget  Sound;  since  which  time 
boards  enough  have  been  shipped  hence  to  house  a 
nation,* 

Emigrants  were  now  flocking  in  from  the  United 
States  in  such  numbers  as  OToatlv  to  overshadow  the 
Eneflish:  JMcLou'j^hlin  became  somewhat  nervous  in 
view  of  the  invasion.  "If  you  would  not  lose  the 
country,"  he  writes  to  England,  "you  must  ])rotect 
your  riu^lits  here."  Then  he  added  some  bastions  to 
the  fortress,  an<l  mounting  more  guns  awaited  the  reply. 
It  finally  came  in  the  form  of  her  majesty's  ship  Modcsfc, 
Captain  Baiilie,  which  entered  the  Columbia  in  1845, 
and  anchoring  before  Fort  Vancouver  remained  there 
some  eighteen  months,  or  until  after  the  treaty  was 
made.  liailHe  was  the  first  English  naval  conunandcr 
in  the  Columbia  after  Captain  Hickey.  Not  long 
after  the  arrival  of  the  Modcste  came  the  Belgian  ship 
Indrfati(j(ihh',  the  first  vessel  of  that  nationality  ever 
in  the  Columbia,  bringing  some  Jesuits,  monks,  and 
lums,  under  Father  Do  Smet,  who  were  to  establish  a 
station  amonix  the  Flatheads,  and  build  a  convent  for 
the  half-breeds  of  the  Willamette. 

McLousxhlin  had  now  reached   the  hciufht  of  his 

~  •  •     •  • 

power,  from  which  position  fate  ever  ordains  decline. 
Not  that  lie  was  a  man  ambitious  of  authority;  pat- 
ronage fell  to  him  naturally,  and  by  force  of  ciirum- 
stances.  He  was  a  born  sovereign;  and  his  rule, 
mingled  as  it  was  with  a  broad  humanity,  was  not 
such  as  in  all  cases  met  the  approval  of  his  more 
mercenary  London  associates.  Indeed  there  were 
now  those  who  wished  his  retirement,  wlio  would 
prefer  one  less  liberal,  less  philanthropic,  of  narrower 
views  favoring  a  more  selfish  policy.  This  man,  they 
said,  is  becoming  more  American  than  English,  more 
farmer  than  fur-trader.      Two  commissioners,  Warre 

*  Tohak's  ruijd  Sound,  MS.,  '21. 


McLOUCIILIX  AND  DOUGLAS. 


703 


and  Vavasour,  were  sent  out  in  1845  to  examine  into 
!Mc'Louglilin'.s  policy  and  proceedings,  and  the  state 
of  the  country  generally.  They  desjnitclied  tlieir  re- 
port without  showing  it  to  McLoughlin,  which  hurt 
Lis  feelings  greatly,  implying  as  it  did  that  his  eon- 
duct  had  been  unfavorably  criticised  by  the  conunis- 
sioncrs. 

Finally  in  order  to  curtail  his  power,  and  eventually 
to  drive  him  from  his  position,  a  board  of  manage- 
ment for  Pacific  coast  affairs  was  organized  by  the 
London  directors.^  This  board  consisted  of  three 
members,  all  chief  factors,  one  of  whom  ])resided,  and 
who  among  other  duties  conducted  the  corrcs[)ond- 
cncc  W'ith  the  London  directors." 

At  McLoughlin's  request  during  the  year  1845 
James  Douglas,  who  had  now  for  some  time  been 
chief  factor,  acted  as  his  collea'^uo  at  F(jrt  Vancouver. 

As  Douglas  had  long  before  his  elevation  to  tho 
position  of  chief  factor  been  the  subordinate  and  associ- 
ate of  ]McLoughlin,  under  whose  innricdiate  eye  in  I'act 
he  had  grown  from  youtli  to  maturity,  and  as  ho  luid 
ably  seconded  him  in  his  schemes  of  fur-trading,  farm- 
ing, and  settlement,  the  same  practice  and  ])orKy  were 
continued,  and  with  similar  results.  Indeed  the  ct)m- 
niand  i'oll  upon  one  ripe  in  experience  auvl  full  of 
promise.  Nor  was  the  company  or  people,  in  the 
main,  doomed  to  disappointment. 

It  is  true  that  ^McLoughlin  was  often  pained  by  the 
politic  spirit  of  his  colleague,  which  led  Douglas  to 
complain  of  ^[cLoughlin,  and  take  sides  against  him  in 
questions  of  polic\'  such  as  he  was  pretty  sure  wfiuld 
]ilease  the  London  directors.  Sir  (lei^rge  Sim[);^on  also 
treated   31cLoUL;hlin   badly   durlnn'    his   latter   davs. 

^Tolniio,  Pmiif  SmiiifJ,  MS.,  47,  tliiiiks  tlii.s  lioard  wan  lirst  organizcfl  in 
1S4-J  ov  1.S43.  L)\vn  tostilics,  //.  /;.  Co.  L'r.,  11.  11.  Co.  Cloi,i).<,  '2\,  that  tlio 
cliaiii^o  occuiTod  in  1S4.").  MiLoiij^lilin,  ()j.'il(n,  and  Dciiiilas  i(iiji|i()siil  llio 
liis<t  Jdiai-d.  On  Mt'Loiiyiilin's  ivtiniiiint  \\'(jik  louk  Lis  place  in  tlio  l)oaicl, 
ami  l>ouglas  in  tlio  nianagi'nu'nt  ot  Fort  Van(iuvi.r. 

'' '  Ifc  vas  Kii]iix)sc(l  ]>y  tlic  jnni(.is  tli^t  this  was  done  to  curtail  the  power 
of  Dr  John  McLoughlin,  foinn  rly  s-ole  ii!aiia}.'ti',  and  iierhapw  with  ti  view  of 
iuduoiug  him  to  retire.'  Toltnk'al'mjit  kvund,  MS.,  47. 


704 


THE  END  AND  THE  BEGINNING. 


McLonglilin  finally  retired  in  tlie  spring  of  184G,  to 
Oregon  City,  where  he  died  in  1857.^ 

It  is  not  so  eas}'^  as  it  was  to  worship  men.  It  is 
not  HO  easy  as  it  was  to  worship  anything— except 
money.  The  world  is  getting  old  and  rheumatic;  and 
with  a  sense  of  its  own  infirmities  comes  a  sense  of 
inlii'mity  in  all  things.  We  used  to  adore  nature, 
Imthing  in  sunshine,  revelling  in  woods,  and  lioating 
down  calm  currents.  But  with  the  balmy  air  come 
now  flying  bugs;  rattlesnakes  creep  through  the  wav- 
ing grass;  and  beneatli  the  placid  sun-silvered  waters 
the  big  fish  are  all  devouring  the  little  fish.  Why  ore 
men  made  like  fishes?  Nature  is  no  longer  adorable. 
Nature  is  a  fascinating  fraud.     Nature  is  a  failure. 

Now,  were  I  in  the  worshi[)ful  mood,  l)efore  this 
man  I  might  bend  my  stiff  knee,  nor  heed  its  crack- 
iuGf.  Why?  What  is  there  of  ijreat-man-ism  about 
him?  He  is  not  a  statesman,  for  his  hands  are  clean, 
his  tongue  is  single,  and  self  comes  not  always  before 
duty.  He  is  not  a  money  magnate,  for  looking  into 
his  breast  and  then  beyond  the  stars  he  sees  some 
things  moi"o  brightly  fair,  more  worthy  the  att'^ntion 
of  innuoi'tal  mind  than  golden  calves.  He  is  not  a 
divinity  man,  nor  a  conventional  morality  man;  he 
teaches  and  preaches  only  as  does  a  shining  mark 
upon  a  hill-top  beckoning  pilgrims  onward  and  ujv 
ward;  furthermoi-e,  he  walks  within  no  circle  of  tradi- 
tion, and  ojiens  not  his  mouth  with  musty  sayings  to 
«>ars  attuned  to  um-eason  and  conventicMial  hypociisy. 
He  is  not  a  subsidy-seeking  railway  incorporator,  nor 
a  niiru;  manipulator,  nor  an  agitator;  before  any  of 
these  i\]c  unservile  knee  refuses  to  bend. 

I  thinl;  of  him  as  if  present;  and  so  he  is,  though 
he  were  dead  this  (|uarter  century  and  more.  I  never 
saw  him,  and  yet  1  see  him;  I  never  heard  him,  and 
yet  he  spi\iks  to  mo  now;  I  never  grasped  his  hanil, 
but  I  feel  his  presence,  and  am  the  better  for  it.     The 

'Anderson,  I/int.  J^^'orthirext  Coaul,  MS.,  10,  erroneously  places  hia  retire- 
ment in  Ui'i' 3.  und  Iuh  deutli  in  1600. 


EULOGY  OX  McLOUGITLIX. 


705 


good  tlmt  a  man  docs  lives  after  liim,  saith  tlio  scor; 
and  in  writiiiL,^  tills  volume,  in  writinLC  any  volume  that 
I  WW  liave  written,  I  have  encountered  ll-w  rlianicters 
vliirh  stand  out  in  sueli  i;Tand  and  majestic  ]»ro|>or- 
tions.  Few  ])ersons  have  done  him  justice.  His  lito 
should  he  written  hv  the  ivcordinLj  an<'-el  and  pilhired 
at   the  erossinn"  of  tlie   two   chief  hieh\vav>*  of   the 


Idis  ti 


111 


Id 


umvei'se.  ills  tiery  gc-nllent'ss,  Jiis  nnid  energy,  Jiis 
innate  goodness  and  nobleness  of  heart,  his  ma;4'na- 
nimity,  his  benevolence,  his  unfathomable  intei^i'ity, 
and  his  clearness  and  lirnniess  of  intellect  have  all  been 
told.  Search  these  shores  fi'om  Dai'ien  to  Alaska, 
and  you  find  none  such;  take  your  books  and  >tudy 
them  iVom  the  cominijf  of  J]uropeans  to  y<>nr  last 
municipal  or  state  election,  and  you  will  disco\Tr  no 
such  j)erson  portrayed.  His  lift;  thougli  (piitt  and 
untrumi)eted  was  full  of  ulorv;  vi't,  like  manv  another 
good  man  his  end  was  not  a  hap])y  one,  for  in  his  old 
au'e  he  was  caULjht  in  a  wi'l)  of  le'j:al  tei.-hnicalities 
which  proved  his  wincHiig-shc-et. 

It  \\as  t!ie  sad  ending  of  a  long  career  of  usefulness 
and  beuex'olence.  His  record  is  one  of  which  any  man, 


lowever 


hi'jrl 


1  or 


hob 


nuL 


fht  b 


)e  prout 


1 


1.      It 


IS  ai)so- 


)W  manv  ol  lus 


f  h 


lutelv  staiidess,  whoHv  noble;  of  h* 
iud''es  can  as  much  be  said.'  ]']n'j,'llshmen  as  well  as 
Americans  may  blush  for  tlieir  treatment  of  him,  for 
theii'  hea[>ing  of  sorrow  upon  his  venei'able  head,  lor 
their  laci'rating  of  his  pure  and  sensitive  hear:.  Said 
an  umpire  in  an  arbitration  to  me  once:   "]>(th  sides 


w 


:ere  di-^satisfjed  ;  ihei'efore  1  could  not  h. 


\i\C. 


] 


cell 


ar 


from  light."  ^[cLougliliu's  associates,  Avhom  hi'  had 
s(,'rved  for  more  than  a  (juaiti'r  of  a  cetiturv  v,  itii  iii- 
t(>Higent  zeal  and  strict  iidelity,  raising  liis  d(  part- 
nuMit  I'rom  a  comparatively  Imw  estate  to  wealth, 
])ower,  and  im[)ortance  second  to  none,  disliked  liim, 
reproached  him,  if  indexed  tliey  (hd  not  spurn  him 
because  out  of  the  purest  dictates  only  of  a  liumane 
heart  he  befriended  famishing  sti'angers,  the  United 
States  settlers,  whosi'  ])reseiice  tluy  hated. 

UlsT.  N.  W.  Coast,  Vol,.  II.    io 


w 


'  W. 


m 


706 


THE  END  AND  THE  nEOIXXIXr,. 


Nor  was  this  alwuys  a  pl(;asin,iif  task,  ovoii  loi-  tlio 
Ivind-lieartocl    St'otdiman.      These    L.-aii,    eadaverous, 
(Hrt-taniiod   ox-ih'ivers,  witli    busliy  lieads,   Jiiid  (hdl 
iiniiitelli^'eiit    eyi's    sunken    in    sorrow,    followed    hy 
iinnine-\  isaL;-ed  women  andehildren,  cold  and  ill.  hare- 
i'ooted,  iind  with  onlyr.igs  for  raiment,  arrivini^'  in  tho 
wet  autunui  absolutely  without  a  dollar  in  any  kind  (»f 
property,  haviniL,^  lost  their  all  u[)on  the  way,  and  many 
of  their  former  e(»m])anionseven  their  lives,  wlint  were 
tiny  .u^oing'   to  do   in   this   cold  cheerless  wilderness, 
witluuit  house  or  tent,  or  hut  even,  without  blankets, 
or  clothes,  or  meat,  or  bread?     Si m])ly  starve.     And 
this   was  exactly  what  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company 
as  a  conscienceless  corj)oration  would  have  them  do. 
It  was  to  the  interest  of  the  comjtany  to  have  these 
cmigrjuits  die  as  fast  as  they  ari'ived.     As  a  coi'pora- 
tion,  I  say,  tiny  would  assui'edly  have  left  them  to 
die;  but  as  men,  and  eye-witnesses  of  thosc^  sulferini^s, 
then;  never  was  a  Scoti-hman  or  ;ui  I'^nylishnKin  that 
traded  I'urs  in  An)erica  or  held  stock  in  ;uiy  Ih'itish 
i'ur  com[)any  who   would  have  turned  his  bjick  u])on 
them.    ^[cLouj^'hlin  could  not  do  it,  not  for  all  Imilj- 
hmd   could  he,    and   yet   his    com[)any   theoretically 
blamed  him  for  not  doinuf  what  not  one  of  them  indi- 
vidually could   have  been   bi()U<>ht  to  do  undei-   any 
circumstances.    How  shai'p-tsdged  is  coiporation  intel- 
lect on   the  side  of  inteiest  ;    how  slow    of  wit  and 
illogical,  not  to  say  stolidly  brutish  and  mercilessly 
<-ruel  when  (lod  or  humanity  calls  for  sacrilice  I    I  la[)])y 
luoncy-makers  who  can  thus  sink  the  moral  responsi- 
bilitv  of  the  individual  in  the  bloodless  body  of  a  cor- 
poration! 

J^ut  what  shall  I  say  of  the  poor  wretches  ]SIc- 
Louii'hlin  saved  from  death  i  Better  have  let  them 
<]ie,  some  of  them.  Some  of  tlu;m  were  good  and  true, 
working  with  a  will,  they  and  their  wives  and  their 
childreji,  until  their  l)enefactor  was  every  dollai-  ])aid, 
and  ever  after  holdinjjf  his  name  in  u'rateful  remem- 
braucu.     These  were  the  salt  of  Oregon ;  and  let  their 


INORATITUDE. 


707 


postoritj'  over  call  them  lili'sscd.      T]ut  of  those  win 


in  tlieir  dire  distress  received  tlu;  old  man's  k-iidi 


ie>s 


and  never  after  i'ej)aid  it,  m-ver  tried  to  lepay  it, 
ne\er  acknowlediuft'd  it;  of  those  who  received  kind- 
ness and  ri'paid  it  only  in  vilityini'"  their  henefactor, 
J  say,  hetter  tenfold  thosi;  men  had  heen  left  to  die, 
and  that  no  oll'spiinn"  upon  whom  the  (hsL^n'ace  of  snch 
])arenta,ine  had  i'allen  should  ever  have  encumhei-ed 
the  earth. 

And  alter  all  their  wretched  I'ohbery  of  i^ootls  an<l 
jjjood  name,  the  simple-hearted  old  man  seemed  still 
to  have  confidence  in  them,  to  trust  them,  "In  tlif 
sunnner  of  JH4;),"  lu^  wi-ites,  '"a  lunidter  of  the  immi- 
grants ol' last  year,  headed  hy  ^[r  llastinjjfs,  not  heini^* 
satisliud  with  this  country,  left  for  California.  As 
tliey  were  in  want  of  nieans,  I  made  them  some  ad- 
^■an(•es  which  they  were  to  pay  to  the  late  ATr  Kae  at 


s. 


u\  Irancisco: 


hut  f 


ew  t 


lid 


so. 


Th 


IS  was  a. second 


ese 


advance,  it  nuist  he  i-ememhered,  for  many  of  th 
men  he  had  succored  once  on  their  arrival,  and  assisted 
a^ain  on  their  depai'ture,  no  further  attention  heini;' 
]>aid  to  either  ohli^ation  in  man}'  instances,  attei- 
leaving  the  country. 

While  the  hovindary  question  reniained  in  abeyance, 
no  ^I'eat  predilection  was  shown  for  the  north  side 
of  the  ('olund)ia  as  a  ])lace  of  settlement  until  tlic 
airiNal  of  the  United  States  schoom-r  S/iark  in  IS4(!. 


d 


Captain    Ilowison,   whose    })resL'nci'    cai.  .,  .     , .. 

llutter  amonjj;'  tluMii,  s(;emin!^ly  indicating;  Anu'rican 
possession  to  the  4'.)th  [>aralKl,  although  the  conihict 
of  the  captain  in  no  wise  warranted  such  expectation. 
!Many  Americans  at  this  time  lel't  the  Williniett- 
and  examined  the  laiuls  round  Fort  Vancouver  and 
els(!where,  ready  to  ]iounce  upon  a  farm  at  a  moment's 
notice,  l)ut  no  overt  acts  of  trespass  were  connnltted."' 

After  the  Ignited  States  had  come  into  |)osses.si(»n 

^  Lctti  r  of  0<j(li'it  (i>"l  Doiiijluf  to  Cctjituln  Dunlze  of  tin  Fisijaurd,  Ttli  Si  [it. 
1840,  in  Martins  11.  11.,  37. 


708 


THK  END  AND  TIIK  I'.lXllN'XINtJ. 


of  tlK'  couiiti'v,  tlic  Hndson's  Hay  ro!ii]»miy  still  Ik  Id 
j)()s.sc'!5S()ry  ri^lits  wliidi  witc  i-i'spccti-d  l)v  tlie  treaty 
«.f  184(5.  Thvy  liad  claiins  at  Walla  Walla,  IJoiso, 
]  lall,  A'^ancouvvi",  and  iVis(jually.  IVndiiin*  tin;  liiial 
adjustiiu'iit  of*  their  elaiiu.s  tlio  C()iiii)any's  settlers 
could  ?iot  obtain  titles  to  their  lands,  and  in  tlu'  l)ei;in- 
ning  dl'  towns,  a  ^-ood  location  was  sometimes  ahan- 
(luned  r>»r  a  jjoorer  one.  Thus  Fort  A'ancouvei-, 
everytldng  considt^i'i!!!,  would  have  boon  a  bettor  situ- 
ation tor  the  metropolitan  city  of  Oregon  than  the 
site  of  tno  present  lV)rtland.'' 

Wliao  ultimately  became  of  the  palisades  and  build- 
ings that  s(>rved  so  good  a  j)urpose  in  I'ur-hunting  and 
emiifrating  times?  Some  yet  stand;  some  have  lalleii 
into  decay;  some  were  dismantled,  abandoned,  or  d<,'- 
stroyed. 

At  Ump(|Ua  in  18.")!  the  stockade  with  two  bastions 
■was  stainhng,  and  d.  ]"5.  Gagnier  in  charge.  'I'he  fort 
was  then  in  good  i-epair.  After  Gagnier,  King  v.a>< 
])laced  in  charge.  Then  tlu^  settlers  came  in  and  killed 
th(^  company's  cattle  and  sijuatted  on  the  land. 

Before  liS.')l.  the  stockade  was  taken  down,  leaving 
only  the  dwelling,  l)arns,  and  out-housos.  The  lands 
thereabout  were  then  in  a  fine  state  of  cultivation. 
The  company's  buildings  at  Chamj)oog  were  carried 
away  by  the  tlood  the  od  of  Dec  ember  ICfJl.  (a-ad- 
iially  after  liS4()  the  profits  (  f  furts  Hall  and  Ijoise 
fell  off,  owing  to  ti'oubles  betwcenthe  whites  and  Ind- 
ians, and  finally  they  were  abandoned  by  tin;  i'ui'- 
traders.  The  Hudson's  Bay  Gonii)any's  elfects  at 
Fort  l[nll,  owing  to  Indian  hostilitii-s,  were  in  185(5 
remo\-ed  to  the  Flathead  ]»ost.  After  tlu;  destrui'tion 
of  P)oisc  by  the  remarkable  rise  of  Snake  Iviver  in 
ISfiS,  the  jilace  was  only  jiartially  repaired.  Owing  to 
llie  Indian  massacre  in  that  vicinity  in  1854,  the  fort 
was  ab.indoned  in  1855, 

In  the  s(!t(  lenient  of  claims  it  was  shown  that  in 

«i'7///f.;y..7w',s  I'.  J.,  MS.,  SI. 


FORT  niorEiiTY. 


700 


1840,  ])Osi(les  Same'  Island  and  its  daii'ics,  the  cdni- 
]»any  liad  in  usi^  for  rarmlni^'  and  pasturaj^i;  a  iVontai^t; 
«»n  llic  norlli  l)ank  »•('  \\\v.  ('ohinibia,  ol'  tliiity-mK! 
miles  Ity  a  dr[t{li(il'  iVoin  three  to  liitLn.'n  niilus,  tin.' 
tract,  consistinLj  of  ojicn  jilains  interscotcd  I>y  lults 
of  tinilu'r,  and  cxtcndinj^'  IVoni  two  miles  al»o\e  (In; 
saw-mill  totlie  small  stream  ()j)i)osite  where  iKtw  is  St 
lli'len.  The  _'L;rist-mill  and  saw-mill  were  runnin_!L^ 
linely,  and  two  thonsjind  barrels  of  salmon  were  cured 
annually  lor  use  and  exportation. 

limated  tlu;  ti'act  to  contain  :!.">() 


Tl 


i(»mas  Lowt 


,11 


es 


s(|uai'e  miles,  or  KiO, 000  acres,  uhich  he  thouj^ht  worth 
i'l  ISK;  at  least  two  and  a  hall'  dollars  an  ai;ri',  and 
the  foi't,  harns,  dairies,  and  mills,  l)ase(l  u[»()n  thi.ir 
value  te  a  husimss  like  that,  ol'  the  ilud.-jon's  J>ay 
('om[iany,  ^?r>00,000  more.  The  halance  sheet  oi"  the 
husinc'ss  of  the  cniijiany  west  of  the  ]tocky  3doun- 
tains  showed  a  jtroiit  then  of  from  .I'lMjOOi)  to  <;;)."),- 
000  per  annum.  'J'he  profits  on  tlat  Indian  trade 
youth  of  the  null  jiai'allel  was  £7,000  per  annum. 

Some  of  the  huildin^v-.  at  I'^ort  Vancouver  wt-i't! 
burned;  otheis  wi'ie  torn  down,  and  before  tin-  com- 
])any  abandoned  the  place  the  mills  lirst  buill  had 
I'alli'ii  iuio  decav,  and  others  had  been  eivcted.  The 
lands  Were  taken  possession  <>f  by  settK'rs  under  I'nited 
States  donation  laws.  The  ipiarters  occu[)ied  by  the 
conij)aiiy  became  ,iL>;radually  curtailed  as  the  land  and 


buiM 


in''s  \v(. 


re  taken  bv  the  settlers,   until  between 


militarv  and  civilians  but  little  was  left  them.  This 
bein!4"  regarded  by  many  as  tin;  best  site  i'or  a  riiy,  a 
town  was  laid  out  and  the  lots  partially  sold  I'oi-  the 
belieiit  of  the  coUlitx'.  1  >ut  the  claims  of  the  llud- 
son's  ])ay  ('omj)any  bein^'  yet  unsettled,  a  satisfactory 
title  (-•ould  not  he  Lnveii.  Meanwhik'  Poitliind  sjnani;' 
up,  took  the  lead,  and  maintained  it. 


M: 


ijor 


Hatl 


lawav  was   m  eomm 


mid   of  two   coiu- 


'ITudsoii's  Tiiy  (''iiniii!iiiy':ulTk.  Fort  Vniuoiivcr.  from  ls41  tii  ISi.'O.  wlicn 

liu.siucsti  until  rst;u,  ill  wliicU 


W   M  (lit    to  (!l'(.!.<  M  (  'l|\' 


.1x1  •! 


tiiiR'  he  BCttk'tl  ui  a  iiicicli; 


III  .•!  cc  ll;ll:l^^u•ll 
a  ^'ielu^ia. 


710 


THE  END  AND  THE  BEGINNING. 


]):uiios  of  United  States  artillery  at  Fort  Vancouver 
ill  1H41.  He  was  succeeded  by  Colonel  Loring.  The 
staii-oliicers  were  ((uartered  in  buildings  rented  from 
the  ]  ludson's  IJay  Company,  while  the  other  otficeis 
Mild  men  occu|>ie(l  tents.  In  IHaO  (jua)'ters  \vei"e  eon- 
strncted  for  the  military  by  the  go\ernmcnt. 

]^y  l<S(iO  the  company's  for-ce  at  Fort  Vancouver 
was  ivduced  to  fourteen,  officers  and  men.  While 
( "liicf  Ti-ader  Work  was  in  ("liai-gc^  Mr  Crahame  then 
i)ein<''  absent,  the  iields  yut  i"emainiii<>'  in  possession  of 
tiic  company  on  the  west  side  of  the  fort  were  taken 
by  General  Harney  for  military  pui'poses.  Work  was 
prniiitted  to  remove  from  the  ground  designated  whal- 
tvcr  he  pleased,  but  there  was  comi»av;itively  little 
which  could  1k'  i'e'm(>ved.  It  was  not  jdcasant  to  tli<3 
eyes  of  the  old  servants  to  see  the  |>lac(;  I'azed,  the 
ancient  laiidniarks  ujn'ootcd,  fences  torn  down,  and 
liuilihngs,  even  those (hlapidated  and  wholly  worthless, 
filed,  (sralianie  arriving  the  •J.'ith  [irotested  against 
what,  notwithstanding  treaties  and  i\'imbnrsements, 
he  could  but  feel  to  be  vaiidalic.  Finally,  ab(»nt  the 
middle  of  June  18(10  (li-ahame  and  his  subordinates 
withdrew  i'rom  the  V^an(!ouver  establishment,  leaving 
at  last  tlieii"  fair  Columbia  to  the  Yankees.  1'hus 
(le|iaited  forever  tlie  ghn'v  of  !'^)rt  A'ancouver;  thus 
terndiiated  tlu'  magniticeiit  carei'r  of  the  adventurei's 
of  England  in  the  now  ixstricted  tei'iitojy  of  the 
Ori'gon. 

All  the  wild  cattle  north  of  tlie  ( 'olumbia  were 
bought  by  W.  A\'.  (  hapmati.  but  as  it  was  very  ditficnlt 
to  tin<l  them,  <tr  to  catcii  them  when  found,  he  made 
little  by  his  bargain.  'I'lie  tanu.'  cattle  round  the 
si\eial  stations  were  otherwise  disposi'd  of  by  the 
company.  Some  of  thi'  wild  cattle  were  shot  by 
hunters,  and  sold  in  the  markets  under  tic  name  of 
(Ik;  but  not  so  many  v,  ere  thus  inade  way  with  as 
was  claimed  by  the  company. 

Tlie  company's  lands,  bnikhngs.  and  ri\c'i'-landing  at 
Champoeg  Mr  Lowe  thought  Nsorth  Si!), 000.     I'ort 


GOVERNMENT. 


711 


"NValla  Wulla,  Its  lands  and  Ijiiildinu^s  based  upon  tlicir 
cost,  hi-  tliou'^lit  worth  i:r)0,OUO;  Okanagan,  6-J,000; 
Colvilli',  .^l::b,000.'i 

Pint  of  tlio  company's  I)uildin^-s  at  Colvilli^  wrvv. 
torn  down  or  scizi^-d  l)y  the  settlers,  jtnd  part  wci'o 
licld  lor  the  company  h\  Anujus  McJ)onald,  \\lio  was 
stationed  then'  from  IH.VJ  to  IS,")",  and  .-irtei'  ISJl). 
'^riiis  post  became  the  centre  of  sn]i]tly  for  tlie  ( "oluni- 
bia  Jiiver  nihies  above  Priest  Pa[>ids,  ;is  wt  11  as  those 
of  IVnd  d'Oieille  ]liver,  Salmon  i''oik.  Ivooteiini, 
Pock  Creek,  Amei-ican  Creek,  Sin;ilkanieen,  Xorthei'ii 
Idaho.  'I'homjsv)!!  ]{iver,  and  ( 'a 'iboo.  'Die  oM  posts 
of  Ivootenai  nnd  ()k->naL!,an  wi-re  ,d)out  IS.VJ  lenioved 
noi'th  of  the  li:;",  most  of  the  eifects  (»f  the  1  itter 
goini^"  to  Similkameen.  An^ns  ALcDonald  ]»ailially 
occupied  tlie  Flatliead  post  in  JS47-I),  wlun  it  was 
finally  abandoned  by  the  company.  Walla  AValla  with 
all  its  i^oods  was  altan<loned  in  ■  ,S.').')  by  .lames  Sinclair, 
then  in  chai'in'e,  upon  an  oi  icr  I'r-om  Xatlian  ( )lney, 
Indian  a^vnt,  lyivcn  Ibr  fear  the  ]>lace  'vouid  tall  into 
the  hands  of  tji',-  sava'jfes.  (Jraduallv  tlie  stockade 
and  buildings  compi'isini^  Foi-t  (ieori^e  Avere  torn  down 
and  removed  as  the  town  of  Astoria  advanced. 


o- 


Xotwithstandint;'  the  proclamation  of  federal  pi 
divities,  and  llie  inauy;ui'ation  of  self-L;(!\ernmcnt 
undej'  federal  foi'ms  on  the  jilains  of  the  Willanietti', 
the  whole  countiy  continued  u]>  to  this  time,  \  iitually 
in  ])ossrssion  of  the  I'ji^lish.  There  was  now  to  be  a 
vital  change,  so  far  as  the  ()re<j;'on  'IV'i'ritory  was  con- 
cerned, a  revolution  none   tlie   less  leal  and  thoro^^■ll 


"  ^[^  Ainli'i'siinV  i\--ti!ii;iti' MMs  inurh  liiu'lur:  ii;iiii<ly,  ok:nri;,';ni.  .*."i(),()0(t; 
Ci.hill.'.  .N".(«i.(io,);  Enrt  A'.inomvi'r.  its  1:mh1.s  nml  (Icii'.iiiliii.li  s,  si  .'kio.oim). 
McArtliiii- r.-.iM.l  J.dW.'s  i>tiii'iiti.'  <<(  \\iill;i  W.iihi  to  !rl(wt.(KH»,  Viilncl  Vnit 
iJui.si'iit  ^|.",ll.<KH>,  ;iiiil  imt  ilir  yiuv  of  r..rt  Ui\\\  ;it  .Sl.'id.tHM)  Insiclis  .•<•.'()  ;iu 
ni'ie  fur  nil  hiiul  luiilrr  i  ullivMiiaii  niid  s|  nii  iu  re  t'ur  \»  iM  ImihIs.  tiu- w  liulo 
tlint  tliiTi  iliiiimcl  liy  tln'  JIihImmi's  I'.jiy  «'(iiii]':my  1ii"'|!l'  !•  liy  '-'It  liiiU's,  nt 
vliiili  r;itt'  t'nrt-liiiili!in:,'imil  liiinl-stfaliiiu'  ii.-'sMit'illy  mil- 1  liavi>lMiii  pintitiihlc. 
Till'  I'litliiiiil  |Mi>t  \\ii-i  \:iliitil  at  ■'-;S,(K)0.  MiKiiilay  r;  Im'h  I'nrt  N'aiicotivcr  ti> 
j;|,li(H),(HMt.  'J  ln'  jiiici's  ]il(iviil  iiiiiiii  llirHc  ami  other  ]in)|n'rtii's  liy  witiu.'sni'S 
fur  tlio  I'liitid  States  vas  mueli  less;  jii  hhiiio  ilistaucon  not  more  tliuil  ono 
tuiitii  I'f  tliu  cstiiii.»t.(.d  of  the  Iliulsuii'a  liay  olinxis. 


m 


THE  KXD  AXD  THE  BEGIXNIXG. 


because  peaceful.  How  can  it  bo  of  dlfiereut  con- 
he(jui;uce  to  governiuents  and  ])Coples  whether  lands 
and  dominions  he  leuulated  Ity  hloodv  arhiti'anient  or 
solemn  eont'irenee?  Is  liistory  (Mily  battles  and  but(*]\- 
eiy?  And  is  the  record  of  Oregon's  bej;inning  less 
important  because  brute-passion  failed  to  crimson  the 
[j^reensward  of  the  lowly  Valley  Willamette?  All 
honor  to  the  fair  honesty  and  Christian  intelligence 
of  the  two  nations  that  made  the  early  history  of 
Oregon  so  peaceful  and  pleasing! 

Aftei-  the  settlement  of  the  (picstion  of  Ixtundary 
most  of  the  ILudson's  ]>ay  CoHi[»any's  stores  on  the 
Columhia  w  re  transferred  to  Fort  A'ietoria  on  Van- 
couver iNland,  hut  for  several  years  thereafter  a  suh- 
oi'dinate  otiicer,  with  a  lew  men,  I'emained  tit  Fort 
A'anconver.  I  jion  the  tinal  se-ttlement  of  the  jx^sses- 
soi-y  li'^hts  of  the  iMrjlish  eorporation  in  Orei-on  -ind 
Washington,  their  farjiis  and  imj)rovements  were  sold 
and  the  operations  of  tlu;  com[)any  thereafter  eenti-ed 
at  Virtoria. 

Aiid  now  i\\c  spoliation  of  its  aboriginal  oceupants 
Ix'ing  praetically  eomi)lete,  and  the  spoilers  having 
partitioned  tlu^  pr*'V,  the  Northwest  Coast,  or  any  part 
(»f  it, ceases  I'or  whatsoever  time  it  may  to  Iv  Debatable 
( rround. 


IXDEX. 


r;on;    Cowlitz   ValK'V,    l-llT-t'.,   ii. 


li 


An,  Piatcr  Vaiukr,  nia]),  1' 


II. 


AMintt.  uitli  Wyc'tir.s  (  xjucl.,  ii.  ."((i 
AlHidiiii,  J^Diil,  oil  IJi'.  i]Ui>ti()n,   ii. 

.•i.is.  .H);»  |(». 
.VIicTiutliv,  Or.  iiii.ssioii;irv,  ii.  07"'. 
Al)Uic()s,  l:iii,L;ili)i  I  of,  i.  !>1. 
Aiailiri,  limits,   I.V.li.  i.  .'{.'i;!;  I'Dloiiiznl 

i.  .'{S.')-  (i;  Fniuli  <lriv«-ii  fi-"iii,  i.  4iK). 
,\(';iilii',  Kci'  Nova  Si'iiliii,  i.  'Jl'. 
A.'Dsla,  on  111  irtli- west  jKissauf,  i.  (!S-(). 
'Attiva,'  0:1  N.  \V.  i-oast,  17'.'-',  i.  -'s:!; 

atrvnK!;;!,  17 '-.  i.  -'^'••;   i7'.'"i.  i.  :>i»l. 
'Acli\c'oi(ii.sL'  ill  iiDilli-wrst,  lN'J,S-;j(), 

i.  ;{ii. 

Ai'Ui'o.  tiiv.ii  of  (,>;iivira,  i.  110. 
AdaiiiM  C::])!',  jicci'ta  si^lit.i.  i    Ki.l. 
Adams. M mint.  M'fL<.\vi.-iainl('.  cxiinl., 

ii.  1)1. 
Ailaiiis  Toii't,  see  Lewi.saml  ( '.exin  il., 

ii.  .".7. 
Adam.s.  .sei'V,  .\.<toria  n'ston  il,  ii.  "Jill ; 

lilur  to  Ijiisli  on  A.stiiiia   restorcrl, 

ii.   Ji.'i.V-d;  on  title   .\.  \V.  c•oa^lt,  ii. 

;t:;ii,  ;!K).  ms.  x,.\  hm. 

Adanisnn,  Cai.t.  .lolin,  \iiya'.res,  17!'-. 

i.  •_'(;.'»;  at  NoolUa.  I7'.ll,  i.  "J:  7.  i 

Addinu'ton,  eonmii'siiHufto  the  .\.  W.  ! 

eoast,  ii.  ;!iis,  :,7(»,  ;i7."i,  M'.>.  :iM». 

Adhiiial  lie  Font,  strait.s  of,  (iiay  le- 

diM'o\cr.-<,  \~S:\  i.  •_'««!.  , 

AdiliiialtV    Inlet,    l!inj,';_'oid    eNplcHiS, 

ii.  (i7;!.' 
'.\il\('ntnie,'sliMi|),  enii--e.  17!i'J,  i.  •_'.">!•. 

•J(il,  •Jii.'i-l. 
'.Vdventuicr,'    on     iiortl.wt  .-^t     coafit, 

I7SS,  i.  1  !!•_'.  -Jil-J. 
Auate,  A.  S.,  on  ex|>l.iriii;,'  exin-d,,  ii. 

(111!),  (isj. 
A^'Uese,  111,1]),   l.'.'tii,  i.    !•_':{. 
..\>,i'id.t,    Maria   de    .le>i|.s    de,    M.iliu'e 

and  Kino  hear  of,  |t;<i!l,  i.  Ii:!. 
A;.'iiinltiire,  \.  W.  e(ia.>*t.  lM\:iiuiin'.'. 

ii.   AAn--2,  .".00  1;    li.    Iliy  (...,   ii. 

440  4.  ."rfll,."(H:  at  r..rt<'..l\i!le,  ii. 

47-;    \S  lll.inietle  \'al!e\,  liej.ie,dnL, 

ii.   "jOU;    l''ort  \'ainoiis<  r,    l.s;>7,   ii. 


1  l"i.  j  ..\L;iiilai',  .M.  lie,  explorations  of  I'acil 


^t.  KilKi.  i,  KS.  I  Hi  '». 
■K 


Aj;iiilar  Jaitiaiice,  Jelieivs  niaji,  1/li-i, 

i.  !:;•_'. 

A>jiiil:ir  Kio  de,  A"ili!ar  names,  i.  S.S; 

see  { 'oluiiil)ia,  i.  (il  I. 
Auuil.irilivi  r,  IViez  seek-,  177'''.  i.  1"<'. 
AijiHiin,   San,   Spuni.irds    loiind   fmt 

at,  lol).'),  i.  1!». 
Aliaciis,  Ni/a's   ii'iior;  of,    LVKi,  i.  4li. 
Aliijado.s,  pvoviiK'e.  lo(J_',  i.  MM. 
.\iilon,  \'.  de,  exploralioMs.  i.  TJ. 
Ai;l;.  ;i,  ..n  X.  \V.  e  past,  ii.   I.V,)   I. 
Alaliama,   Spaiiiirds  e\i>loi-e,  I.VIO,  i. 

l."i;  (.'oxe  a.sicnds,  i.   IJii. 
Alaininos,  exiMMJiiii'ii.  l.">l!l.  i.   II. 
Alareoll,    e\|i|iii;ilii)iis,     l.'iJd   .'i,    i.    11, 

l(i.  17.   II,   l«i. 
Alisl.a,  lli~,..iy  ..f,  17-N  7s.  i.  'J!'  "d; 

S|ianiards»ex|ilore,  177'.l,  i.  17;>;  l.n 

I'eriillse   evpliires,    i.     17>;     .Means' 

(,'X|ie  1.    to    17m'',    i.    177;    roitlmk 

reaelirs,    l7.Mi,  i.   17'>;  pliy.sieal  fea- 

tuie.s,  i.    iMi)    Id. 
Ai.i  lia  ( 'iiiiinu  irial  ('•>.,  moiiopulv.  i. 

4.".S. 
.Xl.i.'-kan  Uan,"es,  passes  nf,  i.  C-J.'i-ii. 
.Vla\a.  .1.,  eommi-  ioner  Nootka  eon- 

tioversy,  i.  -J'.u,  -J'.t'.K  :m\. 
AlLaiiy  I'ort,  atlaektsl,  i.   iri. 
•.\lli.iii\ .'    fii 'ate,    in     lludmi     I'.ay, 

171'.'!  ii.  .■!lt>. 
'.Mlnln.ss,'  l^ilil,  ii.  i;i!>  .";  on  N.  W, 

•  i'ast,  IMO   11.  i.  :!.'.-.;   l.M_'.  i.  :{J'-.: 

ii.   -Jill,    -Jiil,   •_'J.'-.i;    l'd:(.    i.   ;!,•!.»; 

Islti,  i.  :!.!!;  on  Cal.  eo^ist,    Isltl,   i. 

.\il.ril.  r.'it,  v..    I'urt  \'i   I  .iia.  i.  4!t_'. 
.\iliiiin,  \iiv.i.  in  di   l.aei'.-  iii.ip,  lliod, 

i.  liKi. 
Mdi  n,  .las.,  on  <'\|  1".  e\p<'l.,  ii.  (l(i!l, 
.Vld.r.  Lieut.,   on    .\.   \V.  ena-t,    I7!l-', 

i.  •-Ml.'.,  •J7'.". 
•All  i{,"  1  ri.i  e  ill  iiortliwi    !.  \1'.)S,  i. 

;tin;;  l.si)i»,  i.  ;;.;,s:  i.stt;;,  i,  ;ui;  isi/ll, 
i.  :jis. 

(71.1) 


711 


INDEX. 


'Alert,' l):iik.   in  S.  F.  ?,:;>■.    IRll,   ii.  '  .\ii;iv.i^kiim,  (it  Fort  Laii/'lrv.  ii.  477 

(i,")!(.                                                           1  Aiiilcrfioii,    A.  ('.,    llliuk'.H  <!i;itti,    ii. 

A!iiili:ui     I  >lim(ls,     X(  vudrliikiif    at,  ."lij;  in  NcuCaii'ildiii.-i,  IS.'U,  ii.  i.'iJ  ; 

17},').  i.  :i(l.  Ilisl.   X.  W.  ((.list,  ii.  ."i;!l:  liiiiiils 

Aleuts,    (111   Cal.    ('(last,    ]N0;{,    i.   ;il!t;  |  I'mt    .MiLouj^liliii,   ii.   O-.'.VS;    I'oit- 

i.S<).">,  i.  :\S.i.  l.ulMin.L,'  cxiitMl.,   \s:',\,  ii.  (i'j;i,  >,:',:<; 

'AI(\aiiii<T,'ciiiis.\  I75IS.  i.  ;!(Hi;  ISOO.  |  aiiK.nu'  IikII.mi^,  ii.  (iJ7:  at  JMut  Nis- 

i.  .'{OS;   I.S(i:i,  i.  ;>I7.                               i  iiuallv.   ii.   (iT^i;  <'.stiiiiatis  \aliu'  of 

'.McNandcr  ilariliiot','  tii,:r,  ii.  d-IO.           '  Jl.  Lay  (';>.  tdts,  ii.  711. 

Alt'Xaiiiitr,  Mr  \\'.,  atlai  ks  T'lciuji,  i.  |  AiKJor.sdii,  .1..  vova;j('  to  \.  W.  coast, 

.'!!)!l.                                                              I  ISO!),  ii.   144. 

All  xaiidria.  Fort,  jiost  If.  I'ay  Co.,  i.  l  .•Xiiiiictli.  •lolin  do  Uarids,  his  voyayis, 

44S;   foimdi'd,  ii.    Kil;  niiiovcd  ii.  I7!t-',  i.  -'(ili 


Aiiia,  jirov  i'.ii  ('  of.  i.  r),"i. 

Aiiiaii,  Ortcliiis"  iiiap,  i.  .".'!  4;  a  }irov- 
iiii'i"  of 'J'iirtary,   Iti.Vi.  i.  1  |i). 

Aiiiaii  Strait,  sco  early  iiiaiis.  i.;  Idc-i- 
tioii,  i.  .'{;  (Apldiatiiiii  fur.  i.  ."i  1(1, 
ii.  •_';  rcporU'd  ilisinvcry  liyt'uito- 
rcal,  i.  .'ili.  .-((I.  s|.  S.")-(i;  in  iMiiirsc  of 
(•\  cliitioii,  i.  .'!7  S,  41 ;  iiiijioscd  u|ii'ii 
.MciK  iidiz,  i.  ')];  origin  of  naiiii',  i. 
.i)!  (i;  J.ac|iiil<'ri)".H  niimt  of,  i.  .■)7; 
iiia|>of  l."i'.lit,  i.  ()7;  Fuia  liiiiit.-'  for, 
i.  71 ;  ri'iiorted  passauo  of,  i.  .s7;  As- 
iciisioii's  lin'atioii  of,  i.  ,S!l:  'I  iir(|iic>- 
inada's  liiealioii,  i.  ,S;);  .M.ddiiiiadn's 
di-ii  i[)tiiiii  of.  i.  Ui;  7  ;  Carddiia'.s 
'liiiiioH  (if,   i.    lOJ;  .SaliiKM-oii  on,  i. 


ri;{,s. 

Al^'oiKjuiiis,  fnr-tiadc  witli.  i.  .")n4. 
Allan,  at  l''ort  N'aiu'ouvcr,  ii.  44l';  ro- 

iiiaiks.  I'll'.,  ii.  r,04. 
jMK'Ii,  on  Or.  ((iiostioii,  ii.  407. 
Alien,  I'.'iiii,  iilits  I.euis  and  Clark's 

work,  ii.  7. 
A'.ji(p\v;ili     iiiver,    see     Lewis    and    ('. 

e.\|ie(l..  ii.  (i(i. 
Aha  ( 'aiildi  iii,'..S|ianiards  .settle,  I7.';() 

INUO,  i.  •_'7;   e.\]i|(.re,    \H>'X  i.  --'S. 
Alvarado.    i'edro,  liceiisid  lo  explore. 

l.Vf;,  i.  4(;. 
Alvjirado,  (!ov.,    l)oii;,'!.is  interviews, 

ii.  ."i:;;i;  Cat.,  1.S4I,  ii.  (i.-i'. 

Aliiaeava  Indians,   s.'e  Mcjaves.  i.  !!0.  j ...   ..    .,,_ ...,.,,„,  ,„,,  ,. 

Aiiia/oiis,  fahleil  island  of,  I.VJJ,  i.  .'iil;  I       H)."i:  siippo.se(|  diseovi  itr.s  of.  i.  10S; 

story  of,  i.  41;  Is.  i  f  C.,1.  i.  4_'.  in   Ki.V..  i.  IK);   1710.  i.  Il'.i;   17l(i, 

Aiiieiiea.   IJriti.sli,   fur-yi(ld,    ls;>.">,    i.        i.    I_'0;    l'eelie"s   stiay   nf,    i.    Ml; 

.■»o;{  4.  I       Ulilefiilds  V()y;vj.'e  to, 'l77;{,  i.   |;U. 

America.  Xortli.  snininary  of  exploia-    .Animals,  of  tlu'   .Northern  'I'erritory, 

tion,  I.ViO  1S(K).  i.  I   :ii:  .-etthd  liy  '      i.  411    i:>:  dressiiijr  skins  (f,  i.  41  :<  ■ 

Knirlish,  i.  '..'•J;  jieo^rapliieal  knowl-  '      l4;  l'p|ier  .Mis.smiri,  ii.  I.'),  !<;;  Lewis 

ed'je  of,  l.'i.'iO.  i.  .'>:!;  ( on  jei  tilli  s  ic-  i       and  C.  esi.ed.,  ii.   |(i,  1!),  -JO,  lI."). 

gardinu,  i.  .'M  (!!•;  lirst  printed  ni.ip    .\iiiianfe,  V.  X..  on  exjilorin'.' e\pe(l., 

of,  i.   4S  i);  an  island,    lll.V),  i.  IIO;:       ii.  404  S;  with   fur  liiiirade,  ii.  471; 

.systei  I    (.f    fill-trade    ill,    i.    .'Kil'  ;i;  '      at  lort  Laii;..;l'y,  ii.  477,  4>i."),  4;)7. 

elian;;es  in  o\Mii'rslii|>,  i.  .'i7i),  400  :!:     .'\iin;i|i(rlis,  xvr  I'ort  lloyal,  i.  .".Sd. 

li\  dl(iL;iaphieal  liasins,  i.  40.-)  (i;  edii-     .\lilio  Nuevo,  I'lo  de,  in  .lel)ii-3  >.'  map, 

li^iiiati'iii.  i.  40(1   II;  eliiiiate,  i.  40S-         I7tis,  i.   Lil.'. 

II;  aniiii.ds,  i.  41  I    L!;  li.  uinniii^,' (jf    '.Viisdii.'  privateer,  in  I'aeiiie,  i.  -J,"). 

jd-esent  eentnry,  i.  (>Kt:  apt  .\,  i.  ti7it,     .\ntili))ie,  hahilat.  i.  4ll'. 

ii.  -Jii  7.  'l!).  i  .\n>:a,  explorations,    1 774.  i.    |-_'7;  ex- 

^\ineiie;in  I'lirCo.,  .\stor  f..inis.  i.  ,")l'2,  I       ped.  of  177ti.  i.  ".'S.  (M(i. 

ii.   I;i7;  e  'inpetitlull  «  ilil  ioieky  .Mt.  i  .\|>a(he   I'ass.  de.sclijitj.in,  i.  i;."!). 

Fnr  <',>..  ii.  4."ii>.  ."i(i7,  070   L  ■  Ap.  \,  eontiiiental,  \.  .\.,  deseiiptidii, 

American  Soe.  for  eneoiiiii<.'in^'  11  Ket-  '      i.  404  .■>;  .M.icken/.ie  at.  i.  (;7<):  ii.  ;;o. 

tlcnient  in  Or.,  ii.  ."4.1.  .\pianiis.  i'eter,  niapnf,  I.'i7."»,  i.  .->(i. 

Anu'ii  nils,   early  I'Xpli.iaii'ins.   i.    'A:    .\]>\'\ryiiU\  .L,   route    to  Or.,   i.   ii.St; 

exiilore  for  Straits  <if  .\nian.  i.  !>.  discovers  Modne  lakes,  i.  Ii4-J. 

'.\nii  ihysl.' on   N.  \V.  coa.-t,   Isll.i.     .\ppletrce  Cove  niiined.  ii.  (i7_>. 

;(•_•(!.  ■.\  rail,"  on  X.  W,  cdast.  I.Siil.  i.  :!40. 

.\nilierst,  o]iposes  French,  i.  4(H)-1.  j  -AiaL'o  Caiie,  see  t  ape  (iieunrv,  i.  It»!t. 
Aiiiddr.  mines  discovered,  !<i.iO,  i.  UM).  ',\ran/a;'ii,"  on  .\.  W.  coasl."  I7!»|,  j. 
Amorctii.  on  term  .'uii.iii.  i.  ."ill;  dii        •J4S:   17!'-.  i.  •J()7, '-'7!t, '_'s;i:  17!)4,  i. 

.\ni,iii  Strait,  i.  CJ\  v.dtks.  i.  !»L  l.'Jti;        'JD.Vfi. 

on  Maldoiuido  iiieiiioiial,  i.  !)4.  j  Aniiiuhoes,  roli  Hunt's  exped,,  ii.  js,"}. 


.\ 
A 
A 


IXDEX. 


m 


Aivlii 


Or.  (|V.ostiuii,  ii.  riOl.  ■}')." 


Aivtio  O'l'iin,  iiii|irii!n.luMi,  1 7-''*'- 1 '><'(), 


.■7:   Mii.k 


cii/ic  i'f;u-ln'> 


i.  01  ;s. 


Arj.'!)l!,  S.,  ikstniys  I'mt  Ifnyiil,  liU: 


i.  .-{ST 

Ai-Lfiiimut,"  (111  X.  W, 
•_>l()  !•_'.  -JIT  IS.  •_'•_'(; 


iMst.  ITsii.  i 
iT'io.  i.  -^4; 


ni:  rostoiv.l.  ii.  2^^-r,,  r.?,-2,  Tl:  in 

N.  w.  .iu.  stinii,  ii. :{.",:  '.).  :;•;!>:  .Mut- 


ra-1  (HI, 


ist! 


il.  <i'i 


'Astn.lill..'.'  oil    \.   \V.   r(.ii:-t,    I7n(I,  i. 

17.-.. 


As> 


Hiih 


Aiizjii.'.  .Ifsiiits  ri'iirli,  1(((M(,  i.  -Jl. 
Aii/oii.i.  (  Vink'iKi.s  iviiolics,  l.")40,  i.  Pi 


^1,1 


I.VHI  :».  i.  41:   Mm, 


!l(l: 


II  \\'\  tllii  f -i'tipliiiiy  map,  i.  S"2:  fur- 


■udo,  I.  .)J 


Arkaiisa.-i,  Sjianianls  oNpNuc,  l.")4.i, 


i; 

Ark; 


iaiisas  l;i\i'r.  .Ii>liit  ami  .Muivir.i'tt 


JXlildic,  K) 


;:(. 


AniUDiitc,  at  l''iirt  J..aiiL'liv,  ii.  47 


M 
ArniuMiijili  .s  iiiii|i. 


Arti'ai;a,  L 


ii.  I •-'(>. 


177! >.  i.  17;!. 
Asi-t'ii-ion,  I'll 


U'KI,  t'.XJiloll  .s  IKlltll-WC.st 


Diak 


1.  (>•_';  <>!i  iMU'a.s  vi'Vairo,  i. 


(•  S  OX])li 


tliiii  <if  ( 'al.  aiic 
101 


Alii; 


III  strait,  1.  Ml, 


nil  \  i/.cailli)  s  vova''!' 


i.  147 


Asliliiirt'Hi.  L'Hil. 


i-(iiiiiiii>sii)mT 


to  r 


S..    il.    .'lill;    on    Or.    (|\u■^^ic)ll,     ii. 
404. 
Aslili  y,  W.  il.,  ]).irtiii'r,  .Vimriiiiii  Fur 


'14; 


II alter,    ii.   447  ■'^; 


ti..;';'iiii.' jiiiiriKy,  l.ss-2-7,  ii.  447  !i; 
tr;i|>|iiiij,'  tour,  ii.  47-. 
Aslilcv  l..ikc,  iiaiMcil,  ii.  44S. 


A.S 


I'll 


iworlli.    10111 


s  W'vftir.s   CNlicd. 


Astalilaii.  ill    I'lircliji.s'  iiiai>.    l(i"J."i;  t<vr 
<  r,  i.  ;!.■!(•;  iirojccts, 


A/latlaii,  i.   lo;(. 
AsLor..l..l..t'iir-tr;i<l 


i.  ."il'J   14:  or;'aiii/ts  Ai 


llfllr.-ill    I' 111 


(' 


t  Mills   I'aiilie   I'lir  < ' 


i.  .'il;!.  ii.  ;i_".l:  Soiitli-\ust  (' 
r>l.'{;  liiiys  liiitisji  |io>ts,  i. 
foriiii  X.  Aiiirrii  an  l''iii('o.,  i. 


iianii  I 

.  i(;:i. 


1  1. 


lliMcta,  Aug.  17.  17I' 
'Ataliiialiia,' on  N.  \V.  c 'ast.  I.SOl,   i. 

:ti(i:  isd-.',  i.  :ti-J:  ISO"),  i.  :ij'),  ;i(i.j. 

'Atalii,' I'll  (al.  coa.st,  I'Slli,  i.  .■l.'i.'i. 
.Atchison,  on  Or.  (lUfstioii,  ii.  ;i'.!(i. 


.\thal 

.\tlaiiti< 

Atiaiit 


1.1  sea  ra.--i 


11. 


(l<  scnptioii.  )    (I'Jl   •_'. 


iiii'iii  s  ma; 


1. 


.)(». 


ic  coast,   c.\l/lolatloiis. 


l.'Mi), 


Id   !•_'. 

Atlantis,  Sir  11.  (iillicrt  iuhui 


'.\tl 

Afi 

>.\ti 


lali  11,'ition, 


.\ta 
1' 


ascr  li  cN|ni 


I.  .>S. 


itviija,'  corvctti;.  on  N.  \V, 
17:)l,  i.  -4:'  .",(1. 


110. 
la-t, 


Att 


iiios|iii|iiai 


Iji    I'lai 


ICC    sti 


.\iilicit,  cNiilofcs  no)  tiiwi.nl,  i. 


fiir- 


111(111' 


Austrian 
tr: 


ipcly  "f.  i.  :V.i'<. 


Kast    1 1 
i.    l^-'. 


lia   (' 


N.   \V.  f, 


.\vilcs,  A.  1'.  M.  .!(•  (.Mciifmlcx),  story 


if  Nortiiv.ot. 


O.  W 


.  .-.I. 


,Vcrr 
!»,   i.  ;fJ4;    IMO   II.  i. 


•^t.  I.SOS- 


.\/.tatiaii,  (li^coM  1  \- 


.1.  K.:.J.  i.  41. 


A/lcc    trilns,   tradition  of  iiii.jralioli, 


15 


ISalpcoi  k,  I>r.,  Or.  niisRioiiarv,  ii.  (!' 


I'lalic,  'Niilorations. 


I'oit.  loiui'li  (i,  ii.  4(! 


l>aIlillc^ 

ilo:  I  l>ac;ila( 
il4:| 


I" 


St.   111! 

iiic,  i 


.11  iu  V  < '  i..  i.  44"^. 


II:  N 


I'W  !.|1!1M 


llalld, 


Is  fiii-tiadc,  i.  '>]'>;  result  ol  inn-  I       stir's  map,  i.  4n. 


Il,4:{;  iiii.x-.lli'siiiap,  1.  4V:  .Mini 


jccts,   1.    "fJO;  operations  on 


X.  \V, 


e()a--t,   ii.    I  Ml;  ai  rives  in  Ameiica, 


ii.  I:t<l:  aim; 
l;;.s;  i.n 


ii.  i:{7  !l:.l 


laracter,  11. 


Riccalearean,   nia[i  of  Apiair.is,  I- 

i.  :>r,. 

l'.ad::er,  lialiitat,  i.   1 1*.'. 


AV.   ( 


•ses  jiai  tnersliip  \\  i 


ill   N.  1  liad  Itiver,  Mackeii/ie's  vdViiirc.i.liT!'- 


ii.    Ill 


(.!!   trail 


■  fcr   |-,,rt 


Astdii.i.    ii.   ■_'•_'!{,    "j;!."!  (!:    aliaiidmi-. 
Tacilic  fur-trade,  ii.  444, 


1' 


a   II  s  V'  \a  'c,  11. 


I'- 


ll. 


illii 


■alliii,  t  \|ilo 


ires  I  liid-oii  r> .'. .  liil'i:  i'\- 


Ast(  1 


'Velland     exiled. 


Astoria.  Kcrt,   f.m  idiii'.'  of. 


1  :<(■.-; 

liven 


i.'i."!,  i<i.>  7*1.  ;i-ji; 


(•    lluiit- 

i.  :fJ7.  ii. 
".I  :!;•. 


1' 


l>.itiiii  l>.i valid  .•siidlii  Soiuiil, 


liiKI,  i.  -J.t. 


Iiai,'"t,  llritisli  iiiiiiister.  ii.  •_".'!. 


■aili  y,  I'seapi 


H  iiidiaiis,  ii. 


Or. 


■sold    to   \.    \>'.   ( 
d  to  C.  S.. 


(>..   1.  •>.>! 


.1.-      Il, 


0: 


view  ol.  il. 


s(  ttler,  II.  t>7''. 

liilie,  (  ii;.t.,  on 
7(i-j. 


t  '.iliimliia,    |n4."),  ii. 


l.'id;  jiirairs  at,  Ispj   |;!.  ii.  |!);;  •_':!i;:  '  Ha  ja  ( 'alifoiria,  .Ii'stiitsi-stalilislied  in, 


losiil 


(til 


crt-( 


ted,    ii.    •-'07 


on  traiislcr,  11. 


.'I  .-.:   1 


ilir^aill    lie-      lialier.  eliar;ie  i 


la  11: 


itn  s,  11. 


:'K(. 


tWi  en  ri\a!  companies  for,  ii.  'J-S,     .  I5ak(r,  at  I'oit  Lan,J<  y,  ii.  41 


m 


INUr.K. 


DiikiT,   .T.uiK.i,    Tript.,    Lis  voynges, 

I7'.)_',  ii.  -Jii:.. 
liiikcr    l!.ty,    luiiiuil,    i,    -Jsl;    Claiki' 

rciii'h'  -,  ii.  .^t. 
l)ikcr  i:i!;iiiil,  n.-micd,  i.  'Jsl. 
lliilliiia,    N'n.-i'i)    Niuii/.   cU',    iliaciiVLTs  | 

I'at'iiic  Oi'iaii.  i,  H,  \'.\,  M',\. 
r>a!l,  .1.,  with  Wvotli'M  cNinil,  ii.  'ii>'2;\ 

tc.iclicr,  l''i.it  Naiicouvir,  ii.  .">().">.       ' 
l.ulliiiioir,  J.oiil,  coloiiiA-'s  -Maryhiiid, 

UVM.  i.  -J.'. 
Ji.iinint't,  < 'ii|it.,  (Ill  \.  W.  (Mwiat,  l.S;U), 

i.  ;i!i,  ii.  (ioj;    i,s:;7-,s,  i,  :{-ii-2; 

(loalli,  ii.  (idl  (i.  1 

iJamleras  l>:iy,  Ma/iiila  nliiriis  ti>,  i, 

II.  '  ! 

]'<aiil».  I  if  I'raiMc.ciiiiiu'i'tiiiii  v.  itli  JSliss. 

C.i.,  i.  ;;'.)i. 
Dank:;,  linlatii.st.  iliow  luil,  ii.  ."iliS. 
Jiaiiiioc!;,  .'.iU',  ii.  '21. 
];ai:iiiut'.    A.,  at  .-i.ka,    ii.    1  U),  (i(i-2; 

(lov.  Xi'W  Anliaiij.'  I,  ii.  •_'!!». 
liailidur,  I  n  titit!  X.  \\  .  cua.st,  ii.  "(iO. 
]5air'.iy,  ('apt.,  !i-av<  ;<  Osdiul  ITSli,  i. 

lb-2;  voyav.o,  I7!l-.  i.  -li.">:  mii  X.  W. 

ooasl,     l7;''I-7;    i.    ;i.'>;i-t,    ii.    •'>•_'(); 

Iiiiliaii.!  altai'k.  i.  .">(i4. 
liaivlay,  1'. ,  ]irii.--i)cifus  l'ni;'t  .'^^ipiuul 

A.  ('.1.,  M.  (il.">. 
l>ari'lav,  .Mis,  on  \.  \\'.  ioa.-<t,   17S7; 

i.  Is;!. 
]>iiri.'lay  Scjiiiul,  llt'ci'ta.s  Miyagi',  177'"i, 

i.    Itii.';    JSaivlay  iIk-^imvimm,    i.    IS'J; 

tliayai)i(i(iacli('n,l7N'\  i.  1;I0;  .\ii'aiv.s  I 

ivaclu'.!.  I7S,S,  i.  1!»S.  I 

I'ai'iii.;  Jm  ami,  iiaiiu'il,  i.  '-'Si. 
J>.:rku',  •*>(.'•!(.  voya.m',  LS"J>S-;ii),  i.  IJtl;  , 

Ls;;7,  i.  .-Ml'.        ■  ! 

liaiiow,  silks  .'^tiait  <•<  .\iiiaii,  17l'.l,  i.  | 

1-JI.  1 

IVll'  .\V,   .Ufrii.ls    r..|f  .\l!iali\,  i.    I!;). 
JJallltW,   ii.    \\'.,    Mll\l'\  s   \  rliu\,  sll'lK', 

ii.  ;!l. 
I'ailiaiila,  .SCI'  IVmai'ila,  i.   ll!i. 
lI;  I'lii'S,   .MiiJS  .la.iK',   at  A-.tiiiia,    IH|4, 

i.  •-',>l,  ;!.,;'.. 
l".aiiu'U,  (.11  .\.  W.  cia.-i,  17V.I,  i.  -17; 

iiii  voya^^c.^!,  I7!i-,  i.  -ii.">. 
r.aiii.sti  n,  <;.,  at  l\>vl  J.aii.iliv,  ii.-177; 

ioit  \sal!a  Walla,  ii.  .")!.").  " 
I'aiicl,  .1  Ii.,  iiii.stdii  iiii'iiliaiit.  i.  ;>."is. 
l.'ariit,  at  Astoiiji,  1S4I,  ii.  (is7. 
J"..ift(iii,  ,1.,  M-liliT,  Cdwlilz  \  alley,  ii. 

lilK 
l!.isti(laM,  vi)ya;!i'  ill  l.'tOI,  i.  10. 
liali's,  ()»  tiilc  N.  \V.  ((la.st,  ii.  .'ISd. 
IjiidiKist,  J.iird,  A.stdiia  nstin\'il,  ii. 

I'attiaii,  I'lnstnictiiin,  i.   I'.'4. 
i;.it..li.'  Kivtr,  K.aii(.il,  ii.  ,  i. 


Ikivlic^i,  oil  (|UL'sti(in  X.  W.  coast,  ii. 

.•'in.!, ;;(,.-.. 

iSca  ()i>  iliiik,  lUHiicd,  ii.   17. 
jjcak',  tajc.  .Miari':t  nanus,  i.  U)S. 
Ik'ak'.s,  liaiiiil,  a'^fiit,  i.  iDo. 
Jk'ar   l-aki',   iiou   and    I'oiil   fduiul,    i. 

(>'.;!!;  Indian.s' lu'cdiiiitdl,  ii.  '.;.)  (i. 
Mi'ar  i!;.|ii(|,  iuiiiiimI,  ii.  ,s(l. 
IVaiN,  lialiitat,   i.  -IIJ. 
Ik'aiK  lianii',  .1.,    .M.ii;k(nzi(  's  ixjicd., 

i.  (i7;k 
J»i';ni(lii'ii\,  1".,  Ma(  kciizic's  ivjuil.,  i. 

(;7.i. 
r>iauliai'imis,    siiinxul.s  \'(i( mliyi',    i. 

P.cavir,  ludtitat,  i.    III. 
'.i!iaviT,'(.nX.  W.  cKih^t,  IIJ,  i.  V:1D: 

|.si:i.  i.  ;ij;);  i,s;i!i,  i.  :uj,  ii.  avj; 

(III  ( '(  hiiiiliia,  ii.  I!!(!  S;  (  ii  ,\'.  W . 
((la  t,  ii.  J;;;,  J.Hi  7,  ii.  -Jl;)  -it;  .n- 
i'i\(  I  (111  .\.  \V.  iiia:it,  ii.  (),.i)  I;  at- 
t.icki'd  liy  Indian-,  li'Dl,  ii.  (iiiS;  dii 
X.  \V.  i'liasl,  ISlI,  ii.  iM7  .i;  .'it 
I'.t!  .-^tikicii,  l>"k».ii.(il.'i  >i;  at  I'dft 
'J'akd,  kSlO,  ii.  (il7. 
Ikavcr  iicad.  Lew  i.s  and  < '.  i\jn  d.,  ii. 

•J I, :; ). 

r.('av(r    Jlc'icl    Jlixir,    J,(\'.  i.s   and    ( '. 

v\]vi\.,  ii.  -J-'M. 
lliaviT  Indian-*,  traders  anioii'.',  ii.  V2. 
r<i';ivei'  i,()di.'i',  ]''laser'.s  i.\|ie(l..  ii.  K;;!. 
Jleaver  JakI^u  Mountain,  Ma(.'!;eniie  .s 

Vdvaiji',  ii.  U7.S. 
Ik'axer,   iJev.,  at   I'dft  \  ainnnv  i  r,  ii. 

Ileaxcr  llivfi',  naiiied,  ii.  77. 
i;ea>er  .-skills,  as  enrreney,  i.  I'lS-!). 
'  InaviT,' !  loo[(,  isails  to  .Mdo.c  livii', 

I'  I'.K  i.  -IKi. 
Ikei!!:i,  \o\aj.;i',   l.".'):!,  i.  14. 
I'.e.  k,  Vdya,^i'.'  17il!),  i.  :;;.S. 
lleekv'.diu-tli,.!.  1'.,  tialiliel-.liic.i.  ."ild, 

ii.  -I  k>;  eli'Uin.'t(  T,  ii.  -ll*. 
i')c!e!ier,   ivi.,   voyaj'c,    1k;7,    I.'"'.),  i. 

l!l"J;  exjiloits  N.  \\.  coas;,  ls;;ii-IJ, 

ii.  (ill    I -J. 
lk-llidiil!ay    Ci  iiiii,    m'c     Mat  lii  n/ie'.s 

Vd_\a';V,  i.  tj(i:>. 
l')(  llueodlll  l!ivir,  .'^■ee  ;\Iaekeii/i(  '■<  Voy- 

ii;..;e;  see  foot-note,  i.  (;).'(. 
Ikllaeoola':,  attai  k  viv-.sil,  ii.  cJii. 
Ilelle  Lake,  see  l''dUlt'"s  sloiy,  i.    I  Id. 
'i'x'lle  Sava'.fe,'  eniise  in  noi't  li-wc- 1, 

IW)I,  i.  :ilO. 
Uello  ^■|le  I'dint,  lianied,  i.  'J'  I,  ii.  ■!;)!•. 
r.eiiliett.   Cajit.,  Vcya^'e,    111,  i.  liJti. 
niiiiK  it,  .Jiiiiies,  Yd.\a;/<',  IM",  i.  'MO. 
I'-mt  I'i:  ('.>.,  f'li-tradera,  i.  "  l.i. 
He!'.;  .'111(1  f-t  \  raiii,  ;.ee  1  ilii.  i.  ('  >.,  i, 

.  >  i . . . 


IXDKX. 


m 


Hcntinck    North   Arm,    Mackciizios 


voyiiu'i',  1.  (>'.)/. 


11,  I'll  <]m'stif'n 


X.  W.  toiidt. 


II. 

.'{(iO,  :!ii7;  <'!!  Ov.  (iiiL'siUoii,  ii. 


I'icicr,  L'liiilc,  ii.  ()77. 


1 

Jill;,',  ill  il'Avity'rt  i.i;  MdihIc,  !C,;!7,  i. 
lOS;    ,>|r;nii^ili  iKsfripliiiii,    171",    i. 


II!). 


IJiivi,   .Htc   MiTciitiir's  iitlas,    1.' 


M;  ill  I. 


lU  b  lii;il> 


J.V.IS;   it 


Miiiiix'  t(»  Aliiskii,  i.  M! 

•iliij;,',  XiliL-J,   c;.\liloi:ilii)lis. 


.i  nsi-111- 


;>  :i(), 


I'.l;uk.  S..  iit  Fi.rt  .^t  .Tolin,  ii.  -lO-J;  at     v^ 
l"c.rt  W.il'.-i  \.iill:i,   ii.    IDS;  (ji  ;iilcl 
villi  I  >.   I  >iiii.'l:is,   ii.  .MO;  ilf'ilii,  ii. 


■)l()    II;  at  I'oit  X(.^  J 
it  KaiiiiiMiii,  ii.  (illj. 


litis,  11.  .)\,,: 


m.-iik  .M  ts,  Lew  is  iiinl  ('.  I'XiniI.,  ii.  I(i. 
Iiliick  ItiMT,  ii.'iiiKJil,  ii.  •II)."). 
Jll.-nkf.M.t  Jii.li;ii..-»,    iio.-,ti!itv,    i.    ."i:'; 


\V 


lllliiins   c.\]ii'( 


I.  aiiioii:,  ii.  rJ7 


Jliiiry,  ii.  I'J'.t;  wm-  \\ 


i;li  .s|,«i 


1711, 


!i;): 


(liatli. 


;m. 


tiJiiMKs,  ii.  117;  ai  ;a(k  .Jiiiicy  aiid 
liiiiiiiiil,  ii.  4."/(l;  rciiili/.voii.s,  ii.  4  .M; 
ttark  Wmk'.f  jiarty,  ii.  .■>17   •■■i;  al- 


tai 


\Vviil 


1,    II.    .!(■,•_' 


lt;,rk   Vl 


J.slaiitl,    Jieiiii''   wirikiil    at. 


1711;  <li<.s  lliiic,  i.  :i. 


riiliii-.',   ii.   .")7 1 ;  attack  Tiiiiij,',   ii. 
'.t7;  attatk  Jliicl-ir,  ii.  ClU. 


J'niiii;;  S;i;iit,  I'.Niilnrcil  liifi'vo  LSOO,  j  I51acktii<]t  rmiiitry,  (laii'.-^is  nf,  ii. 


I. 


-'7;  ]; 


II  ri':-lor( 


■niiL;  iiavi;:.'itt'.-<,  i.  .i'l. 


1.1 


iliil,  iialiii'i 


1,  i.  17!>. 


I'l  I'lcii,  (.11  t  ir.  (|iii.'.stinii,  ii. 


•I,  40," 


IJI;ic-ksiiiiili,  l.fw  i.saiiiK  '.  i-.\|iiil.,  ii.  I  !, 
Iliarkwatir  Kivrr,   .^ia^k^■ll-;iu'.1   vny- 
a;.'i',  i.  (i!l-'. 


iKl'tiMJa 


l.iolit.  (Ai^im;,  !it  XoDlka,  !  IJ'.ai  kwiil.  riirtrailir.  i.  .'il.' 


I7'.i.'>,  i.  ;i<il. 


niai.s  at,  I'ni  t  .St  .l.-iii 


ii.  111. 


llftli 


A..  ul.ikX.  W.  (' 


■_''J7;    Ulaiiia    l'"l<iriila,    ('mint,     nn     Xciotkii 


(III  (  uluiiil.ia.    l.Slii.    ii.  •_'ti4;  kavi^ 


]• 


lilt  (  IciU'.'r,  11.  'JfH). 


i'iintiii\irsy,  i. 
I'laiK'liai'il,    <'a|it 


:il)-4. 


•V.,-\: 


V,     LTUISO 


ill  111)1-1  h-Mi'st,  ]N(l(l,  ii.  '      IMI,  i.  :;•_'(!. 


X.  \v, 


ItnN. 


1! 


L-t.    1 


J-.i.Mlo,  .T.,  U.  .'<. 


|■l)lllllll^sU)ll(  , 


ISIS, 


I'.  .1' 


•suit,  ii.  4:!l:  ii 


St.  is;;s.  ii. 


;ii 


M'i  ilis  (  i;\\  .1, 


i.  ;>;';);  .Vstmia  rcstoicil,  ii.  L".)0-;i. 
I'.iilwi'il  I'a.ss,  (listii|iliiiii,  i.  (Il!(. 


I'rairii',  ii.  (ii;i;  < 'iillmlii-  iiii.--sii 
ii.  (i7.">. 


Jliiiivilli',  ."ittlis  J 


oiii'iaiia, 


1  (;;•!», 


ma 


KiaiMo  iiaiiK 


•Jl;  (.iLii]jii..s  Oliii)  \'allcy,  i.  4!H>. 
I'li;,'    r>lailiri/(it  l;i\(T,   L'.uis  ami    (' 


■S1.C 


iL.  ii.  71. 


Jliu'  I'l'v  ( 'rnk 


il,  i.  l(i, 


J;i^  l)i_y  ili\i'r,  nainiil,  i.  Id, 

J'li^'  lliilc  Mii'.iiitaiu  I'aLss,  Inialimi,  i. 

(i:;(). 

l:i,:,'  II  1,1c  Civir,  ii.  L*.^. 

].i;;  Jl'iiii  Jiivii',  J.icwi.s  aiul  ('.  cNpcil., 

ii.  7'i-i*. 
lliL;    J\iii!V,    ll;iriiii)ir.s    ii.-uni'    ainoiig 

lliiliali:;,  ii.  I'-l'. 
]ii;4  Km  liiiik,  Miiiioailit  .\]n''.s  tiavuls, 

i.   ir.l. 
lii-  White',   M.'.iiilaii  thiif.  ii.   l-.'d  7.     I      -'Hi. 


li(i 


'Hilar   li.iiiiiv 


1.    S 


■ks.  177:i,  i.  I.ili;  l.a  1 


niiuso  vij. 


a%'i',  i.  177;  (I'l.iy  si;L,'lil»,  i.  !S7. 
i;lciikiiis.i|i,  atSiika,  ii.  (i.i.i,  (»(!■_'. 
Iliiiiii,  V'iya;;e,  ISIili,  i.  ;;i  1. 
JiliH  k,.\.,ili^ci)V"r.s(  'iiiiiii'i'tii'iit  rivir, 

i.  .'»iO. 
'  I'l'uisMiiii,'  fri;.:atc  (in  ( 'nluiiiliia,  \'.\'\ 

i.  ;>:>'.i,  ii.  -Jli:!. 
•  1!.  Mi/ii.k,'  liriv,  cniisc,  1S;!7,  ii.  .V.i4. 
I'lii  rdiiiau,  X.  \S'.  fur-tr.-ii'ic,  i.  ;i..'.! 
r.ii;itiiiiaiiii)iii(iil,'l  liDliijiMiii'.siNj  III., 

ii.  I-Jl. 
I5iir,i  (lu  ( 'arascii,  cviiliiicil  liy  lili  ,i.  i. 


Jii^ot,  i\|iliii.itii,iis,  i.  ."il.'V. 

Jliiiiio,  Jjis..  lil'.',  at  till-  l»allis,  ii.  •.'7('i: 
lit  I'liit  <  Ji(ir,i.'(',  IS.'17,  ii.  (iilj  ;  at 
Aotiiiia,  iSili.  ii.  (il-',  (171;  at  Kurt 
^imiisiiii,  ii.  (i.'i.'i. 


lliM-a,  ill'  I'iilalL,'!;,  (j'liilnl'i  r  iii.>r(i\  I'l .;, 

i.  •:\± 

Vxtdv<^:\,  15iiy,  Citailni  iiaiii".s,  i.  i;;',; 
rais.^i.iii !  at,  i.  ."i^li;  i.\].li)ri.il,  177"', 
ii.  ;!IS;  jiiiiKt  fiiiii'ilid  ;■:,  ii.  I'M). 


lli.SMiii,  1!.,  -Markiiizic'V  cNin  il..  i.  (i7;>.     Iloik'ua.y  ( 'uailra  l;ay,(,)iiiiii|ii  riiamis, 
JlittiT    limit     liivir,     Lewis     aii'l    ( '.  ;       i.   :!41. 

i'";jH'il.,  i.  .'U  ."),  7i'.  ;  ]5iii!i'.'.,'a  y   Ciiailia.    Jlmi  .Iran   lir    li, 


lliliir  JiiKit    NiiUcy,    Lewis    ainl    (' 

e.\|X'(l.,  ii.  "Ii. 
lllaek,  A.,  t!SLn|ies  Indians,  ii.  4.")(). 


Kia,.i'iiiilit  (if  (idiiella  treatliieiit, 
i.  "J'J'J;  relati'iii.s  villi  \'aiii;iiii\  i  r, 
17!»-J,  i.  •J7!i;  vi.yiiL'e,  17!l*.',  i.  '-'»■'!. 


iJlaek,  l.'.-ipt.,  .sent  to  t'a[Hure  .\.stiiria,  i  V>v'\.i  de  vaelie,  liiiilaln  i  lii)  .-<,  ii.  'JO. 
ISII,   i.   ;i;il:  at  Aitoria,    IslJ,    ii.  |  lloi.  e  I'oit,  iiu.st  It.  UayCu..  i.  44S; 
'SiJl-l;  iiiS.  I'.  ]>ay,  ii.  'J.!-'.  j      built,  ii.  .")!;(!;  al.andoiied,  ii.  H'jS. 


718 


ixDr.x. 


TJoisvort,  at  Fort  Lanjrlcy,  ii.  477. 
]'.oIcli.  on  X.  \V.  coast,' ISO."),  i.  ;VJO, 

ii.  .Vi. 
'  lii)livar,'  J>rij,',  in  S.  F.  ll;iv,  ISU,  ii. 

'  Hdlivjir  I.il)enit(ir,'<)ii(';il.i.'(iaKt,  IS.'!4-, 

ii.  (;:it;. 

]!(,Its,  W..X.  \V.  fiir-tradf.  i.  :!l!». 

]iiiinl)!iy.  iiu'iclijiiits  (if,  Hcml  .straiiye 
tn  Nodtk.i,  I7S<I,  i.  177. 

Uoiiaiilo,   i'((ln)  ill',  I'liiitu'-s  story,  i. 
I  Hi. 

I'xiiiill.i,  cxiilorcs  X(jw  Mexico,  l.")(M», 
i.  -JO. 

])(iiiiit!vill(',   Ciipt.,  trailing  cxjioil.,  i. 
."iKi   17;  ii.  ;!!)(),  ri.s.">;  vxploics  .Smitli 
I'a.'^s,   i.  (;;!l';  ill   I'taii,  i.  (Ml,  ()4:i: ! 
fiiar.'ictiT,  ii..")()S:  cxinil.  tn  Culuiii- 
lii.i,  Is;i'J,  ii.  ."»(i!t'7.'>;  Irvini,'  on.  ii.  j 
.">7^>;  Units  W'vi'tii's  i'X])fil.,  ii.  .")!)().  j 

'  Ili.nltlais,'  on  N.  \V.  coa-st,  1-S17,  i.  | 

:).•{(;  s.  I 

'  lioniro,' ciiiisi'  in  iioitli-vi'st,  1SK(- | 

•J(t.  i.  .•U(».  I 

'  liostoii,'  .vliip,  (.11  X.  \V.  coast.  ISO.'J, 

i..'{|'_'- 1.">.  ii.  l.iCi;  liuriUMl  liy  lii(liaii.s, 

i.  .Sli.'t.  ii.  I.V.». 
'  JSostoii,'  .sloojj-of-war,  ii.  ,'{(!."). 
IJdstoiiians,  i'Xiil(jii'  .\.  W.  coast,  17SS, 

i.  IS.-). 
T.Diicliiiid,  at  I'oit  l.aiiLjlcy,  .:.  477. 
IJoiillard,  iiMidoy  1'.  Fur  Co.,  i.  'JO.'). 
Jloiiiidiiiy   Pass,   SCO    South  Kootenai 

I'.iss.  i".  (•.•J4. 
lioniiMiii,  SCI!  Saskatidu'Wiin,  i.  DOS. 
lioiiilion,   Fort,  SCO  York  Factory,  i. 

4S.');  liiiilt,  i.  .V.l.V 
l^oiiilioii,  .Icjiii,  .sails  up  Huilsoii  Hay, 

]().")(•),  i.  4:).S. 
]5oiiij.;iiioiit,  a.sccntl.4  Missouri  Itivcr, 

l7-'7.  i.  •-'(). 
'  llouKsolc'oii  X.W.  coast.  \~S('),  i.  17."i. 
]5o\\cis,  .lon.itlmn,   on  X.   \V.  coa.st, 

I7!>7-.S,  i.  ;t(H);  ISOO.  i.  ;iOS. 
I'.owlcs,  V(iy;igc,  17iW.  i.  .•{(Mi. 
luiwlin,  on  Or.  (jiicstinii,  ii.  401?. 
liracki'iirid^c.  .1.  I).,  on  cxj)lorin^  cx- 

pcd.,  ii.  ()(i!),  (;7.'{,  (i^2. 
]')r!i(ll)Uiv,  .1.,   Iiotaiiist,  witli   V.  Fur 

Co.,  ii".  17S,  I.S-J. 
liraddock,  defeated,  17.").  i.  400,  .■)0,"). 
Jlradstrcct,     takes    I'ort     Frontcnac, 

1 7.')«. 
I'.r.-int  I.-land,  named,  ii.  (l.'l. 
]5ravc  liiver,  sec  Itio  Hravo  del  X'orte, 

i.    1!.-). 
lira/ilia  11  coast,   I'ortuguesc  explora- 
tion, i.  .'{. 
]Jri  l)a'uf,    ri-re,    tliscoveru    Niagara 

Falk,  i.  .")h7. 


Hreck,  voyn.fic.  1700.  i.  30ft. 

I'reck,  with  Wyetli's  cxjied.,  ii.  flO.I. 

iJiei  kinridLjc,    on    ijueslioii     X.    \\ . 

const,  ii.  ."Ufi. 
lli-cton,  Cajic,  taken  by  Kiigliiih,  17i'8; 

i.  400. 
r.rifin,  !it  Xootka,  ii.  KiO. 
Ill  ice,  v.)yage,  ISOI,  i.  ."MO. 
liiid;.';'!',  .Ims.,  fur-trader,  i.  ."il.";  with 

llocky  Mt.  ( '(>.,  i.  014,  ii.  4.V);  trap- 
ping tour.   IN.'J'J,  ii.  070-1:  life,  ii. 

(ilO;  discdvcis  (Ireat  Salt  J.,ake,  ii. 

(ilO:  liiiilds  Fort  ISridger,  ii.  Oil. 
V.ridwr,  Fort,  l.uilt,  ii.  (ill. 
iJriiluer  i'ass,  locatidii,  i.  (i.'i.'{. 
Jjii;,'H(le,   e(|uii)nient,    i.   .")(il ;    X.    W. 

Co..  i.  .".(il   4. 
liri.iriidcs,   X.  \V.  Co.,   i.  ."idO  4:  York 

Factory,  i.  4(i.'{;  Xcw  Ciiledonia,  i. 

4(i:{-4,"ii.  4(i!»-7l;    X.  ^Vest,    l.sa4, 

ii.  .VJO-l. 
IJriggs,  voyngc,  1S02,  i.  311. 
liiiglit  Stones,  niouiitain,  in  .lellery-s' 

ni.ip.  \'ns,  i.  1 ;{!.'. 
Ijridii-Cliididt,  I'liilijipe  de,  sends  Car- 
tier  to  Aiiieiica,  l.");!4,  i.  UNO. 
British    Aineiic.-i,   explored,    i.    "-'7;    a 

fui-limiter's  )iaradise,  i.  40(1:   pliys- 

iciil  fcitnres,  i.  40(i. 
British  ( 'dliiiiiliiii,  (lart  df  X.  A\'.  coast, 

i.  "J;  conligiiriitidii,  i.  4(i.S;  made  ■>. 

crown  colony,  ii.  ;{(•(!. 
IJrodks,  C.  W.,  .Japanese  wrecks,  etc., 

ii.  .■>.•!•.'. 
ISrotclde,  voyage,  1S;{7,  Is.'N.  IS.'iO,  i. 

;«4-_';  Cnpt."  df  'Cadhoi'd,'  li.  477. 
liroiichard,  .1.  IJ.,  settler,  Cowlit/  \al- 

ley,  ii.  (il4. 
liri.ngliiiin,  Lord,  on  Or.  ipiestion,  ii. 

410. 
r.rouiihton,  Lieut.  W.  l!.,  on  X.  AV. 

eoa.st,  1701,  i.  -JSl);    170-',  L'(iO,  '^74, 

'JSI.  ii.  :W4;   I7!i(i. 
T.rowii,  liostoii  merchant,  i.  .'«.')S. 
Urown,  oil  Or.  (juestion,  ii.  ',','.>'.'>. 
Urowu,  .1.  (i..  surveyor,  l.S'J."-  7.  i.  ')1."); 

(Ml  exiiloi'ing  »:xped.,  ii.  (itiO. 
Hrowii,  .John,  on  X.  \V.  coast,  180.">, 

i.  ;n7;  ISO.'),  i.  :vjo. 

llrowii,  ('apt.   \V. ,  on   X.   W.   coast, 

17!''-',  i.  '2C,:r,  \:<.n,  i.--'!':!  4;   1704,  i. 

2;i7;  yoya;;e,   ISOi',  i.  .SI  I:   lso:{,  i. 

.SIS;  on' Ciilumhia,    lS!)(i,  ii.  .")'.);  at 

Sitka.  ISIO,   ii.   140. 
Brown  Hole,  rendezvous,  ii.  -i.'jS. 
Bi'dwii's  Sdiiud,  n:',nied,  i.  -i'.'t. 
BriKiiiier.  1!.,  on  Cjinoe  Jliver,  ii.  12.1; 

at  Fort  Astoria,  ii.  174,  177. 
'I'rutus,"  hrig,  on  X.  \\'.  c(jast,  1817- 

is.  i.  ;}:is;  isi<j-'jo,  i.  ;i4o. 


IN'DKX. 


719 


Trjvint,  on  term  Orcgfui,  i.  lf>2. 
I'.iyiuit,  at  I'oit  Uridiirir,  IS'.C,  ii.  (ill. 

Jilliiclll',    ill  fi mis    .Mitlilnlliiclo.s    liuiliii- 


(  'moii,  Kincvy  (k',  triido  inoiioiMily,  Ui'Jl, 


(iUII 


;iS!»  !«>. 
Willi 


(Ir,    trail 


rial,  I7!H>.  i.  <i:!:  ma 


."id 


ii;-_M.  i.  ;ts;>. 


I'    lliiilKHHily, 


J'.iUMifli,    Tort,  Caainaiiu  f\]iliiru»,   i.     ('ajnii  I'mms,  iij(atiiiii,  i.  (i.")4. 


Ca!, 


ipoi'Va, 


I'.iit.  i\< 


]].{]uu     I.    l^'.). 


I'liuaicli.    Ilaila  dr.  sec   Iliccta'.s  Vdj'-    ('alai>  ny.i.s,     Imliaiis,    l,i\\i-.    ami    ( '. 


i: 


.>,  I.   K.O. 


•lU'liaiiaii,   nil  ijucstiiiii 


X.  w, 


•ast,  I  '( 


^i' 


<1. 


II.  (i 


li  ( 'ill  tis.   \\ricki'(l,  li 


:». 


ii.  'AX',;  <iii  Or.  cjiii'stidii,  ii.  .■i!)4 


Calliiiiiii,  nil  Or.  ciiicsiioii,  ii.   I'.ll 


>iuii;i  r.s|ifi'aii.'.a,  boi' 


(■()1< 


I' 
00;    ('  iliti)niia,   ii«>iiic  ut  At 


i:.;w. 


iiproaih   to  Cniialhi.    i.    10.");  .Mar-         4_';  (o.ist    rN]il(a-iil,    I,"i4.;  .'!,    i.   44; 


till'/ c'.s]il<pies  anil  names,  i 


:4. 


]iiilial(i.  Iial.itat.  i.  411;  Lewis  and  V 
ixiK'd.,  ii.  ^l. 


KiiscL'lUV  mail.    ir)44,  i.  17;   l\aiiii 


sill  .s    iiiaji, 


.■>(!,    i.    41);    Ortilii 


IJiil': 


IS,  fuel,  ii.  -JO. 


I.   (i. 


I."i71,  i. 
.Mart 


l,uk 


yr 


i]>.    I.">^7 


'1' 


i.    (Hi 


]Uilliilo-nuat,  as  fund,  i.  4."i"J-4,  ii.  ')S~;        Cavi'iiilislu  a|itiiris  I'lir:!  lu.ir, 


niitliod  I  f 


iiiriii'',  11. 


W'vtllitt-l'tiiUiiiv,  I. 


>J;L 


IJiilliilo  Simal,   named,  ii.  .SO. 


I.IIS, 


II 


Jliilli 


l)r.  ('.,   Bust 


T.iilliiuli  liarlinr,  ( 


r.n 

Tax 


•y,  ill  .\1 

V   llcill.sl 


on  niureliant,  i. 


r;iy  ii.iiiie.- 
i."(l_'!l. 


map, 

ICUi,  i.  SN;  .\>cfiisi(.ii 


••rrei'.'i  .s   iiiaii 


Ineatiiiil  cf. 


II  inland.  |.".)(»-  |»i_'it,  i.  III!    ;{; 


licati 


ii.  471. 


liiimstead,  v.iya.'.'e,  kSOl.  i.  ;{|M. 


1.  .VI 

1701,   i.   II.");    174.'.  i.  IlM: 

s'.ii.i.i.  104:  10."!:!,  i.  lOO;  I7-J 

ill  d  .Vvitv'.s  Le  .M !e.  |(;:!7.  i.  II! 


II    ]ietilll- 


IJuieli,  Vi 


'.\a-e. 


|N;i(i 


;ii 


(ilox  lliee,    !().>.), 


i.  IK; 


itimis 


171 


e'if,'l'alill 


IJr.rditt,  \iith  Wyetli' 
IJiniH't,  ( iov.  \i  w  N'l 


.1..  ii. .-(;:!. 


->.  I.    rJli;   iieellinci 


ie.il 
l.v 


il4. 


n-' 


I7ii'.l.  i.   I'lO;  tin-tradiii.; 


in,  1.S14,  i.  :!;>!.  ."rJ.")  S:  l;n>siaii.s  in, 


i'. 


untv,  '  ii  .\iii.iii  ."sii.ii 


•I,  I'adii',  (HI  ( 'alitViriiia.   I 


I  JO. 


I. •;(•). 

7-'>7,  i. 


i.  .vj.-)  s;  II.  r. 

MO,     ii. 


ly  { 'o.  111.   I.   ."iJ.'t  S; 
:!!!  4i>,    (m.S  liO,     OSS  '.I; 


iKilse-steahll:,'   111,    11. 


sea-otter 


UlllldW  s,  ]lliiliio!i  ;■  e\|)ed..  ii.  (iS'J. 
]'.nsli.  at  I'li'^'et  .Sniind,  ls4l,  ii.  701. 
Jiiitterwortli,  on  N.  \V.  i'()a.st.  17'.'-, 


oast,   ii.   (iill;    .•^ii;;]).-!  ii    in.   ii. 


(i.',S-tiO;  Motras  in,    l.".||, 


Willv 


-•()..; 


I7ii:f,  i.  -J!*:! 


q. 


d. 


Liitton,  exiilorcs  liudtion  IJiiV,   lOl'J 


i;»,  i.  •->,!. 


C 


(^naniario,  ('xpcdicion,  etc.,  i.  270. 


( 


I- 


ddso.   lieeetii  names,  i.  Kill. 


(  iiliiit,  .liilin,  nil  Lalirador 


(i(;: 

(iiilfot",  riloa  cxiilores,  i.  II 


(;...s-;i, 

ia.    ii.   (.  .'; 


lish 
Jill 'I 


rrti. 


1" 


;1 


Onalu  ex- 


•JO;    .Moiave    lii.liaii.-*    de- 


,    1004. 
iloiv.  i.  101. 


!)l 


■>li.iiiiaiiU  ex- 


Calif. 


I- 


!  low  II 


to   I 


le  a  |ie- 


iiiiisiila.   I.")40  ;'.,  i.   14. 


Cali 


iiornia  I'eiiin.sn 


St,  i.  II. 


la.  .1 
Orteliiis'  niai).  I.'>74. 


iseii\ireil,  1 


1,  i.  II; 


Caliot, 


111  .\i 


iieiu-aii  eoi 


1st,   i.    11; '  'Califorii 


la, 


lli'ilier,    111    s. 


views  on  Xiii  tliwe-'t  .'^tr.iit,   i.  .'!.'»-(! 


IS4I, 


II.  ( ;.")!>. 


..lileia     lillelid, 

tidiis  of,   I7.!4, 


l-Jil; 
117. 


salllll''  iliree- 


('allalamt't,  <iii   X.  W . 
:!■_•(»:  ii.  .V). 


<t,    ISO."),  i. 


Cal 


iiilld,  eviilmatidiiM,  |.")|:{.  i.  II.  Id;    CallLum.  eliiefnf  Xoiil!;a.  17'^S,  i.  I'l.l 


I."i4()  :t.  i.  44,  47 
v.ada,  i.  40. 


names  sierra 


leof.  i.  4:1 


1  aeiiuii.',  moi 

'  ( 'adl)oi(.. '  (  riii^e  ill  1101 


til 


est.  lSl'7 


( 'all  Kiver,  naiiieil,  i.  •2.>\. 
('ahert,  C,  a'^eemls  I'ntoinai 

.")()•-*. 
( 'ah  inist-i.  loloiii/e  .Xiueii.a. 


lo:;!,  i. 


ISO- 


i.  .-ill:  Is. 
470 


il'J; 


ai'liearaiiee 


ii.      CaKd.  lleelleil.  et. 


l(ii;  ailMiit  on   ( 'dliiiiil  ia.    11.   47(i:    (aniaaiio,    I. nut.   .1..   exjilmts  (,>iiei  n 
captains  of,   ii.   477;  on   I'r.iser.   ii.        ('Iiailotte   I-...   i.   ■_'ti7:  1  xjildratidiis, 
477;  at  Imildiiii,'    Kurt   l.aii;:lev,  ii.  ,       171t-.',  i.  'li.~  0.  -JMi.  ii.  .'iJ.';  niaj)  of, 
47s  ,S4,  4s(!;  diT  Cdlniiiliia,   ii."4!»0;        170'.'.  i.  I'l'iS  <». 
lit  l'"oit  X'aiuoiiver,  1S4I.  ii.  (I."i(i.       ,  Caniiuss,  Imliaii  food,  ii.  "_*.")."),  ."lOO. 

f'adburo  ]'>ny,  nainid.  ii.  477.  \  C'alim.ss  I'rairie,  see  (Jiiuiiia.sli  Flats,  ii. 

'L'adlidi-o,'  Nteanier,  liijitory,  ii.  470-7.  ]      0.». 


20 


INDEX. 


Canu'iihw.'iit,    SIuislioiic   chief,    iiKMts  '  Caii',  ( ).,  dii  rx])l!)rin'.' rxjicd.,  ii.  (irO. 

J^i'wiw  mill  ('.  (Xpt;!!.,  I;i0.i,   ii.  'JS,  ('airier  eniiiitry,  exiilored.  ii.  (ij,  !  7. 

.'il.  I  (-'aisdii,  ,\.,  tia'/per,   juiua  I*.  I'"iir('o. 

Caiiieron,  lilaek'.i  deatli,  ii.  ."I'i,  ()77.  cxpeil.,  i.   I.'.O. 

Caliieroii,    tliuler,    made    iirisDiier,    i.  ( "ar.soii,  Kit,   diess,  i.  -l.'tJ;  trai>])(  i',  i. 

i.7''^.  i">l<);  ^^i^ll  I'lviiuiiit,  ii.  (I!)"). 

('aiiii)>am,  J'"ciit,  sec  J'mt  \'iet(iiia,  i.  j  ('artiii',( '|i;iti>ii,  iii(iii(ii")lizrst'iir-trad''. 


C'aiiiii.  fiir-tiac^ers',  i.  4110-1. 
Cainplxll,  at  I'ort  I  )iiiive';an,  ii.  4Ci'2, 

-I'.M. 
CalMI.lie!],  P.,  trader,  i.  ,"70. 
(':illil)liell,    j;,,   tiM-tiader,    i.    ,')]()',    at 


i.  ;;s;{. 

('artier,    J.,    .><ii!vey.'<   jnilf   aiiil    river 
Nt  Law  reiiee,  i.   i'i,  14,  liSd;  exjicai- 
tidiiM  «if,  i.  I'J,  4"_'. 
( '  I'tier,  Nil.  1,   iiiDiiiiiioli/.es  fiir-trade, 
i.  .'is:!. 

1  ierri!  J  Inle,  li.  .Vi.'i;   tiap^iiii.,' tiiur,    ( 'arver,  .1.,  ex])liiratiiiiis,  17'i'i.  i.  ()(i7- 
^  is:,-.',  ii.  ."70.  '  11;  mail  1. 1',  '"'•  '•  '•''-•  ^>  •^• 

('am|ia,  I'adri',  lleeita's  exiled.,  I77">,    C'a.iaiiate,   I'lilni  I'liiter  y,   repiirt  in 

i.  l,"iS-(l(l.  oxiiiuratiiiiis,  KilJii,  i.  |(  (i. 

('amii(i.~i,    i'adre,  assm  iati'  nf  Velarde,    Ca.seado  ('.iiial.  ^'alll•llll\er's,  .se<'  Mac- 


l_0. 

Canada,  li.ime,  i.  I:.*,  oSO-1 ;  Fieiuli 
e'lmd/e,  i.  'J'J;  jiasses  In  l^nudaiid, 
i.  ;!7!>;  },'raiiteil  m  J,a  liociie,  i.  ;i,s;l; 
law  ill,  ii.  -JDS. 

Car.ada  ('".,  .see  X.  \V.  ('o.,  i.  .'i.")!. 

(.'anada  de  la.s  I'vas  Pass,  lucatioii,  i. 

(;..;!. 

Caiiadiaii  .''■'■tileiiieiit,  ir,'_'7,  i.  .'i^O. 
(/anal   de  J.i>i)e/,  d"  Jlaro,   iiami'd  liy 

(^>i:imiier,  i.  J!  I. 
('aii.d  lie  Xlu•^4ra  Sefiura  del  J!iis,!rii) 

la  .MariiHia,  (Jidf  if  ( lenr^^ia.  i.  •J4(i. 
Caudle,  the,  furs  mid  l.y.  i."4i;.">. 
Caiinin,',  S.,  enmiiiissidin  r  title  N'.  W, 

e'last,  ii.  ;i.i.")  Ill, ;:i;7. 

('.•in.ie,  liarU,  de-eripli'li,  i.   I_U. 
Caniie  K'ivir.  iianied.  ii.  I."i.  I'J."!  4. 
(',;l)e  .\dam.s,   naiiiid   l.y  (day,  i.  "JOO. 
Cape  1  laiieiiel;.  (Iv.y  iriric;,  i.  'J(i(>. 
Cajie  lluin.  I'lirtliick  and  J  »ixiiiili)iuid, 

J7S"),  i.  I7S. 
Cai>e  Niirlli,  Terez  minis  I'ninl  Santa 

.Mar;;arit:i,  177.'!.  i.   l-".:i. 
Cariotes,  I'ui'-linn.i  r,  i.  4;;i. 


keiizie's  Voyage,  i.  (i;l!l. 
('.'i.srado  IJaiiue,  |iasse,-)  nf,  i.  Il(.'{-S. 
Caseades,  lirnudiU'ii  ri;iilies.  I7!''2,  i. 

'JSl;  see  J'all.s  iif  Ciillimliia,  ii.  4d  7; 

J.ew  is  and  ( '.   ixiied.,   ii.   t);!;    li"s- 

tility  of  natives  at.  ii.  '-'lO-l,  iViS. 
Ca.so,  exidores  Hood  Canal,  ii.  ()7.'{. 
Cass,  on  Or.  iinestioii,  ii.  4u4  ."i. 
'C.'istle,'  Hteani-liiiat.  wrecked,  ii.  .".">;'. 
( 'aslli  rcigli,  J.ord,  Astoria  restored,  ii. 

■J!ll. 
Castk'  ]!oik,   see  Heaeon  lioek,  ii.    17. 
Caswell,  killed  ky  Indian  .,  i.  •-''.!,  •_";!. 
Cafid.i,    radre   Mayin,  .sails  for  Cak, 

17!)4.  i.  •-",«!. 
'Calalina,'  liri;,',  in  S.   F.    I'lay,   kSil, 

ii.  (m!>. 
Cataract  jtiver,  named,  ii.  4.". 
Calliay,  i'a<sai;e  lo,   ky  J'lorida,  l.")"0, 

i.    i;i;    Martyr's   map.    l."iS7,    i.    ii!>; 

(,'nivera  trades  at.  l.i.i."),  i.  Ill, 
'Catherine,' on   X.  W.  coast,    l;.()2,  i. 

;{|i:  isii.  i.  :;j(i. 

Cathlaniets,  J^eu  is  and  C.   exiieik,  ii. 


(aidena  ,  vi.-its  ^liKjiii  lown;,    l.")40.    ("atkolic  mission.  Or.,  ii,  (i".  (i7.">. 'i'-'K 
i.  I(i;  ( xiiloiiUiiiiis.  i.  IS.  ('atholic  hiissiiniavies,  in  X.  \\'.,  l,s;;'.), 

( ',;'doiia.  Works,  i.  IwJ.  ii.  TiIM,  't'M. 

Carijona,    .Xieokis    de,    on    California,  !  Cattle,    iiitrodiieed   on   C'llunikia,    ii. 


I(il7,  i.  !<)_>. 
Carlos  l\'  ,  enerLj'y  in  exp'  ir.ifions,  i, 
!);  ]iositioii  in  Xootka  eontniversj'. 
i.  -SM. 


44;!. 

(^avalho,  siiin'rcarvo,  i.  ]'.K\. 
C.ivallio  and  Co.,   mereiiants,   i.   •21"; 

liankriipti  y,  i.  217. 


('armelo,    near    Moidi'i'cy,    \'i/caino  '  Cjivcndisii,  e  ;]>tiives  l^'uea,  l.')^7,  i.  71; 

discovers,  l(i02,  i.  .'-'.S.  voyaLje,  i.  7i'>;  toailus  at  C.ik,  I7'>7, 

Carmclo    l;io,    Salvador'.s    lei'ort    on,         i.  2i). 

17.'>l.i.   127.  j  Ca\\eeii!an,]iost  Ilndsonl'ayCo..  i.t  !S. 

Carmen  Is.,  s;dt  deiiot.  ii.  ."22.  I  CayniOa,    Jilisa   examines,    I7:''0;    si  u 

Carolina,  .lordaii  reaches,   I."i2  ).  i.  12.         Clayoiiuut,  i.  24(i. 
'('aniline, 'sec  •  Drav'oii.' i.  :!07;  on  X.  1  Caynsi  s, nds-iionaries  anioii'/.  ii.  ."iIM  .">. 

W.  coast.  1M»1,  i.  :tlO;    IS()2,  i.  ;!I2:    CiMJias'it    Cive.     e^iikired     ky    Caiit. 

1604,  i.  ;il«.  I      (.lay,  17t>'.),  i.  "JOJ. 


INDEX. 


721 


(Vdros  Tsl.iiiil,  discovci'od,  i.  It, 
Centrnl   Anuiic.-i,    coiulitidii    of    dis- 

cuvriy  in  l.'i.'iii,  i.  I(». 
f "iiitrivillc,  ^u•o  TiiiM  l>;iy,  ii.  254. 
'(.'t  riiu:fi()ii,'  wruckeil  ut  iJruko  Bay, 

('('viillns,    Cirinco,    rriticiHcs   Mulilo- 

ii.iiIu'h  iiuinorial,  i.  '.tl. 
ClijibuiK'uii,  Luwid  iiiul  C.  cxpcd.,  ii. 

C'liacki',  Martin,  report  of  \.  W.  pas- 

Ha.'o.  I.,;:'.,  i.  (M. 
Ciiain'iiwalis,   Lfwis    mid   ('.   exped., 

ii.  (iJ. 
CliaiiKi  Kin,  lake  Coiiulla  roaclicd  by, 

i.   10."). 
C'liaiiiji'ain,    S.  do,  cxjiloros  St  Iaiw- 


Clicnoko  Puint,  iiainod.  i.  2^1. 

t  )ii'pi'\vy;iii,  J'cirt,  li>iatiiiii.  i.  (j<iS. 

•('Iiinill.'  ill  I'acilii',  ii.  'JIM   •_'. 

Clustcrticld  liiUt,  (•>  ||nii.|.  i.  'JS. 

('!  ioUalniiiiiny,  Siiiitli  c.vplDrt's,  i.  !)'J. 

Cliiri}  I'a.s.s,  i.  (TiO. 

Cliioora.  (M  e  .luidaii's  vnyayo,  i.  I'J. 

Chifi  factor.   H.   IJay  ('■").,  i.    Ilil-."!!; 

ii.  ;{(I7  l.'>. 
(.'hii'f-tra.ltr,  H.   JSay  Co.,  i.  4»!l-.",», 

ii.  .'1(»7   !.">. 
ChiUuniiiia,  Po  Soto  j.assr.s  thioiij^li, 

l."):i."),  i.  I."i:  Spaiiisli  viMih  limiiiir, 

I."iillt,i.  l'.);.Spaiii.-ili  .I'Kiiiicuiii,  ItiilO, 

i.  -Jl. 
Cliilapa  l'as.-<,  lociti'ii,  i.  i'A'iO. 
CliilLotin.  i>ost,  ii.   hil. 


i »    »   —  I  •  -  -  ~      -  —  ■■         -I      -'  - 

IVIR'C,     i,    'JJ,    KKi,    .'{S.') ;     disi'ovi'iM  ( 'liiiliMas,  kili;.'d(>lil  of,  i.  (II. 

Lake  Cliaiii)  lain  i.  ;iS7:  nanics  lakf  (.'liiiiinapniiis,  mi  o  Liu  i.siind  ( '.  cxprd., 

Oiitaiid,  i.  :;.>S;  dcatii,  i.  .'iiltJ.  ii.  4ii;  Imlian  tiil).  ,  ii.  -Jol. 


f'lianipoi ;..',  post  Ii.  i;ay('o.,  i.  44S; 
si'ttii'UK  nt,  is;; I,  ii.  ,V_'!». 

Clialial,  ('a]i;.,  miivi'y.sCloaiv  l>ay  anil 
Cox  Ciiannc  1,  i.  '-'.V);  oxplorea  Ciiar- 
lotte  1  ;.,  i.  L'i.")-7. 

CliagiX's-l'aii'ina  I'ass,  i.  (117. 

Cliapmcii,  \V.  W.,  purcliascs  H.  Ii. 
( 'o.  ca.l  \v,  li.  7  I'l. 

Cliarlcrt  II.,  cliarloi.s  II.  liay  Co.,  i. 

4:;;i,  4!.:). 

Cli.iilfS,   Lillian,  ii.  .VJ!). 
<'liarlc3.  ut  I'lt  I-iii','lcy,  ii,  477. 
Charles,  1'.,  g::iiii',  ii.  077. 
Charlovoi.x,  trawls,  I7l.'0,  i.  IJl. 
'Cliail'ilti'.'cruisL-  in  Northwest,  1801, 

i.  .Mi). 
ChiHlo'.tu  I  l.Mid,  cxjilorod  liy  Cnpt. 

Ch.'ual,  a'^si  i.  il  liy  surgeon  Jtolilet, 

i.  •J."i."i-7;    e\[lored  \>y  Capt.    llas- 

well,  i.  'Jj;!   •_'. 
•ChMron,'.n:,'.W.  coast.  ISll,  i.  .^-JC; 

captured  liy  Ihi'-lish,  l.SI.'J,  i.  ;j-_U  .'JO. 
Chaselte,  sliot.  ii.  'J(i4. 
C^luistc;*,  Aynar  de,  fur  monopoly  of, 

i.  :;s:i. 

'Cliatliai!i.'i-.i::.W.coast,  17P--M.274, 

'J7!l,  -J   I;   17.:!,  i.  -J'.d;   I71lt,  i.  •2'M, 

•J!)'J. 
Cliatliani  (';;ie,  nnnied,  i.  17!>. 
Chauvin,   t '.;    t.,   fur  nionopolv  of,  i. 

:5S4-.-.. 
Clu'adle,  explores  Vellowhead  I'a.ss,  i. 

(i-JI. 


Cliina,  lliinna  .sail.i  Ironi.  I7s">.  i.  17:1; 

fur-trade  v  ith  \.  W.- en,i>t.  i.  'M.'t- 

.H,  ,'i.");!.  .")•_'!    I;  relation  to  Or.  ipie.s- 

tioii,  ii.  4IS   l!l. 
Chinamen,  jit  Noolk.i.  i.  'Jll. 
C'hineso  ve8.sfl-i,  in  Atlaiiiie,    l.'ilM),  i. 

(iS. 
Ciiinoohs,  Lewis  and  C.  cxped.,  ii.  .");}, 

■"id.   'O;    eharaeler,   ii.   .'i.f,    hostility 

to  Winsjiip.  ii.  ill.'!  ■">;  a.ssist  .\stor's 

]  arty,  ii.  I.VJ;  ho.siility  of,  ii.  I7.'><>, 

•2lM!. 
Chinook  I'oint,  post,   1!     liay  Co.,  i. 

4  IS. 
Chinook  village,  (irst  note'cl  livdrav, 

i.  L'til). 
Chi])ev>  yana,  opinion  of  li'pior,  i.  r)47. 
Chijewvan,    l'"ort,    .situation,    i.    iKSi!; 

huilt,'  i.  (Il-J. 
Chiijinto,  Uiiate's  explonitions,  liilM, 

i.  '.).). 
Chirikof,  sidits  Sitki.  1711.  i.  ;;0;  \. 

\V.  e\|i!oiations,  17  1 1 ,  li.  .'!i.i. 
'( 'iiirikof,"  ."-hip,  on  <.'al.  eoasl,  |s|  L  i. 

XH. 
Chopitniiish,  see  Xe/  I'erei-;,  ii.  .S7. 
(  ii'Hitrau,   A.    I'.,    Mi-Mii'ii    !  \:r  Co., 

ii.   IJS. 
Cjiouti'au,  r.,   fiir-tiiider.   i.  ."iO"i.  ."ill. 
CiirlsLaensen,   11.,   furlradi  r.  |(il;t,  i. 

."tsil. 
Ciiri.stianitv.    traces    of,    iu    Coliiiia, 

l.vji,  i.  :V.t 


'Cheerful,'  cruise  in  nortii-we.st,  170'.),    Chri  tin;..  Fort,  hrilt,  i.  ."><)•_'. 

i.   ."id.S.  (  iui^topher,  explore:)  II.  liay,  17(il-'.', 


Chehali.s  route,  map,  ii.  4(!."i. 
Clielacoin,  Lp  iin  viil.i^fc,  ii.  408. 
Ciienamus,  t  iunook  chief,  ii.  (iO'i, 


Chiuehill,  Tliver,  discovered,  i.  ")SS. 
Citiola,     Mai-eos   de    Ni/a,    i.    Ii,    4'\; 


'Chenanius,'  shi]),  on  (,'oluniliia,  1842,  i      jjuchlo  town>,  i.  1(1;  council  of  In- 
ii.  GSti.  ]      ilic.s  luialilc   x>  locate,  i.  411;  in  iia- 

liiBT.  N.  \V.  Coast.,  Vol,  II.    lU 


722 


INDKX. 


irnifiii'-*  mil]),  i.  4fl;  Ortdiiis'  jiiiiii,  '      1T7".  i.  I'l';  ^^ll^^■^^.•lt,  IT'"-:**,  i.  107; 
l.".7t,  i.  •■i;i;  HiTivni':*  imip,  1<'h,|,  i.  ,      «;r;iy  at,  I7.".S,  i.    l;:,t,   17    '.  i.  'JiH; 

SS;  ,1  |.li,\  jpic  of  ('ill.,    li.V),   i,    11(1,  IJl-i  (  \|iluliH,  i.  'Jlli;  IvcilillicIvSUt, 

Cii'uif,  in  liiiimiMici'H  inn]).  |."."(t,  i,  -I'.l;  |       I71il,  i.  -■  .'t. 

sec  l'ici;;i,  i,  .  {i;  lli)iiiliir8  iim]),  i.  i  < 'laytiiii,  on  Or.  <|ni'hitiiii'.,  ii.  •)')". 

Itl.'i;  I'liii  f  l.iv  n  I  f  (,'ui\  iiii,  i.  I  ID.       ('Iiiyl:)n,  \V,,  liuiliU  ]iu.-,t  on  K>  ul  I.''., 
Cigil::lMii,    l':ili|i'<t    laixl    of    Aina/.onit,  {      i.  i<'.'''2. 

1. 'C J,  i.  .■!■>.  I  ('Iciii'Wiitt'r    MtH.,   8ei)    Lewis  nml   ('. 

CiiiiKiKiitiiila.  ((lU'cn,  /'inof^iil)!!,  i.  {)!.        I'Jiicd,,  ii.  70. 
C'lu<l.i;i'iii  t    liidiiinx,    J.i!V.  is    and    C  i  (.'Kiirw.iU'r   Ilivor,   sco   Koo^kooMkii', 

fXiMil.,  ii.  Ii'.'.  '      ii.  .'!  1  7;  wi't;  J^cwii  ami  C  iNiuil., 

Clacu'iniiisKivi:!-,  l.t\\isiiri(]  ( '.  cNiKil.,  ,      ii.  <:). 

ii.  IJ.  1  ( ill  vvHiiii.  Kcc  Mis-ionrri('><. 


('!<•:!;,  ('.i(kc",(  (";|c'il.,  177^.  i.  1'!". 
Ci.rk.i  11.  j:ay  Co.,  i.   ll-.»-.".l;  N.  \V. 


Cl:il!:.i;iH,  l;i!l  McKcnzii'".s   I'aity,  ii. 

4M!|  niMii:  !ici|,  ii.  -l''!. 
Chiji'.  laM  I  A:itoria,  ii.  •_'-.">,  'SXi. 
Claiiiiili.il,  Lord,  on  Or.  <jiu  .-^.i"n,  ii.  !('1(  swinu'iit    Like,   Marki'ii/ii's    vny 

not;  :\  li;;».  |      a;:i',  i.  (i'.il. 

'Cluiion,'  en  Cal.   foa.xf,    lsl7    1*^,   i.  i  (  Icviiand,  narrative,  etc.,  i.  .'!'.  7. 

'A','ii\  (lotiU    Hay,    named,    i.    17'<l;    Clianal 

Chirk,  ('!i]it.  (I.,  voy.,  I.M!);  w  rcikiil        survey. i,  i.  'J.V». 

i.  I'imI.  (in;<.'iui   J.,ake.-<,    .Maekitizie'n  voya^'e, 

Clark",  trader  for  Selkirk,  i.  ."77  S.  i.  U>:\. 

Chivk ',  .L,  jiiiinir    I',    I'ur  Co.,    ii.    ('oaliuila,   Sjtanixli   ■fiontier    n  aclies, 

1!;7:  eqied.  of,  ii.  l!l,s,  ■2V,-2  :i,  -Jll;!      1  :>;,).  i.  1'.). 

anil  ;r:  liidian.'i,  ii. 'JIl'-I;!, 'JiS;  Sj  o-    {'o.l,  f)i;nd  at  Ikar  Lake,  i.  (li!',);  iseo 

ka:ie  i.\]ied.,  ii.  'JiS;  Iran  I'l  r  1  ort 

AHii'via,  ii.  '--7;  have:)  I'oit  Oeorge, 

ii.  '2l'i;  j7)e:i  ea -t,  ii.  'JSO. 
Clarko.  W,',,  ex](lornig  ".Nj.ed.  nji  tlio 

Mi.-,  onvi,   lf04-5,  ii.  (i  J7;  in.  true 


tioji'i,  ii.  (i  7;  reaelies  head-naters 
of  Mi  ionii,  ii.  "Jd;  I'l.wn  (lie  ("ahiin- 
bia,  ii,  'Jli  .;(>,  i,  '.i'2i):  <  u  l';;tilie,  ii. 
Bl-C);  icUirn  to  St.  J.oiMrf,  ii.  ."1- 
8'2;  voulo  IVom  'J'ravellera'  Jte:^  to 
Yelluv.>;ti)no,  ii,  7(>  7 ;  down  Yil- 
lov.-.Uone,  ii.  77-Sl ;  <  li  n.  of  militia, 
ii.  .'M;  C;o\-.  Mis.onri  'i'y.,  ii.  8ii; 
Siijit.  Indian  allaiis,  ii.  ';ii;  Mi.tsonri 
Vv.y  Co.,  ii.  I'JS;  eharae'.er,  ii.  'Jl.ll, 
21.":;  ej.jilirihu'exiKil.,  IJ  (M  (i;  loiite. 
ii.  '..2~;  tiUiuy,  Missoiui,  l,s(!4,  i.  ,')W. 

Claii:e  I  vnk,  (  lailie  names,  ii.  7N. 

Clarlii'  I'uint  of  \'irw,  riamed,  ii.  ."S. 

Clark;'  Liver,  nan.ed,  i.  '.'A.  ii.  (i7;  Me 
Jav.  i.H  i:nd  C,  e.Nju'd.,  ii.  7i'  1. 

Clalk.  ".-;  loiite  we.st,  i.  (i.'iO. 


Ltwi  i  ami  C.  e::[)ed..  ii. 
Coal  lii\i  r,  num.  li,  ii.  ^  1. 
Coast  ikungc,  ])asse.s  tlirou:,'li,  i.  (;J7, 

g:.."». 

Collin  Mount.,  nanuil,  i.  'Jd  ;  Le\ud 

and  C.  (Xjied.,  ii,  I'.), 
C()..;ili  r.i\er,   ]'o.i.-^ilily  tlie  Mi.elieiizio 

Kivei'  in  l^iiv.".;  maji.  !.")!)f\  i,  {• !. 
Co',il  llio,  in  W'ytliiet-l'toli'my  m.iji, 

i.-:)7,  i.  .';4. 
Cokaialii-skkit  Liver,  see  Lev.  i.^  and  ( '. 

exiled.,  ii.  71. 
ColiKii,  on  <ine«tion  \.  W.  enast,   ii, 

;ii.-.. 

CoIe.Tliomas.  lii.s  voya'/e  •.  I7i''i.  i.  'Jiili. 
'ColenxeU,'  sliili.    N'.  \\  .  Iiii-lradi,   i, 

::i'.». 

Cole.s,  J.,  !-ail-maker,  ii.  1."<1)  I. 
Colima,    iX)ied.    norlli\Ve::t   el,     l.V_'-J; 

trr'jei  1  f  (  lirisliaiiit;,  in  1  "'JJ,  i.  ;.'.•. 
Ci  llins*  'reeU,.'<ee  ]a\\  i.-i  and  C.  exjieil., 

ii.  t;;l. 


(ias-e^  Miar(s'voya,i;e,  I7>S,  i.  |;)7.      i  Cohiett,  Cajit..  on  \.  W.  coast,  l7.-!7. 


Clat'eji  I'ort,  liuilt,  ii.  .")•">;  i^ewis  and 

C.  .-It.  ii.  .".!». 
Clatso]!  l;i\<r,  Lewis  and  C.  ex]ied. ,  ii. 

r.7. 

Clatsojis, minder erew  of  '  William .-ind 
Ann.'  ii.  4!IS;  jmni.slied,  ii.  4!l!l;  se(! 
Lewi.s  and  C  ixjied.,  ii.  iV)-(!,  .V,). 

Clav.  on  title  N.^V.eoast,  ii.  ;i(i7,  1177, 
.•{7!l. 

Clayii(|H('t,  Indians  attack,  i.  .'Mm. 

Clayunuot   .Sound,    ileeetii's    voyage, 


i.  IM,  L.:i;  17MI,  i. -Mil  I-'.  •JI7-2.!; 
!T',H),  i.  '2A'.t\  iiiiiiii-ioni'd  liy  .Mar- 
tinez, i.  •J17--.>;  ^ot  .s  to  .Mexiio,  i. 
'22.',. 

'Colonel  Allan. 'sclioonei'.oiiC  'al.  coa.st, 
ii.  -(il:  on  Colnmliia,  ii.  'Jiili. 

'Colonel,'  liri,;,  till  Cal.  coast,  1S1(5,  i, 
:{:i4. 

Colorado,  in  ^urril^.^n 


Col.) 


naji,  17."i7,  i.  I-!I. 
lia^in,  .La  .Salle  enters,  l(i64, 


1.  ;>: 


)3. 


ixnnx. 


rsA 


rnlnritili)     ririjit     C'lnoii,     Curili'imMl  '('iiliimliiii,' »''liiKiii(r.  fm  \.  \V.  ciiiiwt, 


Kiiili.s  I.Md,  i.    Hi. 


\s\\  i.  :t;;;t; 


■Dolly. 


l'i)!>>riii|i)    ltii>,    i'i'ui'Ik'iI    liy   Aliiirmi,    '('uluiiiliiii,' aIii[i,  on  C'ul.  ooa^t,  I^D), 
i'>(.l,   i.    li;  Dill/  a»i'<ii>U,    I.VIO,   i.         ii.  .'>:)!). 


1(1;  (ll'i.itf  ixpluiiM,  JtldJ  .").  i.  •_•!, 
!«»:  Kim.  tiavcisi.-t,  Ki'.H)  I7IM>,  i.  •_'■'•; 
tn.iitiir  of  M'  ..iiu,  ii.  7'><>;  i.   -7; 


Aiiia  ixiili'i  cs 


I7<i!l. 


.'S;  i',\|i|iin 


('■iliiiiilxw,  iii;,'nilicnn<'f'  «)f  early  iUh- 
cmclits,  i.  ■_';  tli>'i>iy  of  i-duIc  t'l 
linlia,  i.  .V(l;  tliico  \(i>ag«"<,  i.  It>; 
tliciiiy  (if  .\iin'iiia,  i.  ',i.'\ 


I. .10  .'1,  i.   II;  \iiiLfii.s'  tlicnry  ..f,   i.    ('cilvill.'.  .\..  L(,i,.  ( luv.   II.  II.  «'....  ii. 

f.;;;    \V.\lll,rt-l'lc.l. mv,     I".'.I7",    i.    VJ;  '        ."il.".;   <lif,ct..r    I'll'..',  t   .S.MIII.l    A.  «'..., 


.S.ihail.irH  if].(irt  on,    I7''l,   i.   I'. 


KIT  I.I  w  I.I  nil 


IC 


•  Xliril.,  II.  .»•_'. 


tiller,  .1 .,  lifi'  iiiii.iii:,'  lii.liiiH,  ii.  .SJ-;j, 


ilh  I'.  I'liiC 


.1.,  ii.  I7:i. 


(.'olti  r  ( 'ri'i'k,  ii.inii  .1,  ii.  ;iS;  mv  l.,cwi.-i 


ami  < '.  (• 


(.'i.liiiiil'ia,  on 


.|ii'il.,  li. 


.\.    \V, 


■^t,   17S.S,  i. 


ii.  (ilii. 

('..hill.',  I'..i»,  post  II.  15.  ('....  i.   ||s; 
liiiill,  ii.  •Ki'.l;  ii  'ri.iiltmc  at,  ii.  17-. 

(oh  Ol  I.IL'.■^i.^,      HlUA  1 


ii.  ('.7'.>. 
Coinamlii's,  iitta. 


yd   (iiay    II, 


W 


ll.l.lllis    cviir. 


i.  I-Js. 


•Ji»-';  I7MI.  i.  •J(i7.  'Jl.t,  -J-'l;   1711-',  i.  i 
2.".s-(ii.  -ji;;;  1. 117 ». 

' 'oliiiiiliia,'  iiark,  1.11  ( 'oluiiil.i.'i,   I.SIUi, 

ii.. ■.;»». 
'Colniiiltia,'   Ii.Il',    on    .\.    W.    ciijs^t, 

I  M7  IS.  i.  :v.\s. 

('i.lin.il)i.'i  (IIiIl.),  vov»'4iH,  l>s;!(»,  IsiiS, 

IS!(i:  i.  :!ll   •_'. 
Colli:. iliia  <K'i)iirtiiiciit,  liiMils  of,  nniU'r 

lliiiji^oii  |;,iy  ;  'o.,  i.  .11, i. 
C'oliiiiil.i.i.  I'lii-  (o.,  t'oriiif.l,  i.  .".II,  ii. 

•I :  J. 

( 'ohiiiil)i;i  ini'ilal,  i.  ISiJ. 

'C'olMiil.ia  III  ili\  i\;i,'  oil  N.  W.  coast, 
17...S,  i.  l;C.-;;_';  17m,  i.  •j.-iU-j. 

C'olui.ibiiv  JJi\cr,  t!iu  ( »ri';,'oii,  (!itninri> 
.SLri  it  <f  Aiiiaii,  i.  .'l;  lin^iau  c;.\- 
plrivs,  171".-  ■"  ',  i.  -ii;  llo  L';:v!  i.'lit.s, 
177-'i,  i.  I'ili;  liiiiy  entcr.i  ami  n.-iiius, 
i.  Sa),  (JSI,  ii.  'M>,  ',')2:>;  lJioiiL;litun 
flitri':i,  171'-',  i.  -'I;  HifJcimut  on, 
l.'l')~ll,  i.  .'i-'Vli;  liliiiiv  surveys, 
II;!,  i.  .".Ill;  l.iwi.i  Mill  ('.  cxiicii. 
<l,.\.ii,  ii.  .'l,)-.";!;  iKivi  ;a'. i.'ii  of,  ii. 
41;  'ilioiiii)Miii(lf.s(Minl.',,  ii.  IJl,:iJt). 
^ViIlsllip,  ni'Ult  Hunt  0:1,  LSOl),  ii. 
1',))  .■),.';iS;As'.or':;  fur  party  riiii-lic's, 
ii.  M:i;  f.si.lonul,  ii.  I. .J;  A.sloria 
fo:',iiiK'il.  ii.  ;i-'i);  or(ii]iif,l,  ii.  417; 
]\ii!.oiiJ.lin  Mirvc  \  H,  ii.  I.".7;  map 
of  lov.i  T,  ii.  i;i'.>:  iMtiii'  iiitroiliici  il, 
ii.  Ii;i;  lir;.t  fniiL  U-~  ia  )i!aiiiril,  ii. 
4il;  tifi'lu  on,  l.-^;!.'),  li.  li;i-4; 
wri'i  !:h  at  iiioulli,  ii.  .".:'._'  '.);  ilan.ora 
of  iiioutli,  ii.  .">;i.*!;  KilU'tt  lAploics, 
1: :;.».  ii.  (Ill;  liar.  ii.  (17.1;  Wilkes 
Mirvcy-i,  ii.  (.'■•I;  .sliij.-i  on,  lS-';i-4J, 
ii.  ().-'o-7:  siliiiou  11  iiiii-,',  ii.  (iSii. 

Colaiiil.i.'v  IJiviT  I'"i.«liiii.i!  ami  Trading 
(.'o.,  or^ani^cd,  ii.  .'.77;  f.iiliire,  ii. 
.7.)(i-S. 

C'ohiiijhia  llivci-  Pass,  location,  1.  G4a- 
0. 


roimoiiily,  C'liim.ok  cliirf,  ii.  .'il!,  17'., 

lil>7,   ■-'.il;   saMt    trailers'   Mm  i,    n. 

I.'jj  .'t;    il.'iii^litrr   niaii'it's    .NL  Don- 

^','tll,    ii.    'JI'S-l'.i;    11    t.iiii.'o.t!,    ii. 

•j;il   J. 
('oimUcIa,  native  iliiif  .N'ootk.i,  l7->s, 

i.  I'.).-.. 
» ''.iiiineiieenienl  ll.iy,  nannii,  ii.  (>MI. 
Coino,  i;t  I'liit  i.aiii:!ey,  ii.  177. 
( 'oliii'a  .'iiie   (le    lit    Xonvelle     I'rii  ee, 

cliiiiteiv.l,  i.  36J-'J0,  4,Wj  tli.s.soUi.l, 

i.  :!.)!. 
l.'oinpjiiiy  <  f  Ailveiitiirers  of  Kii'.'ImihI, 

tia(lili\,'  ill  JImi.-ioii  liay,  -.ee  II.  lliiy 

Co. 

( 'oiiipaiiv  ]'av,  Kee  IVirelav  .*^oiiml,  i. 

I!K>;  Cr;;y'cxi.loiVii,  I7''.!»,  i.  '-'i).". 
Coin]i:iny  of  C,.ii.iil,i,   fonuiil,  i.  ',VXi, 

411. 

Coiiij'.'iiiy  of  tile  In.'iies,  .suee.-i'ils  Wist 

Imlii  (  o.,  i.  oils. 
Coiiiiany    l.oml.ii,    lieeiised    liy   MuHt 

Imlia'Co.,  i.  'Jill. 
Coiiipo-tel.i,  Foii'.e'.s  story,  i.  IKi. 
'Conee|.eioli,'  I'li  X.  \V.  eoast,  I7'.l0,  i. 

•J..:)  4l»;    171)1.  i.  -JS:',,  J 1 1. 
Coneepfioii     I'oiiit,     Cil.rillo    reaeiie^, 

I.-.  1:1,  i.  I  I. 
C'oiiilia.s    J.;.ke,    in    Wytili.'t-I'toluny 

map,    l."ii.7,    i.    M;  in    I.ou't  imip 

l').iH,    i.    iS..;    Oiiali'.s   exptd.    to,   i. 

loii. 
(Jonilias  I'(",'io  eiini  N'ieini'.  ( l.-ii!  I.im, 

Kcu  Wytlliet-l'toliiiiy   map,   I. .■..7,  i. 

K4. 
< 'oniliia.ssct,  FmiteH  story,  i.  llH. 
( 'olljeellire:*,  ( ii'o'^iapliieul,  i.  '.'A. 
(joiiiieulicut  liivei-.  IJlock  tlitioover.s,  i. 

5(10. 
Conn. illy,  with  fur  l.iiu'ade,  ii.  471;  at 

Fol't  .St  .hums,  li.    474;  at   dkaiia- 

lUMn,  ii.  4'JS;  puni.slies  Ckit-soiis,    ii. 

4'J'.». 


79* 


INDKX. 


roiinolly,  J:i8.,  cliief  factor,   ii.  470, 

•JIHI. 
rdiiiKiIly,  \V.,  wifi'of,  i.  543;  in  New 

( 'iiUMldiii.i,  ii.  47(l,  '>in. 
',   ( 'luiiiuily,  ImiiI,  Imilt,  ii.  470. 

C'liiiiiullv  liiviT,  J.  l)<)Uglu.s  f.vplore.i, 

ii.  4s,s. 
Coiioily  J.^ik(>,  post  IIucIhoii  ]iay  Co., 

i.  448. 
•  '(iiKM.st't,  lM)nt(;'.s  story,  i.  110. 
(■(iiLsiiL.',  l''atli('l',  tlfrliirc'S   C'al.  a    Iti'll- 

iii.sula,  i.  !-.'>. 
'  t'"ll^talllille,' brig,   in  .S.    1'.  I'.ay,  ii. 


Corti'-s,   H.,    aui'.;ition,   i.   .T;    cvp-dl. 

tiiiii!*,  l.")!'.*,  i.  II;   \vi'.<itfni  I'o.-i.si,  >•( 

Mixii'o,  i.  i;i;  on  Xi/u's  reports,  i. 

4I(;  ( iininK'r.s  Mrxico,  i.  ;{7'.(;  nictliod 

of  i-onvi  I  till'.',  i.  .V)0. 
Corti's,  F.,  ill  ('(.liiii.i,  I.VJ4.  i.  i:i,  IVJ. 
Cortiii,  Mitli  fiii-Kii.jatlf,  ii.  471. 
Cosa,  voyagr  ill  l.'i()4  .'i,  i.  10. 
(.'ipsHnckn,   liavrr.su   Siberiii,   llidO-oO, 

i.  -2'.). 
Cdttiiij,',  voyago,  18-2S-3a,  i.  JMl. 
('ciltoii,  Hcc  Cottiiig.  i.  .'141. 
Coiicli,  ('ii|it.,  oil  (.'oluniliia,   IMO,  i. 

;Ui',  ii.  (iMi  7. 


(,■.-.!». 
Coiitiiioiit,  Nortlicrn.  apex  of,   i.  404.  jCoiiltir,  in  Mix.  iiiid  ("a!.,  ii.  4(1' 
Contra    Cii.sla    do    I'loriij.'i,    ( 'ardoiia  |  < 'MiiiK-il  liiiill's,  ii;;iii('il.  i<.  I'J. 

iiaiiK  s,  i.  HrJ.  [  ( 'oiinur  drs  IkjIs,  her  vowiynir,  i.  414, 

'C'livoy.'oii  N.  \V.  .'oast.  IS-Jl,  IS-JO-  i      4-j;i;  iiutliud  ..I'  trad.-,"  i.  i'l.VJ. 

;ill.  i.";t4I;  ii.  44'J  :i;  Is.'.li,  i.  ;!»•_'.      jCcMiitoi:*,    1".,   .Maik.ii/.i<  "s   rxpi-1.,  i. 
('ook,  oxplori'M  ^'rilowstoiic,  ii.  .'{1.  (>7;t. 

t'ook,  oil  «jiiL'!itiou  N.    W .   coiiKt,   ii.  I  CiMitliiiiiy,  J.  !'.,  on  fxpliiriiig  rxiu'd., 

XiX  I      ii.  (Kill. 

Cook,    Cant.    .Ins.,    ^nrvry.s    .\laskp.n  ;  C.iwKw,    T,,    on    nortii  wot    pasHiijri', 

I'i'iiiiisiilil,    I77>',    i.    'H  ;   ft   voyii'_'»',  j       I."i7.'<,  i.  01. 

tti'.,   1.  I(i(!;  on  >'.  W.  cnast,  177^,  :Cii\\iit/,  on  Cal.  coast,  l.s4',  ii.  (iriS- 

i.  l()7-7-;  ii.  '.'AX   lit.  .".'t'l,  .•i,i7;  map,        00.  tiSS;  on  \.  W.  t-oii.st,  ii    (i(il. 

I77S,    i.    lOIh   op.  ii.s    fur   tvaili:,    i.  |  Cdw  lit.',  r.iss.  I.ic.ition,  i.  (ll.'t, 

.■!47-S,  .■i70;  .>I;irkin/.ii  '«  I'xpf.!.,    i.  :  Cowlit/.  p.i>t,  llii.|~..ii  I'.ay  C;.,  i.  44S; 

O'.Ni;  louti' of,  i.  (J.ill;  di.>Lription  i)t' I      attaik<-.l,  ii.  'J77   H, 

R(';i-oltrr,    i.    :(4;i-4;    fnlc.    i.     ,'{."i.S;  ;  C'ow  lit/    riuiric,    faiiniiii;    Ijiimmi,    ii. 


Iiidiaii.s  attack,  i    .'Mi4;  fiii-t railing', 

i.  .■!(;7. 
('.I'  k  Inlet,  hiirvcycil,  i.  'Jihi  7. 
C.iok     Kivci,     I'lirllock     and    l)ixoii 

rc.i.'li.  I7m>,  i.  I7.S. 
Cooli.lgc,    H.    I>.,   on    X.    W.    i-.iaat, 

17H.S,    i.    l.s!»,   •2\1,    ■_'•.'.-.;    I7ii'-',    i. 

'.'(i"). 
Cop.'dia    Lake,    see    Iliarra's   explora- 

tiiiiis,   i.   ."ij  ."!;   see  ttnate,  explora- 

tioiiH,  j.  (Ml;  riiiite  t.i,  i.   10', 
Coppci  liiilie  Itivei',  llearne  desccnd.s, 

1770,  i.  '.'.Si  iliNiMixfied,  i.  OI'J;  ii.  2; 

t<i  e  Lewis  iiiid  C.  t;xpod.,  ii.  O.'k 
Cordillera,    dcliiieii,     i.    OlS;    piiMNe^; 

t'.roiiyli,  i.  (117  I'.'i. 
( Vinliilia,  voyu,,'e,  |,">I7  IH,  i.  II;  Klisa 

nil.  horsat,  I7'.il.  i.  -.'40. 
Cornelius,  Indian  i  liicf,  ii.  070. 


i'<l-l   II,  (il!l;  Work  Mii\.y:-.  i..  fdit. 
C.iw  lit/,  liivi  r,.st)f  i,cwisandt '. expt  d., 

ii.  4!),  lit). 
Ciiw  lit/.  N'allcy,  fanning,  IM'.7,  ii.  OI'J- 

l;i;   l!>4.V.')l,  ii.  (iLi;  .lemil.s  in,  ii. 

(;i;i. 

Cox,  clerk  IV  I'urC.).,  ii.  'JO:^  .",  'JIN- 
0;  witli  Xortli-\\c;t  I'lirCn.,  ii.  •J,,'.», 
'Jtll;  leaves  I'l.rt  iieoi'^e,  ii.  ■J70. 

Cox  ( 'ape,  ."^t  I, 'in  41!  nam..''.  17'''.  i.  I7S; 
sc  IMxoii'h  iii.ip,  I7''7,  i.  I'^O. 

Cox  Cliannel,  Cajit.  Cli.aial  mhm'Vk, 

i.  '2:>:>. 

Cox  I'ort,  fiee  Clayipi.it  Sound,  17l^S, 
i.  107;  niiitiiiy  at,  Msyy,  i.  'Jiio. 

t'oxe,  hit  nntriitlitiiliic.-i :,  i.  P.'.'l. 

Coxe,  |)anic-l,  jj;eogriipliy  of  17--',  i. 
V22-U. 

C.iston,  Caiitiiin,  treogniiiliv  ni.  i.  I-J2. 


it  F..rt  ijinud.  V,  ii.  477.         <'.pvot",  lialiit:il,  i.  4I-.* 


Col  iiiado,  I'r.iir 


Mpic/ lie,  WMia 


Znni  I'licMoTnwn.s,  l.>40,  i.  Id, 
lil.iratiiiii-.,  I."i0l  :i,i.ll(    I7,44;ixpi 
(iitiiiii  t<i(,>iii\  ira,  i,  4.1  >>. 
<'oriigal,  trader,  altacki'd,  i,  ."(70. 


( 'ravtii, 
ii.  i;4i<.l. 


r.  T. 


on  I'Xpl.inii'  jvin 


'.1. 


(  '.'lit  real,  .\iiiis.  i.  ."p.'t, 

Ci.rii'ieal,  in  Miin.stcr'.i  iii.iii,  l."i4.">,  i.  ,  Crif  ii'iidcii,  on  Or.  <pii.Hiion,  'i.  IM'4, 


tr; 
I' 


ii.tacki  d,  i.  .".70. 


Cre;  pi.  on   I'eiez  cxpiil.  I"7.l.  i.   L"'l; 

di.il-y  I'ere/.  \.iyii^e,  i.   1  ">'J  .'t. 
Criiniiiids,  at  I'oit  (u.ntie,  li.  •_'(;' 


4s. 


41NI. 


I'orleroaU,  iieur  (■ivuhliUid,  i.    II,  HO,    ('rii.i>er,  \>ivage  I7'.I0,  i.  .'JOX     IISO'J,  i. 


0. 


:iii. 


INDEX. 


Crnrk'tt.at  PuTct  Soiuii',  ISJIJi.  701.  ]  TUna,  J.  P. 


fXpl 


iinii''  oxiic  1 


.1. 


(.'nmiwi'  1,  Hti/cH  I'lirt  Itnyal,  i.  ;i'.l|.      i      ti(ii),  (isi   •_'. 

CriMik-,  I!..  J  ii:l,^   I'.  I'uiM'u.,  I7'>;  on  |  Ihuiiil,  Cipt.,  on  t'al.   ooast,  l.^M,  i. 

<'X|i»;il.,    |Sii-!(.  l!)."t;  K;i\i's  Astoria,         '.V.'A. 

litS.  I  Dail.y,  viyn^v,  IS.'tC.,  i.  .'Ul. 

Cross,  'I'lir,    MMuiatioii  of  voyagours  j  I>ailiy,  lioslon  unit  liant,  i.  .T.S. 

for,  i.  .".!i:!.  I»a.'-hliiit',  ];u,,.sia:i  cnnMil;;!  n.,  ii.  1  10. 

{.'ros>,  V'lya.'i',  IsJo-."),  i.  ,'iU  l>au|iliiii,  Fort,  Imilt,  i.  .")'.l.'). 

Crov.tll,  Caiit.,  iiM  (t.s  (Jii.y,   17!'l,  i.     liaMnjicut,  F.  J^.,  on  cAploiiii^'i'Slcd., 

'-V.1;  17:'..'.  1.  •-•!;■;   it;"!,  i."  •-'!)».  |      ii.  (iii'.l. 

Crow    liiiliaus,    Williui.'i'   expcilitioa  [  I>.i\  iil.soii,  trailer,  ii.  .M. 

tiinoiig,  li.  il!7.  I  L)aviil.soii,    ('aj)t.,    oii    \.    W.    coast, 

Crown, "nciivi's  I'ort  Uosal,   Ki.Vt,  i.  I       IS(M),  i.  :!IIS;  ii.  .''m. 

3!U.  I>:i\ila,  (Jil  ( ionziiii-'Z,  ill  Xi(arai;tii,  i. 

Crouii   I'oiiit,   Kiiglisli   takr,    17"i!l,   i.         I.'i. 

401.  .Duvi.-.  <  -.lit,  at  Sitka,   IMO.  ii.  110. 

Crows,  ('ipi:i;.)ii  of  li(|iior,  i.  ."il7.  I  l>avi.-i,  il.,  rccoril  of  .laiiaiic-^e  vi's-i  Is, 

Cro.'at,    .\.,    ;.;iiviriior  <if    J.oiiisiaiia;  I      etc. ,  ii.  ;'>;!•_'. 


iiioD.iiMlii's  of,  i.  ;j;)7,  ."01   -. 
Cruzjittc,  Low  is  and  ('.  fX|i<ii.,  ii.  17, 

(.'ni/atti-  Ilivcr,  iiani(.'il,  ii.   1(5. 

Ciiail  aai.cl  Nan.oUMi-  1   ';.!•  I,  naiiicil 


l);ivi.s,  .John,  voya;.^cs,    l.'s,".  7,   i.    |s; 
oil  X.  \V.  j)a,-.-^a„'(',  i.  il.'i;  on  ltii,la''.-i 
voya-i>,  i.  1 10,  ' 
D.ivi.t,  W.  11.,  on  X.  W.  coast,  IMO- 
II,  i.  :5-.'.".;  niri-.  !i:int,  ii.  1;!:). 
17i'J,  I'.;,   ('iiailia  anil  \'aii>oii\cr,  i.  1  l>'.\vily,  I'ii'irc,  map  uf  1(;;;7,  i.  I'>7. 
'J7'l.  I  >'.\voii;,'iiur.  <  lov.,  St  i/.»s  llniHit  L.iiiil, 

Ciiailia,.liianr. .IIci-cta".ic\]iril  ,177"',  '      i.  -Iii>. 

i.  l"S-(j),  ii.;j|.S;  .\rtca;::i".i  cNiKil.,  |  |)ay,  .1.,  willi    1'.    I'lir  Co.   cN)if  1.,  ii. 
177il,  i.  17;!;  l>iiy.-4  t!ic  '  Ailvi'iilan  ,'        17'.!,  ISJ.  liS-l',  l!),'i;  haves  Antoiiu, 
i.'JJl;  XiM^lk.i  coistroxcrsy,  i. 'JS.">-7;        ii.  \'.>S;  dii -i  inwiiic  ii.  100. 
coinuii  iJoiKi',  ilialli,  i.  'J.'X).  '  Dc.m.s,  on  ( 'uliiiiiliia,  ii.   171. 

(^iili.i,  in  iiiaj>  <  f  .\|''ann:<,  l.'.7"',  i.  •">'».     IVailioin  Kivcr,  ii.inii  i|,  ii.  '.'O;  Lrwia 


Cul'i;Mj;ii,  in  W\ tllici-rtolciiiy  map, 

i.".;)7, 1.  SI. 

C.il:iv.ort'i!!,  Hcc  Clio's  journal,  ii.  l.'i;]. 
Cullm  IS,  l/pi'jo'.s  ir.'.vtl.s,  i.  (i.'t. 
(.'uliac  ii.<!n;:!.i;.u  foriilic.i,  l.'.'ll,  i.  10; 
Ica.i  i,  I  i.il'i,  i.  42;  Ni/.a  li  avcn,  l."i.'!;i, 

i.  i;!. 


ami  ('.  cxncil.,  ii.  7'-'. 
I>casc,  J.  \\.,  ilcatli,  ii.  ."iKi. 
I>ca  c,    I'.    W.,  at  .Mil.roil  Lake,  ii, 

4l):!;  at  Okana'.'an,  ii.   lOS ;  in    Xiw 

(,'aliiloiii,i,  ii.  ,"il(!. 
!)ri  r|iiiiiii  liuv,  -Mciit  s  mini'    ,  IV"^"^, 

i.  lOS. 


Curry,  Tlios.,  f..r-ti;nlir,  i.  ri.'il.  1  J)ci'o.:.;ni',   at   JtoiKy   Mt.    Ilousi',    ii. 

CusIm'.v'.  Or.  mi.!:  ioiijiiv,  ii.  .' .'17.  'jr.t-.")i>. 

Cu.-.l;i;i'r.  ('.,  on  Hi.  *;  ii..<.:iin,  ii.  l\'.n,  I  Dcnl  p.  11,  If.   ll.iv  Co.,   ]'<i\,  i.   {."c'; 

Cuslii I  •!;.*.  t^vi:   J,cv.  i.s  uinl  C.   cxpcil.,  !  I  ircr.  Iialiiiat,  i.   (I'J. 


ii.  0-'. 


D 


I>ncoluliH,  .stolid  of  tlif  Mcht,  i.  <i07 

10. 
•I)i;>.Iaais'  on  X.   \V.  coast,   17!l--',  i. 

•»"i)      -  ,j     ijn" 

Dui.y',  \^i■]■,\^.>  I  Ian.!,  i.  l'.:!. 

I)al!.  J,  Till',  Ml*  Lewis  mill  ('.  expol., 

ii.    I."!-!.   C!   1  ;    ii;;inc,   ii.   'II;  Ins- 

tili:y  I  f  Ilnliaiis  at,  ii.  'Jll);  tiaiiili;; 

po  Icitul)!;  !ieil,  ii.  •J7ll;   .Mclluuii.-il 

in;.!::ii  .i  (.;,  ii.  (i77. 
I)a'iyii:plc,  ('.;j)',  iii.iniil,  i.  17!'. 
J>uiiipi.  I',   pi  ivi^tcer,  ill   laiilie.   i.  'J.'i; 

on  Cal.  geo^riniliy,  liiMi,  i.  llvl. 


I  h  1  r  is..,---!  (•  Lcwisainl  C  txjie.l.,  i.  '0. 
I)rir  J.od  il'  I'ass,  location,  i.  (ij  >. 

I'e    Cour;.;nrs,    iiias.saciTs    Sp.'u.ii  hi, 

l.".i;,s,  i.  10. 

'I>i  ill  iii_','   siiip,   <l(stro\i  ■!,    li',!)7,    i. 

•II.'. 
iKlaiio,  at  Samlwicli  Im.,  l'-;)!,  i.  -T,. 
lUI.-railo,  .M.,  voya'.'c,   HiOl,  i.    I    "■. 
l)c  1  1  I.  ,  on  C.ij.,    171."i.   i.    1  I'.';  map 

ol  17,'iJ,  i.  I-J7  "^. 
!)('  I.aet,  on  |)iake"s  voynn  ,  i.  III. 
Deloiiisa,    IV,    male,    'lM/;t,     i      ill'J; 

ileal h,  i.  :\\.'i. 
I>i  nieiH,  .Icsiiit  iiiissionnry,  ii.  .'."(i-H, 

(;i:i. 

l>e  Mont',  Siciir,  ci'c  I'icire  lin  (liiat, 
i.  ;t,s.")  7. 


I 


IXDKX. 


J)fSl  hlltrs  Jtivcr,  lAWlriillulCCXpcU., 

ii.  41   •-',  04,  (id. 
'l)i's<'iiliiiTtii,'   ciirvi'tte,    oil    N.    W. 

tt-iist,  I  Till,  i.  •_'4!»-.".(». 
•  Dt'sili'iiiiiiiii,'  l)ai'l;,  wrccki'd,   ii.  .");i;t. 
Ih'slioii,   Cjijit.,    N.    \V.    fiii-li'iiilo,   i. 

l)<slisiil.  Or.  Hcttlrr,  ii.  .VJ!). 
Jit;  ."^iiiit,  I'.  .1.,  Jesuit  iiiis>i()iiary,  ii. 
rt-:,\  7«-'. 


I77S,  i.  107  7'J;  17!f.'.  i.  '-'71,  •Jsl; 
I7'.t;!.  i.  "J!'!:  17!lt,  i.  '2'M>,  •J!)'.>;  I7!«l, 
i.    :tlll;  ill    llll.is.jli   ,'-;ii;iit,    l()l(»,   i. 

4:»s. 

' Disi^iivci'y,'  iiloop,   in  Jliul.son   Pwiv, 

171!l,  ii."  :«)."). 
Disease.-)  ami  111,14  lii.li.iiis,  ii.  .'lO'J-  I,  (»()•_*. 
'Disiuileli.' mi  \.  W.   .MPiist.   I7!i'i,  i. 

'Mi-th   17!l!>,  i.  ;M).S;   ISKI.  i.   ;ilo. 
Pi.\nii.   (Ill   \.  W.    eiiiist,    17'"^'»-7,    i. 

17vS  M;  17Mi,  i.  ;t:.l  .".. 
PImhi,    vii:e-iiilliiiilil,     ih     I'.-ieilii',    ii. 

'J!r<t. 

Di.M.ii  I*.;iv,  l)i\. Ill  visits,  17'-",  i.  17!'. 
Dixiin's    l!nl  liiiiee,   l'.'!./  iili|irii;ielu's, 

i.  l.'il:   l.a  l'<  rmiMe  \i>ifs.  i.  17">. 
l>ixiin  iSUiii(s.  hiMiii  luiiii.s,    I7.'~i7,  i. 

l.M». 
l)"m;ic,  <i.   ('.,   i'Nii!iire:4  Villi i\\.-.tiiii.', 

1.  III. 
l).ilil-<.  .\.,  uu\\\   1771,   i.   I'-'i;  viiwM 

on    \.    W.    |i!i-Ke.'..    1711,    i.    I'J4; 

opfMise.s  II.  Hay  iH.,  i.  I  l(i. 


Dolison,  J.,  I'reniont'.s  .serv.-int,  ii.  001. 
DimIiI,    v.iyap'.    IMK),    i.     '.iUS;    mate 

'  lliaver,'    IhliC,    ii.    (il2;    at    Kort 

StiUeen,  ii.  0."i;{,  iiO'J. 
Do.!-.',  .\s.i,  vi.y.i'-'e,  17!»«,  i.  30(1. 
|).i;;-t,  L.'wis  ami  ( '.  e\|ie.l.  c'lt,  ii.  .'I'.l- 

40,   l.'i;   IImiiI's  )iarfy  .at,  ii.   Is7  S. 
|)iiu'.s  h1<  .1,  (iesi'iiiiliini,  i.  4;iO. 
'I)iiUy,'  Mliii'iiler,    lauiiijieil,    i.    I!'J^; 

ii.  i70;  im  N.  \V.  ei.a.st,  i.  .'l;!!. 
Duliires,  s.f  |)estriietiiiii  Man.l. 
|)<iiiiiii;;iii/,  reuchu8  Utuii  i.»ike.  i.  "_"<, 

oi'j,  o:(;». 

D.imiiiis,  ('aiit.,..n\.  \V.  .-.lasf,  ls-_'<)- 

;ii),  i.  :iH;  ii.  41-j  ;!.  :>^c,,  ."lOo.  (.^7: 

on  Alaskan    .oast.  |s;i!»,  i.   .'il'J;  mi 
<'al.  e.)ast,  |.s;;4,   ii.  O.'iO  7. 

PniiiitT  I'ass,  i.  O'll. 

Dmimi,  Lewis  ami  < '.  e\|ieil.,  ii.  10, 

Pm'i.in.  1'.,  witli  1'.  I'urCn.  esiMi]., 
ii.  170.  Is4,  ls7,  '-'IH,  '.'40  7. 

Doii.tn's.  .Mntlaiiii-,a.lventiii.',ii.'Jl(l-S. 

h.nr,  vdva'.'c,  I7'.MI,  i.  :i:i.">;  Isol,  i. 
:flO;  in  fur  tra.le,  i.  :t."»!t. 

l)iili;rl;is,  mi   Oie.'iiii  .jiiestioil,  ii.  402. 

|)im;;!iis.  I»;iviil,  in  (lie  nm-tli\\e^t, 
IN'_'4-;S4,  ii.  .■|(t7  II;  appiaiaiu'i-,  ii. 
."OS;  .leatli.  ii.  .">()',»;  .|uariel  witli 
lllaek,  ii.  .")I0. 

l).p||gl,is,  .las.,  saves  Mel.eiurs  lit'.', 
ii."  40'.»;  l.uil.ls  Fmt  Cminnlly,  ii. 
470;  with  tin- liiiv'aili'.  ii.  471;  a.l- 
ventiiie  with  In.lians,  ii.  47."'  ">; 
at  I'Vut  St  .laiiies,  ii.  47."1  ">,  40.'); 
ex|il.ires  ('i)nii.)ily  liiver,  ii.  l.sS;  re- 
ceives Simpsmi,  ii.  I!).">,  O.'iO;  in. ce- 
ments. is;!4,  ii.  .'.'lO  I;  triji  ti.  Cil., 
1.S40  I,  ii.  :.:t!»  41  ;  at  I  .rt  Van- 
e.mv.r,  ls:i7.  ii.  till.'t;  Is;',!),  ii.  (;j(l; 
hiirvey.s  C.twlit/  |iiairi.'.  ii.  (il;i; 
maiiaiier  I'lij^et  .'^miiiil  A.  ('.>.,  ii. 
017;  resigns  II.  liay  an. I  l'ii;,'"t 
S.niliil  A.  C.i.,  ii.  ((IS;  es'.alili-lies 
I'lirt  Stikeeii,  ii.  044,  Oli>;  I'mt 
'Jak.i,  ii.017  S;  hciDiiies  MiLni'gli- 
lin's  e.iailintDr,  ii.  7i'.'i. 

|).iiu;!an,  .liiliii,  inti.nliiee.s  Film  Id 
i.dk,  l."i!!0,  i.  70. 

D.iii.i.'las,  ('apt.  \V..  on  X.  W.  ..'a-t, 
I7.'>'-'.  i.  101  -J,  I'.ll  .",•_' Ml;  1 7 '^0  1)0, 
i.  •-'O.'i.  '.MO  10,  -Ji:!  10;  jmiiual.  i. 
•-'00;  I7!)l.  i.  'JV.;  170J.  i'.  -JO.'.;  v.n- 
H'l  seize. I  liy  Spaliianls,  i.  'JK;    Hi. 

jloiii'h.s  Fntiaiiei'isee  lii.xun  I'iniraiuc, 
n.V4,  i.  'J.IO. 

Uhii'I.ii,  I'.vrt.  i.iptiire.l  liv  N.  W . 
('.'>.,  i.  .'>7 'I  !>. 

'l>"Vi,' cniisu  ill  ii()rtli-wi.«t,  ISOO,  i. 

;ias. 


IXPKX. 


Downio,  Pr.,  sniiiilc  of,  ii.  '2i'A).  '  Dutcli, 

Diaz,  vi(va'_'f  in  l.'dMi,  i.  10.  |      tr.iiU' 


■li    J\,ira  S<a,    i.    •2'.);    fur 
.  .")IMI  •_'. 


Diaz,  .\klrliiir.  fX).|c)r<'.s  Smiora,  Colo-    Hiiti-li,  map,  Hi24,  i.  10 1. 


nolo,  aii<l  <iila,  l.'>40,  i.  I<>. 
I)raL;f,  '1'.  S.,  oil  lii>rtii-Wfst  pussagf, 

i.  i:;.'. 

'  I  »ra  •I'll,' ciiiisf  ill  nortii-wcst,  ITOS, 


i    :{iHi:   ITllil, 


:{07 


Diak, 


I".,  on  (at. 


«t,  1  :.:',>,  i. 


.'0,  iM  7,  til,  lifi,  i:;7,  l:i!i,  I »"»,  ii. 


l)yi-<,  J.  W.,  oil  I'.xjiloring  o\]iiil.,  ii. 


litiS). 


'Ka'.'lc,'  livic,   cniiHo   in   norfli-rest, 


JSIK-'JO,  i.  ;(I0;  \vn 


yi7;    WorM    liin [la-^Mil,  i.    I  II ;    Kalfs,  voya^r,  |S,'!.'i,  i.  ;; H. 

((lU'stioii  ot  llic  latitnilc-  lir  ri;a«'litil,     Mast  IniliaCo. ,  liri'iisrs  tin- 


:);i. 


ITilll'X,    I. 


u:.,  i»; 

I)raytoii.  .JoM. 

oti'.i,  (i7:{,  i> 

ii.  (»77. 


on  i\|)|orill;,'  rN|itil., 


17^;   liiiii: 


J- 


n  I 


MO: 


Iv,   i.   :tJI,  ii.    Ill,  •.'Ii'.);    N. 


it    I'oil   \  aiiioiivi  r,         W  .  fai-ti'Mili 


Dr. 


Ki.i,.TiM,  <;.  w,,  t 


-^■t.   \ ovau'iuiH, 


i.    l.'il  ;  ti 


4:fJ 


>[>l»V,     1. 


Dr 


fin  Vii'  liivrr,  ha 


IIM'll, 


ii.  :!!). 


r.i|i|Mr.    <  h.ir.icti  T, 

■li.'l,  4."iS;  htoiii  s  of  the  miilliM, 

i.   I."),"!  4;  lifi',  ii.  'l.'iS;  jiins  II.  Hay 


I      Co.,  ii.  4'iS;  works,  ii.   )"iS 


J)ii|i|.>,    liM-tiaclcr.    i.    ."»l.i;    lra|i|piii.:,'    I^IpIicUh,  ("apt.,  on  N.  \\ 


toiii,   \:<',-2.  ii.  ."i7l^  I. 

DniniiM"ii(i,  in  tlic  iiiirtli-wi-<t,  ii.  407. 

'l>iva  i,' l■^lli^<!  in  iiorlliwi  st.  |r>;'.l  •_', 
i."  :!ll;  Is:;.-.;  i  .-ill:  at  MilLaiiU 
SoiiiKJ,  1n;;:S,  ii.  ."..■>;(;  mi  Coliiinhiu, 


:n 


Is:; 


.;i. 


i-t.  iso-j, 
lso:i,  i.  :tis;  iso,>,  i.   ;i:.'o; 
'0'.),  i.  ;|J,'.,  ii.  I  to. 
F.clK.'loot.f,    Li'wi.s  aii'l   ( ".   (>pi,l.,    ii. 

44. 
'Kfiipm-,'  hliiji,  on  Cal.  coa.--t,  I  lOIl,  i. 


'Iiiyaij,'  Irark,  fort  oxikmI.,  1s.'J4,  ii.  I  Ki1;,'('('<.'Iii1k    Mount,  Cii.nlr.i  .-i.-hti,  i. 

(»i';»  ;io,  (,.i;;-.'>.  !     |(;."». 

'Diyal,'  lirij,',  oii  Coliiinliia,  Is,'}4,  ii.  '  IMnionton,  Fort,  <lc.><fri|ifinn.  i.  4H7. 
(M-J.  ]  liihvanis,  1'.  I,.,  trip  t  >  Or.,  ii.  .■i7h. 

Dulmiti,  Ht  Fort  I^njjlcy,  ii.  177.  j  Mils,  Or.  niissioiuiry,  ii.  .";i7. 

Duliic  nil,  >*itli  1'.  Fur  Co.  cvprcl.,  ii.  |  K(Hii;liani,  I'oit,  soc   iJ.iiil.iy   SimiiicI, 


i.  I!'S. 
Kliiiainm'r  <;.,  ili'ik   !'.    I'lir  ('n..    ii. 

107.  ' 
I'.M,  .survcyi  Cray  llailcir,  ii.  (;70. 
'  i;ii"iiiora,' cruix.'  in  tin-  iiortli-wcKt, 

IV. '.I,  i.  "Jl-. 


|S!». 

Diuiitf,   ('.,    .\Iack»'n/.ii'".s  i\pr>l.,    i. 

(17.1. 
Duikwortli.  ill  <'a!.,  1V4I,  ii.  .■41. 
Duclo,   lui-ti.i.ii  r-,   i.    .>70-J;  ii.   •.'.">!». 

lltilliii,  <\]iloii's   l'iii;i  Stijiit.   i.    I!is    ,  •  (;ii.>:i.'iiuisc  in  till' ii.irtliwi    ! .  I70S, 

•JOO;  jounial.  i.  1. 10;  l.l.i-r>,  i.  'Jls-  |      i.  :!oi;:  I7;i0,  i    :i07. 

)!»;  voya',"',  I7!»-',  i.  -Ji-fi.  I  F,!i^a,    l.iciit.    F.,    >ii    \.    \\  .    ..mI. 

Duiil.ir,    ixploivs   Wu-sliifa    U'w^v,     .1       I7!I0.  i.  •_•:«•;    I7!>l,i.   •.'14,  'Jli,  -JI.S; 

(ill.  I7'.i-'.  i.  vs;i:  ii.  ::•.'-';  ii^ip,   I7:'l,  i. 

Diinciii,  voynire,  ls:!7,  Ih;io,  i.  :14-J.      '     •Jl.'i;    iiia|>,   Nn.iik.i  .■...isi,    l,.(|,   i. 
J  >uiir.iii,  C.ij.t.,  on  \.  W  .  (•  la  t,  I7'7,  !      'J  17. 

j.  II,  I   .!.  ii.  :;--'0:  17>-<.  i.  I'C-.  •Jl.»:  -  I'lk,  lial.itat,  i.  4I'J. 

C.'ii't.  of '  \'anroii\i  r.'ii.  ."ro.riiO;  on  ,  l.ll-  ('ink,  iiauK'il,  li.  71'. 

\.  \\ .  foa  t.  I  <:il.  li.  (I.'i-.*,  C^r*.  I  iiik  K.'iiiii.'.i,  iiaiiii'il,  ii.  1(1. 

I>unii,    .1.,     iir.iipii  lir,    ii.    (i-'."» ;    on    li!lii-i',    Ivl.,  iikiiiIm  r   .\ort!iv.i' .t  Co., 

Col'.inilaa,  Is^t.  ii.  ilt-J.  |      ii.  .'lot. 

Duii\i','nn.  I'oit,  I  M-ati'Mi,  ii.  •J7^;  ri'-  I  KIUh,  lliiny,  on  Nortliwr.st  Pantuigo, 

I'.stal.i  lull,  ii.  4i;j.  |      i.  I_'(l. 

Dup:ii'y,  Voyii; :»■■■«,  17!'"-'.  i.  -■'.  \  I'.l  I'aso,  \'ni;i,  paxrT",  I  i.'!"»,   i.  l.'i. 

l)ii  (,'ii"''-iir,  ('olDiii/c.i  .Mli^^lmny  val-    Ftnifrniit  I'l-.s,  ilcM-ripiion,  i.  (i.';^,». 

Uy.  i.  4(M».  C-iii-rant  ma. I  to  fal.,  I><4;t  0.  i,  mt, 

Du    (.'inMif,    I'ort,    hiiiii.'.l,     M'lH,    i.     r.iiiiiiuiis,     l.iciif.,    ovi  ilaiiil     i aiu'iI., 

400.  i      (tr.  to  Cil..  ii.  (IHl   ;!;  at  lort  I'liip- 

Dnrin  '!>,  SjiuiiariU  ii-a'li,  i.    hi,  10;        i|ii:i.  ii.  tl^'J;  nt  suftcr  Fori,  ii.  liSJ. 

|li;.rr;i  vi^iil.-i.  I.'id.'l,  i.  .'._'.  .  Kinliinikn.  |,iiki',  .Mmki  ii/ic"-'  *"y"y»'i 

Diirliain  Fort,  mu  lull  'I'uLo,  ii.  II4.S.  |      i.  Ii',i;i. 


i 


729 


INDFA'. 


Kn;;l!tnil,  receives  .'^]iniiidli  iioHsos<i!()ns 
«'ast  ol  .Mi>!.,  IT'iil,  i.  -tul;  olitains 
(.'nii;icl:i,  ITliA  i.  .'ST!);  claim  ti»  \. 
W.,  ;JS!)-I1(1;  i-laiiiis  iliMjnvciy  of 
Ntjotkii  I'oi'inl,  1.  17.';  \iioi!;ii  lull- 
troMTsy,  i.  "J.';  -•>><;  title  to  \.  \V. 
const,  it.  ;>,..")-sS. 

Kii:.;!ish,  early  (Ni'loi'ations,  i.  .'1;  I.'mO- 
IT""',  i.  "JT;  Mi'k  Sliails  of  Aniali, 
i.  !»;  :  e.tlc  ,\ort!i  Carolina,  I.kvI  7, 
i.  I'.l;  iva.  li  Kara  Sea,  i.  •_'!!;  u'ov't 
oli'era  lewanl  tor  di^eovery  iN.  \V. 
pUHSa^'e.  177  K  i.  Hi!>;  elii,'aj,'(;  N.  \V. 
t'ui-Lnule,  i.  ;{l(5-'.l,  .Vil;  (hive 
rreiieli  iVoiii  Acuilia.  i.  •I!K>;  (li:ii(iv- 
cry  ill  X.  Ahieriea,  i.  4.'i7-iS;  eluiiii 
to  N.  \V.  euast,  ii.  ;>17  ol. 

l']ii.;li.di   (iii.l,    .Maelveii/.io'M   tour,    i. 

Khseiiaila     ile      C'iwiiiafio,     IJuiniper 

naiiii  s,  i.  "JIJ. 
'  J'Jilei-ini.-e,' on  N.  W.  coast,  IJSOI,  i. 

:ui;  I  (Ki,  i.  :!J.".;  ii.  i;i;». 

Kiili'ail.ii  <li!   IVvi.'/,  Caamafio   names; 

«ee  llixou  .Strait,  i.  'J(i7. 
KjiiiUMiiics    at    i'ort    VaiKoiivir,    ii. 

r>o;j- 1. 

Krie,  l..iike,  rruiirli  naeli,  lOOO-oO,  i. 
■  ).) 

Krinaiitin'.'cr,   at   Fort  Kaniluoji'^,   ii. 

4%  7;  atOUaiiagaii,  ii.  -I'.tS;  Llack'.-s 

dcatli,    ii.    ;.l_';".l>alli,    ii.    Jll»;  in 

(."al.,  isn,  ii.  (i(Jl>.  filfJ. 
Krniiiie,  iial.itat,  i.  41.'. 
Kseulanii.  1.  ai  lu'.s  L'Uili   Lake,    1770, 

i.  -js.  (;fj,  (;;{;». 
Ksi'ola  ( 'i'<  <!v,  nauK  il,  ii.  ."S. 
K-ikinios,  .Maekili/ie  aiiioliv',  i.  ''''O, 
K.s[)ejo,  (  Njilores  New  .Muxieo,  l-.S:.'  ,3, 

i.  -ja,  ():(. 

Esliiuisa,  (la-ipar  df,  explore-i  <Inh'  of 

Aieoya,  1.>I7.  i.  i;{. 
Ksj>liiui  Saiilo  r.ay,  nee  travels  of  ilu 

Vaea,   I. ">;!.'>,  i.  l."». 
*1;hm\,'    fli;;ate,    <.'a|)t»reil,     ISl.'l,     i. 

;{;i(>;  in  I'aeili.',  ls|-J,  ii.  •_'_•.-,  (!. 
Kssin-ton,  I'oit,  Imilt,  li.  (>.'!.">. 
Kslrada,    J.     A.,    at    Sau    .lo.si',    ii. 

(ISJ. 
Ktttri  eho  (If   liaealaos,   see   l!io  (,'olo. 

railo,  i.  <i,'t. 
Kti'la  s    i'artncrsliii>  with   Meaies,   i. 


Ex]iloration,  Runininrv,  l."'0-lN(iO,  i. 
l-:.l;  slate.  LmO,  i.'lu.  |.)   17;  l(i..l)- 

I7<K>,  i.  •_';;-.";   17oim;;i,   i.   'j.vcs 

17.H)-IS()(),    i.   •J7:  in   New  WOrM, 

Ml).'  KViO,  i.  l()-hs. 
K.\i)lorcr,  the.  la>it  of  N.    W.   coast, 

ISdl    IS,  i.  ;j|()  40;  ijiialiiies  iieeci- 

sary  lor,  i.  ■"<',(;{. 
Express,   early   Overland,    iharaeler, 

route,  i.  4li;t. 

F 

I'^ictory,  Fort, see  Fort  liourhon,  i. ."ill . 
I'aiiir;iui,  Coulit/  faiiiii  r,  ii.  (ii;!. 
'Fair  Aiiierieaii.'on  N.W.  eo.i;,t,  \'S'.), 
1      i,  •JIJ. 
I'"ali()n.  ('.ipc,  llcccta  nanus,  i.  1(11. 
False   Xitinat,    sue   Jlo>uiuv    llav,   i, 

i:i:). 

Filso  'J'illaniook,  see  Cape  FaU'un,  i. 

Fanny  Is.,  T.cw  is  and  ( '.  e:..,  ii.  M. 
Faralloiies,  i'lrcz  .sii^Iits,  I7r'"'i  i.  !•••'; 

Keal-htinlili;.,' on,  I.Slil,  i.  ;;_•.>. 
Faran,  on  Or.  <|Uusiioii,  ii.   !(  s. 
{•'areier,  at  llo.  ky  Mt.  lloii^i',  ii.  !l-'  :t. 
I'ariis,  11.,  f.ois  last,  ii.  'J.'. J. 
l''arnh;ini,    li.,  <h  ik,    1'.   Fur  Co.,  ii. 

Ill,  i!)i.  '-m:!,  -jir.,  -j;;."). 

Furnhani,  T.  ■!..  v.orks,  ii.  (it)  i-!);  Or. 

evpcd.,  ii.  (it IS  ',1. 
Fanihani  and  Fry,  niereliants,  N.  ^'., 

ii.  u:;i». 

I'aroii,  at  l''o!t  Lan,i.rl«'y,  ii.  177. 

'  I'avoiila,'  on  N.  W.   coast,    I77'.>,  i. 

1 7-'  :i. 

'  l''a\Mi,'  hri;.'.  wrecked,  ii.  ."i.'il!. 

I'aw  nil'.  Inili.ui  i!:ief,  i.  („  II. 

Tear  Point,  Uaiihiv  names,  I7''7,i.  1H3. 

'Fi  li>e,'al  NootUa,17t>.-'.  i.  Ii'l  >rMK 
*J(I-';  on  N.  W.  eou.st,  17M»-!W,  i. 
•JO!  I  10. 

'  l'"eliie  ,\il\ I  ntinero,'  eriii.se  in  noitli- 
west,  I70_',  i.  -Mi. 

Fflipo  111.,  liiiiU  ai  count  ol  north- 
west passa>,'e,  l.'»((S,  i.  S7-It.'0. 

Feiiix,  crui.se  in  north-west,    17!'-,  i. 

'Jdii. 
I,"   ..  i; 1  .  {  c  ..:..     :     o- 


]•: 


;i>t. 


i; 


Usslan    <(ep 


(l..'.l. 


ii.  (;:t:). 


Etten,  lit  I'ort  l.an''lev,  ii.  li 


■I  pa,    ei;i 


ise  in  noith-uist,  l.s;!4, 


•  Em  I 

lS..ti,  i.  Ml. 
Evert  ;t,  -u  dr.  i<etllenieiit,  ii,  ;)S8. 
Ewell,  Ins  \o\a.;es,   l7!'-i  i.  -li«"). 


'Jdii. 
l'"erdiii;ind  of  S[iain,  i.  4I!7 
Feilelo,   15.,   laieceeds  (ah 


\. 


^V.  coast,  l.'ill  .".,  i.l7,  l:i7  '.).  ii.:;i; 


I'V'ver,  intermittent,  at  Fort  V 


vir,  u.  uJ.i-  (i. 
excr  and  .•i;^ue.  ainon; 
Indians,  ii.  .'>().'<. 


'  lilali.'!), 

17!to, 

•JsO.  J: 
ii.  ;(JJ 


I 


Coliiinl 

I  \.  \v, 


ancou- 


l;i\ 


iiut,   S,, 

;io  I,  ii.  :;j-J:  i' 


!l;  I7t):!, 


:,  i.  J  :i, 

Mi  W.hK 


IXDI'.X. 


ri.llcr,  r.,  fr.nlor,  i.  .'iTO;  Missouri  ex-  I  lli'iiruii,  ('.  P.,  on  Allien  Stniit,  i.  .Tl; 


|iliiiiti')ii.s,  i.  (ilJ. 
I'll  lilt)  ('roil;,  iiiiimd,    JSO.I 


Mliiiiiia 


ftiot- 


IV  N.  \V. 


.1  M'i 


I  "to, 


i.    I.'tii;«s  idit'if   .NJiirci^ilitlri   vny. 


1 


iinti',  ii.  '_':), 
iuuci'oa,  (ijircia 
(lij"ti  litid'V,  i. 


.1.',   li 


Miiia.i 


_'i',  i.'J  /7;  '>a  X.  W.  Ii 


■  If,  i.:t.">T. 


Fliiic.,.    \.,   Vui:aiiu<"»  iNi'iil.,   hiOi'J, 
i.  I»<1  7. 


r 


ii.  (ill. 
Fine,  ()l•(lll(ill^i,  iii!i]i,  |.''!1.  i.  (1. 


■lula,    iSi.i.i   i.xi).iir«.:n, 


i...;i.  i.  i; 


I''i;4iici()ii,( iuv.,  ift't'ivc'«K»'ll«'v,ii.  "nt^.  j  riori.i,  Viifioy,  <inl«r.<  .Voolkii  ooct!- 
'I'ilij  111(1,'  on  N.  W.   <ia.-<t,'l71H),  i.  I     pi. d,  i. -'i:i,  •,';]:);  Kiii«r.->.li.l.  i. ::.;!». 

•J  KM.  

]"ili|'iiiii>;,  I!ii)(K',  S;ilv;ii|i>r'.srii>'irt  on, 

I7..1,  i.  IJ7. 
'l'ili]iinii,'Mio\v,  on  \.  W.  coast,  i.  '2'.\'X 
Kinoii,  !•;.  L.,  huttliT,  Cowlitz  N'alUy, 


l'<irlii;,'i.'(s«;  lain,  \.,',Vi,  i.  1'!;  llu..- 
ctUr.s  nii:|>.  I. .15,  i.  47;  Mnii.sti  i'h 
map.  I.">».'..  i.  -IS;  Strait  <•(,  l.V.H»,  i. 
(IS;  icil.il  to  .->|'aiii,  l~\i,  i.  1)1; 
tcili.l  to  r.  .^..  iNl'.i,  i.  J ;:t. 


■  l-l. 


oiiiiila,  on 


N.W, 


t.  l7;'-'.i.U(iii 


iMi.h.y.  .1; 


tiii'-trailcl 


I;  at  N'i'W  ,  I'I'imI,  on  iiuvtiion   .N'.    W.   iMiist,  ii. 


Ivsl;,! 
lav  i: 


ii.-.liiiiLiit,  1.  <)7l*;  I'X'.loriH  1  111 


IVvV, 


Crl;  IX I . 


.'it:i-'l,  .">.',  :( >4  .'>;  uu  Or.  ijuciiliuit, 


ar.-nii)  i  ivir.  ,  ii, 


ilor.  <  I  ('.'111!  II! 


I,  II.  .S, 


-I  1      ii.  4  Ml.  4J';.  .'i...-|. 


.S7:  <l>aii 


ri.iN.i,  s 


<  I'fiant,  <   -at 


qil 


l.'XIlllil  ,11  ;■  CXIlci 


1  Mviii 


ii.-li 


i'Au 


ii.  WSO. 


I'iiil.iy  i;iv.  1',  iiiiiiu'ii,  i.  1)71;  iinliitiis,  ,  'Fly   l'ij*!i,'  «xi>!o:fM  I'luiiii/ 


tit;;  I, 


ttocouiit  of,  ii.  i).»-(l, 


(17! I;  8oM,  ii.  0'-.4. 


iiiliiy.  on, 


!>.,  '.Ill  Coliinil'i.i,   \s:\\,  ii,    I'ol.^nin 


il;    al   l'(,it   \'aiu'iii\(  r,    l'-.;i7,    ii.     i 


|ili.i>  ••  \'i  llo\v.-toi!c,  ii.  ".I. 

v..  «lf.  \.-v.i'i'.  lii:i),  i.  I l.'.-i ;, 


(i.ij 


'.ilils  |'"(irt  .Mi'l.oui.'liliii,  ii.    I'oiitin.lli',    i'lir-tradi  r. 


<;_'.">;  on  IJiiivir,  iSIld,  ii.  (llJ. 


.Mi:  :lo«li  < 


oil;  tia:',4i 


tour, 


riiil.iy.ioii,    1!.,    at    I'ort    \'iincoiiVfi\  '      l.->:i_',  ii.  .'7li. 


1>%;.I,  ii.  (;i!l--Ji;   lit   Fort  .Siii; 


F 


JS4;»,  ii.  04  I -(1;  at  Fnit  'I'ako.  ISIK.  |      i,.fa(i.l,  i.  -JiN. 


.Sir,  it,   .Ifll.  lyn'    111.41,    i.    i; 


ii.  (il7 


InII,  ii.  (il'.t;  on  tlio  Hia-    I'immI,  iiii  11111111  i>.  i.  4:!:J  '.\. 


vi'f,  li    (hiO. 


iri'-aiiii:-,  11 


alls,  11. 


iiion:'  Frascr  ]l\\>  r  In.li 


114. 


•  !■  iiv-llv,'  1  tcam-tii;',  wn-ckt'd,  ii.  .VCl. 


1 


i.-ili,  11  < 

as.  K'.l.  •.'Sd. 


1.1(1  ,111  t'oo.l,  i.  (i!i,'i,  ii.  41,  44, 


]''i.-li  ( 'ml,,  l^iw  is  ;iiul  (' 


•  i'. ii;i;i  r, '  riiii.-.i-  III  nm'.li  « 

i.  ;;iJ. 

I'.iiIks,  ill  S.  I".  r.iiy.  1^41,  ii.  (i.'iH. 
I'.irist  li.'o,  i.  4':t  :;:>. 


isn. 


•V 


.IV..  t. 


it  Siiiv.i,  iM:i.  li.  •_':».">. 


I 'oik  Fort,  l.iiilt.  I7'.'-'.  i.  (I,  I-: 


•Xi  4. 


Fii/I 

Vii/.i 


it.  .\.,  \, 


i!-t. 


.1  (■  iiitidvrrsy, 


111  .Il   .^lillllc 


Ii 


iliiKi   lialiii".<, 


I7M}. 


i.  r, 


F 


.ir.st.  i 

(•1:1,  i;7i. 


( 'u\\  lii/.  l.iriii,  l.'vl.'i,  ii. 


l-l:i 


r 


ihls,  177!. 


i.  I. 'it;  iiaiiif<l.  .'.  17!'. 
oistcT,  <  n  Aiii.iii  Sir.. it,  i.  .";!;  011 


W.  ('XiiloralMn, 


IS.,.),  i.  1; 


rit/iul; :.  k,  with  Itoiky  Mt.  Co.,  i.  '  For  ytli,  in  N'tlloustom.' valley,  ii  .'II. 


il  i,  ii.  4. 


ls;;i.  li.  ;i7,i  i;  is:;4. 


.1,1;  tritiip'ii','  <\ 


pnl.,  '  I 


.1. 


II.  (i  : 


ii.  <il,';  killcil,   ii.   .'i7l;  ;iiiiili'.s   F 


is;i;>. !  Fort,  of  II.  l'.i.v  c 


.f  i».al. 

I.,  oil  I'aiM.  .  jijopis, 

iiii-il,  i.  4  J;  HI  U'u- 


111. lilt.  11 


Flail 


(i'.U. 


ratici-   .siorv,   1. 


•Iixsuits  iiMoii'.;,  ii.  ."'.'17.  "''-. 
Flalliia.l   lloii  «',  po.^t    II.  I'l.iy  Co.,  i. 


44  ^ 


iitioii.  il.  I'-'l. 


I'latluad  I'as.s,  .lfsiiinti.«n,  i.  li'JS, 


I  •I4''-  tdlii  ill 
ti..ii  <f  ^i;^•,  i.  4-vJ  4:  ions' lu.  ii.iii. 
i.  4->4  '..;»;  Il  ii.l».'/\  Ills  at,  i.  4.KI  1; 
lilkn,    i.    I'.(.i-S;    lifi',    t.    'tH-VH;    in 


1101  tliwc.^t,  ii. 


ortiin.i.C 
II 


ill  II 


j.r.;riuilH,  M.  477 


» l-nrjl  ;.  Itui! 


H'nM, 


I. 


■li'lKr.  i.ia, 


i.  I 


Vlatti'iy,  Capo,  liaivlay  u  .ii'lii's.  17^7,  I  Foi'Liliiii-i.   i'lpf,    ill   dc    l^u's    map, 
i.    I^J;  Co  k   iiaiius'^,    I77>i.   i     l!H);  i      lo.",;!,  i.  |(hi. 


M 

•Fill 


ran  1    1    11 


ts.  I7v»,  i.  p. 


i7;>;t. 


\.  \V.  mast,  I7!I'J,  i.  •J(kJ; 
)4. 


Foulvu.'itlii'r  Ca|M-,  C.M.k  mmi'  ■,  1..^, 

FcMin'.aiii  of   ,  iiu'ili,  l*iUH'«' ill*  Ltti^'s 
i.  :i7. 


Flf.'is,  on  C.'liiinliia  Itivcr,  ii    4'J. 

Fli  it,  II.,  ti-,.ilrn  along  llio  I'otoiiiui.-,  '  Kouniifnle,  tort  ut  ca|<«',  uU*. 


U.'il. 


i(;:)4, 


I.  .idj 


',iM. 


im 


iNonx. 


Foil  Sany,  SCO  .r.'lTiryH'  ni;ii>,  1"(JS,  i.  ]      tlio   Sirirns,    i.    Ol'l;   oxiilnros  Tift 


i:i-'. 


K.  1)..  voy, 


l!ivir.  i.  ()|S;  in  Or.,  IsiJ,   li.  i,M~ 


•f,  ii.   I  It);  <l<';ul 


ii.  111. 
'<<x   i;i\i  r, 
i.  •.'•-',  II Hi. 


NiritUt    MMli'liis,    l(i,'Mi-S, 


iMixr,    Vl>lta    IIu<1miiii    lluy,     1  lit  if- 1".', 
^  i.  -J.!. 
FllM  H,   ililliitilt,   i.    I  I'J. 


A 


im-l'ii  ;ili    |ii)ssi'ssii>lis, 


aiicij  iiii!:ir(!ti4Ui.',  bcc  Suntii  Ai 
icji,  i.  .'mSO. 


Fr.'iiici',  Lii  Niiiivrllc,  fniuiili'il,  i.  DSO. 


!• 


niiu-iu'ii',  ( I.,  on  (  nn'ii'  Itivcr,  ii 


|j;i; 


(  al. 


II.  (i:)i; 


Fniu'li,  (lilt  at  (.IiuIk'c,   I.'I.'I,   i.    II; 


nuis.-aci'c  S)>;iiii 


lis,    l'I()!iil:i.  l"t;.S, 


i.  Ill;  i(iliiiii/f< 'aliiiila,  i.  •_•_';  rNjiliiio 
ami  claiiii  Mis.-*,  vulliv.  i.  'I'-ii;  hct- 


ll(t    i.iMiiKiaiia,    lOH'.l, 
l;.Mkv    Mts.,    1. 

i.M.i'i::.!!.   i.   :; 


M;    Kiiih 

!< 


jli;    ii-i    cspNircr^', 
7;    cxjiliiii'    uji|>ii' 


■ik,  I'.  l'iii-('(..,  ii.  Ii:i,  177;  v..v-  I      l.pii^  11.   llav<'<>.,  i.    H'l- 


.Mi.>s.  I7(M»  .")(),  i.  "Ji;;  (Aploru  N. 
\V.  omul,  I7.s,'i.  i.  171  7;  I7!tl.  i. 
'J"i.V7;  tMiv'M'^'c  ill  noitli-uist  fur 
\ia(|.',  i.  ;i.V)  S;  ii.  ;{,  (L'J;  licttlo 
Mi.-^s.   valliy.    KHMt,   i.   .•i;):t;    attack 

KV  itflll 


t:)  Ah 


>i'ia,  ii.  11. 


»-.)■_';  «\|iloit;< 
nliiii;  VI >y- 


<'<)liiiul>i!i.  ii.   I(l!l-7l>;  ti 

ii).'f,  ii.  'Ml;  trailcH  (III  ('iiliiinliia,  ii. 

•JO";  oil    j'crt   ,\.--t(iiia  tran.  f<r,   ii 

V,  im:!,  ii. 


'-'•_»;(- 1;    at    IWt   <i 


<if   Jiiiii.'iM    traili',    i.    tVrJ  ;!;  ilrivcn 
fr'iiii   .\(ailia,    i.    IO:i;  Hciw   lilipcrt 
Land,  i.  44t)-l;  on   .N.  W.  mast,  ii. 
O'd  :i. 
I'll  III  Ii  ( 'aiiaili.'ins,  ;is  linatniiMi,  i.  121. 


•Jll- 

Fraiiii 
Fraiii'i 


J4I 


I  I'll  in-h   lliijiiinnt.i,   ciiiti] 


1  ioriila, 


,  :i7!t 
ill  \i 


I. Mi 


lie  tiDVi'il,  i.  |;>. 


in  \i  w  J''r;ii 


lU'va  \'i/riiva,  i. 
iss  !). 


I'.»; !  I" 


■li  I' 


I  I 


ill  .MuiLstt'i-V  niii|>,  l.'il.'i,  i 


■IS. 

'  l''raiii'isrii,'  wii'i 
Fiankliii.  I'ort,  i' 


k.'il. 


lii-.sttrttliTdii,  ii.  ."i(M). 

ri  mil  ;iiiil  liiilian  War,  c  ni:  <•.  event;! 

<it',  >iiil.s  'I'ri'atv  <if   I'ai'i.s,   1  eli.    10, 

I7i;.'l,  i.  -r'O    I." 

Frtliiiii  'I'liiini  I'lvitniin,  tr.uli'iimi  nf, 


iii|.ti.'n,  i.   [S' 


Fiiii'i",  li'a)i|iiii>,'  tiiiir,  |.s;i;>,  ii.  (ilO.       i  l''ri  .\  ta.-<.  r.nlic,  iliiny  ni.  i.  I 
Friiht',    I'.nil,   at    l''.iit  Vciiniilitin,  ii.  I  i'"i  umlly  ( 'ii\t',   t'lmk   iianiis 


IVTS,  i. 


•Ilt;(  4;  l..itlii;i!(lin-,  li.  (it"l. 


17''. 


Fl'.iscr,   .\.,   at   i'uli,   I'liii^^ia.s  light,  i.  ,  l''iiiiiil'y  \'i!Iau;i'.  .M.nl»iii/ii'.!  viiya','r, 


IS   '.). 


i,  (;',)i, 


FniMcr,  S.,  jitur'ial,  ii.  .SH  !>!),  !>,"i   l|S;  ^  l•'^i^!llH  (Idiiii 


i;i,  aliiciiil.-i  liiali  i 


Imati 


i.  t;7i,  fl' 


(i.v.*;   II. 


nils,  1. 


■f  .\iii 


ii.'i,  ).  ltd. 


S!)-ll.s,    .'LT-H;    rliaiiii'tcr,    ii.    S!t,  ;  Fvnl.i  licr,     II.,    fiir-tnulin  '     i    |iliI. 


lOlM 
wvan. 


lI'llU'l.sli'S  (III 


Ma.l 


lilll/lf  M  VI iV 


ii.  tni.  Ii):j,  107:  at  I'niM'iiiiM 


ii.    '2'f>:  at    Furl.    Iliiiiv 


l^'UII, 


177(1 


77't.  i.  'V^;  iKirliicr 


N.  \V.  • 


•).,  I. 


■).'>.)<( 


Frolii- 111 T,   •li'H,,    fiiilrailin-.r  t  ■  iicil 


1' 


11. 


■  >-( 


I. 

F..rl,  l.nilt,  ii.  III. 


177"'.  i.  '•■VI;  paitucr  N.  \V.  t 


in-. 
II.,  i. 


FraM  r  l«iki-,  (mst,  HiiiImoum  llay  iiVi,,  j  Fri'Ia^lnr,  M  ,  <'xi)ltiratii>it-;.    l,'7(»-><. 


F 


i.  »;s. 


i.   18;  ivpurtH  a   N.  \k  .   j 


a   -a'-f,    1. 


<lis 


UiMf,   tJaliani)  Hrfs,   170'-',  1.  j      (id 

ill" t'lilKiJ  liy  Iniliaiis,   i,  (177;    FriuiiKwn,  ('alH>.  .si-f  1*111111  AilaiiiH,  ii. 


.1    l.y    .S,,: 


•Ih,     i.     (iv|; 


Mai-k'  ii;'ic  mi.  i.  (iSt-.'>;  niiiii  of   li.    I''ri«nti'nai',  ('     nf  lU',  in  Kiipcr    ..iil  in 

ll.'i;     lla  rr     fNplorrs,    ii.     Il;;-|t 


L'lHTy,  ii.    117   It*!  Mackcn;ic  f\- 
iilun...  I7'.i;l.  i.  -JS;  ii.  .•(.'.»;  .Mi.Mil- 


UUI 


I    fX|i'    ir.H,     II, 


survey. I,  II. 
•|M»;  .aim.' 


47!l;  II 


.f  1 


If: 


nail  lit    I'lWer,   u, 
tnnle.  I'lJti.  ii.  |-7. 


(  aiiiiila, 


I. 


Frofit,  Or.  iiiii^-ioimry, 

(III  I'l 

all  (le,  stolT 


I'liit  treen,   liivt  i 
uca,  .luii 


ii.  (;71. 

1;-:':., 


441. 

wr'e,  i.  70--;  voya' «'  tiiocUaiMMl,   i. 
:i-.Sl. 


U 


\> 


Fra"ier  <  "re"  k,  iiaiiieil.  l.Su'i,  we  fiml-  i  l'':ea,  j  illar  "f,  i.  7!'-'^>i 


n"te,  II. 


il,-j:i. 


l''in!i,   .'^;mil:«  III,   eiiiiuni.n    mtf^titi},'- 


Fnilie.'  eriitHi'  ill  niirtli-\M'Mt,    l.sJI,  I      p  lint     i  va^i^>ll.^  i  x; !  .a:i  ii  .  i.  4 


<t.  .1.  t' 


iiirvi' 


riifiil,  1. 


!      iillo'-'wui  ilntt'Dve 
I      iiiuit  •'ii.  i.  7  ■; 


yl, 


li:)J;  in   It.ili  Im.^Ui,  i.4tft,  U,'iti 


.-s|; 

Fr*iH, 


taS;    I'luptoi'   ubKurv.)iUL.uti    on, 


TNDFA'. 


:{| 


17TS.  i.  170;  TT.iwrll  u-ritrsfni,  ITSS, 
i.  I!)ii;  Mraiis  n.liMDVcr.!,  I7>..S.  i. 
mV:  Diiliiii  (X|>l.-ris.  11  <S,  i.  lUS 
'Jillt, 'JH;  »;r;'y;iiiil  Kiiidi  irk  flitiT, 
17.->!),  i.  '-'(I.-.;  i:ii..;i  .Niiloivs.  i.  •Jl!;; 
Itanliiy  ili.iroxcrs,  ii.  liJO;  naiiictl, 
ii.  ',\-\ ;  cxiilipiiil,  ii.  ,'{"J'_*. 
Flllitcl',  Clilit.   Itiilit.,  nil  N.   \V.  i'(>U«t, 


17Mt,  i.  -.ttli   l'>,  -'III 


I'ur,  t< 
1'  ■ 


•  ii ;  I'c mill  ks  HI 


kn 


■J.-S; 
i.  4.'.S-!l;    171(1,  i.   Jli.-i;    is;,'.)- 


4t!.   i.   4ils;  snM   liv  tli 


!•    rjiliilli',    i 


4(j. 


i;  vu:( 


1,  II.  .\.,  IS.!.-),  i.  .-,0.;  4. 


Fiir-liri;,:iili',  licsriiptiDii,  i.  4J7-.'I. 
Fur  ( 'o.,  iiii.A'i'IIaiii  ciu^  tiiuliiii,',  i.  4(i(J. 
Kur-di.stiift.s,  rac'ilii;  Mates,  i.   114. 


l''ui-liiiiili  IS,  life,  i.   4' 4  :>(". 


itv. 
4-.'l; 


4-'l; 


lii'si)it:,i- 


F^ll^!^■'■lll,  i.  .'Of);    Piiti'Ii  roinii.Ti:i'.'s, 
i.  .".(lU-'J;  liU',  i.  .''i;-;:!;  oniir  ( ',il., 


l; 


.\ri.:i)iia,  SmHira,    l.s- 


\. 


.M.\.,  ISJt;  Alizoii.i,  Cal.,  iv_>:»,  i. 
.■i'J7-^;  iittitiitlo  tit  Jii'liaii:-,  i.  ."rJll- 
'lO;  linliaii  w  ivi\s  df,  i.  .■)4:2-.",  ii. 
(m(V  I ;  iiji.s.iii)iiariiH  iiIiuiiil',  i.  .')'i'2~ 
.'t;  iiK  ili.iil  i]f  jii.^dcr,  ii.  'Ji;!  4;  i  .\- 


l 


loiatii'ii  1)1'  Aiiii'i 


iiaii,  11.  .1  ;.>. 


('<>ni|iai'('cl   til  liiliit  I s,  I. 
i.  4:H;    f.....l.    i.    4.1-J-;i; 


lll"ltailtv     lillicilll.', 


)IS;   nri'i'a- 


V 


tli'lis  I. 
■"iir-lii'.iitiii^ 
44!  .".. 

Ill'   niiiliniKi 


•l!»: 


111  ii'rtli-\ve.<t.  II. 


140. 


41  1 


!(i;  ikiiiLrers  <il,  ii. 


!»i,  :;',i4 


ilifs,  Nt'w  1' 


i.  V.K]- 


rur-postii,  I'acitic,  ik'scriiili'iii,  i.   is.")- 

t);t. 


(iafWriii,   I'liiu'tss   at    I'cirt    Mm.-i,    ii. 

Wil. 
(!iiij!;ii'r,  .r.  1;.,  at  l'iiiiii|ua,  l^"i|,  ii. 

7ltN. 
lla.L'iioii.  at   Itncky  Mt.  IImh-^i'.  ii.  !tj. 
'  laii'IiiLT,  arrive.'.  Imhi,  N'aiuMiivn-,  li. 

r..>,-.. 

(Jaie,  W.  .\,.    on    X.    W.    e  .ast,    l.SdH, 

ii.  i:il    I;  joiii'ii^i,  ii.  |: ;;  i. 

(iaii,  I',  ill-,  <\i>liiiali  111   \.  W.  eiia.-t, 


\'s\,  i.  -Ji). 


i:;7.  1 1  .-(i, 


( laliiiiii,  |). ,  nil    N.  \V.  ei 


17!l-\ 


70.  -^7;).  ii. 


11',  I7!l-'.  i. 


<i;lli,llin  I    l.lllil,  .'-'ll[ipi>8l'll  uittMif  rUfilH 


l-iil; 


ir.  I.  7'.'. 


rf     Flii'-traile,  on  X.  W.   coa.st,    17S0,   i.  |  (Ja!i.~i.souiiii',    .-,iiii|iiiit.s   \'i n  inliye, 


•20;  i 

(isll, 

L'lifiia 


:i:(. 


■J(il; 


Cal. 


eoa  ;t 


i'.Mi. 


!1,    .'!74,    r»2'i-S;    uiili  I  (Jallatiii,    .\.,   eomniis  ioiior,   on  titlo 
VS,    .-'l-l;  .\liierie'iii         X.  W.   i  oa.st,  ii.  JCi.Vs,  ;;ii7,   ;t77  '.», 


ii>.  i.  .'ill: 


.'!;  eiimlitiiiii,  ISliI,  i. 


aso  1,  .T..'.  :!s:i  i,  ivis. 


a7"'  •!;    lie;;! lining   of    Ann  rieaii.    i.     (!all:itiii  liiver,  ii. 
:iSl"!Kl;  lii.stury,  i.  .".'.i|  :>;  i.i  Xi  w  I      amlC.  expeil.,  ii.  7' 


r.inee,      l. 


.■{;i.S;      iiiiiKr 


V. 


'.  I 


Ca'.l 


iiv.  av,.)a 


;^elller(  '..wlit.^  \alliv, 


ail 


•l>iee.s,      l(;il7   1S4.'I,     i.     4:;i;  si;        ii.  (ill. 


)iroiil.i,    i.    4i.fi  s.  ii.    171.  iJ'';    on  ,  Halvez,  .lose  ile,  iitms  nnrlli-uest  ex- 
Atlantii:  slui.e.  i.  4'.l'.l-.'»t'.4;  liistm-y,  '      ii!i>ratii)ii.  i.  14''     0. 


U.   S 


4!);/- 


N;   eniinarion    l>e- 


<  lainliliii!'    I'urt  Wiliiin,  i.  .">'.i.'>- 


twei  n  that  of  Tanaili'  ami  l'.  S. 


I  iUl;'l    'le  a 
"(iailMlieile 


t  !• 


r 


liiii'liia,  II.  ('sj. 


el'ill.si'    111    iinr.  ii-uest, 


Fur-ti-.iile  ill  Mis.s.  Villi,  y.  17-M  -ls2»,  |      ls;i.-,,  i.  :il!,  ii.  :.S>. 

i.  .'    J-ll;  Mcxt  if  I'liiiditi,   r.  S,,  Itiaray,  lii.i  cxpeiliii.iii  in   1  .1  i,    1  i'j:!, 

i.  .">ir"_'7;  rivalvy  i.f  ii,iti"ii,i  in,  i.  '      ill. 

50.Vii;  I'll   X.   \\  .  eo.i^t,   i.   ,":.'l  ,S;  I  (iai'ci  s,  I'liilrccxiil'inti  I'll, I77-'. i.-.'^. 


outlil,  i.  .-.JI;  ill  ('.  !i!i  il  Ciiiai!.!,  i 


ft.-.;!- 


Kii'ili  II   \.   \V, 


LMa.it,  11. 


.T.'O;   Am.  licaii  X.  W.  eojisf.  ii.  .'.'l; 
N.  \V.  eoa.it,  iNiJH.  ii.  .'LNi.;  «b»u  ;«t.< 
of.  iL  4.)!). 
Fnr-ti-.~M!i',   \.  \V.   inaritinir,  i.  .'1!^- 


(inn\,  I'ort,  siiualioii 

4S>,  4'-i;. 
(lurvy  I'oiiit.  iiiiiniii,  ii. 
<»ii.-i:i.  I'..  wi>rl;s,  ii.  S,  1: 


I'e  e".'i;;.i  i.i,  i. 


W. 


vunHt,  ii.  I; 
(i:w.»<'ivk.  I 


•ii,  r- 


I..  II. 


77;  Uu^  i;;ii:i  <  U'jiij^e,  i.  M.'i  '!,  ;!." 
.•'7."!-_:U  i:ii;'lisli,  i.  Ill:)  '.),  :i  4.  ;'.T 
(i;  i'lcneli,  i.  Xi.VS;  Aun:;iiii  .j, 

34:)";t,  ;;.is-!;.-v,  ."iT."!-,  spani.ii.Ii. 


•X 


of  I 
37J- 


I7'ii   tklMVCt  18ot.  i.  ;i(i' 


)  rter,  I 
•loeliii 


sia.iMiii's  I. 


■""ur-tiiiiKf,  life,  i.  4JS;  e.iMin.  i.   VAO 


<i:imit,  fj-.pt.,  1.       ki'Il-,'.  i. 
(kiunlU't,  the,  t' .!.i:r  1  ;■;! ;.  ii. 
(IjivitjC.li  IV  ■.!,  I.HiaLi  111.  i   (     .. 
lU;y,  *U- ».,  Oc.  n.'ti.le;',  i:.     i7. 


V. 


I'l 


(Icir-iv  laiiiaii  liotT  i 


(leor;:c.  Fort,  tleiivorc! .)  i 


\l 


.  •J7!>. 
Icsl.S, 


i.i.),  ::2  >;  pi 


li.    iJnv  ('.».,  i. 


1;  iMiilczvoiw,  I.  4l).'i-4,  .<1«:  -ttUj      41';  <le.-.tiiiyi.il,  ii.   Ill;  i.  i..  'I.  ii 


INPKX. 


fiofU'^'iH  i'liiiit,  iiihirmI,  i.  'JSI. 
.fC(igra(i!iy,  i.iylliii',  of  N.  W.  cojisl 

i.   ;fJ-(i.  ;  \\f.-ili;ni  iili^siuiil,  i.  (il7 

IS. 
(it'ur;;i:i,     S|i:iiiiiir(ls    rNiilon-,     l."il((; 

|-'it':n.'i  cxiriiii',  |.">(i:i-,"),  i.  |!l. 
i  IciDiii,  \,  iii'i  Missoi  1  i  ( '<).,  i.  (il  I. 
'(iirtnidin,"  on  N.  \V.  coast,   IT'S!),  i. 

•J  10. 
(;iuiit,  Inatv,  i.  40:5;  terms,  ii.  '2'M\ 

•J!U  :.. 
(iiajiiim,  iiivlliiful  islaliil  oirCal.,  IS.")li, 

i.  411. 

1  •:\. 1>: 1     ;:     l  i 


t'.-(tiilili..'u'M  route  liy,  17<il>,  i.  -'<. 
fJillii'it,   Mr   H.,    vifws   of   .Strait   of 

Aiiian,  i.  ,~i'-'.\. 
(lillaiii,    Cajit.     Z:i<'Mary,    vovago    to 

IIikIhoii  |;ay.  lOOs,  i  'lit!), 
(iilroy,  .l.iln,  liivt  loroigii  rcsiili'iit  of 

Cai..  I  Ml,  i.  ;i:j;!. 

(Jist,  (".,  »::.iil.)ri  :<  Oliid  valliy,  i.  uO'i, 
<  il;i(li)  ( 're.  U,  iiaiiu  il,  ii.  I'Jii. 
(ilaiivillc,  on  X.  \V.  coast,  lSl)7-tS,  i. 

:»J4. 

(ilii.^cnof,   explores  Yukon    vallcv,    i. 

<i-Jii. 
(ilrnoia,  I'lirt.  Imilt,  ii.  (l.'il. 
'( llol)!',' I  Tiii.-it;  in  Morili-\\est,  ISOl,  i. 

.MO. 
Cl.ittof,  readies  KiidlaU  l.'C.'!  .">,  i.  .".'». 
(ii)iMin  ('r<'eL,  nai:ie,  ii.  o.s'.i.  I 

Gol.l,  >li(  Ivoelie  linds  in  (  a!.,  I7JI    •_'.  I 

i.  l21;  iSa'ean'.s  tale,  i.  .V.M);  ( 'arver's 

tale,  i.  (ill). 
'(  Million   Jliiicl,'  cruise  on  Cal.  eoa.st, 

l.'iTlt,  i.  l:;>. 
Coloviiia,  Ca[.t.  V.  M..  at  Sitka,  ISIO, 

ii.  111), 
(ioniara.    fal-icliooils   coneerninL'   ',*iii- 

\ira,  i.  4  >. 
<ioniez,  i;.,  exjilonitions,   |.")'_'."i,  i.    IJ, 

<ionlon,  (iM'ii;,'etSnnn<l,  INI4.  ii.  7<>!. 
(loidoM,   ('a;il.,    at    N'notka,    I7-'1,    i. 

•J:i7. 
(loi-e,  Conki  "m  expeil.,  177S,  i.  I(i7. 
I  ioro  1  i'.M,  location,  i.  (io:i. 
tloallini'n,   Ii.,  eoiniuir-  inner  on  title 

N.  \v .  enatt,  ii.  .'i.'i.i-S. 
(!oiir';,;e.*,  i>.  ile,  nia!iisiicic>HiSiiuniari.]a, 

i.  3S1. 


riovcrnor,  IT.  T.ay  To.,  i.  4!0-'l. 

(oivcrnor  jiiid  ('oiii]>any  of  Alven- 
tuixi'.iof  i;ie;lan  1  tia  in  ;  i;;f.  t  Iliid- 
S'ln  li.iy.  The,  Hco  H.  il.iy  ('.>. 

( I'lice,  oil  .N,  W.  coast,  I,';)!,  i.  *J."i."i; 
I7'.i.;,  i.  •-'(;.-K 

(oali.iiiie,  at  Fort  \'aneouv(  r,  I  ..»:),  ii, 

7I'». 
iiraiiata   Xova,    in    Wyllliel-l'loleniy 

lieiji,  i.  n2. 
(iran  I 'liina,  Jlio'.-;  location  of,  \'>s2,  i. 

(ill. 
CIraiid  Klinii,  realms  of,  supiio.-ed  dis- 
covery of,  i.  .'1. 
<  ;ran(,i'.iivira,  in  N'elarde'.-i  /i<  ■'  r./i''itiii, 

i.  !•_'.>. 
(ir.'.ii  'lej^iiayo,  in   \'elanlc'n  lin-ri'ij,. 

v'kiii,  i.  IJO. 
(Jraiit,  ('.,  at  I'ort   ])oU'.-Ias  Ii  ,lit,  i. 

."■S  ;>._ 

(Jrant.  Clias,,   eomniisdonei-,   li,Ie   .V. 

W.  coast,  ii.  .'(7'^,  oSi). 
(Jiassliojijier  (-'reek,  named,  ii.  "Jl. 
I  ll'avclines,  sec  Ia'uIs  and  I',   c.ped. 

ii.  I.-.. 
(o-aV,  <  'apt.  I!.,  on  X.  W.  Ca:-!,  17SS, 

i.'isi;  ;ij,  -ji).*.  -jii,  ii.  ;;ji;  17 ;;»,  i. 

•J)4  7,  i'i:t;  I7!ll,  i.  •!'>.)- :.;  17!>-',  i. 
•i.'iS-(il,  -Ji;;)  4,  •J74,  'Js,i;  testimony 
re;,':,rdin;,'  tlic  '  liiliii,'.'ni:i,'  i.  •_'!•">; 
enter.-)  l'e];iin!)ia  IJivcr,  i.  "JiilU.t, 
(ivj,  ii.  ;>,  ;i,  ;;:i7,  .'{.id  '.)  :;.;!;  later 
lii  i:;ra|iliy,  i.  '2(>0-l;  fur-trading',  i. 
WW. 
dray,    letter,   i.   iJSli;   Iniliaiis  attack, 

i.  :;<i4. 

(lr;iy,  W.  II.,  Or.  niissioii:iiy.  ii.  .")l>-.; 

as  lui  uiitlioiity,    ii.  .">;!(>;    i.t   W'aii- 

la'pa,  ii.  ()77. 
(lr;iy  IJ.-iy,  niuneil,  i.  "JSI;  ].cv.  is  .•iml 

C.ai  l.c  at,  ii.  .'il. 
(!rav  llailior,  .sec  I'luirmcli  llarlmr,  i. 

•j'.!>;  U'l.idliey  surveys,  17.)-',  i.'JSi; 

Hurvtyed,  ii.  ()71>. 
(Ireat  l)ividc,  Lewis  Jind  ('.  exped.  at, 

ii.  --'7,  .'id. 
(ircat  i;i\erof  tlii^  West,  .-ei^  Colum- 

l.ia,  i.  idO. 
(Ireat  .Sak  I.,<d<e,  foundation  for  niylli- 

i'al    l.il;e,   i.   NJ;    Mijave    Imiians, 

11  tio'.i  i.f,  i.  !)d;  di-icovcre  I,  ii.  (ilO. 
(Irial,  Slave  J.akc,  in  l.o,, "  •  i.i.i;.,  I.»!I.S, 

i.  !;d;  di  ■covcii'  1,  i.  (ilJ. 
'  (Ireat  AValer;'  seo  Mi.i.  i^;  i;.;ii.  i.  -'.\. 
(ireat  Vil!..  ;c,    s-^cc   Mackeii.  i>'s   voy- 

»;te,  i.  (i:i4-(l,  7.)1. 
(l.ecn,  l.'irioln;  journey.  1;  Jl,  ii.  447. 
(irecii  IJa  ,•,  MicbicL  navijaLei,  Il)o4-o, 

i.  -J-',  Ki! 
(ircc-ii,  .1.,  among  Indians,  i.  i;U, 


IXDKX. 


733 


Orcciihow,  R.,  on  N.  \V.  rxijlonition,  !  'Halcyon,'  brig,  cniiso  in  tlio  north. 

i.  i;!(i:  <)iiOr.(|iustiiin,  i.  I »;!,  ii.  'Ml,  \      wx-nt,  17!>-,  ir-JlM. 

•lll-l.'>;  ciiticisis  I'cri/.  i.  I.^T;  <'ii    HaMano,  trmler,  uttacka  Con-igal,  i. 

Aniiiioaii    fui-traili  rH,    i.     ',\''.i;    en        ."iTO. 

Norlhwist,  ii.  ;UJ;  on  N.  W.  fm-    Hale,  II.,  on  \.   W.  coast,  1S41,  ii. 

tiailc,  Is4t»,  i.  ;{70-7;  on  title  N.W.        (mS  !i;  in  Cal.,  ii.  Oiil,  O.sS;  nt  Fort 

coa.st,  ii.  lis! ;  liis  workji,  ii.  1 1  l-l."i.         Vancoiivor,    ii.    (i(il;    (Jii   «\|i|(jiin;^ 
<Jr<»'n  Jlivii',  Hunt's  t'Npcd.  alnn^',  ii.        fX|icMl.,  ii.  Gii'.l;  at  «'iilvilli',  ii.  (iTJl. 

ls."{;  Rii(lc/.voii8,  18:24,   ii.  447,  ■l.")S;    llaKv,  (':i|it.,  on  X.   \V.  coast,  1S(»."), 

ls:!4.  ii.  oS:}.  i.  ;L'();  Ltwisand  *'.  cxiici.,  ii.  4!>, 

<liivn  i;ivcr  Country,  nia|),  ii.  ."('/O.  ."(,"(. 

li:'i-;,'ory  L'ape,  Cook  nuiiits,   177  \   i.     lialiv  l>iiv,  natniil.  ii.  ,">.'». 

]{>'.).  Il.ill-'l.rrclls.  iliarart.T,  i.  410. 

(!iv!,'(>iy,  fur-trailer,  i.  (Hid.  |'llalf  .Moon,'  yaclit,  eruiso,   UiOO,  i. 

<Jrenvi!le,  I'oint,  >|iani.\riU  anohoreil  j       l.'is,  ."idO. 

at,    177.'),    i.    UU);    Meare.i   naint^^,  '  Hall,  Foi-t,  post,  H.  Uay  Co.,  i.  44.S; 


17SS,  i.  1<J8. 
'Ciiir.m,'  cniiac  in  north-west,  IS'J.VS, 

i.  :;n. 


Americans  liuilil.  ii.  .'.s.VS;  sold  t<j 
H.  Hay  ( '<>.,  ii.  ,"j!)7  S;  Anierieansat, 
ii.  (J'J'J,  7<l(l;  ahandoned,  ii.  7iiS. 


(Jrijalvu,  1,")17-1S,  i.  11  ;  voyage,  l."»:{:>,    Halsev,  cnijiloy  1".   I''ur  Co.,  ii.  '_'()7, 

i.  II.  ■  I     -j:!!-.-.. 

(irosseliez,  coinieetioii  with  T,a  \ou- '  Hamilton,  on    X.  \V.  coast,   IS(Mf,   i, 

vellel'rance,  i.  4;i!)-ll:exiilorations,        .'iJI;  |s-.M.  i.  ;itl;  Is:i7,  i.  ".I-'. 

i.  ."l^S.  i  Hamilton,  \V.,  deatli  •■f,  ii.  I'_'7. 

Cuad.dnpo  Pass,  location,  i.  O.'JS.  1  llandyn,    l>r.,    at    Fori    l.an;;!ey,    ii. 

Cuat,  1'.  ilu,  fur    iii):io|M>ly  of,  i.  .IS.'i.        4S.~);  travels  with  Simiison,  ii.  4!>1, 
Ciiata/aea,  fahuh  li.t  old  woman,  i.  47.  I      41).'), 
'(iiialimo.in,'  on  X.  \V.  coa.-t,   Isdl,    lianunatt, voyafc,  IS'JI,  i.  "II. 

i.  ;!hi;  lsi(7-,s,  i.  ."ii't.  •ilamii.-liire.'"«iistroyed,  i.  4  l_». 

(iiienies,  Klisa  names,  i.  '2Uk  I  Ham-'ck.  tiadcr,  ii.  '.'>. 

Cnercliev  i'!c,  protnts  .lesuit.s,  i.  .iMi.     *llanc  ji  U,' hri'.',  on  X'.  W.  coast,  1701, 
(in.rra,  Jo.se,  on  X.   W.  coa.-st,  17!tl,:      i.   -J..!;  I7!>.',   i.   L'li.".;  17.i:i,    i.   -".U; 

i.  UH).  17!ll>,  i.  :<iis. 

(Jiierrero,  F.,  at  S.   F.  mi.ssion,  1S41,    Ilaneoi-k    llailioi-,    fseo   Clivoiiuot,    i. 

ii.  (iV.».  !'.)>;  Cray  .surveys,  17  v'.  i. -<)4  .">. 

(Juevara.  an  ivesat  Tehnantc]iec,  i.  l.'J.     Hanimk  liiver,  lo<ation,  i.  'J."!!. 


Ciii>e,  at  .Xootka,  17^11,  i.  177 
Cuismau's,  kin;;dom  of,  i.  '.)!. 
(iiilf  of  California,  \'i/caino  exploiL's, 

1.".!I7,  i.  'JO  I. 
( !ulf  of  i  Georgia,  Klisa  c>;|ilores,  i.  l!4(!. 
CunpowiU'r  tiick,  ii.  ■J7">-(>,  <ilM. 
Cuyoi,  fur  nionopoly  of,  i.  ;>;i.'i. 
<!uvraldi,    A.   1>.,  on   X.    \V.    coast, 

l'7!)l,  i.  -JII. 
CiU/man,  l»ie:o  d  •,  seaieiies  for  Seven 

Cities,  i.:;i;t,  i.  4_\ 

(iu/inan,    X^.   de,    conepiests,    l.");ll,   i. 

Kl,  41;  licensed  to  i  :,|iloie,  i.  4.i. 
Cwoz.lef,  .si;,'hts  Alaska,  I7;!().  i.  .'!.». 
Cy/el  lar,  (,'ai)t.,   on  < ',d.   coast,  IhlO, 

"i.  's.'to;  1S17-18,  i.  ;.:is. 


liandley,  voyage,  l'>;(7,  i.  •'\2. 
Haney,  Lewis  and  ( '.   exped.,   ii.   14. 
Hanging,  Indian,  ii.  -i.'l. 
Ilanna,   ('apt.   .1.,    on    X.    \V.    coast, 

17S."),  i.  17."! -4.  ;!ill,  ii.  ;!_'();  17SS,  i. 

1!»7;  l7S.'i,  i.  Wi'.i;  Indian  I  attack,  i. 

.'tot;  attacks  .Maipiiniia.  ii.   Ilil). 
Il.irnion,  l».  ."s.,  in  Xcw  (.'alcdonia,  ii. 

•J77  S7. 
Harmon,  I).  W.,  works,  ii.  ■J77. 
liarmon,  (!.,  dies,  ii.  •_'->_'. 
Harmon's  map,  ii.  'JSl. 
Hainev,  lien.,  at  Fort  N'.incouvcr,  li. 

710.' 
Haro,  C.  I,,  lie,  on  X.  \V.  coast,  I7S.S, 

i.  isi-.-.;  i7y»,  i.  -Ji:;.  ii.  .•ao. 

Haro,  liiode,  see  Fontc';.  iit  ny,  J.  11(5. 

Harris,  map  of,  \~\.).\  i.  Ill, 

llaivi'y,    ,\li-s,    as   nn    auth'-rity.    ii. 
4li!!-.'i;   on  .McLou-.hliii,  ii.  4;i4-!). 

Hastings,  Cal.,  Kctihr,  ii.  7o7. 
l.'fSJ,    i.    o,"),    (i4;    letter    to  Sir  \V.  I  Husv,ell,  It.,  log  of  (!ra.\'s  voya;,'e,  i. 
llalcigli,  i.  (Id:  on  I'rakc's  v  'yage,         lS(i  !),  "J'd   •_';  a  voya  ;e  etc.,  ii.  IS7; 
loi>i»,  i.  FK);  hiO.>,  i.  141.  tv.in.>terrcil  to  Columbia,  i.  ■Jo7;  oa 


H 


iTacku's  Collection  of  Voya,':;c!',  i.  11.'. 
Hakluyt,  11.,   on   \ortli\\e.-t   Passage, 


$m 


IXId'A'. 


N.  W.  C'nii.st,  I7!»l,  i.  •_'■;(>:  IT'.IJ.  i. 
•J(il  ,'1,  'JiJT;  (•ijiiiiniiiicls  till!  'AiKcn- 
V.  iiiiiii','  i.  'J.V.t.  •Jiil  I;  1..;.',  IT'.ij,  i. 
'J') I,  '-'(iJ  .'t;  iiiiiji  of  Ndotkii,  IT'.L',  i. 

llulili,  ISmtoiiliicirliimt,  i.  "M. 
llaili«iiy,   .M;ij.,  iit  l'''ii-t  N'mioinivrr-, 

IsM,  "ii.  7I(». 
]la\M:ii.iii   I.S..  If.  1'>iiy<'ii.  iic.;cin'j' ut, 

ii.  f.JJ  ;i. 
lliiviliii,    1''.  \'.,   siii'Vcy.s  Or.    roiiil,  i. 

^V.'l2•,  (iirvcvs  Yellow. sloiic,  ii.  ;il. 
•Il:i/in.l.'  ui'i    \.    \V.    <c;,-t.    I7!I7,   i. 

:«)(;;  1 7'.i.s.i. ;:<!<>;  lM>(i,i.;;iiS;  j.Mil.i. 

:tii;  isu;i, i.:u7;  isoj.i.  ;ii>s;  isim;, 

i.  :i.'-'. 

llc»i<l,  Sir  !•;.,  iii'L;otiiiti's  with  II.  IJjiy 

i'>.,  i.   U'l'X 
]|<iil.,  on  N.  \V.  toast,   lS(«i,  i.  JiJI. 

Jliinic,    S.,     (li.sriiMis     < 'i)|i|ici  iiiiiic 

Itivti,  1770.  i.  -js.  Hd,  III  I   I •_',(;( ;s, 

ii.    'J,    .'Kl.'i;   (liiv.    riiiiii!   of   Wall's 

Fort,   177'>,  i.  •I'^l;  j'lmial,  i.  (>!•_'. 
Jliatli,  at   l''i)it  Nielli. illy,    Is  11,   ii. 

(•..■-7. 
llci'rta,  1!. ,  oil  N.  \V.  ('o.'ist,    I77">,  i. 

|:.H,    lOd   I,  ;t(i»,    ii.   .•!1S;  attacked 

liy  Indian',  i.  Itil,  .'Kil. 
llri'cla,  Mn.sci'iailii  clo  (nioiitli  of  Co- 

Imiiliial,  Jlcci'ta  Mi'/lit.i,  i.  I<i:t. 
lli.'ilur,  cxiilori-n  Kickinj,'  IIolsd  l*a«H, 

1S.-KS,  i.  ^\■2•^. 
llfi'torC 'a|ic.  .set'  Iji  I'l  rous^e'.s  voyage, 

17s(i,  i.  I7'>. 
lie'40,  l.ttiil  of,  .see  Consan'.s  tii[i,  I71'>, 

i.  IJO. 
lldliiatt;  Pas.-i.  loriitioii.  i.  (i.'S. 
]lell^'ate  Jli\er,  l.ewi.s  ami  ( '.  exiu'il., 

ii.  71. 
llenijisteail,    'I'.,    with    Mi.ssoiiri    Vuv 

Co.,  ii.   l.'ill. 
Jleiim  |>in,   .Noiivelle  <le(oii\('rte,  etc., 

i.    oSS;    exjiliil-es    .\Ii.s.    liiver,    i.    'J4, 

"iSS. 
llililies.s  l'a>:-.  ln(.iti(iii,  i.  (>.">(>. 
lleiiry,   eiosM'x   Korl.y  Mts.,    l.SOS,  i. 

.Ml";  ill  N.    W.    isiiii,   ii.  .•!i'S;   fm- 

liinr.inr,  1S.';1,  ii.  114:   IS'JJ,  ii.  117; 

at  I'oit  St.  .loliii,  ii.  •»()_•. 
lliiiiy  III..  Kraiita  patent  for  exelu- 

hivc  traiie  on  St.  Law  ri'iiee,  lofS.S,  i. 

:{.s,|. 
Henry  VIT.,  i.  VM. 
lliiiry  Vlll.,  i.  :!7!t. 
Henry,  .\.,  luiiliLs  l''ort  Henry;  ileatli. 

ii.    I'Jii;  ariixeK   A.storia,   i.  'j:tl;   in 

Wilhiiuette  \'a!ley.  ii.  'JU. 
Heni'v,  l''ort,  Imilt,  i.  I'.M);  ahandonvd, 

ii.   IM. 
Henry  lloii.sp,  location,  ii.  \'2'2. 


Henry,    l'rin<c    df    |'i>i  hi','al,    8lj,'iiifi- 

eaiiee  ol'  e\]i!oi  at  ions,  i.  •_'. 
'  ll(  lalii,'  erilL^e   ill   llolth-West,    IH'JI, 

i.  :iti. 

Ii'i'.'is,  |)on  Manuel  de  las,  eoninii.s- 
Kimier  Nootka  e'liitrover-iy,    i.   ijs!). 

Ierj'e--t,  Itiihard,  l.ielit.,  Melit  to 
Nootka,  killed,  i.  '.^7. 

Iitoii,  .Ja-t.,   at    I'orl  Cliiiiew  \  an,   ii, 

■i;);i. 

leioii\,  ['.,  kills  .Mii,nii'_'lilin,  .Ir.,  ii. 

(i.".'.'. 
leiliia,  llia|i  of  IdMl ,  i.  SS. 
lli'tt\,'  enii.se  ill  iiorth-we.st,   ISOJ,  i, 

.-111.' 
les  i\  n,  rein-oiliier  i  Hani.-.'  niap,  17<'l, 

i!  I  I.I. 
lii'ki'V.  ( 'apt.  ■!..  on  ( 'MJiinihi.i.  i.  It.'ll); 

ii.  -ii;!. 

liel.lry,  ('apt.  \V.  .S..  ,.n  \.  \V.  e.ia.st, 

|s;i7,  i.  ;iJ-,  ii.  •i'sj;  (  al.  settler,  ii. 

(;s7. 
li'/'^'ilis  (.'reek,  Lewis  and  ( '.  expe.l., 

ii!  71. 
lill,  (apt.  .S I   N.  W.  Cdi.st,  I7!"i, 

i.   :;i).".;    I7'.I7,   i.   ."-i»',;  ISO".,   i.  .•Jl.'i, 

:;-'!i;  isii,i.:!Jii;  iMHi.  ii.  (;;t.  it;-j  :i. 

1111)1'!',     ('ouilll'iiliire,     ill     i'aeilie,     ii. 

..  '■> 
lines,    on    H.    I'.ay  Co.,   i.   .■.:;<1;    ( »r. 

llli.^^.iollaries.  ii.  (i7<i. 
lippa  Is.,  named,  i.  17!'. 
iohaik,  tl.,  with    r.   I'ur  Co.  ex|ieil., 

ii.  ISI.  LvL  •_•((;. 
L'liaek   Kiver,  sei;    Hunt's  expid.,  ii. 

I  s:!. 

joilii  he'll,  report  of  I'oiintry  cf,  i.  I'J. 
Iol;  Island,  -M.iitiiK  /  foitilies,  i.  'JHi; 

Fidal;;.)  fortilies.  I7'.l."i,  i.  '2:i:\. 
lol!,'i(lay's  stai,'!!  lo.'id.  i.  ().'i;i. 
lolniaii,  I'eoi  ia.  party,  ii.  ICI'I-  1(1. 
|oliii;in,  Jos.,   Witil   I'iil  lialll'.i   e.NJied., 

ii.  I'.tm. 
lo'nie.s.  voyage.  \H'M),  i.  .'i-12. 
lolnie.;,     II.     A.,      on     f,'eii;.;raplii('al 

kti   W  ied'.'e,  i.  (I|  ">. 
jol  .'ipple,  (i.,  si'ttler,  Cowlitz  X'lilley, 

ii.  (ill. 
lolt,  kille.l,  i.  .•i7!t. 

loiii",  eoiiiinands  I'.eaver.  l.'-'Iiii,  ikCilJ. 
loineiii.  map  of,  i.'."'S,   i.  ."lO. 
|..;iiei',  15.  I'.,  nierehaiit.  ii.  I.'IO. 
Iiiidiu-,  iiiaji,  I.Mt.'i.  i.  (i.S,  1(»-L 
loiKJiiras  l'i,.-s,  loeatioii,  i.  (iOJ. 
ioiiohiln,    II.   Hay  Co.  a'^eiie^',  af,  ii. 

oJ-'  ;:. 
Hontan,  ioiii-iie>  ,  liiss,  i.  I IJ,  his  (ieti- 

tioiis  di.seo\('ries  in   Harris'  map,  i. 

Il."i.  I"J'_';  diseo\eries  in  Hiililps' map, 

17H,  i.  I  ■-'.">. 


ixi>i:\'. 


l<ii»1  Ciu.'il,  cxiildi'iil,  ii.  i'>''.\. 

Iciiiil,   .\|i)Uiit,   1,1'wis  mill  <'.  »'XimmI. 

.■-i.;lll,   ii.    I  >,  -tS,  i,\. 
Io.mI  llivii',  ii.  ■{'>. 


I      IT.'iO  1S<>!1.  i. 
•_'.!;    ill    .M:ilty 


rdiiti'iitii'ii   f. ,i-.  i. 


I'  .s  inii|> 


i.>: 


i.   <il> 


iii'ilc,  .1.,  ilnilli  iif, 


ii.  '_'."! I. 


Liiu's    iiia|i,  |.i!IS,    i.     ,Sli;    0'ill>y'.s 

iii:i|i.  liiTI.  i.  Ill:  Mii;,'li!<li  i'.\i<rli('il, 
i.    III. 

Iiii|,c,   1,11  X.  W.  i((a:4t,  ITl'l,  i.  -.'il,     II'hI-.p'i'.s    l'.;iy  ( 'iii,i|)aii\-,    ipr_' iiii/id, 

'_'.»•_•  ;(.  i(;7"».i.-':i;i«ifitni_\<.i,i.»Mi  ii.iii, 

|i)|u'  |!,i\,  Ciiok  imiiir.s,  I77*<,  i.  IT";        117  ''.  ii.  -*>•>  !i;  jiiliiy  in  Inintiii,!,', 
t.r;iy  i.'t.  i.  'J  i.V 

lllpl',     1  Kit,      JO.'^t     llllll.SIIII     IlilV    <'(),,    i 

4  IS. 


I'M    I  arllu; 


|..|.K 


aiM'iiiiijiaiiu  ■<  .*^im]isn 


!S||. 


i.  I M;  Ni'i'\a'.its,  i.  Ill; 
■mist.  i.  HI;  «liartfii  il,  i.  !.'!.»;  ii. 
Xi  s;  lit  fill. l.s  Iciiiloiy.  i.  Un  •_'; 
iiist'irx,  i.   lit:  .siiTfi'v  u(',  i.  4l."i  Ii; 


ii.  (i.i'J;  al  I'uit  .\is(iiiail\,  Istl.  ii.  ,       iii'.fiiial  ir;,'iilatiiiiis.  i.  1 17  ."i.'i;  luil.s 


V,. 


Cal.,  ii.  t;(;i. 
■1 


!• 


li'i.iU      Hin|>( 


i.    4  IS;    .U 


|iai  t- 


Idivasiia.-i.  Miiiiiiiiir,  SIC  ."^alita  Satui-  ,       liuiit.H,  tli.itriils,  aiui   jciht-s   i.    4  IS; 

iiiiia.  i.  •_'tl;  cm   N.  W.  cua.sl,  17!'-,        oliicrs,  i.  44!t  .".-J;  sn  \  unt.s,  i.  4.'>l  •■ 

i.  -J.s;!,  'JS!). 
loiv,  \  >viir<'  til  Xfw riiiiiiillanil,  i.  I'J. 


.'.;  (l.iil  |Mi||.  |s:u,  i.  4.V.',  ii.  ;»(»7- 
l.">;  utoi'k,  i.  4Vi  7;  up  iIumI  .i|  tiiif- 
iorct^'Ly,  ixiil'ii'i  .s  |'(a''i'  liivfi'  I'a.s.i,  i      lie,  i.  4.,7.  4<i(l   I;  cmii'ins .   i.  4."iS; 


1.  <i_'0. 

lorn,  <  'apt.-,    Kiinlrirk   nun 
i.  Is7. 
rsc  ( 'rt'ck.  iiaiiu'il,  ii.  7". 


ll  Vl'sScls,    i.     |."»',l   I 


)  ';  t  M»  ii.sis 


lis 


I. 

I<>r.s<'-l!c.-,li,  Ll  «  i>i  nii'l  ( '.  i\[iiil.  i;it 


Mil  I  irfiiriis,  I7.'!!(-4H.  i.  4ii7  ''itiinl- 
in:  liiMiiMc,  |,s-J|,  l.slJ,  i.  III.)  71'; 
(I'aliticiii  with  NmllnM'sl  Ci.,  i. 
4ii'.(,    .•.!»,    :>s-2  4;    ii.    :{(»_'  4,    ;ii;!: 


llniitM  jiarty  « .at.  ii.  In7  i  liiirti  t,    j.    470  SI;    ciiil,    i.    47"; 

iio|M.Iy  iif.  i.  .V_'l»:  ii.  ;iS7,  ;!S!I  !M); 


',);  (ra.lir.i  i;it.  ii.  '.Ml. 
li>r:so  I'aiiii  ( 'I'l'tk,  i;('i;   Leu  is  ami  ('.  I      4;il ;  in   (';il.,  i. 


I'.NlK'il.,  ii.  '_'•'>,  .'ID,  7'!. 


l>;    ISlI,    ii.    (iSN-'.t;   |. 


|s|!»,   ii.  ."i;t'.l 
>liiV   tciw.'irt 


IniaiM  in  .\nu'iiia,  ii.  ■_'.");  stcalinir.  ii.         Iiiiliaiis.   i.   '>:', 


Ii).s|iiuil  at   I'lift  N'.'iiiiDiivi 


I 
ii.  (iV.I  <)|I;  im- 
IIm'    wivt's   iiiiiiiiiu'   servants   nf,    i. 
ai'I^<  liii  sjiinai  ii's, 


(i;  11 


ti'i'ia,  II.  °Ju, 


r,  ii.  ."..'.')    :      ."'IJ   I:  ii.  (;"il>  I; 

■»."i(i:  jial'iiisy  in  fiirti;ii 


'I: 


jiisiility   liny,   mo    I'liKsc   Nitiiiat,    i.  ,      i|iiarr,  1  w  illi  .Ni>rlli\\(\-t  ('■!..  i.  ."i(J,S- 


r.iti. 
Iiiwaiil,  ^^lv.^  '  ( 'aillMirn,'  ii.    177 


IliWl 


ll  (  v.  1  k,  iiaincil,  I.M/.'i,  ii.  L'l. 


ii.   L'li'.l  ."'."'J;   I Aiiliiratinii-i  nf,   i 
il  I    IJ;  ii.  •_',  .'fu.'!  (i;  trading'  |"ilii 


>S'.);    titU'    to    I 


i.  I- 


iqirl 


t.   L 


i:iv 


liaril,   siiiii'irari'ii 


•('.ill 


S;  /.'lanti'il    V;iiH'in\cr  1,1. 


;t(ll|;    ln'iDlin-i  a  |iri\a!«'ri 


'ii[ii'iatii>n, 


iia.'  1. 


II.  .'UMl;  ii;lit.s   III!    I'acilic   oia.st,  ll 


I  ml 


iaii  ('liicl',  ii. 


4;tl;    lliirkv    .Ml.    (' 


11.     ll|>|lnri)',M       11 


11.    7" 


low  SO  I'a.s.s,  (l»'.se)-i])ti(iti.  i.  (i'JH 
Inliliaiil,  v.iya.'.'c,  |N()1,  i.  :!I0. 


Iiiui  nil,  Cujit.,  111!  t'oiiiiiiliia,  l.Slil,        4"4;  Aiiit'iiian  liM]t|icr.s  uji]iii,sf,  ii. 

4.")'.i,  47-;  iliiiiiiiiatiiiii  >>(  \.  W. 
i'..ast.    Is.'l  (i.    ii.    4i;i)  7.">;  I.V-'.S  !», 

ii.  4S'.l-."iU(i;  at  II liilii.  ii.  .■.•_'•_• -."1; 

Killy  oppose.'*,  ii,  .ll!*  ."l;  Iniy  out 
('"Uiiiiliia  lliver  Fi-liiiii;  aii'l  Ir.nl- 
in;;  <'n.,  ii.  .'■>',)7;  ('nwlit/.  tavni.s  el', 
ii.  lil.'t;  a;.'iietiltiii('  hop.iiaiiil  frnai, 


liil. 


kills  'riieriiliiii-;.',  ii.  ."lil" 


lill.liell,  i;.eki.l,Veya;..'e.  l.Sill.  i.  llll. 
Imlson,  ('apt.,  at  .\.stiiria.  ii.  (i  '». 


II. 


.iilV,     ill  ;i'.i\cr.M 


ill 


Ii 


il\  er,  <ll.^l'll\e|•.s  iiiiil  -o; 


Ml  r.av,  1**10. 


ii.  I'll  I;  .-iii|>-liiiilil 


ili;ui.liili.  ll 


1.  '-'J,    i;iS. 


1' 
N.    W, 


II.  I 


i-.i  ■»;  II.'- 


ciiast,    ii.     fi.'.'l 


Iml.i.li,    ( 'ajit.    T.,    III!    \.  AV.    i'ii:;^t.  i       li  a.io.-i    Itll.s.siali    tellit.iry,  ii.OI.'l 


I7.'^'i>,    i.    --'lit   1-. 

•MoNit 


\  I  -  1 1  .S   1 


(■(.";!;  tr.atv  «i 


III  Is. Ill, 

ii.  Oii'.l. 


\V.  I. 


nil  ('Xpl.il'lli;,'  e\pei 


11 


-1" 


I' 


a  ut  \.  \V 
ii.tM.    I'll!,    i 


ll   Kii  siairt.   il.  lilKt; 

pr.ipi  rly.  ii.  7o7  - 

I.   7i''';  aliami.'ii 


<  'nliiiii1ii:i.  ii.  710  h 


I'.i.ls.Mi   Kay,  ilisciivereil  hy   llinls'in.  •  I  luilsnn'.i  l!ay,'>!iip.ile-ilriiyt'il,  i.  II'J. 

llili).  i.   'S.\,    IliS:  eNplnrc'il   liv   I'liit-  llmlnli  I!m\-  tcnitiiiv,  e.ileil   t.i   I'ai.^- 
t'li  ill   Kil-'   III;  e\i)!..re.|  liy  llatiin        l.iii.l.   I7r:i.  i.  44J." 

ill     !iil."i;     e\pliii'eil     liy     I'lK    ami  llinlun  llnpe,  m-u  Hneky  .Mt.  Hiiiimo, 
Jiiiiios,  lli.'ll  •_>.  i.  •-';!,  l7tM)  ."'0,  i. -Jii,        ii.  '.ll. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


7- 


// 


A 


f/. 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


i  ilM  IIIIIM 

•a  llitt    112.2 


7,     |3.6      ^= 

;•   la  1 2.0 

llllli 
LI  ill  1.6 


V] 


<^ 


/^ 


^ 


rf>l 


^>. 


^;. 


^-y 


/A 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

^  /  6 )  872-4503 


,-\ 


^^ 


% 


v 


■^ 


<> 


€> 


6^ 


0^    ^ 


<^ 


4is 


6^ 


736 


i:nDKX. 


Hudson  Ttivor,  Hudson  enters,  1000, 
i.  438;  Hollanders  on,  i.  500-2. 

Hudson  iSti'jiit,  Hudson  enters,  i.  438. 

Hu'.'jjiugs,  J'id.,  at  Isis(|ually,  ii.  018. 

Hughes,  on  Or.  question,  ii.  o'J'2~:i. 

lluglies,  (Juy,  killed,  ii.  4Ui.'. 

Huguenots,  colonize  Florida,  1502-5, 
i.  1!),  :580-l. 

Huniljoldt,  on  Aidan  Strait,  i.  30. 

Humboldt  lUver,  inijiortance  of,  i. 
041-2. 

Humphries,  Capt. ,  on  N.  W.  coast, 
1838,  1S40,  i.  340;  1841,  ii.  087. 

Hungry  Creek,  named,  i.  37,  Lewis 
anil  C  cxjwd.,  ii.  70. 

Hunt,  W.  i'.,  joins  P.  Fur  Co.,  ii. 
142;  agent,  ii.  143;  leads  overland 
exped.,  ii.  178-01;  at  Fort  A.-itoria, 
1813,  i.  32!t-30;  1814,  i.  332;  ii. 
102,  225;  1813,  320-30;  character, 
ii.  178;  on  \.  \V.  coast,  ii.  200, 
219-21;  at  Hawaiian  Isl.,  ii.  220, 
220,  232;  cruise  in  '  Pedler,'  ii. 
234-5;  made  (Jov.,  ii.  2;V);  on  Fort 
Astoria  transfer,  ii.  2J1-0,  234-5. 

Hunt's  o\er]and  exped.,  ii.  178-91. 

Hunt's  route,  niaji  of,  ii.  182. 

Hunter,  explores  Washita  River,  i. 
014. 

Hunters'  Association,  influence  on  set- 
tlement, ii.  009. 

Hunter's  Lodge,  jiost,  ii.  250. 

Huron,  Lake,  French  reach,  1600-50, 
i.  22,  388. 

Hurons,  Indians,  i.  22;  war  with  Iro- 
fpidis,  i,  391. 

Hurtiido,  vi;;its  (iulf  of  Nicoya,  1517, 
i.  13. 

Huskiason,  W.,  commissioner, 
N.  \V.  coast,  ii.  355-00,  308, 
375,  377-8,  381. 


Ibarra,    Francisco    de,    explorations, 

1.502  3,  i.  1!),  52. 
Ibbertsou  Soiuul.  named,  i.  179. 
]l)crvillo.  settle;;  Louisiana,  1099,  i.  24. 
]daho,  geogr,-.])'.-.y,  i.  411. 
Illinos,  w:;rwiili  Iro(]Uois,  i.  394. 
Illinois  lliver,  .loliet  and   Marquette 

ixplore,  1073,  i.  23. 
'llmen,'  on  t'al.  coast,  1814,  i.  3.TL 
Image  (\inoo  LI.,  named,  ii.  48-9. 
Inunanuel,  Llackfeet  attack,  ii.  450. 
Innnel,  with  Missouii  Co.,  i.  014. 
'  Imperial    Eagle,'  ship,   on    N.    W. 

coast,  1780,1  183. 
'Indefatigable,'   ship,    on   Columbia, 

1845,  ii.  702. 


Independence,    description.    1834,    i, 
508-0. 

Independence   Hock,    names    on,    ii, 
5S2. 

'Index,'  bark,  in  S.  F.  Bay,  1841,  ii. 
059. 

India,  Strait  to,  belief  in  encouraged, 
i.  0-9. 

Indian  Joe,  character,  ii.  528. 

'Indian  racket,' crui.se,  1797,  i.  30G. 

Indian  wives,  among  fur-traders,  ii. 
542-5,  050-1. 

Indians,  lish  as  food,  i.  41,  44,  ii.  109; 
report  of  Upper  St  Lawrence,  i.  42; 
attack  Heceta's  expcd.,  i.  101;  at 
><'ootka  Sound,  1778,  i.  170;  murder 
whites,  i.  182,  251.  ii.  253-4,  289; 
attack  Gray,  i.  18S-9,  200-1;  plot 
to  scii'.e.tlio  'Cohnubia,' i.  258;  at- 
tack Caaniano,  i.  21)9;  a!. tack  Cole,  i. 
'200;  treachery  of,  i.  20;>,  292,  311; 
hostility  to  Vancouver,  i.  2;!2;  mas- 
sacre crew  of  '  Boston,'  i.  .'il2-l5,  ii. 
157  8;  attack  Wiuship,  i.  .">20;  kill 
Tliorn,  i.  327;  massacre  crew  of 
'Tonipiin,'  1811,  i.  327-8;  Iiostility 
of,  i.  304-0,  ii.  185.  l!)i-0,  2;!0,  '221, 
•240-1,  '24(1-7,  •250-7,  •275-0,  '289; 
tradir.g  with,  i.  300-72,  ii.  414;  as 
boatmen,  i.  424,  429;  tr.idiug  ])o!jt3 
among,  i.  482-3;  attack  \'irgiuiau 
colonists,  i.  502;  attack  French, 
17"29,  i.  505;  as  reg:irde»l  by  settler, 
miner,  furdnuiter,  i.  r,2:)-30;  as  re- 
garded by  Spaniards,  i.  529  .'!();  es- 
timate of  whites,  i.  530;  liolicy  of 
U.  S.  and  l"ng.  towar<l,  i.  529-50; 
policy  of  H.  I)ay<'o.  and  i>orthwest 
Co.  toward,  i. 535-50;  liquor amonir, 
i.  545-8,  554,  ii.  002,  082  ■!,  09:!-'4; 
niissi(jn:irics  among,  i.  518  50,  55"2; 
small-pox  among,  i.  554,  ii.  17li,  082; 
attitude  to  MacKcn:  io,  i.  070-7, 
087,  094-(i,  099,  701 ;  Lcwi.i  and  C. 
cxpcd.  among,  ii.  0-14,  25,  47,  55, 
07,  7'2-4;  pijie  of  peace,  ii.  20;  namo 
for  rivers,  ii.  30;  along  Cilumbia, 
ii.  49;  stampede  Iiorsc:!,  ii.  78,  200; 
attack  Colter,  ii.  82-3;  women 
among,  ii.  91;  as  workers,  ii.  91-5; 
character,  Frascr  Ilivcr,  ii.  114-15, 
1 17;  attacl:  Williams,  ii.  1_7  -8;  hos- 
tility to  ^Villsllill,  ii.  I. "I!-.";  friend- 
liness of,  ii.  18.5,  189-00,  195,  199, 
'200,  213,  2l8,  '203;  rob  whites,  ii. 
193,  '203,  210,  '238,  24;!,  2,:0,  '275; 
executed,  ii.  213,  253-4,  2fi9;  ren- 
dezvous, ii.  '255-0;  method  of  com- 
paisating  for  killin,'  a  ridative,  ii. 
201;  attacked,  ii.  '287-9;  method  of 


INDEX. 


78T 


trnilmvitli,  ii.  -l-y;  epidemics  nmrnit;, 
ii.  .")Ui.'~4,  (iO-J;  iittufk  Isirt  Simpsoii, 
ii.  (!.">7 ;  slavery  aiiioiig,  ii.  lil7-0; 
character  on  \.  W.  euast,  ii.  (i-'iO, 
C.Vi;  policy  of  linssiiiiis  towanl,  ii. 
G.")0:  jioliey  of  ]f.  JJay  Co.  toward, 
i.  .")I!."),  ii.  (iS!)-!)0;  tliroateu  missions, 
ii.  (3!).S;  for  customs,  ciiiuacters.  etc., 
see Xdtiri'  L'uics  o/tlm  Pdc'ijic Stales, 
this  scries. 

Lies,  Santa,  sec  Rio  do  Ajj;iular,  1G03, 
i.  SS. 

lufantado,  duqne  del,  memorial  of, 
Mal.lonado,  177">,  i.  O.'i. 

Ingersoll,  voya','e,  1801,  i.  V.O. 

In<,'raliani,  ('apt.  .[.,  on  N.  W.  coast, 
17NH,  i.  If-i7;  17!ll,  i.  •-'."il-;!;  17!»i».  i. 
L'iVJ-;!;  17!!-',  i.  iOl  •281):  testimony 
on  the  ijilii^eiiia,  i.  lil");  names 
Maget^  Sciiiuil,  i.  ■2.y2;  letter,  i.  '2Si\. 

Ingrali.im,  W'.,  mate,  death,  i.  3lL*, 31."). 

'Jowa,'  \\i((  hed,  ii.  ol!."!. 

'Jpldu'enia,'  on  X.  \V.  coast,  1SS7.  i. 
im  r,,  •j;)()--_';  17.S0,  i.  L'd.'..  LHill-li): 
seiztil  liy  Spaniards,  i.  "Jit   l(i. 

Iron,  f;iiui<l,  ilcar  LaUe,  i.  (]lifl. 

Iroquois,  Indians,  \.'2'2:  at  l''ort(  leoj'tje, 
ii.  ■JS7-!I;  war  with  llurons  and 
French,  i.  .'i'.ll;  destrdV  Laeliine,  i. 
:m;  fur-tra.le  with.  {.004. 

Irvinj,',  W.,  on  N.  \V.  fur-trade,  i. 
3li0;  on  Ixirdcr  life,  i.  4!)(J;  on  As- 
ter's character,  ii.  l.'W;  deht  to 
rranchere,  ii.  '20";  on  transfer  of 
Astoii:^,  ii.  "217,  •2-2\~:\,  '2:W;  on 
foundiuL;  of  Foit  Astoria,  ii.  l.'iS, 
145,  l(iS-<),  17-2,  •207;  on  IJonneville  s 
a<lventui-es,   ii.  ."jOS,  o7.'{. 

•Isaac  Todd,'  on  N.  W.  coast,  1814,  i. 
3:i;i.  ii.  2i)l;  lSl-2-i:{,  ii.  2;V2;  1814, 
ii.  '2,")0,  •2r>2.  2.".4. 

'Isalx  1,'  shi]>,  wrecked,  ii.  iilTt,  't'V2. 

'Isahella,'  on  N.  W.  coast,  lSlO-11,  i. 

iw.'i,  ii.  1  lu;  Ksi;;,  i.  ;{2".t-:;o;  isMO, 

i.  :!4I. 
Isla  de  Dolores,  see  Destruction  Island, 
i.  I(i0. 


Jacinto,    Blount,    see    Mount    Edg(>- 

condic,  i.  1  ()."). 
'Jackal,' cutter,  on  \.  W.  coast.  1792, 

i.  '20,");  170:!,  i.  '2<.Ki:  1704,  i.  207. 
Jackanet  Itiver,  see  Fraser  liiver,  ii. 

iiy. 

Jackson,  ("apt.,  on  X.  W.  coast,  ISO.'), 

i.  .'120,  ii.  .V). 
Jackson,  D.  E.,  with  h'ockv  ^It.  Fnr 

Co.,  i.  514;  ii.  448,  4.-)."),  (ilO. 

lIlnT.  N.  AV.  Co.Kni;  Vol.  II.    47 


'.Tacksou,'  l)ii;.',  wrecked,  ii.  ."^.'1. 

•  hickson  ll'ilc,  indiiiu  liuditat,  ii..")'"4. 
•Jacoli,     llnssian     rene^'adc,     at     I'ort 

(leoru'e,  ii.  2t!7. 
.^leolis,  F.,gov.  I'rincc  of  Wales  Fort, 

i.  484. 
Jalisco,  Ma/'.nela  at.  l."..T2,  i.  14;  (^i/.- 

man  eoni|Uers,  I.'ilil,  i.  10. 
.Tames,   visits  Hudson's   IJav,    l('i.".l -2, 

i.  23. 
James,  Cajit.,  winters  at  Hudson  l!a\, 

i(;:i2,  i.  4;{8. 

James  J.,  jrr.ints  lands  to  Lon.  Co., 
I'lvmoutli  (,'u.,  and  Council  of  I'lym- 
outh,  i.  .soil. 

'.Tames  AVarren,'  wreckc<l,  ii.  ."i;!.'!. 

•  lauics  l>ay.  sec  Hudson  liay,  i.  4,'!8. 
.lanvier,  maj)  of,  1782,  i.  Hid. 
.Tai)an,  in  nia|i  of  Apiaiuis.  I.'i7."',  i.  "lO. 
Japanese,  Sioux  supposcil  to  he,  i.  lOli; 

map,    1701,   i.    l.'tO;  jmdis   w  I'eckcil 
on  X.  \V.  coast.  Is2d,   i.  :t40;   lS;il, 

\s-X'k  i.  ;!41;  i8:u,  ii.  ."^i;;i  ;{. 

.Taspcr  Pass,  see   Vellow  hciul  I'ass,  i. 

(i20. 
.Tasper  House,  see  llockv  Mt.  House, 

ii.  121. 
.Tcll'erson,  on  X.  W.  coast,  1701,  i.  2.")."); 

1702,  i.  2(r);  170:i,  i.  204. 
JellVrson.  T.,  X.  W.  fur-trade,  i..'r>l- 

2;  X.  \V.   exi)loration.  ii.  2  .'>,  ;i2S. 
.Teilci'son,  Mount,  named,  ii.  (il. 
JclTcrson  liiver,  nanu'd,   iso.'i,  ii.  22; 

see  Lewis  and  C.  ex|'iMl.,ii.  70,  7o-(). 
.Tetl'erys,  '1'.,  map  of,  170S,  i.  l:H. 
.TenniuL's,   Capt.  John,   voyau'i ,    181."), 

i.  :{:):i-4. 

'Jennv,' hriL',  on  X''.  W.  coast,  1702,  i. 
20."-.':  1701^1.207;  170S,  i.  ;i,n;;  im), 
i.  .'iOS;  1MJ2,  i.  ;ill. 

.Tcnniie,  explorni  ions,  i.  ."!)1. 

.Teivais,  fur-trader,  i.  ."d(l:  ii.  010; 
with  Mc'\en/ie's  fX)iid,.  ii.  Ii)  : 
with  liocky  .Mt.  Co.,  ii.  !."i.');  ();■. 
.s.ttler,  ii.  020. 

.Tesup,  (icn.,  on  ijuestion  X.  W.  coast, 
ii.  :iV2,  .'i.Vl. 

.fesuits,  in  \ueva  Vizcay.'i,  i.  I'.l;  Ca:i- 
ada,  i.  22,  .'iS(i,  .".IHI;  iV\pl-iiv  Ii.  .\,, 
i.  23;  ixplore  .Miss.  N'ldiey,  i.  2.'!, 
r>87-S:  .s,  Itle  lJai:i  Cal.  I(;:»7.  i.  2.".; 
in  Wilhimctt  ;  Valhs.  IM;s.  ii. 
r).'>()-8;  amonj,'tl;('  I'liithr.-id-,  ii.  702. 

.lesus,  Santa  Madrc  d^  .Maria  dr, 
opinion  of  Tidaui.  i.  01. 

.Tcwilt,  .1.  I!.,  A  Xarrative,  etc.,  i. 
;il  1,  :!i;(.  ;ilf);  ca))ti\il  v  amon','  Ind- 
ians, i.  .'{I2-1<);  il.  1.")S-(;'J. 

.Tinu'Uc/,  discovers  IJ^iji  Cal.  l.");i.'t, 
i.  14,  41. 


738 


INDEX. 


Juliii  Dnj'IMvor,  Lewis  and  C.  expcd., 

ii.  41,  V),'!,  (J4. 
.Tolirison,  defeats  Fretieli,  i.  400. 
Jdliiisoii,  Or.  .settler,  ii.  (17">. 
Joliiisoii,  J{.  K.,  on  exploring  expod., 

ii.  ()()!>,  (JT.'t,  ()77;  at  XiMniially,  ii. 

()77:  e\j)e(l.  to  Okanayan,  ii.  ()77-!'; 

map  of  exeursion,  ii.  075;  arrested, 

ii.  (i7!>. 
tTolinsDii  Pass,  doscrii)tion,  i.  (143;  lo- 

e.il  ion,  i.  ii~>\-'2. 


Keitli,  .Tas.,   .\stoi-ia  restored,  i.  .^30, 

ii.  --Wi-i,  4:!-_',  441;  Indians  attack, 

ii.  •-'K)--_',  •_'(!(»-•_';  tra.linj<  expe.l.,  ii. 

'2.")!l,  -JIM;  at  l''ort  (; corbie,  ii.  2(j(i-7, 

'_'S7  !),  -JD:!;  death,  ii.  4:;'_'. 
Kekeinaiike   liiver,  see  l^ewi.-:  and  ('. 

exped.,  ii.  .">.'!. 
Keliett,   ir.,  voyage  in  X.  V:.,  1837, 

i.   34-_':  voyage  in  \.   \V..   Is3!».  i. 

34l',    ii.    (ill;     exploies    Cohnnljia, 

is;!!),  ii.  (ill. 


Joliiistone,  explores  with  Vancouver,  '  i\e!ly,  ^•oyage,  ISOl,  i.  310. 

I"*/1.»*.»—  —  I'll-.  .__*<1  i.  1..10' 


17!)-',  i.  -27."). 
Jolinstone  Js.,  named,  i.  '2S1. 
.lolmstone  Strait,    \  anet)nver  names, 

I7!)2,  i.  •_'7!). 
.Foliet,   Sieur,   e\]ilores    Miss.  Valley, 

1(17;'.,  i.  --'.'J,  :!!)•_',  r)S7. 

Jones,  lilaiUte.t  attaiU,  ii.  4."i(). 
J<ines,  at  I'nget  Sonnd,  Isll.  ii.  701. 
Jone.s,  ]>.,  trajipcr,   joins  1'.  Fur  Co. 

exped.,  ii.   ISO,  li).S. 
Jones,  ^V.  A.,  in  Yellowst(jiie  Valley, 

i.  31. 
Jonipiiere,  Fort,  founded,  i.  .V.)7. 
'Jose[)liine,'  l)rig,  wreelvcd,  ii.  ri.'!3. 
'Joseph  I'ealiody,'  liiiir,  on  X.W.  eo.'ist, 

lS;;(i,  i.  34l;'ii.  (1.3S;   1838,  i.  34-*; 

IS,",!),  i.  34-_';  ii.  (!;!!). 
Juan  l''irnan(lez,  Kendriek  touches  at, 

1788,  i.  li)l. 
Jucliereau,  .Sieiii',  ai^ent  to  Mexico,  1. 

r)!)->. 
Judge,  nuirder  of,  ii.  •.!.">3. 
Muliet,'  selioonei-,  Mreekeil,  ii.  .533. 
Jnidvs,  wi'ecked  on  X.  \V.  coast,  IS20, 

i.  341);   18;U,  18:;:!,   i.  341 ;   18:54,  ii. 

,-)31-3. 
'Juno,' on  X.  W.  coast,   ISO.',  i.  311; 

iS()3,   i.   31(1,    ii.    1.")!);   180."i,   i.   3'_»0; 

180(1,  i.  .•5-'-..'. 
Jusliee,  conniient  on,  i.  .")S1;  among 

fiu'-traders,  ii.  'J,")3-l. 
Kadiak.  (dottof  readies,  I.")(i3-r>,  i.  30. 
Ivaiiranies,     kill    Ciipt.     liaucroft,    ii. 

(i()4-."). 
Kalama    (j'eek,    see    Lewis    and    ('. 

exped.,  ii.   Ii). 
'  KanuHnalu,'  see   'l)iana,'  i.  342. 
Kanuhatka,  Russian  post  csUiblislicd 

in,  i.  -J!). 
Kandoop  l"'ort,  post.   If.    Bay  Co.,  i. 

44S;    .see  Fort   Tlunnpson,  ii.    ]'2'2, 

4(il. 
Kan.'dias,  as  foresters,  ii.  HOS. 
Kanandii  I'ass,  location,  i.  (i'24. 
Kara  .'^e.i,  Kussians  navigate,  Englisli 

and  Dutch  reach,  l(iO(),  i.  iM). 
Keitii,  (u'o.,  at  Lake  Superior,  1832, 

ii.  43J. 


Kelly,  on  Cal.  coast,  isKi,  i.  .i.i,). 
Kelly,  voyag<",  l8--'8-3(),  i.  341. 
Kelly,   Jlalf.L,   cliaracter,   ii.   r)l3-."), 

r>'A;  agitates  Or.  (|uest.,  ii.  .")4I-.")!); 

at  I'ort  Vancouver,  ii.  ."i!7.  i"i4!)-")3; 

visits  Or.,  ii.  r)47-.">3;  deatii,  ii.  .")4; 

services,   ii,  ,j.")4-(i ;  wiilinL;s    of,    i. 

'JO.'),  ii.  :>M  U. 
Kendriek,  ('apt.  J.,  on  X^.  AV.  coast, 

1788,   i.    18..-!)2,  187,    1!)1.   ii.   3-21; 

178!)-!)().  i.  204  .'), '-'OS-!), --'.VJ;  17!)|, 

i.  2")3-4,  ii.  323;  17!)2,  i.  2ii.-);  17!)4, 

i.   2!»(i-!);  1802,  i.  311,  3(;.">:  names 

Foi't  Washington,  i.  2.V2;  piu'chases 

land,  Xootka,   i.  2.')4,  ii.  "23. 
Keiuliick  C(jve,  s"e  Mawiii;di,  i.  '20."). 
Kennedy,  ,1.,  at  Fort  I/inglev.  ii.  477; 

J''ort    Niinpson,    ii.    (i,34,    (i.".7,    (i42; 

Fort  .Stikeen.  ii.  (i4.")-(i;  Foit  Take, 

1840.  ii.  (i47  8;   1841.  ii.  (i.")8. 
Kent  Is.,  trading-post  built,  i.  r)02. 
i\.ej)liii,  voyage,  \S',ir>.  i.  341. 
Kicking   Jlorse    Fass,   description,   i. 

(i23. 
Iviilaniook   Bay,    see   Lewis    ;nid    C. 

exped.,  ii.  ."iS. 
Ivillamook    Head,    see   Lewis  and   ('. 

exped.,  ii.  ^(i. 
Killamooks,  see  TiCwis  .Tud  ( '.  exped., 

ii.  ."ill;  tiailition  of.  ii.  .'lOI. 
Killliowaniakel,  Lewis  and  ('.  exped., 

ii.  .-)4. 
Kiniliall,  on  X.  W.  coast.  180(1.  i.  322. 
Kindiall,   at    Fn-et    Sound,    1844,    ii. 

701. 
Kinimooenim  Creek,  nanie<l.  ii.  3!). 
Kinnnooenim  Kiver,  .see  Lewis  and  C. 

ex[)ed.,  ii.  41. 
King,  surveys  Or.  road,  i.  (1.32. 
King,  V.  S.  uiinisttir,  ii.  3(17. 
Kin.,',  at  Um])(pui,  ii.  700. 
'  K  ing  (ieorge.' ship,  en  X.  W.  coast, 

17s;v7,  i.  178-81. 
K\i\ii  ( ieorge  Sound,  .soeXootka Sound, 

1778.  i.  170. 
King  (Jeiu-ge's  Sound  Company,  tlunr 

expedition  to  X.  \V.  coast,  1785,  i. 

178. 


INDEX. 


789 


K'mii  Islund,  Mackenzie's   voyage,  i. 


(i!i!t. 


Kiiiustmi  Fort,  the  King  takea  charge 

<if,'  i.  IWS. 
Kill",   I'tidro,  exi>hire.s  Sonora,   1(!!)0- 


700. 


q 

'.:>;  ('ill.,   1701, 


ii:!-i; 


I'.ros.,  iitt.uk  JMeiieh,  i.  .'}'!{l. 


Kittsei 


Vo.v,  iMjrt,  yee  Fdrt  Stager, ii.  470. 


it  Fort  ( 'oh 


i.  47 


Kl.ininth  Hive'-   I'a.'is,  loeatioii,  i.  047 


K 


jtat  ]{i\'er,  see  (.'ataraet  lliver,  ii 


4,-). 


Kh 


il  Lake,  ^Mackenzie  at. 


i.  (i'fJ 


]•; 


iiiLclit,  ex]ilore.s 


Hiul.xoii  1! 


IV,  1.  --'(I. 


KiMLjIit,  seeks  Strait  of  Aiiiaii,  17 1!*, 


i.  I'-M,  ii.  ;J0."). 


K)ii.;lit,  vtiy; 
Kni-ht  i; 
Knox,  S.  Ii 


1(;0(! 


iver,  iianied,  i 


<ii;<>. 


.'SI. 
on  exiiloring  ex 


jied. 


Koaster,   J.,  .^hip-lmilder,   ii.    l.')4;-.iit 

l''ort  Astoria. 
Koen,  Or.  niissioiiary,  ii.  (574. 


1.1  (" 


AoosKoosUie  ICiver,  see  J^ewis  an. 

expcil.,  ii.  'AC). 
Koot(  M;;i  J''ort,  post,  IT.  15ay  Co.,  i. 

448;  location,  ii.    i'2\;    removed,  ii. 

711. 
Knipisehef  sights  Ahudia,  17.".0,  i.  HO. 
Kwielipak.  po.ssihly  depicted  on  LiiwH 

nia[i,  l.")!KS,  i.  8(i. 
Kiiskof,  Capt.,  on  Cal.  coa.st,  1809,  i. 

;j.'.J-U. 


I-ahadie,  S.,  Missouri  Fnrf'o.,ii.  1:28. 
La  liiehe  Ki\er,  Clarke  names,  ii.  71*. 
La  ISonte,  Or.  settler,  ii.  (i7li. 
Lalii'ador,    Cortereals     name,     i.     11; 

]iiivsieal  features,  i.  40(i-7. 
'La(''ar..li!ie,'  see  'Florida,'  i.  10. 
La  ( 'harctte,  see  Lewis  and  (_'.  cxpod. , 

ii.  0. 
Laehinc,    inhabitants    massacred,    i. 

.1!I4. 
Laclede,  Maxan,  and  Co.,  fur-trader.s, 

i.  .")().-.. 
La  Coinpagnic  de  Cent  Assoeii'^s  dis- 
solved, i.  .'iOI,  :!!»4. 
La  (,'ourse,  1'.,  with  Simpson's  party, 

ii.  4!l(i. 
La  Couture  seizes  l.upert  J.and,  1(171, 

i.  440. 
Ladrillero,    ,T.    F.    de,    on     Strait    of 

Anian,  l.")84,  i.  .")7. 
'Lady  \Vasliington,'  sloop  on  N.  W. 

coa'st,   \~SS,  ].    |8(i-!)-2;    17S0,  i.  •_>()4 

0,  -Ji:!,   •2-24;  17!)1,   i.   •J.".:t:   17!)--',   i. 

2(jr>;  1704,  i.  1><J7;  170(1,  i.  ;K).>. 


Liiet,   J.iham 

l(.(i. 
'LaFloridcF 

10. 


de,  map  of,   lr..^,^.  i. 
icai.se,' see  '  Florida, 'i. 


La  Framboise,  ^[.,  at  Fort  I'^mpm 
ii.    .V_'l,    ."(•_'7  8;     trajis    in    Tul:: 


\M 


ev. 


IS  to, 


nurses  Kelley. 
partv,  ii.  (i7'>. 


ii.  .")40;  wilh  Wilk 

La  Frame,  .losepli,  on  northwest  pas- 

x!\iH.\   i.    !'-•">;  storv  of  the   west,   i. 


M-2 


LaCarde,  hunter,  ii.  101,  ll.">. 

'La    (ii-anu'e,'   cruise    in    norlh-wcst, 

IS:«i,  i.  :A2. 
La  lionta 


iitions  of.  i.  ."8S-00. 


Luh 


e     (leorge, 


1' 


Il    (h'fi.'iited    lit. 


Kiud 


isli  di'leatei 


.t.  l,-,7 
Xicolct 


T>ake    Miclii'^'an, 

beyind,  l(i:i4  .">.  i.  KIO. 
Lake  Jii\er,  Lewis  and  C 

4S. 
La    Malice,    at    l\ii't    Malice,    ii. 


r.  i.  4':(). 
penetrates 


<pei 


r.ockv  Mt.    1I( 


!):!.  !»8;  wilh 


Fi 


Kra.ser  exped.,  ii.  OS,  l()-_'.  10.".,  l(:;i. 

La  .Malice.  Fort,  built,  ii.  .-S. 

Lamb,  on  N'.  W.  coast,  l7i)-_>,  i.  '2;;4; 
1700,  i.  ;!07;  fur-trade,  i.  ;i.">0. 

Lambert,  ( 'apt.,  on  X.  AV.  coast,  IH'M, 
i.  :i41;   18;;l',  ii.  .">i!0.  .■■|li7-S,  '>')-2. 

Lambei't,  I'.,  drowned,  ii.   'J8l. 

La  Me.sa,  Meares  Cape,  i.  108. 

Lancaster,  Captain,  rejioi-ts  north- 
west passage,  KiOO-l,  i.  8.S. 

Landry,  J.,  Mackenzie's  exped.,  i. 
()7.'!." 

Lane,  (lovernor,  explores  Roanoke  for 
fabulous  cities,  i.  (ifi. 

Lanirlc,  dt'.  La  I'erouae  exped.,  178*1, 

Langley,   Fort,  ]iost   11.   I'ay  Co.,   i. 

418;  founding  of,  ii.  47i)-88;  Simp-    r 

son  at,  ii.  ■184-."):  salmon  trade  of, 

ii.  487;  tlooded,  ii.  487;  burneil,  ii. 

CAM. 
La  I'eiiiuse,  ex)]loi\itions,  178.">,  i.  174- 

7,  ii.  .'i^O;  voyage,  etc.,  i.  l7o;  map. 

178().  i.   I7();"scaivh  for,   i.   '-'04;  ca 

X.  'W .  fur-trade,  i.  ;!.").■)-(). 
Lajiie,   Ma])  of.   i.    07  S;    on   X.   A\'. 

coast,  I8-21,  i.   i;!(i. 
Laiiueo    de    Oro,    si^e    I'nrchas'    map, 

\c,2r->,  i.  io;f. 

T,a  It.inmie,  huntci',  ii.  07. 

'Lark,'  wrecked,  i.  :j;;0,  :!:!'J.  ii.  22C,, 
•_';!4:  cruise.  181;!,  ii.  •_>()().  'JO'i. 

La  Koclie,  .!.,  Lewis  and  ('.  exjied., 
ii.  14;  'derk  Xortiiwest  Co.,  ii.  '20(i, 
'J  14,  'J.-is,  -J.-.O.  •Jii-l:  in  Maiidaii 
country,  ii.  '278;  at  Stuart  Lake,  ii, 
'28.J. 


740 


INDEX. 


La  Kochc,  Mnrquirtdo,  receives  Acadia 
ami  CaiiiKJa,  i.  .■!S;!-4. 

La  JJocliL'llo,  iHcrcliants,  fur-trade  (if, 
i.  .-WT-S. 

La  Sallu,  explores  Miss.  Valley,  J080, 
i.  '.U,  :iU-2--A,  nsS;  assassinated,  l(i87, 
i.  'H;  tlieory  of  Soutii  Sea  route,  i. 
Ill;  uaiiH^s  Louisiana,  i.  302-^;  on 
M.  W.  eoast,  )«()!>,  ii.  1'2(). 

•Lascar,'  cruise  in  north-west,  1821,  i. 
;}41. 

La  'J'onr,  receives  Port  Eoyal,  lGo4, 
i.  .Si) I. 

Laudonnii'^rc,  Rene  de,  colonizes  Amer- 
ica, i.  10,  ;{Si. 

Launching,  atXootkaSoun<l.  of  'Xorth 
West  America,'  Sept.  I'J  and  'JO, 
1788,  i.  202. 

'Lausanne, 'erui.se  in  north-west,  1840, 
i.  ;}42. 

'Lavinia,' cruise  in  north-west,  1801, 

i.  ;iio. 

Law,  at   Fort   George,   ii.   2r)I]-4;   in 

Canada,  ii.  2!)S. 
Law,  J.,  originates  Miss.  Co.,  i.  ,'VJ7-8. 
1  ay,  voyage,  17'J8,  i.  'MAi. 
La/aro,  Padre,  see  .Saldibar's  Travels, 

i.  10!). 
La/.eka,  see  Tongue  River,  ii.  SO. 
Leather  I'ass,  see  Yellowhead  Pass, 

i.  (120. 
Leavcnwortli,    Cantonment,     import- 
ance, ii.  587. 
Le  (,'krc,  witli  P.  Fur  Co.  exped.,  ii. 

187,  189,  24C-7;  leaves  Astoria,  ii. 

108. 
Le  I'age  du  Pratz,  sec  Pratz. 
Lcdyard,  John,  attempts   at   X.   W. 

fur-trade,  ii.  '2-'.\;  i.  349-5.";  deatli, 

travel*,,  i.  ;j40-n:{. 
Loe,  1).,  Or.  ndssionary,  ii.  535,  578; 

trip  to  Or.,  ii.  578. 
Lee,  Jason,  Or.   missionary,   ii.   535, 

074;    attitude    to    Kellcy,    ii.    551; 

phuis  for  Or.,  ii.  551-2;  trip  to  Or., 

ii.    578;   at   Fort  Hall,   ii.    588;   at 

Will.imetto   iNlission,   ii.    502,   002, 

007;  receives  Simpson,  ii.  (),5.5;  brings 

missiiiniirics  to  (*r.,  ii.  ((87. 
LecsL',  J.  P.,  Cal.   Pioneer,  ii.  088. 
'Lelia  Dyrd,'  on  N.    \V.  eoast,  1804, 

i.  318. 
L(!  Maii'c,  huntci',  ii.  03. 
Lemon,   W.,   settler  Cowlitz  Valley, 

ii.  014. 
lAiuout,  F.  A.,  mate  'Sultan,'  ii.  500. 
Leon.  Ponce  dc,  '  Fountain  of  Youth,' 

i.  .'!;  Voyages,  i.  1 1. 
Lcpie^e  liivei',  .see  John  Day  River, 

ii.  41. 


Lc  Pratt,  nt  Fort  Okanagan,  ii.  078. 

Le  Rapid  Couvcrt.  nanu'd,  ii.  117. 

Le  R()U.\,  clerk,  Mackenzie's  tour,  i. 
008. 

Leslie,  niissionarj-,  ii.  082. 

Lewis,  J.,  clerk  of  Tonipiin,  i.  328; 
ii.  144,  155,  104-7;  nuirdered,  i. 
.328;  ii.  107. 

Lewis,  M.,  at  Columliia  River  mouth, 
1805,  i.  ,320;  along  the  Missouri, 
1804,  i.  .500;  exploring  e-xped.  up 
Mis.souri,  1804-5,  ii.  4-27,  327;  char- 
acter, ii.  5;  instructions,  ii.  0-7; 
reaelies  iiead-waters  of  Mis.sonii,  ii. 
20;  down  the  (  dumliia,  ii.  28-,50; 
on  I'acific,  ii.  51-00;  Paeihc  an<l 
return,  ii.  51-82;  return,  attacked 
by  Indians,  ii.  71-4;  accidentally 
shot,  ii.  75;  arrives  at  St  Louis,  ii. 
82;  (lov.  of  Louisiana,  death,  ii.  85. 

'Lewis,'  brig,  on  X.  W.  eoast,  18,34, 
ii.  0.37. 

Lewis  Point,  Clarke  names,  ii.  53. 

l..ewis  River,  Chirke  names,  ii.  33; 
sec  Lewis  and  C  exped.,  ii.  33, 
54-5. 

Lewis  and  Clarke  exped.,  ii.  5-84, 
337,  35(!~0,  308-0;  state  of  north- 
west, lSOO,ii.  1-2;  travels  published, 
ii.  7;  niapof  route  from  Mi.-souri  to 
('olund)ia,  ii.  21;  down  the  Colum- 
bia, ii.  28-,50;  journal,  ii.  30  1 ; 
e.it  horse-Mesh,  ii.  .30  7;  dogs,  ii. 
30-40,  45;  Pacilic  and  return,  ii. 
51-82;  leave  notices  (jf  ])resence  at 
Columbia's  mouth,  ii.  50-00;  map, 
ii.  05;  character,  ii.  83-4;  result  (;f, 
ii.  80. 

Lewis  and  Clarke  Pass,  descrij)tion,  i. 
028. 

Leyo,  in  de  Laet's  map,  1033,  i.  100. 

'Lida,'on  X.   W.   eoast,  1800,  i.  3:1. 

Limes  Oceideutes  Quivira  et  ^- aian, 
see  Wytiliet-Ptolemy  map,  l./.'7,  i. 
83. 

Lindenbirg,  Capt.,  at  Sitka,  1841,  ii. 
058. 

Linkwater,  W.,  trader,  i.  570. 

Linn,  on  Or.  (juestio«i,  ii.  31)1-2,  558, 
080. 

Linsi^hoten,  on  (iali's  voyage,  1584, 
i.  14.5. 

L'lntei'prete,  see  Moncaidit  Ape. 

Lion,  Cal.,  h.ibit:it,  i.  412. 

Li(|Uor  ;imong  Indians,  i.  545-8,  5.",4, 
0(i2,  (i82-l ;  Lng'isli  and  Russians 
oppose  trallic  of,  ii.  00.3. 

Lisa,  M.,  with  Missouii  Fur  (^o.,  i. 
511:  ii.  128,  150;  with  P.  Fur  Co. 
exped.,  ii.  180-2. 


INDEX. 


741 


'Littilcs,'  cniisu  in  lu.rtli-wost,   ISOI,  J  Low   r<iiiit.    Means    iiiiincs,  July  "i, 

i.  :{l().  I      ITSH.  i.  11)7. 

LittU' ('olorailu  PasH,  see  Ziiiii  I'ass,  i.     Ldwc,  'J'lios.,  clerk  Ftirt  \'ain.oiivtr, 

(i.'iS.  I       ISK".,  ii.  7U!). 

Litl'c  ])iy  (jvi'k,  iiaiiic(l,  ISO.'),  ii.  ]().    i.duiiu,  at  Xoolka,  llSCi.  1.  177. 


J^ittlc  !>ry  llivcr,  iiaiiitd,  ii.  1(1. 
l.itdc  Iliad,  liiiliaii  chief,  ii.  m,". 
Littlo  Wolf  liiver,  Clarke  names,  ii 

SO. 


Lu(  ici (.!,  Or.  settler,  ii.  ."i-'.>. 

■J.,iu'y,'  crui.se  in  iiorth-w  csl,  LSOl,  i. 

I  LiliUow,  ill  Yellowstone  ViiUiy,  ii.  "A. 


Liviii^'ston,  conimissioiiei',  i)ureliase  of  '  J.,ii4iie,  ^Malo  de,  jirints  ^laUlonailo" 
Loiii.siaiia,  iSiJ.'i,  i.  401.  menioriul,  17SS,  i.  ii.'i. 

'Llama,'  Itrig,  on  >,'.  \V.  co.ist,  ls;!4,  |  '  Lyilia,' eriiise  in  north-west,  ISO.'i,  i 
i.   :i41,   ii.  XV.i,  (i:i7;    l.s:iti,  i.   :!41;        :^l.'),  .•{•JO;  on  N.   \V.  coast,   lsll,i 


18a7,   i.    :i4--';    LSoS,  i.    :!4-',   ii.   T/JO; 

ls;i;!,  ii.  (LTi-fi. 
'Loo   (;hoo,'   schooner,    wrecked,    ii. 

r<X). 
Lok,    yi.,    map.    l."S'_'.    i.    (U-."),    101; 

mci'ts  Fuca,  l.")()(i,  i.  7<*-;'>. 
London,  ci.nlre  of  fni'-maikct,  i.  ■[{')'>. 
London  (_'onip;iny,  receives  grants  in 

-\meiica,  i.  'A'M. 
Lonr,  A.  K.,  on  ix[iloiing  cNped.,  ii. 

liong.  S.  IT.,  cx])lorations.  i.  (ill. 
].,onL;  Jiiver,  ]luntan"s  vojaye,  liiSS,  i. 

1  i± 

Lool.ont,  fajio,  Meares  names,    I'SA, 

i.  IDS;  Clarke  names,  ii.  .'iS. 
L<jpez,   Kstevan,  see  Vizcaino's  e.\]ie- 

(lition,  Uiu;},  i.  147. 
Loj)iz,  Marcos,  killed  \>y  Indians,  i. 

ISO. 
Lopez,  Padic,  explores  Texas,  l(i'Jl),  i. 

•-M. 
Lorie,  sec  Lowrie,  i.  177. 
Loiing,  Col.,  at  i'ort  ^'ancnuver,  ii. 

7io: 

'Loriot,'  !jri'.;-.  on  X.  W.  coast,  ISIKi, 

i.  :;4i,  ii.  (;()-j;  is:!7,  i.  :u-_'. 

Los  Angeles,    I'ort,    J'.lisa  names,    i. 
•217. 

XIV.,  dissolves  La  Compaj^iie 


(Ics  Cent  Associ 


i!tl 


charters 

West  India  Co.,  i.  '.VM;  foihids  trade 
w  itli  Ilritish  Colonies 


L. 


ics,  i.  ;!1)<.). 
X^'I.,   Xootka   controversy,    i. 


•j;!:{. 

LoMi^a, 

.'iO,  i.  'Ml. 
Louisiana,  ^ 

1. 


I'ruise  in  north-west,  IS'JS- 


iiamai'ds  exnlore 


I.".  10, 


■rench  settle,  l(i!)!»,  i.  2i;  La 
.Salle  di.seovers,  KWJ,  i.  'A'Xi;  Crozat, 
gov.  of,  i.  ;{!I7;  ceded  to  France, 
ISOO;  sold  to  U.  S.,  ISO!!,  i.  401. 


;!'J(J;  on  Cal.  coast,  LSKl,  i.  li.'I.");  on 
Columbia,    KSOO,   ii.  (iO;  on    X.    ^\■. 
coast,    1S0(),    ii.     |(ii>-:;;    at    Sitka, 
iSII,  ii.   MO. 
Lyman,  X.  W.  fur-trade,  i.  ;>.7J. 

M 

Maccay,  see  Mackey,  i.  177. 
M(('lcli;in,  ('apt.,  surveys   har  of  Co- 

liiniliiu,  ii.  "JiKJ. 
McClcllan,  1!.,  joins  1'.  FurCo..  ii.  17!); 

onexped.,ii.  ISO.  ISS.  Ill',)  I;  at.\s- 
toria,  ii.  ]'J',i,  11)8;  eastwaid  liounil, 
ii.  -JOO. 

McCracken,  fui'-trader,  i.  ."dO. 

Mcl)onald,  trading  exped.,  Isl.'i,  ii. 
•J.'iS;  at  Spokane  House,  ii.  '2M; 
eli.iracter,  ii.  -'tU;  with  fur  liiigade, 
ii.  471;  .'it  Fort  L;ingley,  ii.  4H7; 
down  Cohimliia,  ISlJ-i,  ii.  .5,'il;  at 
I'oi  t  Colville,  1841,  ii.  Cm');  at  Col- 
vill.',  ii.  0711. 

McDonalil,  A.,  tra<ler,  Jittacks  Creoi', 
i.  .">70;  "t  Fort  L.'.ngUy,  ii.  4S.">;  on 
.sjii. prion's  journey,  ii.  4',ll,  4!)."i; 
.louinal,   ii.   -101;  founds  Foit    Xis- 


(jua;  v,  u 
OO-J;  "lS."i7 
Mcl)(.nald.  F.,  I 


I.  .V_*4:  at  Coh 


isno 


ii.  711. 

>uildsSpok;ine  foit.  ii. 


I'JO;  on  Columliia,  ii.  47  I. 


McDonald,  .lohn. 


es  Fo)t  Ast( 


ii.  '2',i'2;  gov.  Fort  CeorL'e,  ii.  'J  14-.") 

•J.')(). 
McDonnell,  M.,  gov.  ojiposcs  X.   \V 

( 'o.,  i.  .")7.")-0. 
.Mel>ouL'all,  suner<'ai'u'o  of  Ini'i'Colo 


ml,'  Ink; 


•.VM\  at   Fort    |)un\ 


gan.  ii.   01;  ex|X'ditioii  ot,  ii.   !)•_'-."{; 


Louisiana,  I'ureliasi',  i.  40'J- 


1  chaii'ics 


ni  owiicishii),  1) 


4,  S;   ISiiO,  Ii. 


:•)" 


Loulou  liianch,  of  IJitter  lioot  Jlivcr, 


i.  .S.V(i 


70. 


Low,  Conrad,  m.ap  of  1508,  i.  8."),  140. 


at  Tidut  Lake 


11.  07 


101.  Ill>;  mar- 


lies,  ii.  I."),'!.  •JlS-10;  sm;dl-])ox  st)at- 
CL'V.  ii.  170;  at  Fort  Astoiia,  ii.  lOO, 
•JOS.  J 14.  •JJ7 


X.  W.  V 


ii.  -SM. 


becomes  paituer 


Mcl)ougall,  Dunc.'in,  joins  1'.  FurCo. 


1 IJ;  \ 

Asloii 


ivaLTc  to  Astoria,  14.J-.VJ;  ut 


F 


J  0. 


742 


INDEX. 


^IcDonfrnll,  Geo.,  nt  Stnait  Fort,  ii. 

•J.SO;  at  Fort  Alcxiimliia.  ii.  4!Mi. 
Ml]  )<)il,U'all,  .failles,  explores  IVaecaml 

I'arsnij)   iJiveiH,  ii.   ST-iS;  at    J'"ort 

Mei.eod,  ii,  101 ;  at  Fort  Diiiivegan, 

ii.  'J7!*;  witli  llarmon,  ii.  '2S0. 
Ml  I)oii;,'all,  Fort,  built,  ii.  88. 
MeCillis,    cleiU,    ii.     144,    177,    194; 

leaves  l''ort  (leorgp,  'J4."). 
!Me(  lilliviiiy,  at  JJoeky  Mt.  Ilcmsc,  ii. 

!)7-iS;   at  tiiiiisfir  Foi't  Af^toria,  ii. 

'2-J.S-9;  at  Fort  Okaiiagaii,  ii.  -jliS-Jt; 

nniong    Okaiiagaiis,    ii,    '248,    2^1.'); 

leaves  Fort  (  Uoi'ge,  ii.  270. 
MeCiillivmy,  .loliii,   airives,   Astoria, 

ii.  22S;  on  cxpeil.,  ii.  2.'t8-!(;  joins 

Nortlnvest  Co.,  ii.  248;  at  Duuvo- 

gaii,  ii.  -^78. 
MeClillivrav,  S.,  nieniber  Northwest 

Co.,  ii.  :m. 

M(t(iillivray,  W.,  eliief,  Northwest 
Co.,  ii.  172;  nieinlier  Northwest 
Co.,  ii.  .';i04;  at  J''oi  t  Clii[iewyaii,  ii. 
4!»:i. 

Medillivray's  Itoek,  iianieil,  ii.  240. 

ilciire^ory,  iur-iraiUr,  KiST,  i.  ,"1(14. 

.Mi'Intosh,  J.,  down  (,'oluiiil)ia,  18;U, 
ii.  rhll. 

McKay,  injured,  ii.  2."iS;  niunlei  of, 
ii.  4;{.");  on  ( 'oliiiiiliia,  ii.  471;  at 
Fort  Walla  ANalla.  ii.  4!)8;  near 
^cappcose  Bav,  ii.  527;  in  Cal., 
1S4I,  ii.r)41;  ill  Willaniette  ^'alloy, 
KS:i7,  ii.  l".();i;  eharaetei',  ii.  (iO;i. 

^liKay,  A.,  MeKenzie'.s  exped.,  i. 
117:!,' (iSO,  dill;  joins  1".  Fur  Co.,  ii. 
142  ;{;  voyage  to  Astoria,  ii.  ]4,")-r)2; 
trading  cruise,  ii.  l(ilJ-7;  nnirderof, 
ii.  ]()";  explores  Cohuuhia,  ii.  lOil- 
70. 

MeKay,  J.  W,,  with  Frascr,   ii,  G!)4. 

McKay,  K.,  murdered,  ii,  (iS(i. 

McKay,  Tlionias,  iliaracti'r,  i.  540; 
clerk,  ii.  144;  trading  exped,,  ii. 
25(),  2.58-0;  aids  Sniitli,  ii.  451-2; 
on  explor.  exped.,  ii,  4()-)-8;  at  Foit 
Vancouver,  1S,S4,  ii,  5.'!;!;  trapjiing 
tour,  181)1,11.58,5-8;  with  iMumoii.s' 
exped.,  ii.  (iS2. 

Mackenzie,  I^ewis  and  C.  exp(ul.,  ii. 
14;  cxjiloics  Willamette  ^'alley, 
1812.  ii,  l'.15-();  among  Nez  Pcrccs, 
ii.  108,  202-:i,  210-11;  at  Fort  As- 
toria, iSl.S,  ii,  208,  22(1;  in  Willa- 
mette ^'allcy,  1814,  ii.  218;  transfer 
Fort  Astoria,  ii,  227,  2;i4:  from  F, 
Aslor  to  F,  William,  ii.  249;  clerk 
>;ortlnvest  Co.,  ii.  250. 

!McKi'nzie,  Alexander,  expeds,  of,  i. 
582;  at  Fort  Langley,  ii.  483. 


Mackenzie,  Sir  Alexander,  dopcends 
Mackenzie  liiver,  1780,  i.  28;  ii,  2; 
on  N,  W.  fur-trade,  1800,  i.  -MVA; 
joins  X.  V.  Co.,  i.  5.55;  e\])lorations, 
'l70;i,  i.  010;  ii.  .•!24;  character,  ii. 
(i()(i  8,()7.'i;  journey  to  Arctic  Ocean, 
i.  28,  (KW  0;  i.  008,  (175;  ii.  2. 

Mackenzie,  from  Fort  Chiiiewyan  to 
I'aeilic,  i.  (!70-70;t;  ma[)  of  course, 
i.  08.S;  on  Frascr  Itivcr,  i.  081-5; 
ii.  KM),  114,  II!),  379;  reaches  I'a- 
eilic, ).  097  700. 

.Mackenzie,  Andrew,  death  of,  ii.  279. 

Mackenzie,  J).,  join.s  1'.  I'"ur  Co.,  ii. 
112;  on  overland  exped.,  ii.  170, 
180,  188,  190  1:  at  Astoria,  ii.  104, 
108;  explores  Wiilamclte,  ii.  lO.VO; 
fort  huildiiig,  ii.  202-1:;  exjied,  of, 
ii.  202-.'i,  205,  208;  among  Indians, 
ii.  210-11.  213;  at  Astoria,  ii.  218, 
220  7;  trading  exped.,  181."',  ii. 
238-40;  on  Coiunil.ia,  1810,  ii.  204, 
200-8,  271  0;  enterprise,  ii.  •J7i; 
among  Sliusliones,  ii.  271,  274,  270; 
among  AN'alla  AN'allas,  ii.  272-5; 
among  Snake  Iiiilians,  ii.  275;  gov. 
Fed  Kiver  Colony,  ii.  280-00. 
?ilackinzie  Outlet,  named,  i.  700. 
Mackenzie  Itiver,  discovered,  i.  2; 
Lciw's  ma]),  1508,  i.  80;  !Maclienzio 
descends,  1789,  i.  28,  UiiO;  explored, 
ii.  105. 
Mackcy,  atNootka,  1780,  i.  177:  1787, 
i.  182;  on  N.  ^V.  coast,  1805,  i. 
320,  ii.  55. 
Mackinaw  Co.,  at  ^'icliiliniackinac, 
i,  500;  opposes  Astor's  jdaii-,  i. 
512-13;  opposes  American  I'lir  Co., 
ii.  137. 
McKinlay,  A.,  Black's  death,  ii.  512; 

'■      (low  11  C'oluniliia,    1834,    ii.   5;)1;   at 

I      Foi  t  Wallii  Walla,  ii.  0."i5,  077.  000; 

(      gunpowder  story,  ii.  000-1;  life,  ii. 

!      002;  narrative,  etc.,  ii,  (i02. 

'  McKiiivcr,  J.,  among  Indians,  ii.  05. 

:  Mcl.aiir,  U.  S.  niini.-tcr.  ii.  408. 
McLean,  killed,  i.  570;  Black's  death, 

j      ii.  512. 

[McLennan,  P.,  clerk,   ii.   144,   173-4, 

'      203;  at  Stuart  Lake,  ii.  285. 
McLeod,  Santa  Fe  exped.,  i.  030. 

i  McLeod,  A.  K.,  at  Fort  J)unvcgan,  ii. 

270;  punishes  Ciallnnis,  ii.  483  4. 

!McLeod,  Jolm,   at   Thouqison    Kiver 

;      district,   ii.  408  0;    hn' Is  ]S.>rway 

j      House,  ii,  4<>9;  Luildsl'  )rt  Cmpipia, 

j      ii.  .VJl. 

!  McLeod,  M,,  travels  with  f'inipson,  ii. 

i      401;  journal,  ii,  401. 

I  :MeLjo(l,  Fort,  built,  ii.  88. 


ixi)i;x. 


743 


McLcod  liiilce,  post  II.  Viiiy  Co.,  i.  4 IS; 
SCO  'iJ'i'Ut  J..ii!u',  ii.  SS. 

McLl'uiI  ]jiiko  J{(."^'ii)ii,  lanp  of,  ii.  SS. 

McLoiiL'liliii,  John,  !it  .Stui'^'ooa  LuUi', 
l.SOT-S,  ii.  127S;  nt  ]'"ort  (icoi-ge',  ii. 
4:iL'-7;  at  Fort  Williiiiii,  ii.  4;t-_'; 
(.■liiii\n,'tt'r,  ii.  4I]J  .">;  tiviitliiciit  of 
Indians,  ii.  4;it-."i;  imlMs  l''()rt  \'an- 
couvcr,  ii.  4;)(;-4'_';  aidn  Smith,  ii. 
4.')l-'_';  attituilo  to  Anu'rican  trup- 
puiTi,  i.  4r)l  'J;  nilo  of,  ii.  4(;i);  ]iun- 
i.slic.s  ( '!ai;iiip.s,  ii.  4'M;  posst'sscs 
falls  of  Willaniuttc,  ii.  ,")l)t  ,-);  bnilils 
saw-inill,  ii.  ."ido;  crjuspinicy  against, 
ii.  .")],"!-l.">;  attitmlo  to  trailers,  ii. 
al'J-'JJ;  cm  trailing  trips,  ii.  '>'Hi; 
iittitudc  to  Or.  srttK:r.s,  ii.  o:;."),  70(i- 
7;  becomes  aCatliolie,  ii.  "i;)7:  (reat- 
ini'nt  of  Kdly,  ii.  ."(."lO-,"!;  Wyotli, 
ii.   r)(i4-(i,  nD.'t-lJ;  reuoivcs  niission- 


irus,     II.    T)',)-';    oj)]i(i 


js    (Ail'.mibia 


lliver  l''i.sli  and  Trading  Co.,  ii.  .")!(!!-- 
7,  .")!););  treatment  of  Slaenni,  ii. 
(i()l*-;i;  niana'^er  I'uget  Sound  A. 
Co.,  ii.  (il7;  in  Jhigland,  1S.'!7-!),  ii. 
017,  (i'i.'i;  ;it  I'ort  Vancouver,  IS.'}!), 
ii.  (i2l);  at  I'uget  Sound,  1S41,  ii. 
(JoO;  accompanies  Simpson,  1841,  ii. 
GoS;  in  Cal.  ii.  (idl,  (iSS;  leceives 
Mofras,  ii.  (i(;4;  Mufras'  o))iniou  of, 
ii.  Goo;  receives  Willies,  ii.  G74;  at 
iS'isipuiUy,  ii.  G77;  hospitality,  ii. 
GS7;  cliaractcr,  poliej',  ii.  7<)_'-Ii;  re- 
tires 11.  JjayCo.,  ii.  7(>,'!;  death,  ii. 
7('.');  eulogy  ujion,  ii.  704-7. 

McLongldin,  J.,  Jr,  at  Foi*-  Stikeen, 
]S4l),  ii.  (i4.")-G,  G.jI;  character,  ii. 
G.")]-'_';  assassinated,  ii.  G.")l-;!,  (ilil. 

^IcLoughlin,  ^Irs,  cliaiacter, ii.  .■>_'!i-7. 

McLoiigldin,  Fort,  built,  ii.  ()L'.')-((; 
removed,  ii.  G_'S;  ubamloni'd,  ii. 
G.JO. 

McLoughlin  Harbor,  see  I'ort  Simp- 
son, ii.  (i;).">. 

McMillan,  Jas.,  at  Flathead  House, 
ii.  l-'l;  employ  X.  W.  C,,.,  ii.  SM, 
2,kS-'J,  -JGI;  at  Spokane  House,  ii. 
2.jS;  (Ml  exploring  e\i)edition,  ii. 
4!J4-S;  at  l'"ort  Langiey,  ii.  477-fio, 
407;  accompanies  Simjr  on,  ii.  G"."!. 

McMnrray,  builds  Fort  Yukon,  1S47, 
i.  G-';). 

MeXeal  Creek,  named,  ISa"),  ii.  24. 

McNeill,  ('apt.  W.,  on  X.  \V.  coast. 
1S21  and  is;!!),  i.  .'HI;  ls;)7,  i.  IH'J 
on  Columbia,  ii.  o'J;);  life,  ii.  fi'JO- 1 ; 
rescues  Japanese,  ii.  .").■>;>;  joins  H. 
]jay  (,'().,  ii.  o'.l.'l;  at  Fort  Sinqison, 
ISIJd,  ii.  Gr)7-S;  at  -Milliank  Sound, 
18o3,  ii.  025;  at  F^ort  McLoughlin, 


'       IS'IS,  ii.  OnS;  on  X.  W.  coast,  1S41, 
I      ii.  G."i7;  at  I'ort  Nisipially,  ii.  G7-'i. 
1  Macor.il),  surveys  Sautii  Fe  trail,  Is.")!), 
!      i.  G:!7. 

I  Macoan,  explores    I'eaee  lliver   I'ass, 
;      i.  G2i». 

Mc'l'av  ish,  Ah'xamler,  jimong  Indians, 
i      ii.  '270. 

Mc'ravisli,  Donald,  death,  ii.  l-2!>,  ^.'^l: 
at  Fort  (leorge,  ii.  2.")(),  2.V2;  ejiar- 
nctur,  ii.  2.">2;  goes  east,  ii.  27!);  at 
Honijhiln  post,  ii.  .V2;i. 

McTavisii,  .1.  (1.,  at  Astoria,  ii.  20S. 
211,  227-;il;  charaoter,  ii.  2I.-.; 
transfer  to  Fort  Astoria,  ii.  217, 
227-;>();  among  Imlians,  ii.  242  1; 
leaves  I'ort  tieorgi',  ii.  '21.");  at  Sjim- 
kane  House,  ii.  2.;S  II;  goes  to  Foi't 
^Villiam,  ii.  204;  tiades  south,  ii. 
2!i4-,-). 

Me'l'inish,  Simon,  partner  X.  W.  Co., 
17s;!-l,  i.  o.V.  (i. 

Me'J'a\islies,  at  Dunvt'gan,  i.  27S. 

MeTavisli,  Frobishel',  and  Co.,  see  X. 
\\'.  (.'<).,  i.  ")."),"). 

Madison  liiver,  Lewis  and  C.  exited., 
ii.  22,  70. 

Mad  lliver,  named,  i.  181. 

Magee,  Capt.  .(as.,  on  X.  \V.  coast, 
l'7!)l,  i.  -^..r,,  201,  2:):i;  17!I2,  i.  201, 
20.'l-4;  ISOl,  i.  ;jl();<lcatli,  i.  ;!ll. 

Magee  Sound,  Ingraham  ninies,  i.  2.">2. 

M.'igellan,  crosses  the  I'acilic,  i.  G. 

.Magnum,  on  Or.  (piestion,  ii.  4i)t. 

Magon,  M.,  his  voyages.  17!)2,  i.  200. 

]\Ia!ias,  see  Lewis  and  C  exped.,  ii. 
1'2  i:{. 

]Malaspina,  \.,  ilisertacion,  etc.,  i.  !M  ; 
critici.;es  Maldonado's  inc'uiorial,  i. 
•J4;  Viago,  17!)l,  i.  211);  explora- 
tions, 17!ll,  i.  24!)-.'.i),  ii.  .-Sl'J. 

.Maldouado,.Jose,observutions<ir,  17!*2, 
i.  2'i!l. 

Maldonado,  L.  I'\,  I'elacion.  etc.,  i.  II.'!; 
memorial  printed,  17S;i,  i.  !i:!  I ; 
story,  i.  !),')-!);  map,  Anian  Straii, 
i.  !)(). 

Mallary,  on  (piestion  X.  ^\'.  coast,  ii. 

;h-). 

Manby  Kiver,  n.iiued,  i.  2'^!. 
:\lanciiester.  on  X.  W.   coast,  1801,  i. 

.•{10;  l,Si)2,  i.  ;ill,  ii.  loJ. 
^lamlan  (J  luntry,  Wi'endrye  in,  17.'58, 

i.  .")!).');   Lewis  and   C.    exped.  in,  ii. 

!),  14,  78-!),  82. 
Mandaii,  Fort,  Lewis  and  Clark  at,  ii. 

17,  2i). 
Mandans,  Lew  is  and  C.  exped.  among, 

ii.  82,127. 
Mandeville,  traveller,  i.  ."). 


714 


ixDi:x. 


M;iii;,'(',raiit., explores  CoIdijuIo,  \i]'.)'.), 
i.  1 1;>;  Cal.,  IT'il,  i.  ll;>;  iiiH',  i. 
IlL 

MiiiiLjcms  ill!  l.ird,  at  i''iii't  ^Villiaiii,  i. 
■(;."). 

Maiiliattiiii    I'.,    iiiiiiortaiici',    Kill,   i. 

nou. 

Muiiitcilia  J^akc,  loit  cructi'il  at,  17-4(), 
i.  '-'(i. 

Manning  lliver,  nanit'd,  i.  "JSl, 

Manson,  J).,  at  I'Nut  l-angliy,  ii.  -177, 
4!I7;  at  Frnt  Sinijison,  ii.  (>•_':!;  at 
Fort  M(l.i>iij,'lilin,  ii.  ti.Ti,  (i-J.S,  (i^-J; 
Uiv,  ii.  ()■_'."). 

Manton.s  JJivi'r,  sco  Ji'irory.s'  map, 
17(iS,  i.  i;iL». 

Mantoiir,  trader,  ii.  "204  5. 

.Map,  J'tol'iiiy,  mil,  i.  :i7;  ir>30,  i. 
40;  ]luy.-:(li,  l.')OS,  i.  .■i7;  Scliiincr, 
\'>M,  i.liS;  (Jnmtiiis  Fine,  l.";U,  i. 
41;  AgncsuV,  l."):'.(J,  i.  i^-'A;  I'urtii- 
gnese,  l.'i.'ili,  i.  4:>;  Hnsii'lH,  l."i44,  i. 
47;  liannisio,  l."i."i(i,  i.  4S;  .Mmi.sti'i', 
l.")!."),  i,  IS;  llonicni,  l.VtS,  i.  TiO; 
Ortcliiis,  i.  T);!-!;  Aiiianus,  i.  nil; 
J^dU,  |.'iS2,  i,  (11 -."i;  Strait  of  Anian, 
l.")!H»,  i.  07;  Homlius,  l,".ll,'),  i.  t),S; 
Fuca  Strait,  i.  7>S;  l.iiw,  l."il)S,  i.  «.">; 
for  Lonijiarison,  i.  SI!;  llcrrcra,  i. 
8S;  .Maldimailo,  i.  00;  Lapie,  i.  97- 
iS;  rurduiH,  102"),  i.  10;i-4;  Dutch, 
1024,  i.  104;  Lact,  10;{:J,  i.  i()(i; 
D'Avitv,  I0;i7,  i.  HIS;  O^ilby,  1071, 
i.  IK);'  Harris,  ]70.'>,  i.  115;  Aa, 
1707,  i.  1I">;  Dol.ljs,  1744,  i.  12;!; 
Rii.ssian,  1741.  i.  121;  Du  TImIo, 
17'i2,  i.  127-S;  .lapane.'o,  1701,  i. 
I'M);  JuUVcys,  170S,  i.  1:52;  (Jarver, 
177S,  i.  1.'.2;  .lamirr,  17S2,  i.  1.'!."); 
Cook,  177S,  i.  1()!»;  l^a  Furonse, 
17S0,  i.  17(1;  Dixon,  17S7,  i.  ISO; 
Meares,  17SS-!I,  i.  201;  Qiiinipcr, 
1790,  i.'  212;  Elisa'H,  1791,  i.  24,-); 
Kootka  Coast,  I7;il,  i.  247;  -Mar- 
clianil,  17!H,  i.  2r)();  Caaniafio,  1792, 
i.  209;  (laliano,  1792.  i.  272:  Van- 
couver, 1792,  i.  270,  27S,  2S0;  179;i, 
i.  292;  Fort  Simpson,  i.  492;  X. 
W.  Louisiana,  17.")7,  i.  000;  I'ratz, 
17">7,  i.  0;>0;  C.'arvei-,  of  \Vestern 
Coast,  177S,  i.  (iOS;  routes  nortii  of 
lat.  49",  i.  019;  passes  lictween  40' 
and  .'12'  N.,  i.  02S;  passes  of  .Mex- 
ico mul  ('.  America,  i.  0")S;  Mac- 
lioiizie'.s  cour.*o,  i.  OSJl;  Lewiti  auil 
Clarke's  route  from  Missouri  to 
Columliia,  i.  21;  Lewis  and  Clarke, 
ii.  Vo;  MeLeod  Lake  re;;ion,  ii.  SS; 
Fraser  liiver,  ii.  IKi;  .Vrrowsmitlfs, 


ii.    120;    Thuinpsou  Kiver,  ii.   122;  j  ^  1020,  i.  22. 


Hunt's  route,  ii.  1S2;  ITarmoii,  ii. 
2Sl;  Clielialis  route,  ii,  40,");  Inwn- 
Frascr,  ii.  IsO;  (irceu  River  Coun- 
ti'v,  ii.  509;  .lolmson'.s  excursion,  ii. 
07'S, 

Maipiiuna,  X^ootka  chief,  i.  19.");  atti- 
tmle  to  Klis.i,  i.  210;  S(  lis  land  lo 
Kendriek,  i.  2.")4;  kills  the  IJo.stoii 
crew,  i.  ;!1.'>-I,");  ii.  l,")S-(i2;  cap- 
tured, i.  ;{I0;  last  account  of,  i,  ,'>;{ii; 
appearance,  ii.  l.")7. 

Marata,  Xiza,  report  of,  l")!5n,  i.  4.'1. 

Marchaiid's  explorations,  1791,  i. 
2,").'»-7;  fruits  of  voyage,  i.  2.')7; 
map,  1791,  i.  2."iO;  vovau'e,  etc.,  i. 
2..0-S;  X.  W.  fur- trade,   1790-1,  i. 

.•r.7.  ;t7'2. 

^lar  |)idce.  Martyr's  map,  1."iS7,  i.  0  i; 

in  Low's  map,  l."i9S,  i.  SO. 
Mare  Leparaniatium,  llomeni'.s  map, 

l.").")8,  i.  .")0. 
Mare  de  Verrazano,  Lok's  map,  l.")S2, 

i.  (U-.'>. 
'Margaret.'  nn  X.  W.  coast,  1791,  i. 

2.").');   1792,  i.  201.  201  5. 
Mai'ia   Itiver,    Lewis    names,    ii.    17; 

Lewis  ami  (A  expiil.,  ii.  70,  72-4. 
Maricourt,  att;u:ks  Fnglish,  i.  441. 
Marin,  Ca[it.,  ex|ilorations,  i.  ,">07, 
Manjuetto,   I'ere,  (  xjilorcs  Miss,  Val- 

i.^v,  io7;{,  i.  2;i,  111,  :!92,  .-.so. 

Maishall,  route  toCil,,  i,  047. 

-Marten,  habitat,  i,  412. 

Martin,  Cai)t,,  on  X.  AV.  coast,  1S21, 

i.  ;i4l;  lS2S-:!0,  i.  :141 ;   ls:i7,  ii,  ."<:)4. 
Martinez,  Capt,,  at  Xootka,  ii,  100. 
Martinez,  !•].  .1.,  pilot  of  I'erez,  I77-'), 

i.    l.").j/  on    X^.    \V.   coast,    I7SS,    i. 

1S4-,-);   17S9,    i.  20.''),   207.   2l:i,  221, 

37');  .seizes  the  '  Iphigenia,'  i.   209, 

21."{-10;  restores  the  '  Iphigeuia,'  i. 

214;  seizes  the  'X<ir(h  \Vest  Anier- 

ita,'  i.   210;  seizis  X^ootka,   i.    210; 

imprisons  Colnett.    i.    2IS-21;    c\- 

])loi-es  Xootka,   i.   223-4;  fur-trade, 

i.  37o, 
Martim:z,  Jo;io,    rortuguesc    pilot,    i. 

95. 
Mi'ntires,  see   lleeeta's  voyage,    177"), 

i.  100. 
>,[artyr,  Peter,  Hakluyt's   edition   of, 

l.')S7,  i.  00. 
'Mary,'  emisc  in  Xor'Jiwest.  1803,  i. 

3I0';  at  Xootka,  ISO.!,  ii,  1.".9. 
'Marvlaud.'     cruise     in     -Northwest, 

1S40,  i,  342;   KS24,  ii,  080-7, 
Mashaska]i,  see  Lewis  aiul  C,  exjied,, 

ii,  SO, 
Massachusetts,      I'uiitaua      colonize, 


Mnssacrc   fovo,    iKiiniil   liy  flriiy,  i. 

■_'."(  1 ;  Hcc  Kio  (lu  J i eyes. 
MattlKWx,  \V.,  cli'ik!  (j'.i   I'.  I'm-  ('.I. 

<x|M(l..  144-177;  at  Aslniin,  I!)4. 
Maitliirii,  1'.  X.,  ivtii:;  I',  fto.,  ii,  (11 1. 
M.itiitc,  .1.  i;.,   oiiX.'W.  i(i:ist,  I7itl, 

i.  •-'IS. 
M,iiiirlli',('iiiii[iciiiliii  (Ic  Xiitii-ia:s(^to., 

i.  i;.(». 

M.iiut  111',  A.  A.,  crilici.^i  H  I'tiTZ,  i. 
I."i7;  llocutii'b  c'xin'il.,  I77">,  i.  lt")S- 

MaurL'p.'is,  (ipiiiists  \'cr(McliyL',  i.  .V.)(j, 
Muuii-'piis,  J'urt,  built,  IIVA,  i.  .■)!)."). 
Miiiiiy,  \V.  L.,  oil  ('X|pli)iiii!,'  t'\]H'(l., 

ii.   •)!)!(;    siirvLys  I'oit  Orulianl,   ii.  , 

(ISO. 
^lauiiial),    Aiiieiiuau    visstl.s   uiiclior 

at,  I7MI,  i.  •-'.»•'>. 
Miixwill,  at  l\)i  t  Okaua^'an,  ii,  (i7.S. 
^lay,  ('.  .(.,  naiui's  Cape  .May,  i.  M)0. 
Jlay,  <'a|H>,  iiaintil,  i.  TnH). 
'May  Daifi','  liiJL',  till   N.   W.  ooast, 

is:u,  i.  Ml,  ii.  r)()(i;  is:;.-),  i.  .tu,  ii. 

44:;,  (;-S7;  il.  4:;!);  ii.  .■)77,  .V.iL' -4,  ."»:»7. 

Ma.-.iulu,    rotunif)   to    liaiitlciaii    liay, 

I.-.:;.',  i.  14. 

Ml  allow  Iiiiliiins,  trailers  among,  ii. 
!l");  .see  I'raser  expi'il.,  ii.  !)!). 

Sleare.'*,  (.'apt.,  on  Alaskan  coa.st,  17S(), 
i.  177;  on  X.  W.  coast.  17S7,  i.  17!l; 
17SS,  i.  1!;;),  l!l'J,  l!i4  .">,  1!I7,  -J  )I-'J, 
ii.  :i--'l;  17s!l-!H),  i.  -JO,-.,  -JdD-K),  ii. 
Ill-'l;  eiiticisfs  I'oitlorli . -111111  )ixon'.s 
expeil.,  i.  ISI;  voyai,'es  made,  ete., 
i.  lilJ  I;  iiia|i,  17SS-!»,  i. -JOl;  li.'iine.s 
I'ort  jMiiii!,'liaiii,  Cape  lleale,  i.  L'Ol; 
tiailiiiLCpl'iiis.  17s!>,  i.  '-'Ill  l'.';  jiart- 
lieisliip  willi  I'llelies,  i.  'JIO;  incino- 
rial,  i.  "JJ'.);  Xootka  eontioversy,  i. 
■^■-ilt,  lis!);  tracling  voyaj^es,  i,  ;{.■);;; 
Indi'ins  attaek,  i.  lUi.!;  as  a  trader, 
i.  ;{()l)-!l. 

Mearcs  Cape,  ,st'e  La  ^Fesa,  i.  HIS. 

Jliilals,  Jjinvis  and  (Jl.iike  give  In- 
dians, ii.  I'J,  ;;;>,  40,  'i.'i,  ,")(). 

Medicine  ]livei',  see  Le\vi.-j  and  C. 
exped.,  ii.  7-. 


715 


i.  .S.^;  Vixcaino  rc;icli0s\  inO.1,  i.  SS, 
1  Ki;  de  Laet's  liiap,  l(>;i;t,  i,  l(»l; 
I)'Avity'.s,  Le  Monde,  1(;:17,  i.  107; 
171'',  i.  1  i!i:  .SCO 
cllelo 


De  n- 

CoiisaLTM  trii>,  17IS,  i.  |-_'ir,  !■ 


exped.,  ii.  7-. 
Meek.   .1.    ]..,    life,   i.    ."illi;    trapping 

toiu',  IS'JII,  ii.  4.Vi;  sertliT,  ii.  4"((i. 
:Meek,  Capt.  T.,  oil  X.  W.  coast,  ISIl, 

i.  :;•_•(),  Lsiii,  is-ji,  i.  :;4o. 

^lelgiier,   veiioL't   of  .Stniit  of   Aiiian, 
KiiiO,  i.  KW. 


does  not  pass,    l,"ii:;,    i.    |:;;i;    I'crez 

.siulils,  177:1,  i.  lo(i;   llc'c;;i   passes, 

I77o,  i.  Kil. 
'  Mencloia,'  hark,  wrccki  d.  ii.  ''.V.l 
Mendo/a,   Ilnt'tii<lu  de,  reaclu.*  .Sina- 

loa,  i,  14, 
Meiidoz.i,  N'ii'croy,  antlioiizid  to  ix- 

ploro  tor  Cdiola,  i.  4(). 
Melieiidez.  I'eclru  de,  dc:itioy,s  i'reiuli 

eoliiiiie  ,   l.">(<.">,  i.   !!),  :>S|. 
j  'Men of  the  .Sea, 'see  \\'iniii]ii'.,'.s, i.  lOIJ. 
'  Mentor,' cruise  in  norlli-wcst,  Is.'l, 

i.  ;;4i. 

Meiizi(!  Is.,  iiaincd,  i.  "JSl. 

Men/ie.s,  widi  S'ancoiivt'r,  171'-,  i. -7o, 

.Meiizie.s  I'oint,  sec  .Macken/ics  voy- 
age, i.  (ill!l. 

^lerc.ido,  l)iig()  lie,  on  New  ?dt  xieo, 
i.  !)l. 

.Meivator,  Atlas  of,  l.V.l.-,,  i.  si, 

'.Meivnrv,'  on  X.  \\  .  i.):i,t,  |s':S-'», 
i.  :i.M;"  I.SJO-l  I,  i.  ;;2."i-(i;  ciiptiiriil 
liy  Npaiiiards,  i.  ;>..;0. 

Meriuetlitr  May,  liained.  ii.  .".4. 

.Mescli.ionay,  see  lioiiuin'.s  Loim'  Kiver, 
i.  I  J-'. 

^^essag^■|,   I'ere.   ex]ilor,atio!is,   i.   ,-!)4. 

Mesj'ii|),  on  X.  W.  coast,  IsO.),  i.  :{_':>, 
ii.    Vi. 

^leta  Jncognita,  see  Froliisliei'.s  voy- 
age, l.">7<i  S,  i.  (>0. 

Metcalf,  Capt.,  on  X.  W.  coast,  17s!l, 
i.  -J I'-'. 

Methodist  Mission,  Tort  Xisiplally, 
ii.  (».i7;  ii.  (i7'i;  I'alles,  ii.  (177. 

Methodist    n.issioiiuiies,    in    X.    \V., 

i.s:j4,  ii.  r):!4  7. 

Metis,  a  half-l.reed,  i.  .".4k 

'  .Mexicuna,'  on  X'.  ^\'.  coast,  17''-,  i. 

•270  1. 
Mexican  (liilf,  explored,  i.  •-'."). 
Mexico,  inoiint.iin  passes  of,  (i.")fi-OI. 
Miciiaiix,  A.,  liotaiiist,  ii.   1. 


Mi 


■1,  1' 


mntcr,  man  ii 


!). 


.Niichell,  at  L'niiiiiiia,  ii.  .")J7  'iO. 

Michiuaii,  Lake,  Jean  Xic'let  dis- 
covers, l(i:;4  ,■),  i.  ■_'■-';  .loiiet  ainl 
^kiniuette  ti;i\erse,  1(;7:>,  i.  "-•'!. 

Michilimaikiiiac,  importance,  i.  ,")0.--7. 

.Miehoiican,  cxiiedilioiis  north-west  of, 


i; 


1.  :>i». 


Middleton,   exjdores  Hi 


Hav. 


.Middleton,  com 
coast,  ii.  oii). 


kssioner,  titlo  N.  \V, 


740 


INDEX. 


Milk  Hivcr.  h.-uik d,  ii.  10. 

Milhir,  iiimilirid  liy  nativiw,  i.  IS'2. 

Mill  CriMlv,  iiiillM  (.11,  ii.  ll'.'. 

Miller,  .).,  joins  I'.  Kiir  Co.,  ii.  170; 
tiiriiH  Ijniiti'f,  ii.  IS  I. 

Mill.s  liiiilt,  J''ort  X'jiiiciiiivcr,  ii.  •(4'J, 

Milton,  ixjiloiLs  Ytllow  luail  I'a.-'.s,  i. 
f;-Jl. 

Minihri's  Pass,  hci'.  fiilii  I'asn,  i.  ('»."!). 

Minci-,  coiniiarc'd  to  t'm-luuildi',  i.  IJI. 

Minuctari'L'-;,  Lrwis  ami  I'.  I'Xiiuil. 
anion;.',  ii.  --,  "--I,  >S-. 

!Minliau  :t,  I'ontii's  .story,  i.  117. 

Miiiiiit,  liuilil.s  Tort  (.'liri.stina,  i.  ."02. 

Miivs,  J.,  at  St  Louis,  i.  ,">}(). 

Mi.ssonri  1,'ivcr,  cxiiloiid,  l7t'J,  i.  -•>; 
Frcncli  I'l'i't  on,  i.  'J(i;  ("oxc's  il<- 
si'i-iptioii  of,  I7"J_M.  1--';  .'-(H'.loU'ri'ys' 
ina]i,  I7(is,  i.  l:!"J;  iipprr  coiili;^!!!';!- 
tion.  ii.  I.">  17;  aiiinial.s,  ii.  l.VKi: 
ii(ail-\',.itcl;l  iviic'lii'il,  ii.  '_'(i;  Lcwi.i 
(Usccnil.s,  ii.  7."). 

MiiMuli,  lii.s  voyau't'  in  l.'iKl,  i.  11. 

Jli.'-isionarir.s,  on  X.  \V.  coar^t.  i.  "itS- 
50,  ihd,  ii.  .■);M  S,  ()74;  lalior.s  \ain. 
i.  r)4'.);  attituilo  of  fur  i.'oin|iaiiii'ji 
towai'd,  i.  ."."0;  amon;,'  fiir-tradci's, 
i.  .")."):?  ;!:  as  cNjiloixcs,  i.  .").S7-!)'; 
fjualiti'  s  iR'ct'.s.sary  for,  i.  '>'.)'.);  women 
as,  ii.  .").'!!!;  in  Oi'.,  ii    07  1. 

^lis.sio'.is.  tlnoatcni  (I  liy  Indians,  ii. 
(I'IS. 

Missiisippi  f'onipany,  obtains  riLjlit.s 
of  Santo  I  )oniin;j;i)  Association,  Scn- 
ci^'al  iwid  ;  Jnini'a  ( 'onipanics,  Cliiiif.se 
Company,    Old    West    India-   (.'om- 

f)any,  Canada  (,'oinpaiiy,  and  Au- 
)ert  it  Company,  i.  ,V.)7',  lustory  <if, 
i.  ,".!)7-S;  sec  Western  Ct>.,  i.  ;{!)7. 

Mississi](pi  Valley,  Soto  xjilores, 
l.")4l,  i.  I.");  .loliet  and  '  npiette 
(.'Xjilore,  lli7o,  i.  •I'A'-i;  jienneiiin 
and  ha  Salle  exjilore,  1(!S!)--J,  i.  -Jl; 
exjiloratic  11,  17">lMSU(),  i.  '28;  1()71- 
ISi.'i,  i.  .">S7  <>1.");  llaUluyt's  views 
re:;arilin.L'.  iriS7,  i.  ()(!;  Nicoletneai's, 
l();i4,  i.  idli;  Carver  explores,  I7(i<i- 
8,  i.  I.'IJ  4;  elianu'o  of  owners,  i. 
3!)1--J;  I'reneh  settle,  10!)!),  i.  'Mh 
settlement.  171 1, i..'>!n;-7;  fnr-tra<le, 
1719,  i.  no;!,  17'21-IS2(),  i.  ■■)()4-l4; 
Jesuit  missionaries  in,  i.  •_'.'>-4,.")  17-S. 

^lissoula  Jiiver,  see  Lewis  and  C.  ex- 
jied.,  ii.  70. 

^Missouri  l^alls,  Lewis  and  C.  cxped. 
(liseover,  ii.  18,  ~'). 

Mis.souri  Fur  Co.,  organized,  i.  128; 
history,  i.  ."il  I  -I'i;  oppose  V.  i'ur  ( 'o., 
ii.  17!i;  in  north-west,  1808,  ii.  320; 
rcorgani;;cd,  ii.  4.)ti. 


Missouri  Tndian.s,  Lewis  !uid  C.  cxjied., 

ii.  10. 
.Moljcilv,  explores  IJouKo  I'asM,  IS71, 

i.   02;!. 
Moliilit  l!av,  Soto  reaches,  i:,|0,  i.   I."). 
'.Modeste,'   IL    M.    S.,    on   Colnml.ia, 

l.S4.'>,  ii.  702. 
.Modoc  Lakes,  discovered,  i.  (J42. 
.Mofiiis.    i:.    |>.   <le,  ill  Cal.,    1,S4I,    ii. 

O.'iS  !l,    (iO:;,   O.SS;   on    X.    W.   eoust, 

ISll  2,00;!   7;  ex|  loiatioas,  etc.,  ii. 

00;i,  007;   lit  I'oit  Koss,  ii.  004;  at 

i'oi  tN'aneuuver,  ii.  004-."<;  hi  Mvorl;s, 

ii.  007. 
Mojavu  Desert,   (larees  crosses,  1770, 

i.  28. 
Mojavo  Indian.s,  Onatc  explorations, 

1004,  i.  !K). 
Moneaclit  Ajie,  ti'avels  from  Miss,  to 

i'ueilie,  i.  i')0.S-0;)7;  stoiy,  ii.  .".:;l  -2. 
Money,  in  trade  of  11.  ]5ay  Co.,  i.  4.">8. 
.Moiiiiio  Strait,  sec  I'onte  Strait,  i.  208. 
.Monk.  C,  deserter,  i.  I!)2. 
Mono  I'ass,  location,  i.  Or)2. 
.\loiioj)oli(  s,  ( Jreat  far,  of  Xew  France, 

i.  ;!s;!  !)1,  ;{!I4-!). 
Monroe,  .!.,    commissioner,   purchasi! 

of   Louisiana,  i.  4.d;  .Sec"y  of  state, 

ii.  200,  204;  title  X.    W .  eoa.^t,  ii. 

:!;{:i, ;?,-.!,  :ioo. 

.Monroe  doctrine,  the  X.  W.  iinestioii, 
ii.  ;i.")l,  .V)L  ."."lO;  ohjcct,  ii.  ;iOO. 

.Monsonis,  L'ort,  taken  hy  I'lcncli,  i. 
44;. 

Montana,  Fr(>neh  explore,  i.  2();  geog- 
raphy, i.  411. 

Montcalm,  successful  campaigns,  i. 
4'!0. 

.Moiitejo,  in  1.V27.  i.  1 1. 

.Monterey,  Vi/.eaino  I'liters,  1002,  i.  21 ; 
iJueno's,  lat.  17;J4,  i.  14'!;  I'eic/, 
I77;i,  i.  I ''I,  l.'iO;  lleeeta,  177"),  i. 
](i4;  La  I'crouse,  I78;i,  i.  177;  Mar- 
tine/,  llaro,  1788,  i.  18.'). 

Montezuma,  i.  .")'.'(). 

^lontf.'omerv.  Fort,  IlaswcU  meets 
(iiiiy  at,  Sept.  H,  1702,  i.  2,;;!. 

Monthly  .Miseellanj',  1708,  Fonte's 
letter  in,  i.  1  1."). 

Montitjiiier,  trading  expod.,  LSI.'!,  ii. 
2:)!». 

.Montigny,  ().  D.,  clerk,  ii.  144,  100- 
70,  17;>;  among  l)l;aiia"ans,  ii.  248, 
2.").");  trading  expeil.,  ii.  2'.."i,  2.")0. 

Montour,  in  Kooteiiais  country,  ii. 
121;  emplov  Xorthwest  Co.,  ii. 
2.".<»,  204;  .settler  Willamette  Valley, 
ii.  .")00. 

Montreal,  name  hecomes  current,  i. 
12;  Cartier,  passes  site,  i.  14;  Car- 


IXDEX. 


747 


tier   fii'Ht  nriivcs  nt,    I.V1.",   i.    "SO; 

iiiipurtanci',    ISIl,  i.  ;ts.s-!);  nimiiiil 

fair   at,    i.    ;ii»(l;     l'".ngli.ili   caiiturf, 

17.'!),  i.  401. 
Miilit;<'al  ilciiartini'iit,  limits  of,  iimlrf 

Hudson's  Uiiy  ( '(I.,  i.    1  is. 
Mdiir,  cxiiliiics  lliiiisoii  l).i\,  i.  •J(!;  mi 

N.  \V.  inast,  I  Til  J,  i.  'JUT';   oil  \.  \V. 

coast,    I7!l">,  i.  •>0i. 
:\looii',  oil   N.    W.    coast.   ISO.".,  i.  ."fJO; 

ii.  .").");  voyage,  INIKI,  i.  .'ill. 
Moose,  iialiitat,  i.  411. 
Moi|iii    'I'owiis,    Toliar   ji'nl    Ciiilciia.s 

visit,  iri40,  i.  l(i;  Ouatc  visits,  l(i04- 

f),   i.   •_'!,   !)();  alHildacli  toJ.akcCo- 

IKilla,  i.  I(i:.. 
Monliiail,  on  Or.  f|U"stion,  ii.  .'iOt. 
Moii'iiii,  story  of  JJi'aUc's  txiicilitiuii,  i. 

(i-j  ;i. 

Moi';,'aii,  .Tas.,  at  the  Dalles,  ii.  49S; 

settler  Cowlitz.  Valley,  ii.  (ill. 
Moileto,  cNplurcs  Ai!\v  Mexico,  l."!ll, 

i.  -JO. 
?iloin,oiis.  .settle  Utah.  i.  ("..TV. 
Moniiii.!,' Star,  .saves  whites,  ii.  '2Ct',\. 
Monis,   1!.,  X,   W.  fiir-tnide,  i.  IJ.'O; 

Leiljanrs  schemes,  ii.  'A. 
Jlo.vcoso,  Luisde,  succi  eiliu  Scto,  1541, 

i.  |-). 
Mota  ra.lilla,  on  Cal.,  17  IL.  i,  l'J4. 
Jlouiit   St   I'llias,    ha    I'i'ronse    vi^it.s, 

17Mi,  i.  1 7.'). 
Moiintaiii  system  of  the  West,  i.  (>17. 
Mowcena,  see  .Mawinah,  i.  'Ji)."). 
^lozccmlcks,    ha    llont.iu's    t.ile,     i. 

a.SO. 
Muddy  (.'reek,    l^cwi.s  and  < '.  expecl., 

ii.  7'!t. 
Mnd'ce,  Lieut.,  on  X.  W.  coast,  17!l'i. 

i.  '-'SI. 
!M;;llaii  I'ass,  location,  i.  (i'JS. 
Miillcr,  on  Itussian  (liscoveiics,  17111, 

i.  i:;o. 

Multiicim;di.  Lewis  and  ('.  exiicd.,  ii. 

(11,  (14  .'i. 
Multiioinali  falls,  locitioii,  ii.  (>i!. 
Mumford,  J.  M.,  voyaqe  of.   ii.    144  - 

Mumford,  Fort,  built,  ii.  (i.'l.'i. 
Mufioz,    ei)])ics    memorial    of   ^laldo- 

nado,  17>Sl,  i.  !';>. 
^Iiiiister,  map  of,  l.")4.">.  i.  4S 


Murderer  s 


Harh 


ir.  se('    ( iray  s  voy- 


age, 17MS,  i.  iss. 
Murphy,  at  San  IJ.'ifael.  ii.  ds;! 
Musk-cAcn.  lialiitat,  i.  41-', 
]Musk-rat,  hahitat.  i.  4!-'. 


Ml 


•11  Ii 


iver,  n, 


imeil. 


11.   M), 


!Muziin  Foijit,  Terez   sight:-:     I] 
l.H. 


Xiipoleoii,  olitains  eoiitrol  of    Loui>i. 

ana,  l.S(K),  i.  401. 
Nanainio,    I'ost,   llndsoii    ll.iv  <'o.,   i. 

44S. 
Narvaez,  .1.  M..  on  \.  \V ,i  4.  I7!'l, 

j.  •_'»(;  explorer,  ilaio.li.-iipi.  1,  i.-JIO. 
Narvac/,    ralililo    de,    c\ii(dilioii    of, 

IS-JS  ;!t,  i.  il. 
N'askootains,  linlian   trilie,  ii.  '280. 
'  Xassaii,'  schooner,  wrcikcd.  ii.   .'iltn, 
Xass    liiiliaiis,  .sniall-[iox    ii'iion^;,    ii. 

VA-2. 
Nati-licz,  im|M.rtani'e,  17-1.  i.  .'i04. 
.Natchez  Indi.ins,  revolt,  i.  .";:4. 
N'alelicz  Pass,  location,  i.  (;4">. 
Nation  Uiver,  see   I'la.-^cr's  exped.,  ii. 

in;). 
Xiitr  I    Piaee.H   of    I'aeilic  .Sf-itcs,  ein- 

hod.-i  -  matter  relating  to  Imlians  of 

X'.  \y.  coast,  i.  ."i, 
Nai  i  ves,  sec  Indians. 
.    itl.-i    I  :  ke,  see   I. .user's    i-xped.,   ii. 

lOD-llL 
'X'utwy.lH'iiini,' Wyetli'.shoat,  ii.  .")(')0. 
Xuiid  iH    --sie,  sec  l>.icotahs,  i.  (Iil7. 
X.'i'i  ,liakliiilil,     Eraser's     exjed.,     ii. 

I(i!>. 
X'avajo  country,  Salincron's  storv,   i. 

10.-.. 
N.ivarrcti-.  .M.  1'.  de,  X'iav'cs  Apoc,  i. 

!i;!;i'iitieiscs  .Maldonado'.i  c.:..iiiorial, 

i.  114;  on  N.  \V.  exi.loralion,  l,so_', 

ISO!t,  i.   l:!(l;  on  I'civz  voya    e,  |.SOl», 

i.  I.-|S;  iiitrodurtioii  toSutil  y  Mcx., 

\'iayr,  i.   •J7.'i;  (Jaliano  and  \'aldc-s' 

voya-.'es,  i.  'JT.'!. 
X'cali  I5ay,  SCO   Port  X'unc/.  (laona,  i. 

■J4-_>. 
Xe,ihcarn\-   Mt,   Xehalcm    le-jci;d,    ii. 

Neali-!lo;;ie,    Lewis    au'l    C    cxiieil., 

ii.  .'-7. 
Xcchaco.  SCO  Stuart  liiver.  ii.  107. 
Xeclu  r  l.sland,  La  Piiou.ic'.-i  voyage, 

I7-S(),  i.  177. 
Xcely,  Lillian  M.'^'cnt,  ii.  S.'. 
Xelsoii  Itivcr,  discovered,  i.  ."SS. 
■Xereid,'  cruise  in  nortli-v.i  ;  l.,    LS.'Ki; 

crui.so  in  iiorlli-\vest,  ls.';7;  ernise  ia 

north-west,  iSiiS  0,  i.  :M1.  :!1_'. 
Xcrot,  fur  monopoly  of,  i. 


Xes.selrode,  Count,  coinini  i-i-mcr, 


titlo 


X.  W. 


last,  i.  .'Uil,  ii.  C: 


Xitiil,  Lewis  alidC.  exped..  ii.  ."4. 
Xevada,    Sierra,    in   iJamu.sio's   nmp, 

l.V,(;.  i.  -l!l. 
i.  I  Xev(J(lclukof,  at  Aleutian  Is.,  174o,  i. 

30. 


748 


INDEX. 


Now  All)ii:n,  in  ?ir;ii-tyr's  lu.'ip,  l."iS7, 
i.  ()(;;   :i()t  ill  I'lnclias"  iiiJip.   Ki'J.),  i. 


1.  (iO 
104, 


III;    Sp.uiiai 


riptioii,  1710,  i.  ll!l;  Cook's  (kvsti- 


sc 


nation, 


rw,   i.    IIJW;    Liiav  si;'lits. 


rss. 


1S7. 


Xcwl 


jinv,  \ova'ro,  17!li^  i. 


;^o.i 


IS'invCaU.'' 


limits,  i.  417;  lui'^adc 


i.  4();)-l,  ii.  4(;«')-71;  conliiruration, 


ii.   ,S',M)l); 

CNplolL'S,  ii. 


atuin,  11. 


!)0:    1'" 


!)4;  T 


loinpsoii  uxjtioi'o 


ii.    ll'.)-2(),    l-_'-_'-.");  llannon   in,  ii. 
•J77-S7;  oarly  cliaractei',  ii.  4().'i. 


limit 


.ornwall,     \ 
s,  i.  '2\y2,  4-1: 


ancouvi'i'    names, 


Xcwell,  Iv.,  trappiT,  ii.  454;  Ki'ttlcr, 

ii.  4.")(i. 
Xow  cstaldislinicnt  on  tire,  i.  070. 
x\ijw  Franec,  exploration,  KiOO,  i.  23; 


lUm 


lems  niaji 


I.VjN,  i.  r>0; 


.'isl;    I'ur   monopoly   of,    i.    3S;i-'Jl, 
o!)4-!). 
Xew  fouinUaiMl,  ("ortoreals  name.  i.  1 1 ; 


name  eiiiien 
1.VJ4,  i.  ; 


t,  i.  1-. 


errazano  at, 


New  ( I 


anconver  names,  t  j '.!'_', 


Xi 


lii 


eoiiipriseil.  i, 


447 


limits. 


1  anconver 


names,  i.  -JJ'-';  comiirisec 


1,  i.  447. 


X.  AV.  L'oa.st,  ISll, 


'Xewlhu'.anl, 

i.  ;5-J(!. 
Xcuit\-,  Inilian  village,  ii.  l.V). 


Xe\\-  -M 
i)et\V( 


exK'o,   ex  I 


ilol'eil   liy   S 


y  i>paniar( 


in, 


KISO, 


!.kSU-!)(!,   i.    r.l--_'U;    revolt 
l.-)4l>-;!, 


.);    exi)lore(l 


i.  44;  i;i  .Martyr's  map,  l.")S7,  i.  00; 
Wytlliet-rti>lemy  map,  l.".!)7,  i.  H:2; 
Ofiate  exjilc.ies,  l(i04,  i.  DO;  kinu'ilom 

" IK'  a])])eais, 

Ki.-i:!,  i. 


ot  iiilani  Ilea 


10-J.-),  i. 


r,  i.  91;  nai 
!(*:!;  (le  Laet's  in 


onde,    lit. 


100;  D'Avity's  Lo  M 
lOS,  fur-tia(iers  in  I.S'_'4,  i. 


Xew  Xetlieria 


('iiiiiliaiiy.  torini 


'1, 


i()l.");  oijtaiueil  m(;iio[ioly,(,li.ssolveil. 


i.  ")()(». 


X'e\\])ort,   founils  eoloi.y  iii  \'ir^iiiia, 

100(1,  i.  -Ju'. 
X'ew  Xoit'oll 


ii,  eomprisei 


•il,  i.  4  1'; 


Xi 


uh  W 


pri 
lies,   eompnsi 


,1,  i.  417. 


Xe\r  Spain,  in  linseelli's  map,    1  ")44, 

i.  47. 
Xew,   I'liomas,  on  nort!i-west   eoa^t. 


sneeeeds  1 1 
'New  AVori.l,' hail 


-t,  17!)-',  i.  -2^'. 

!;,  wreeic-.^il,  ii.  .",'m). 


md  (' 


1" 
eN[iei 


ez   leic-.s,  liiei'i'ed  noses,  see  l.ewis 


11.  ;r_',  .i, 


-111,  00-71 


MeKen/Jj  anionic,  ii.  'JIO-11;  nns- 
sioiiaiies  aiiionir,  ii.  ~i',i'>. 


V 


Vuvt,   sec    Fort   Walla 


Walla,  ii.  471,41)0. 


Xiu'iarn,  tlie  hiiig  taken  eliarL'c  of,  i. 

;i')S;  j:n-!isli  take,  17.''.'.  i.  4!)1. 
Xia';arii    I'all.t,    dirjcoveied,    10 tO,    i. 
J.S7. 
Xieliols,  Kniinoiis  exped.,  ii.  OSJ. 
Nieola,  lilaeli'.-i  (lejitii,  ii.  ■"ilO-ll. 
Nieolet,  .Jean,   diseuvclits,    10;)4-.''i,   i. 

•_'_',  100. 
Niciiesa,  vojaiie,  i.  10. 
Niel,  I'adie,  on  (,'olorailo  Tlio,  i.  Ill7. 
Nino,  Andres,  reaches  Gulf  of  J.'onsecii, 

i.  i;{. 

Nijiissings,  Cliamplain  visits,    Idl.'i,  i. 

Niscpially,  I'ort,  ])ost  IF.  I'ay  <'i'.,  i. 
44S;  founded,  ii.  ,y2i-');  aurii-iilLiire, 
ii.  ii'2~>,  (ill;  olijeet,  ii.  ."J'l. 

Xitinat,  native  villa,i;e,  \'.  Js.,  i.  "J:).'). 

Xitinat,  I'alse,  sou  Hostility  Bay,  i, 
l!);t. 

Xi;:a,  IMareos  de,  ■  is  Ciliola.  i.  .'1;  e-c- 
lii'dition  to  jaieMo  towns,  i.  U',,  4',\, 
40;  reports  related,  i.  4  l. 

Xoak,  Indian  eliief,  i.  liMO. 

Noljli^  .Mountain  I'ass,  location,  i.  017. 

Nolile  I'ass.  location,  i.  04S. 

'Xonsutli,'  ketcli,  cruise  to  Hudson 
Bay,  Kills,   i.  4;!!). 

Xootka.  sec  San  l^oivnzo,  i.  ].").");  Hc- 
eeta  lu'urs,  177.'>,  i.  10-;  \ Oyam's  of 
Iji  IVrousi',  I'ortlock,  J'i.Non,  l!ur- 
clay,  l>uncaii,  and  (,'oliictt,  to,  i. 
177-S4;  (;iay  at,  17SS,  i.  I!)0;  Cook 
names,  I77.S,  i.  1!K);  ship-lmilding 
at,  17SM,  i.  l'.'."i-7;  -Meares,  Douglas 
at,  I7'S.S,  i.  L'OO;  eontioversv  over,  i. 
•Ji)4-;iS;  Funterat,  17W»,  i."-_'IO;  site 
of  Fort  i'itt,  i.  'Jll;  Mctealf  at,  i. 
'2\2;  Spaniards  take  ])ossession  of, 
i.  ■_'!;!,  ii.  ;!•_'!;  ^Martinez  and  llaio 
iit,  l7Mil,  i.  '_'K>;  Martinez  names  it 
Santa  Cruz  de  Xutk.'i,  i.  210;  Mar- 
tinez explores,  i.  '2'2{;  ICiig.  slato 
pj'pers,  etc.,  i.  'JMO;  rcoccu|pi('d  liy 
Spiniards,  17!)0.  i.  240;  Coliuit  at, 
1700,  i.  -Jl.'i;  Matiito  at,  I7'.>l,  i. 
•.!4S;  .Maiaspina  at,  170!,  i.  L^!); 
Caamafio  at,  1702,  i.  207;  alian- 
doiied  liy  whites,  170.">,  i.  I!OI;  situ- 
ation, ii.  l.")7;  I'ereZ  discovers,  11, 
;!ls;  Cook  surxcys,  ii.  ."fls. 

Xootka  Con  tro  VI  rsy.relati^n  c:f  Amer- 
icans to  l"n;_dish  and  Spaniaids.  i. 
221-.");  riL-di  I  Sot' countries  concrnicil, 
i.  22.'>-7,  ;!0:t-l;  international  com- 
jdicatiiiiis,  i.  227;  neudtiaiioiis  he- 
tween  Ivig.  and  S]>ain,  i.  2;10-0; 
policy  of  .^pain,  i.  2^4-.');  eiil  of,  i. 
2.S4-01,  201,  2!IO-;i04;  Kevilla  (d- 
geilo's  report,  i.  2S0,  200-1;    com- 


INDEX 


749 


nnssioncrs  meet,  Xootka,  i.  287-0, 
'JiUi,  !.",)!>;  iiistnictions  to  coiiunis- 
Bidiitrs,  i.  •2S7-!t;  coiivi'iitiDii,  17!W, 
Kiij,'.  i.  -JSO;  linal  settkuieiit,  17!)4, 
ii\r.nn,  i.  300;  ii.  .'{■-'I.  ;i24-(i;  linal 
restitution,  17!*d,  i.  301-4;  loniarks, 
i.  301-4. 
Kootka  Convention,  signed,  i.  234-8; 


snlwtM 


134- 


th 


.f. 


304;   ii.  3:22,  3'J,');    bearing   on   Or. 
fjuestion,  ii.  371-.") 
lorninn-;,  explore  nortliwnr( 


Norte,  I! ill ( J 


th 
lie.  (Ill,  ( 'on 


i.  II. 


maoo  near, 


l.")40,  i.  17;  iliseovere.l,  l.')40,  i.  44: 


Orte 
'1>. 


T: 


ir)74,  i.  .")3;  liani. 


70"i,  i.  ii; 


on  exvilonni'  expeU 


North,  .1.  11. 

Nortli  America,  Atlantic  coast  ex- 
plored, i.  11-12;  i-ettkment,  looO, 
i.  14;  limits  of  expli>rati>in,  i.j.")0,  i. 
17; 
gei 


qiloratiiin,  1  .").">0- 1 7.")0,  i.  20-7; 


T 


ipliy,   lo,"i0,    i. 
i:.;;'0,  i.  40;  lir^t 


of,   i.   4S-!);    11 
1.   49;    Api 


(iniiia  s   nl.^ll, 
P,    l.'>7o. 


I'tokniy's 

lap 

l.-).-)S, 

i.    f)t); 


ited 


guesses  aliout  mineral  \\ealth,  i. 
13();  review  (if  north-west  ixiiiora- 
tion,  KS31),  i.  130;  ehan::e  of  dwnei-- 
Bhip.  17,'J9-03,  i.  37^;  Kngli.^^h  dis- 


covery, 1. 
Nortii  Auk 


437-8. 


Fi 


fc 


:d. 


il4,  ii.  444. 


N(Mth  Cai-olina,  English  attempt   to 


settle,    l.";.S4- 


i.     10;     north-east 


coa-t,  cxploriitioi\s  of  \>y  I'roliislier 


<1  Da 


i.  IS. 


Northern  ('om]iany,  formed,  lOSl, 
mer^eil  into  Com[ianj"  of  Canada,  i. 
410.' 

Nurtiieru   Mvsterv,    eiulitecnth   cen- 


tury 


i.  4;  hist. 


rv,   1. 


-1(1, 


2S,  32- 


(.)!(;   an  incentive  td  cxpiiiratiiui,   ). 

10;  at  inesent.  i.  10;  an  imaginary 

geogiaphy,  i.  32-(i!l;  end  (jf,  i.  134. 
North  Is.,  named,  i.  170. 
North    Kijotenais    I'ass,    lucation,    i. 

U24. 

irlhmen,  oljjeet  in  America,  i.  3." 


North- 
Jier; 
3J(i 


we.s 


t.  the,   1S04,  ii.  1- 


in,    ii.    120-iS;  exploratio! 


traji 


;3;  1)( 


loundary  (|ue.'.t.,  ii.  3,"!1  !t. 


'Niutli  West  Ameiiea.'  lirst  ship 
ill    iiorlli-west,    i.   2(i2; 


coa 


St,    17.V.), 


20,"i 


laiilt 
.\.   W. 
207,    200-10, 


on 


21(1;  seized  liy  Spa 


maids,  1 


IU\ 


NortI, 


St   I: 
1. 


louiiihirv  cr.ustion 


pnst polled,   11.   2 


•><C, 


1'' 
■ttle 


th. 


ii.  .".Od; 


di-cii.'sed,  ii.  31(i-41<i:  in  Coni.res.><, 


ii.   3(J0-7,   384-S,   400-14,   4t50-07;  ! 


liearing  of  Nootka  convention  on, 
ii.  371-.");  in  rariiameiit.  ii.  307-0, 
403. 
Northwest  Coast,  introductory  to  ex- 
jiloration,  i.  l-.'!2;  primary  uignili- 
eaneiiof  diseoviry,  i.  1-2;  deliiied, 
i.  2;  explored  f roni  42 '  to  .")4 '  x. ,  i.  2; 
inaritinie  and  land  exjiloratioii,  i.  2; 
fame  of,  i.  3-4;  limitations  of  ex- 
plorations, i.  4;  seojie  of  sio-ject,  i. 
4;  deeliiio  of  Sj)aiiisli  ex[iloialioH, 
i.  7;  travellers'  tal's,  i.  8;  fur-liehl 
di.seovered,  i.  9;  Ferrelo  icaeiies, 
lol.'),  i.  17;  geogiiijihy,  IX)0,  i. 
31-4;  apoer\phal  voyages,  i.  70- 
90;  Jellerys'  map,  1'7(jS,  i.  132; 
suniniary  of  exploration,  i.  131); 
discovery,  i.  137-100;  Sjianiaids 
take  jiosses-^ion,  177."',  i.  100;  ex- 
ploration, 1778-SS,  i.  107-2(1.3;  ex- 
ploring ;ind  eomniereial  cxneiiitioii, 
170O-2,  i.  230-S3;  Freiieli 'explore, 
i.  2r).V7;  Sjianiards  explo:o,  1702, 
i.  2(i7-73,  2S2  3:  tradiii  ;  Ihet,  1703, 
i.  203-4;  eontrahand  traders,  i.  3i).S; 
fur-tradeis,  1704,  i.  297;  170,').  i. 
;;04;  1700,  i.  .304-.");  1707,  i.  .3(10; 
1708,  i.  300;  1700,  i.  300-7;  ISCO, 
i.  .308;  1801,  i.  310-11;  1.S02,  i.3!l- 
12;  traders,  180,'),  i.  .320;  KsOfi,  i.* 
321-3;  1807,  i.  323-4;  180S-0,  i. 
;1J4-.";  ISIO  II,  i.  32")-8;  1812.  i. 
328-0;  1812  II,  i.  .320-33;  181.'), 
i.  ;!:;3  4;  1810.  i.  331-,".;  1817,  i. 
;;3:>-();  iSlS,  i.  3:i(]-0;  traders, 
l.slO-40,  i.  340-2;  fur-trad.;  witli 
Chin.'i.  i.  34.")-();  fiir-trade  outfits,  i. 
.'")2l;  fur-trade,  i.  .')21-8;  niis.-.i(in- 
aries,  i.  r)48-oO ;  ajipliiation  of 
term,  i.  r)8>")-8;  earliest  overland 
explor.itions,  i.  .")S.")-()l,"i;  eoiidiliou 
of  exploration,  1800,  ii.  1-2;  uudi  r 
Northwest  Co.  regime,  ii.  237  7  1; 
summary  of  voyages,  ii.  317  21; 
overlaml  expeditions,  ii.  324-0; 
early  voy;iges,  ii.  317-20;  early  ex- 
plorations, ii.  ,317-33;  ship-l)ui!d- 
ing,  ii.  .321,  .323;  title,  ii.  :!3.">  .")4; 
(|Uestioii  ineongr.'ss, ii.,3J3  7,  3.")2  1; 
lUissians,  17^0,  ii.  310;  title  dis- 
])Ute,  ii.  3,"i,")-8S;  wliale-lisheries,  ii. 
42()-7;  domination  liy  11.  l.ay  Co., 
1821-0,  ii.  4,31,  4(10-7.");  1828-9,  ii. 
4S0-.")O(l;;igrieulturelieguii,ii.44O  2, 
r)(t()-3;  cittle  iutroilucrd,  li.  442-3; 
niovements,  l,s33-41,  ii.  o24-.");  .lap- 
niiese  wrecks,  ii.  ■'").3l-;i;  v  recks,  ii. 
.')32-3;  missionarie.s,  ii.  534  8;  af- 
fairs, 1830  9,  ii.  (100-21;  llelelier 
explores,    183U-42,    ii.    Oil;     loit.i 


750 


INDEX. 


founded,  lS31-r),ii.  022;  sliip-lniild- 
ing,  ii.  (i2;$-4;  If.  JJayCo.  occupies, 
ii.  ti2;J-.'}r);  incidents,  lS:!t-  14,  ii. 
Oaor)!;  18-12~(>,  ii.  (i!l7-712;  cliiir- 
acti^r  of  Indiiiii.s  on,  ii.  (mO,  (i.Vi; 
French,  ii.  (>(i2-.'};  lioundaiv  ques- 
tion, ii.  (iSS-i),  707-8,  711-12. 

Koitliwest  Co.,  trtdliu  on  X.  W.  coast, 
18!.-).  i.  ;!:?:j-4;  trade  Mitli  Cal.. 
]Si(i,  i.  XU;  l)usiness,  17!)8,  i.  405- 
0;  currency,  i.  4(i8;  entcr])rise,  i. 
48.-),  r)l();  union  with  U.  J5ay  Co., 
i.  4(11),  .514,  082-4;  policy  toward 
Indians,  i..")H.")- .")();  estahlishessiliool, 
i.  .")I4;  iiistory,  i.  5.")! -84;  character, 
i.  r).">l-2,  ;").")(!;  oi-L;anized,  i.  r>,V)-0, 
ii.  .'},  l.'Ui;  liead-quarteis,  i.  .").")0;  gov- 
cnnncnt,  i.  ."mO;  oliiccrs,  i.  i).")(»-8; 
admits  X.  Y.  Co.,  i.  luAi,  o'tS;  part- 
iicr.s,  i.  .>")7,  .")()()  7;  profits,  i.  5,18; 
partners,  i.  ."m7,  ")(iO-7;  clerks,  i. 
537-8;  returns,  1788,  i.  [m^;  em- 
ploye's, 171I8,  i.  r>')[);  brigade,  i.. 
500-4;  ojiiKji^'s  ]ted  liiver  settle- 
ment, i.  .')7.'{  82;  Fort  \\illiam  of,  i. 
r)04-8;  (piariel  witli  H.  Hay  Co.,  i. 
508-84;  enterinise,  ii.  89-00,  lli»- 
20,  141,  170,  IM);  character  of  ser- 

,  vants,  ii.  124;  inihieuce  of  K.  India 
Co.,  ii.  141  ;  ovdtuies  from  Astor, 
ii.  141;  opposes  1'.  Fur  Co.,  ii.  170; 
obtain  Astoiia,  ii.  227-;>l;  regime 
on  N.  AV.  coast,  i.  2I{7-70;  trallic 
on  X.  W.  coast,  1818,  ii.  'A'.U;  policy 
at  I'^ort  (ieoige,  ii.  20.")  (i;  jilans 
on  J'acifio  coast,  181(i,  ii.  2(!(!;  pur- 
chases Fort  Astoria,  ii.  28,"i,  .S.'Sl- 
2;  union  with  If.  UavCo.,  ii.  2i;(). 
302-4, ;j4:{;  rivalry  with  H.  15ay  ( 'o.', 
ii.  21)0,  302;  o^jpe^scs  Itcd  ■jliver 
colony,  ii.  1500;  during  war,  1812, 
ii.   .'JOO-I;  buys  out  1'.  Fur  Co.,  ii. 

3:!i. 

Xorth-west  Passage,  the,  early  belief 
in,  i.  ',),'>-{>;  (lilbert  u]ion,  i.  oO; 
Willcs  on,  i.  50  (iO;  Frobisher's 
view  of,  i,  00;  Drake  seeks.  l.")7!l,  i. 
01;  evidence  (jf,  l.'iOO,  i.  08;  Fuca 
reports  discovery,  ],">',)'.),  i.  70;  rc- 
jiorted  discovery,  i.  87;  Maldonado's 
le]iortof,  i.  02-0;  attempts  to  check 
c:\[iloratiou,  i.  100;  problem  of,  i. 
004. 

Korth-wcstern  Ter.,  the.  organized,  i. 
.")85. 

Northrop,  Capt.,  crtuse  lsi;{,  ii.  200- 
2,  220. 

Norton,  explores  H.  R'ly,  1701-2,  i.  28. 

Korton,  ^1.,  g()\-.  I'rince  of  AVales 
Fort,  1700,  i.  485;  character,  i.  544 


Norton,    I\.,    gov.    Prince  of    Wales 

Fort,  1737,  i.  484. 
Norway  House,   i[.   7>ay  Co.   council 

meets  at,  i.  451 ;  built,  ii.  4()y. 
Nouvelle  France,  name  becomes  cur- 
rent, i.  12;  see  Canada,  i,   10,  380. 
No\a  Scotia,  ]''rench  regain,  i.  22;  sec 

Acadia,  i.  383. 
Nubiana,  on  N.  W.  coast,  1788,  i.  102. 
Nueva  (jalicia,  province  of  California, 

lO.w,  i.  110. 
Nueva  Vizcaya,  missionaries  in,  1502, 

i.  10. 
Nuevo  Leon,   Spaniards  explore  and 

establisli  miuing-camps  at,  1502,  i. 

10. 
Nunez  C.aona,  see  N(;ah  I'ay,  i.  2(;b 
Nuttall,  with  P.  FurCo.,ii.  l"71);  with 

Li.sa,  ii.  182:  in  Mex.  and  Cal.,  ii. 

407;   with   Wycth's  Or.  exped.,  ii. 

577. 
Nuttin,  astronomer,  i.  180. 
iNye,  Capt.  D.,  on  N.  W.  coast,  1811, 

i..320;  1817-18,  i.  3.']8;  1810,  i.  340; 

1830,  i.  341. 


Oak  Point,  named,  i.  281;  Lewis  and 
C.  exped.,  ii.  00. 

Obi,  Valley  of,  Cossncks  occu]iy,  i.  20. 

Obilo  Pivcr,  in  Liiw's  map.  I,"j!}8.  i.  85. 

Obscivatory  Creek,  Lc\vi.i  and  C.  ex- 
])ed.,  ii.  71. 

O'Cain,  on  N.  W.  const,  1803,  i.  317, 
310;  1800,  i.  323;  1810-11,  i.  325; 
]Sl;{,  i.  ;',30;  (m  Cal.  coast,  i.  .525-0. 

Ocean,  Northern,  IJearne  reaches, 
1770,1.012. 

Oche(|uiton,  see  Alabama,  i.  123. 

Ockingtou,  voyage,  1801,  i.  310. 

OL'dcn,  N.  E. ,  supercargo,  'Lurk.'ii. 
"2(12. 

Ogden,  P.  S.,  at  Fort  St  .Tames,  ii. 
101);  life  at  Fort  Ceorge,  ii.  2.S7;  at 
Ogden  Dole,  ii.  4.55;  at  the  Dalles, 
ii.  408;  in  New  Caledonia,  ii.  510, 
002;  movements,  18;)4,  ii.  530-1;  at 
Foi't Vancouver,  18.'!4,ii.504;  found.s 
Fort  Simjjson,  ii.  023;  fort-building 
exped.,  1831,  ii.  020-35;  at  Fort 
Vancoiiver,  ii.  070. 

Ogilby,  map,  1071,  i.  110-11. 

Ohahlat,  see  Destruction  Itiver,  i.  182. 

Ohio  Fur  Co.,  formed,  i.  4<)(>,  505. 

Ohio  Valley,  explnred,  i.  505. 

Ojeda,  voyage,  1.501-5,  i.  10. 

Okiinagan,  building  at,  ii.  204. 

(,)kanagan.  Fort,  jiost  11.  Day  Co.,  i. 
I      -148;  built,  ii.  173-4;  removed,  ii.  711. 


IXDEX. 


rr.i 


Okhotsk,  Russian  factoiy  at,  IGuO,  i. 

•J9. 
Olil    Establishment,  huilt    1778-9.   i. 

r^H•2. 

Old  Tort,  800  Hudson  Hope,  ii.  01. 

Oiid,  lii.s  <'N[R'<liliou  in  l."rjl,  i.   II. 

Olyni]ius,  ^J(JUut,  sec  Santa  Kijsalia, 
i.  !.)();  ileare.i  naiiiea,  i.  197. 

Oiiatc,  .1.  do,  con(]ueis  and  settles 
Xew  Mexico,  Id'JS,  i.  'JO;  exjiloi'c.j 
Texas,  KiOl,  i.  '21;  cxiiloraUonH, 
KIO:},  i.  m  2;  KiOl,  i.  lOl;  explores 
(iulf  .it'(';il.,  Kil.'),  i.  KrJ;  liver  <li.s- 
eovericM,  1(J'J.'),  i.  lO;!. 

0"Xeil],  Wni.,  voya,L;e,  1S:U,  i.  :UI. 

Onis,  Luis  do,  title  X.  AV.,  li.  lilO. 

'Onrust,' yacht,  laiilt.  eruisc,  i.  500. 

'Ontario,'  ciuise  to  C'ulunihia,  1S18,  i. 
;{:i9,  ii.  •-'!)()-•_'. 

Ontario,  Lake,  diacovered  liy  Cham- 
plain,  U)i;j.  i.  ."kSS. 

Ooilashoot.H,  Lewis  and  C.  exped.,  ii. 
•M. 

()])itsfta,  (Ji'ay's  winter (piarteis,  1791, 
i.  '-V-L'. 

Orehard  ]tiv(M',  named,  i.  "281. 

Oidway,  LeA\  is  anil  (.'.  exped.,  ii.  70, 
7.Vli. 

Ordwaj'  f'rcek,  nam''(l,  ]S().">,  ii.  'JO. 

Oreyon,   pint   of   X.   W.   eoa.st,  i.   'J; 


'Orc'^on,'  rthip,  see  Thomas  IL  I'er- 

kiu.-i,  ii.  OSI. 
Oregon  and  I'll  Dorado,  eiitieised,  ii. 

81. 
'Oriiile,'  hiirk,  ^reeked,  ii.  .">li.">. 
Orl.aiiM,  iluke  of,  uov.  of  Co.  of  the 

Indies.  17-':!,  i.  :i!!S. 
Orleans,  territory  of,  see  Louisiana,  i. 

•lO-J. 
Oroville  Pass,  i.  C.'iO. 
0;-oville-(^luiney  I'a^s,  location,  i.  ().")0. 
Or<iziiMl)o,  on  ( 'oiiimliia,  ii.  (i  (). 
Ol'telius,  A.,W(jiks,  i..");i,.Sl ;  inaj),  l.")74, 

i.  ry.i-i. 

Osio,  custom  ofhcer,  ii.  ."11. 
Oskoniiuton,  Locjiiois, death,  ii.  'JS7. 
Ostend,  iJarclav  leaves,  Xov.   17^0,  i. 

ISJ. 
Oswego,  I'ort,  elFeets  on  fur-trado,  i. 

898. 
Otter,  see  Sea  Otter,  i.  .'!!).">. 
'Otter,'  steamdioat,  ii.  odl;  on  X.  \V. 

coast,  JS.VJ,  ii.  (JDl. 
Otter  l;i\i;r,  iiMiued,  ii.  77. 
'OUei',' ship,  on  X.  W.  rcijut,  lSll,i. 

8  JO. 
Ottocs,  Indians,  Lewis  and  C.  exped., 

ii.  10   I -J. 
Oadietle,    fin'    inoiio]ioly    of,    i.   .■)9.'i; 

fiiilnre,  i.  .'19li. 


Carver   invents   name,  i.    l.'iJ;   dis- i  OiiinipcLf.  .';ie  ^Vinnipe^r.  i.  Kill, 
covery  of  coast,  i.   181-19,    l.")7;  in  j  Oveihmd  expre.is,  fnim  I'oi!  X'ancou- 
177-1,    i.    119;   routes  of  emiL;rant.s        ver  e.ist,  i.  •lO.'l    I. 


through    Uoeky    -Mountains    to, 
G8I;  e(jniigui'ati(jn,  soil,  climate,  ii. 
418-81;  saw-mill  erected,   KSJ9,  ii. 


50.");    1881,    ii.    ,5:27  8; 


:.'ttlement. 


1S81,  ii.  r)J9;   1889,  ii.  OS.")  i);  is  14, 


ii.  (i9l;  ISI'J, 


(!9S;   I,S18,   ii.  7(il; 


missionaries  in,  ii.  .")84  S,(i7l;  elioi'ts 
to  fettle,  ii.  548-.")  1;  exploring  ex- 
pediLion  in,  ii.  084;  settlers  petition 


cou'criss,    11. 


08.");    I 


remont   in,   ii. 


G94;  18.|J-8,!i.  098;  provi.~ioiial  gov- 
ernment, I8l4-(i,  ii.  098-9;  Ameri- 
eani;:aliiiii  of,  ii.  (i9S-9. 
Oregon  department,  see  (^olumhia  de- 


Or< 


liiirtniiiit,  i.  4IS. 


il    Mnn'L'i'ation    ,So 


Owen,  on  Or.  (|Uebtion,  ii.  898. 
'Owyhee,'    hri',',    cii     X.    W.     coast, 
lsi'S-80,  i.  841;  ii.  44J-8,  508,  500, 


Pacific  coast,    exploration   of,    15'J0- 


15,-0,  i.  l(i-17;  ir.48-1 


I  (.),  1. 


i: 


Pacillc  Fur  (,' 
JJ7-81; 


sell  F<:rt  Astoi-i;i 


N.  W.  loa-t,  i. 


119  'JO,    IJJ,    IJl,    17J 

Xoi  thwcst  Co,,  i.  881;  .\:  t<iv  to 


helis    io 


i.  51; 
81; 


\ui/ed,  ii,  119,  I  !J,  ;,-J9- 


overlanil  e\ni'< 


<1.  to  AsK 


eie(y,  orgjiuized,  18."S,  li,  li07-8. 
Oregon  (.Question,  tjie,  discussed,  i,  143; 
imiai'V  (jf  evi- 


888-54,  117  81 ;  siii 


dene 


treaties  touch 


8:!-J,  8:!4-4'J,  84S 


1 SJ I  -9,  ii 


855-88,  110-11;  iiciotiations  on, 
ii,  8,5.i-(;0,  .•;(i7  81,  891,  -lO.s,  410; 
1880- Ki,  ii,  :!89-410;  .settled,  ii, 
410-11;  authorities  on,  ii.  414-10, 
Oregon  road,  the,  mapped  and  sur- 
veyed, i,  082. 


17S-9J;  propdsid  relation  to  ii.  A. 


•ae 


iir  (  o,,  n. 
lie  Fur  C 


9,S. 
o.,   exiii  1 


ii.  l.'8(i. 
Pacilic    Oc 


1' 
Maeh 


.1.,  1. 


if  lif. 


eiizie     reaelii  s. 


1798, 


•JS,  097 


( 'ossai'kH 


10;{9,  i.  -9;  Ogiiliy's  map,  1071, 
111;  Lew  is  and  ( ',  exped.  leaeh, 
49, 


exiieil.  leaeli,  il. 


leitic  states,  fui'-<listricts. 


414. 


Paekiiigton,  [ileliii  o;.eiitiary,Or,  (|Ucs- 
tiun,  il.  110. 


mmm 


r 


752 


IXDEX. 


Pagul,in'\yytflict  Ptolemy  map,  l.")97, 
i.  Nt. 

rallisfr,  explorations,  i.  C21. 

rainier,  J.,  route  to  Or.,  i.  C34;  Or. 
expi.'il.,  i.  (U7,  CioO. 

Piiliiici'stoii,  ii.  (j|!3. 

I'alouses,  liidinn  tribe,  ii.  203. 

Panibniiiii,  ]'.  S.,  at  Fort  Vanconvcr, 
ii.  4H;  at  Walla  Walla,  1833,  ii. 
57'-';  (luath,  ii.  (>S'.». 

Pangiiiau,  tonus  X.  Y.  Co.,  i.  ."m. 

PanL,'maii,  Gregory  Co.,  see  X.  Y.  Co., 
1.  So  J. 

IViinico,  M0SC0.SO  reaches,  1543,  i.  15. 

ParatliHC  Terrestrial,  in  youth  Amer- 
ica, i.  35. 

Paretics,  I'ailre  Alonso  de,  report  ou 
American  geography,  i.  l\'2. 

Paris,  treaty  of,  17<i3,  i.  401,  443. 

J'arker,  iS.,  Or.  nii.ssiouary,  ii.  535; 
journal,  ii.  530. 

I'ainicntiers,  I'onte's  story,  i.  117. 

raii-nip  liivir,  named,  i.  G74;  ex- 
plored, ii.  !S7. 

Partners,  N.  W.  Co.,  i.  rm-7. 

I'assi'S,  thi<ni,L:h  the  Cordilleras,  i. 
UI()-4();  map  of,  between  hit.  40' 
and  '.\2'  N.,  i.  (!J:»;  from  (^r.  toCa]., 
i.  (i!7;  Cal.  to  ]\h;x.,  i.  (i.'it;  in  Cen- 
tral .\ni.,  i.  (i(l'2-;i;  map  of  between 
Alex,  and  Crnlral  Am.,  i.  05S. 

Patali.a  Crtek,  see  I'viinr.iooiniiii.  ii.  GO. 

Pattie,  S.,  trails  tlinaigli  New  Mex., 
Arizona,  Cal.,  Ui'ill,  i.  .")-7. 

Paulding,  J.  K.,  ,see"y  of  navy,  ii. 
GOS. 

I'avion,  named,  ii.  203. 

I'eaee  Piver,  Maehenzie  explores, 
17'.»3,  i.  28,  t;70;  country,  i.  40S; 
fiir-tr::ders  reach,  1780,  i.  012;  ex- 
plored, ii.  87. 

Peace  liivcr  Pass,  location,  i.  G20; 
description,  i.  024. 

'Peaeoi'k,'  sliiji,  on  X.  W.  coast, 
IHUO.  i.  322. 

'  I'eaeock,'  sloop  of  "war,  explores  Pa- 
eilic,  ii.  0(>l),  ((7'J;  wrt:cked,  ii.  532, 
(iso. 

I'eale.  T.  1!.,  ou  explorin'jj  cxped.,  ii. 
009. 

'  Pearl.'  on  X.  W.  coast,  1800,  i.  322; 
1808-!),  i.  324. 

Peche,  '1  liomas,  in  Strait  of  Anian,  i. 
III. 

Pecos,  in  map  of  Ortidius,  1,"74.  i.  53. 

I'eeos,  l\io.  ( '.i.ftafio  enler.s  Xew  Mex- 
ico bv.   l.V.Kl,  i.  20. 


Peel,    Sir    R.,    on    Or.    question,   ii, 

3<»7-S. 
Peel  Itivcr  Pass,  see  Porcupine  Pas.s, 

i.  020. 
I'eers,   H.    X.,   at  Cowlitz  farm,   ii. 

013. 
Peirce,  Henry  A.,  voyage,  1S25-S,  i. 

341. 
Peirce,  M.  T.,  voyage,  \S2r>-S,  i.  311. 
'  Pelican,' captures  Fort  Xelson,  l(i-.'7, 

i.  442. 
I'ellet,  in  Kootenais  countrv,  ii.  121; 

clerk,  ii.    173-4,    177,    2();;-.'.,  21S; 

among  (Jkanagans,  ii.  204-.");  leaves 

Fort  (jeorLTc,  24."). 
Pelly,  Sir, 1 .11.,  (!ov.  H.  Pay  Co.,  ii. 

51.");  director  I'uget  Sound  A.  <.'o., 

ii.  (ilO;  at  Honolulu,  ii.  001. 
Pelly,  Ceo.,  at  Honolulu  post,  ii.  522. 
I'eltry,  term,  i.  4.")7. 
Pelua,  Indian  food,  ii.  2."5. 
Peniaipiid,  French  take,   1()!)7,  i.  442. 
I'emican,  ]irepuration,  i.  433  4. 
I'ena,  on  Perez  exped.,  177;>,  i.  151. 
IViidosa,    1).  de,  expedi'Lioii  of  1()02, 

i.  lOS-f):  Fonle's  story,  i.  1  Hi. 
Pend  d"()reille    liivcr;    post,    Hudson 

iSay  Co.,  i.  448. 
Pen)),  in  Mass.,  i.  ".02. 
Penu  Cove,  explored,  ii.  OSO. 
Peopcoh,  at  Fort  Langlev,  ii.  477. 
I'erea,  Fadre,  explores  Texas,  1020,  i. 

21. 
Perez,  .Tuan,  cx])loiation,  1778,  i.  loO- 

8;    1774,   ii.   318;   works,    i.    ]."il-:!; 

extract  from   log  of,  I77."),  i.  l.")2-."); 

criticism  of,   177.'!,  i.    b"'7;   Ifeeeta's 

exped.,  177').  i.    158-00;  voyage  of, 

by  .Vavarretc,    18U2,  i.    1^8;  death, 

i.  101). 
Perkins,  X.  "\V.  fur-trado,  i.  3.59;  Avith 

Mi.ssouri  I'lir  Co.,  ii.  4o0. 
Per]ietua,  Caj)e,  Cook  names,  1778,  i. 

109. 
I'orranlt,  clerk,  V.  Fur  Co..  ii.  143. 
Ponier,  voyage,  18.SS,  i.  342. 
'  I'ersevirance,'  Fraser's  bo;;t.  ii.  118. 
Petroir,  I.,  visits  Alaska,  1S78,  ii.  030. 
Phelps,  on  Fuca's  I'illar,  i.  79. 
l'liilaiitliro))y  Piver,  named,  ii.  2.3-4. 
]'hilipi)iiie(Jo.,  nionopolv  in  fur-trade, 

i.  52."). 
Pliilippiue  treasure-ship-s,  louto  across 

I'.-icilic,  l7<:0-'iO,  i.  2."). 
]Miiloso])liy  Creek,    named,    180."),    ii. 

2;);  see  foot-l;ote. 
'I'hobe,'  in  Faeilie.  ii.   201.  231-2. 


'IVdler.'  briLf,  ou  X.  W.  coast.  1814,  '■  'I'ii.inix.'  in  norih-west,   1794,  i.  297; 
i.  ;t;i2;   1821,  i.   310;  1813,   ii,  220,!       179,).  i.  :;u4. 
!234-i3,  1  Piecuno,  I'ur  monopoly  of,  i.  395,  441, 


IXDEX. 


7.-3 


Pichotte,  L.,  .irrivcs  Astoria,  1818,  his 
death,  ii.  -JIR). 

PichiliiiL'uos,  Ircebootcrs,  i.  '21. 

Pic'ive,  Lieut.  I'iioiniis,  coiniiiissiontT, 
Xootkii,  17!)."),  i.  :{01. 

riuriHJiit,  V(Aiigo,  1801,  i.  310. 

I'ioiTo  Hole,  liK'ation,  ii.  '>iV2;  rendez- 
vous, ii.  4.')8,  M'2,  570;  Indian  tiglit 
iit,  ii.  ."i(il)— 1. 

rit-r.^ou,  .J.  H.,  settler  Cowlitz  valley, 
ii.  (ill. 

Piettt',  at  Fort  Lantrley,  ii.  477. 

Pij,'ott,  Capt.,  on  Alaskan  coast,  181.S, 

ii. :.':;.".. 

Pike,   ^Slajor  Z.    M.,  explorations,   i. 

(ii:i,  (j:!!». 
Pike  Lake,  see  JefTory.s'  map,  17(»S,  1. 

i;i-\ 

Pilcher,    .T.,    explorer,    i.    't\(\;    witli 

Mi.-isouri  Fur  Co.,  i.    014;   ii.  4.">lj; 

trajiping  tour,  iS'J"  0,  ii.  450. 
Pillar,  Fu'ea\s,  i.  70-80. 
Pilot  Cove,  named,  ii.  (i72. 
I'ilot  Ivnobs,  see   Hunt's   exped.,   ii. 

IN.-S. 
Pinieria  Alta,  sec  Sonora,  i.  '25;  Kino 

ill,  i.  1  l.'i. 
Pineda,  voyaire,  1519,  i.  11. 
I'ine  Itiver  I'ass,  location,  i.  (V20. 
Pinos   i'oiiit,  Perez  lies  off,  June  15, 

177:i,  i.  1.V2. 
Pintard.  I'xiston  merchant,  i.  .'^58. 
I'intard   Sound,   see   Queen  Charlotte 

Soui.d,  i.  2(il. 
Pinzon.  voyage  in,  1500,  i.  10. 
Pipe  of  jieace,  among  Sliosiionca,  ii. 

•20;  lloss  smokes  witli  Indians,  ii. 

200. 
Pirdeaiix.  scut  against   Niagara  and 

Montreal.  17.">o7i.  401. 
Pirrault  lUos.,   at    Fort  Langley,   ii. 

477. 
Pisquonsc,  Indian  trihe,  ii.  2.57. 
Pitt  Cape,  iKiineil.  i,  170. 
Pitt  F<irt,  factory  on  Alaskan  Coast,  i. 

211. 
Pitt  Kiver,  explored,  i.  048;  see  Quoi- 

tle,  ii.  4S0. 
I'izarro,  ...I'tiiod  of  converting,  i.  550. 
Plascotez  de  Chiens,  see  Fete  Plat,  i. 

.502. 
Plomondeau,   S.,  at  Fort  Langley,  i 


Point  ."St  Ocorgo,   Agnilar'a   furthest 

limit,  lOO;!.  i.  14S.' 
Poletic.'i,    on   title   X.    W.    coast,    ii. 

.'{48-0. 
Polk,  Pres.,  on  Or.  que.stion,  ii.  .SOO- 

7-8-0,  400,  401-2;  on  title  X.  \V. 

coast,  ii.  :5S(i  7. 
'Polly,' cruise  in  north-west,  1801,  i. 

.110. 
Polo,  Marco,  traveller,  i.  5-0. 
I'ouipey's  Pillar,  Clarki?  names,  ii.  70. 
I'oncas,  limit's  exped.  among,  li.  LSI. 
Pond,  P.,  partner,  X.  W.  Co.,  i.  X>'>, 

5.S2. 
Pontgravi'.,  fur  monopoly  of,  i,  ,'{St-5; 

(jii  St  Lawrence,  i.  ;iS7. 
Pontrincoiirt,  at  I'mt  Loyal,  i.  .'180. 
Tool.'  Liver,  iiaiiu'd,  i.  2S|. 
I'orcnpiiie  Cove,  Mackenzie's  vovage, 

named,  i.  (i!l8.  700. 
Poicu]iine  Pass,  desciiptiim,  i.  0'20. 
'  Porpoise,' brig,    explores    Pacific,   ii. 

000,  084;  on  X.   \V.  coast,  ii.  072, 

G80-L 
Portage,  terui,  i.  .502. 
I'ortiies  Fran(,'ais,  La  Perouse  in,  1780, 

i.  17.5. 
Port  Discovery,  Quimper  surveys,  i. 

•241. 
Porter,    Capt.    O.,    on  X.    W.   coast, 

I8;i5,   i.  ;!20;  ISOO,  i.   .'Wl;   IMl,  i. 

:{2(i. 
Porter,  Comiiiodoie,  ca]itur'd,  i.  .'J.'tO; 

cruise  in  racitic,  ii.  225-(!.  2.'>l. 
Portlaiiil,  site,  ii.  70S;  lise  of,  ii.  700. 
Port   Lawrence,   .see   llooil   Canal,   ii. 

072. 
Portlock,  Capt.,  on  X.  AV.  coast.  17S.5- 

7,  i.  178-81,   ■■!54-5;  a  voyage;,  etc., 

i.  170. 
Port  MadLson,  named,  ii.  07.'!. 
Port  Loyal,  founded,  i.  .'iSO;  s(  izeil  by 

Croiinvell,    1054;  returned,    1007,  i. 

:!01. 
Port  L(jyal  Co.,  failure,  i.  .'!S(;. 
I'osscssicii  Souiul,  Vancouver  names, 

1702,  i.  277. 
Post,  voyage,  1821,  i.  lUl. 
Pest,  see  I'dit. 

Potts,  kill  d  by  Indians,  ii.  S2. 
Potts  Creek,  named,  lSO."i,  ii.  20. 
Powhatan,  treaty  witii,  i.  .54."{. 


477;  becomes  farmer,  ii.   012;  with,  Prairie,  term  dcliiied,  i.  411. 
A\ilkes'  party,  ii.  074.  !  Prairie  of  tiie  Kimbs,  named,  ii.  71. 

Plymouth    Co.,     receives     grants     in     I'rattc  and  ( 'u.,  traders  Inrm.   i.  515. 


America,  i,  ;!00. 
Pocahontas,   marriage  with  Polfc,   i. 
54;{. 


Pratz,  Le  Page  dil.  liistoire,  etc.,  i. 
50S;  ma|),  i.  001 ;  story  of  Moiicacht 
A))c,  i.  .'lOS  (i07. 


Point  Breakers,  Cook  names,  1778,  i.  j  Presbyterian  missionaries,  in  X.  W'., 
170.  I      1830,  ii.  5;{4-58. 

Hist.  N.  W.  Coast,  Vol.  II.    i8 


m 


INDEX. 


PrcBcott,  Espejo  reaches  site  of,  l.")9(i,  '  ruiichiiw  L:i!;c,  sec  Mackenzie's  voy- 

i.  •Jl).  j      a-v,  i.  (i!ll. 

ricHidc'iil'a  range,   Kcllcy  names,  ii.  j  I'niitataciicut  liivcr,  koo  Mackenzie's 
").")<!.  voyagt',  i.  (i'.)J. 

I'lU'clia^,  ]iiil)li.slH'S  l''iica"H  story,  \('>2'>, 
i.  7^!;  niaji,  1(125,  i.  10.'!- I;  map  (if 
IIi(nilura;:.  i.  104;  on  J)iakt''.s  vov- 
a-c,  i.  141. 


I'reiisH,  ('lias.,  with  Fivniont,  ii.  ()!)4. 
I'revoiit,    15.,    ((iiiiniissioner,    Astoria 

restorcil,  ii.  'JOO-.'t. 
Prevo.st,  .1.    !>.,   U.  S.  Coniniissioni'i' 

ISIS.  i.  ;{;;!i;  Mt.'r  on  Or.,  ii.  4-JI. 
I'liin'c  lldw aid Ls.,  English  take,  17o>S, 

i.  4i)i). 
'rrinLi'LcI'oo,' sloop,  onX.  \V.  coast, 

17!I2,  i.   lilif);  17!W,  i.  •2'X',;  17!t4,  i. 

2'J7. 
Prince    of    Wales    Fort,    description, 

gcvoriiors,  i.  484. 
Prince  of  W'sdcs  inland,  Perez  .sights,  j  (,>ua!nasli  1  kits,  Lewis  and  ('.  c.Xjcd., 

177:!,  i.  I.'>4.  I      ii.  (!i). 

'Princi!  of  Wales, 'ship,  onX.W.  coast,  '  <^>uas,  Indian  chief,  ii.  '2S2. 

17^7,1.  IWIi.  !  <JikIk  i,  sctllenuiit  near,    I'llO,    i.  1l'; 

'Piinccsa,'   on    X.    W.    coast,     1770,        French  foi-t  near.  ir)4;i,  i.  I  !;   ijig- 


rnritan.s,  colonize  ^lass.,  Ki'JO,  i.  '22; 

as  fnr-traders,  i.  oOl  -2. 
Purslcy,   J.,   opi'ns   ^iauta  Fc   route, 

kSOJ,  i.  51.J,  012. 

Q 

'Quadratns.' Tirig,  \\Teckcd,  ii 


i.    172  ;{;   17SS,  i.  1.S4;  17M>,  i.  "JO."), 
2I.S;  17!)-',  i.  -JOI,  -J^s;;;  lliV.i,  i.  '2'.K): 
I7!)4,  i.  '2'X)~r,,  2W. 
'l*ri:ic(sa  lical.'on  X.  W.  coast,  17!*0, 

i.  1:40  ;i. 

'Princess  lioyid.'on  X.  AV.  coast,  17S7. 


lisli  ca[)tnre,  17.V.I,  i.  ;!71);  J'n'iLli 
re-ain,  i.  22;  trading  centre,  ()'J7, 
i.  ':i>S!);  altackcil,  i.  :ii)0. 
QiUM.'ii  Charlotle  Is.,  I'ercz  discovers, 
177;{,  i.  ■•">;  Douglas  ])assi"j,  17SS, 
i.   "JllO;    (Iray  at,    i.  '_'(:ii:   (  aai!:auo 


i.  is."!;   17NM,  i.   I'.l.".,  -'{lO;   17S!I,  •_'()7,  I      cxiiloies,  1.  •Jli7. 

'2IO-|-_',   •JI7,    -'Jd;  seized   hy  Span- |  '(Juccli    Cliailotte,'   slii]i,    on    X.    "\V, 

iards,  i.  211.  i      coast,  17'S')  7,  i.  177  ■'  1. 


Princess  Koval  Isles,  Dunc.'ui  discov- 
ers, 17.s7.'i.  I  SI. 
'Prince    \\'illi:!iu    Ilcnry,'   schooner, 


(Juocii      (,'liarlotte      >S(jund,      Strange 

names,  17''^<i,  i.   17S.  _ 
(*ueenliitlie  Is.,  Mearcs  siglits  .July  'J, 


cruise  in  tlic  north-west,  17'.l_',  i.'Jd,').  '       I7''"i''-',  i.  I!i7. 
Prince    AVilliaui    Somul,   Meares    at,  '  Queeidiitln' iJiver,  Mcares  sights  .luly 

17W>,  i.  177;  Strange  reaches,  17S(J,  |      2,  17^8,  i.  107. 

i.  l7iS:  Mears,   Portlock,  Dixon  at,    (jUiccnuitett    Villauc,    ]\leares    .-i-clits 

17S7.  i.  170.  I      July  2,  I7.'-S,  i.  i07. 

Pritchaid,  store-keeper,  X.  W.  Co.,  i.  j  (,Husiiel,  ,1.    M.,  on   1- ras' r  Lake,  ii. 

.'uC).  I      2S0-  i . 

Pryor,   SerL'.,  Lewis  and   C.  cxped.,  '  (i>ucsnelle,  Markenzic'.s  voyaL;c,  i.  (;n">, 

ii.  78,  8L  I      t)02. 

Pryor  (,' reek,  named,  ii.  70.  '  (^luiclisand  ]')ay,  Mearcs  iianics,  i.  IMS. 

Ptolemy,  map  l.")ll,  i.  ."'17;  ir)30,  i.  40,    (^Uiicksaiid   Liver,   naiiml,   ii.    l.S;  see 
PucMa  I'a.ss,  location,  i.  (ir)0.  i      Lewis  and  ('.  exped.,  ii.  (0. 

l'uel)lo  Towns,  De  \'aca  hears  of,  l.";tfi,  i  Qiiimper,   A.   M.,  explorations,    1700, 

i.  l(i;  New  Mexico,   I.VIO,  i.  1()-17:|      i.   240,    2H-;i,  2S.~.,    ii.   ;i22:    mr.p, 

Vaca"s  report  of,    l.Vid,  i.  4.'$;  char- 1       1700,  i.   242:  Segundo,   etc.,  i.  2i;i. 


aeter,  l.'ilO-.'i.  i.  44. 

Txntvt.  on  N.  W.  coast,  1702,  i.  275; 
i70:k  i.  201   2. 

Pngct  Is.,  named,  i.  2S1. 

I'nget  Sound,  agiiculture  at,  IS.tO,  ii. 
(il  I;  1841,  (i.'iO;  Catholic  mission, 
1841,  ii.  ii.")(!"7;  ..\merican  settle- 
ment, ii.  701;  Inmlier  mill  liuilt, 
1844,  ii.  701-2. 

Piiget  Soiinil  Agricultural  Co.,  organ- 
ized, ii.  (il4-l8;  removed  to  Vic- 
toria, ii.  018;  failure,  ii.  UlS-lD. 


Quiviia,  Coionado's,  i.  3,  i'>;  >pan- 
iards  reach.  l.")4l,  i.  17;  liiiiiilla, 
searches  for,  l.'iOO,  i.  20;  local  Ion,  i. 
4."p  0;  liamiisio's  ma]i.  I.'ofi,  i.  40; 
(Jitelius'  map,  l.")74.  i.  ."i:!;  Martyr's 
map,  1587,  i.  I><i;  lleir<ra"s  map, 
1(501,  i.  88;  Toi(piemada  locates,  i. 
SO;  Ohate's  exjied.  to,  ICO;!,  i.  00; 
Hondin'smap,  i.  105;  De  l.ae!"smap, 
l(i;i;i,  i.  10(1;  D'Avity"sLc  Monde, 
l(i;i7,  i.  107;  Pefialosa's  ex[)ed.  to, 
1002,  i.  100;  province  of  Ciil.,  1055, 


IXDKX. 


,;>.) 


i.   110;  Ogill)/..  niap;   IfiTl,  i.  111;|      isiM,  Ji.  447;  I'^-^O   ii  4.-,S-  Y.'lovv 
1  arclo  H  report,  ICSO,  i.  I  |-J;  J  iadveV        str-nc'  l.;,k..     i   (iTl  ' 

u_n„;   S,,a„,ar.Ls'   d.,.«cni,t.uu   of.    'l;,.,,l„ti.,„,'  ,nu.sc  on  X.  Vv.  coa.st, 


J710,  i.  ii;k 
Quoitlc,  sue  Pitt  liivcf,  ii.  480. 

R 

Raccoon,  Iialntat,  i.  412. 
'Kacioii,'  on  X.    W.   coast,    ISl,-}    i 
j{;;l-2,  ii.  282-4;    1S14.  i,  ;j;j;i,  ii! 

r.:;^'!-^^'"-^'' ''■■-'•',-•  'n-'-x  on 

iv.Kia,  .Martin  do,  report!^  discovery  of  '      '>,S(i   •■>()(,  i 


Xoi-thwest  I'a.ssagc,  j,  ,S7. 
I^adisMHi,  oxjiloi'ation.s,  i.  r)«8. 
Kac,  Mrs,  in  ('a!.,  ii.  (;SM. 
•     Kae,  W.  (4.,  at  Fort  Stikcon,  lS40,  ii, 

M.>-G;   at  Yurl.a,   lUiiiia,    1S4|,   ij 

(iV.K    ti.")l,   OSS;    niarriaye,    1S;J7,    ii. 

OS/. 

Rainier,    >ronnt,    see   Lewis    and   C 

e.xjied.,  ii.  (il. 
Raleiyh,  Sir  Walter,  attempts  to  foniid 

colony  at  lloanoke,   |."HS{i-7,  i.  ]',), 
Ramu.-io,  Seliastian  Cahot's  letter  to, 

i.  ;!();  map,  ].").■)(),  i.  4!). 
ItapidH.  rnmiini,',  i.  42s  !). 
Rascals'  \'iila,<,'e,  .see  Mackenzie's  vov- 

at;c,  i.  (\'.)~.  700. 
Rations,  fur-hniiters,  i.  4:\-2-?>. 
Rattlesnake  cicek.  nan:cd,  ii.  Ki. 
lUivmond,  Or.  missionarv,  ii.  (;7(;. 
Raynolds,     Capt.,     explores    lellow- 

ftonc,  ii.  ;ji. 
Recluliiave,    partner   X.    \V.    Cd.,    i. 

ry..,'i. 
liecdUet,   mis,sionaries   in  Canada,   i. 


_  I77S,  i.  1(17-/-. 

Jvcstone  River,  named,  ii.  81. 

Iteviilii,  (:ristc.l)al,  177o;  lleceta'.s  ex- 
ped.,  i.   l.JS-(i(j. 

ISevilla,  (iiiiedo,  opinion  of  tlicseixurc 
of  Cohiett,  i.  22:!;  onler.s  Xnotka 
occnpied,  i.  2;{<»;  n,utli-\vest  i\pl<)i;i- 

tion,    17!)2,    i.    270;    17!)4,    i,    2;).'.; 
ri'port   on   Xootka   controversy,    i.' 


Key   (j.roniido,    sec    riirelias'    mai., 

11)2.-).  i.   lO.i.  ' 

Kcyes,    I'dint,   Caln-ern,   r.neno's   lali- 
^  tudes  at,  17;)4,  i.   14 S. 
Jve.Ms  J.'iver,  Fonte'.s  storv,  i.  II!). 
l;.ynolds,  ('apt.,  on  Cal. 'coast,  IsK), 

i.  .■{."io;  at  Fort  (;eoi;,'c,  ii.  2(i7. 
Jteyiiolds.  J.  X.,  originates  exiiiorin'' 

cxped.,  ii.  (;(J<». 
l;e/;inof,  repcii't,  i.  ,121-2. 
Jldias,  Juan  dc,   reiinrfs  discovei-y  of 

nni'tli-west  pa.ssage,  i.  87. 
Kilianlt,     .lean,     cuionizes     America, 

l.")(;2,  i.  I!),  ;{S0-!;  hunts  for  Cibola, 

U  .V2;  killed,  i.  ;t8(>-l. 
Iticaras,  Lewis  and  C.  oxped.  amoii/.;, 

ii.    I.'?;    Hunt's   cxped.    ammi  ',    ii. 

isl   ;i. 

Jliiii,    \\'.,    on   exiiliirin'/   cxik  il  ,    ii 
(ill!).  (;S2.  ..        I       .       • 

Kiehard,  deserter,  ii.  (L'O;  (lea  th,  ii.  (;28. 
Jiu'hai-dson,    sui'veyor,    i.    (ilo;    witii 

Wyeth's  cxped. ,'ii.  ."jSiMIO. 
Ivichardson,  (apt.  port,  S.  F.,  ii.  OS.'!, 
iviejiclien,    monopoly    in    America,    i 

.'iSS-'J. 


Rector.  MS.,  ren>ark.s  on,  i.  OI."!.  .>,^,^_., 

5-'    V'-'wriT^'^'^V^-w"^;^''-'-?'    l''^'"""'"l.     missionary,     Fort     Xi 

2n;   '^^.'^f;"':„^..^•  ^""  '■;    ...'l-dly:l^n,ii.0.7.'' 


2(i!!;_u;l'ray  of,  ii.  2!)!»,  .•JOj;  oppo.-od 

by  .N.  \\.  Co..  ii.  ;J0()   I. 
Red  Loek   Creek,   .see  J.ewis  and   C 

cxped.,  ii.  :«). 
Rfccd,  .1..  elerk,  on  overland  cxped.,  ii. 

1/!',    Ivl,    1S(),    Jss,     nil,    -JKi;    ,.^t 

^\;!i)ri:i,   ii.    Iti;!-,-,;  ,„,   ,.xi„.,i      jj 

2(l2-:i,2;;!),  211,  21S,2:W-4();  murder 
of,  M.  217. 

Rcid,  .1    W.  K.,  on  cxpliiriu'.;  cxped., 
II.  (i(i!l.  o       J.        , 

Reindeer,  lialjitat,  i.  412. 
Reiiie,  Vuit  de  la,  l.uill,  i.  r,<X}. 


<pl;i 
l;in,:;yold,     Lieut.     C,    on    cxi)lorin!,' 

ex])ed.,  ii.  (i(i!);  ex]i!ored  Adi!iii;;lf.y 

Inlet,  ii.  (i7;);  sent  to  S.  F.  Lav    ii' 

ONI,  (iS.'J. 
l;io  nmnaventura,  the,  of  Spaniard- 

i.  D.'SII,  (141,  C,:,]. 
i!io  de  .Janeiro,  \'illegairnon  lamls  at, 

i.  .'!s(l. 
I.'io  Xevado,  o'' Cortereal.  i.  .'!(;. 
Ivio  del  Xortc,   doidft   aliont   its  dis- 

cmliiiiKdiment,  i.  4,"). 
Jiio,  R(]driL'o  del,  views  of  Xew  Mex- 


Rcl.et  sidp,  cxph.es   FaJiliJ,"ii.  CdO- I  Ri!!;^!' Ih'it.n.lo   dc   los.   reports   t^^o 
T>      1  ,.  ,  niirth-u est  passages    l.-)i)S    i    ST 

Rc..dexyons,     t„r.traders.     i.      4n:}-t,     River  of  the  West,';ee  (.vVaiOOS 

XI.  ioo,  16,j/,  11.  010;  (Jicen  River,  j      ii.  IS,  184,  24(J-7. 


7fi6 


INDKX. 


Ronnoko,  Itnloisli  nttninpts  to  found 

I'uloiiy  at,  l.iSl-7. 
Ifdiiniiku    Jiivir,    liction    coiicuriiing, 

i.  till. 
]{iil)liil)(M),  food,  i.  •1,'M. 
Jidliliiiis,  \i>\i\^v,  1S;!S,  i.  ',\42. 
]!(p|)i'i'cl('iiii,  .MS.,  ri'iii.irks  on,  i.  (iir>. 
J{iilii'rii.il,  vii't'Miy  (if  ('jiiiiula,   fouiids 

sittk'iiit'iit,  i.  1"J. 
]{()!)(  rt.s,  Ciipt. ,  on  M.  \V.  const,  17!H, 

i.  '_'.">.">;  I7if_',  i.  -JCm;   17!):t.  i.  •2'.I4. 
KolM'its,  <;.  ]',.,  witli   ]).    I>iilii,d;i«,   ii. 

noS;  iit  Cowlitz  faiiti,  IM7,' ii.  (il.'f; 

I'liu'it  Siiiiiid  A.  Co.,  ii.  (il.");  fort- 

liuildini;  4'x|)fd.,  IS.'U,  ii.  (i'J!». 
Kolit'itson,  C(jliii,nKinagri'  forSilUirk, 

i.  ."i7(i  7. 
lloliinson,  voyajre.  183S,  i.  .14'J. 
Jtiiliiiison,  Iv,  with  1'.  FiirCo.  fx]n'd., 

ii.  i>Sl,  IM,  -.Md. 
lloliiiison,  1''.  .1.,  ooinniisMioncrou  titli" 

N.  W.  const,  ii.  ;{;i(i-S. 
Itolili't,    siii').'Oi)ii,    explores   Charlotte 

Jsl.,  i.  i.'.M-7. 
Mvol)    Koy,'     vi-uise    in     nortii-wcst, 

iM-jn-n,  i.  :ui. 

lioihi'jauMc,  si'c  Vcllowstnnc,  ii.  SO. 

KinUy  Mts,  l''rciu'h  rcacii,  1711),  i. 
•_Ni;  n."!-,  i.  -8;  tiajiiiers  reach, 
l7-'>0-IS(M).  i.  '27;  lirst  \va;;oii  exped. 
til.  i.  .">ll;  N'crendiye  reaches,  i. 
Til).");  J.,e\vis  and  C.  exited.,  ii.  Ki, 
71». 

Rocky  Mt.  Fnr  Co.,  f.rnied,  i.  .514; 
opposes  11.  IJayCo.,  ii.  4r)4;  ilinni.'e 
of  ownership,  ii.  4.V),  (110;  compe- 
tition with  .American  Fnr  Co.,  ii. 
4M,  007,  .'J70-1. 

Rocky  Mt.  House,  built,  ii.  S!),  91 -'2; 
Fraser  at,  ii.  !)4-S. 

Rocky  Monntains,  dates  of,  named, 
lS(i.">,  ii.  -21. 

Roddes,  fnr  monopoly  of,  i.  'A'X't. 

Roduers,  his  voya_Lres,  I71'2,  i.  i'im. 

liodrii.'uez,  explores  \ew  ^loxico, 
l.\S|   -2,  i.  -20. 

lioehuck,  on  Or.  question,  ii.  ;)!)7-S. 

]{og(-r.s,  voyaye,  17!'7,  i.  oOti. 

Koyers,  kilie(i.  i.  ^u'.l 

lioy;ers,  Ciijit.  W.,  privateer,  in  Pa- 
citic,  i.  •2:>,  int. 

Rolfe.  J.,  niarriai^e  with  I'lX'ahontas, 
i.  .")4:{. 

Kond  Cap,  Point  Adams,  ii.  ,")7. 

liondean,  guides  Kelley,  ii.  54!). 

Hon(|nil!o,  Fstrccho  dc,  Fonto's  story, 
i.  117. 

Honiitullo,  I'hilip  de,  I'Vmtc's  storv,  i. 

no. 

lioostcr  Rock,  ii.  47. 


Rorpie,  .T.  F.  do  la,  vicei'ov  of  Tm  Xou- 

velle  France,  i.  :fS0. 
KoiUnfetdi,    l..ient.,   on   N.  \V.  coast, 

IS17,  i.    ;j;>0-8;  a   voyage,    etc.,    i. 

.•t;js. 

J!o.snrio  .Strait,  sec  Rocii  de  ]'"i<lalg(), 
i.  -242. 

Kosati,  .lesnit  missionary,  ii.  '>:i7. 

liose,  among  Crow.s,  ii.  127-8. 

liosehnd  Ilivei-,  see  Lewis  and  C.  ex- 
ped., ii.  80. 

Rose  Point,  ])oui,das  names,  Aug. 
1788,  i.  2(H). 

Rose  River,  Clarke  names,  ii.  78. 

'J{ose,'tng,  wreckecl,  ii.  040. 

Ross,  Rcii  River  .settlement,  i.  .■|7I); 
on  Coliindiin,  ii.  171;  at  KnmloooH, 
ii.  20.') -0;  as  an  antiior'ity,  ii.  2IN, 
21.");  among  Indians,  ii.  2."i."i-  8,  2(iS- 
!';  trading  ex)ie(l.,  ii.  2.")8;  snrxcys 
liiir  of  (,'olinid>ia,  ii.  200;  cypliiriiig 
exjied.,  ii.  270-1;  witii  McK'iii'ic, 
ii.  2711-4;  surveys  Cowlitz,  (irairic, 
ii.  Oi:!. 

Ross,  A.,  in  l\andoo)is  conntrv,  ii. 
122;  clerk  P.  Fur  Co.,  144,  l'7:i-4, 
20.V-0,  210;  joins  Northwest  Co., 
248. 

Rr)ss,  C,  at  Fort  McLoughlin,  RS.'id, 
ii.  02.S;  1S-(1,  ii.  O.". 

]?o.ss,  Fort,  Russians  cst.dilisli.  i.  ."i20; 
ii.  .loO;  Rnssiivns  ahandon,  ii.  004. 

Rotclief,  Gov.  A.,  at  Fort  Ros.s,  ii. 
004. 

R<inge,  Fort,  linilfc,  i.  J"!).". 

Rouijue  River  I'ass,  joiation.  i.  04(i. 

Routes,  through  the  Coi-dilieras,  i. 
OI7-(ir);  of  railway  througli  Rocky 
Mts.,  i.  Oll;{;  of  nulway  tiiroujli 
Sierra  Xcvadas,  i.  0."il-li;  ol'  l':iil- 
ways  and  canals  througli  Centi'ul 
America,  i.  O'.'l  4;  from  Rocky  Mts. 
to  I'acilic.  i.  (iOO-.")0;  Or.  to  Cal.,  i. 
017;  Cal.  to  .Mex.,  i.  (i.">4;  Fnrt 
(ieorge  to  ^Villiam,  ii.  24.")-."iO. 

'Rover,'  cruise  in  north-west,  ISOO.  i. 
:!08. 

Piowan.  Ca]it.  .Tas.,  on  X.  W.  coast, 
17118.  i.  :{00;  1700,  i.  ;)07;  180.'!,  i. 
■Ml;   1804,  i.  :!I8. 

Rowland,  aceoniiianies  ."^impson.  ii. 
(i.V),  0,')7-8,  001;  in  S.  F.  Ray,  ii. 
088. 

Roy.il,  Capt.,  on  Columliia,  lS:!i>,  ii. 
.'Ul.  004. 

Ruddock,  S.  A.,  explorations,  ls21, 
ii.  :?(M,  44(). 

Rupert,  Foil,  post,  TI.  liay  Co..  i.  448; 
]irolits  IS.'iO,  i.  407;  description,  i. 
401:  location,  ii.  020. 


i\r>KX. 


757 


Iiupcit  Liind,  Uiinicd,  i,  iV[);  cxtciit, 
i.  i:;!);  ii.  -JIW;  piiiiUd  ti.  Jl.  ]!;iy 
Ci)..  i.  i:;!)-l(i;  I'rdich  iiuizo,  i.  -ItO- 
1;  II.   IJ.iy  I'o.,  (livi-siou  of,  i.  417. 

l\ii|)(rt,  I'l'iiicc,  gov.  lluilsuii  Bay  Co., 
i.  i;;!). 

liiisiit'lli,  luiip  of  1544,  i.  47. 

liii.sh,  1{.,  Ai-'toriu  nst^rcil,  ii.  i!l)l; 
Coiiiiiussioiiur,  title  X.  W.  (HiiiMt,  ii. 

ltiis|]Kii;Ji  ];ivtr,  iiiiiiiftl,  i.  I'Sl. 

Kn.sscll,  l-oi(l  ■!.,  oil  Or.  (juostioii,  ii. 
.•!!I7,  4(t:!. 

liij.'isiiiii  Aini'iii'im  ]''tir  Co.,  ])(jlicy,  i. 
.'{.")■_';  or;;;uiiz(il,  i.  .'!.").'l;  on  N.  ^\'. 
coiist,  i.  .'174;  ii.  .'ills,  .'MS;  jiropos-iMl 
relation  to  1'.  I'ur  Co.,  ii.  l'.)7;  on 
(-111.  coast,  ii.  .".'ill;  ka.scs  tcTlitoiy 
to  il.  IJay  Co.,  ii.  (it.'Mi,  O.')."!;  nvv 
lIiis-ia.Ms. 

Kii.-i-iiiiis,   tarly    north-west    cxplora- 

tioiis,  i.  ;i, !),  -2!)  ;ii.  i'J7,  i:!<i.  is4- 

.");  ii.  .">!!);  as  cxiiioicis,  i.  .'{(1-1; 
maj),  1711,  i.  !'_'4;  Xootka  contro- 
V(MHV.    ii.    'Jl.>7-S;    oi\  Cal.    coa.st,   i. 

.'i  I '.I,  ■;{•:■_'  :!,  :i-j.".,  •r.u,  i;:.:!,  :;74,  4i4, 

.''vi.VS;  ii.  .'ilKl,  (mU;  in  noi'tli-wtj^t 
I'lii-tradf,  i.  ;it.'i,  XM,  'Mli,  TcJ-J  S; 
ii.  (!",(i-7,  (itll~l;  on  the  Coluniliia, 
ii.  I.'il;  rlaini  to  Xorthwi'!  t  (Joast, 
ii.  ;il!),  ;i'_'S,  :!4S~,-)I ;  on  X.  \V.  toast, 
ii.  :i!l),  (;::•_'  .•!,(;j'.»-:j:;;a.ifui-lia(ki>. 
ii.  (i4:>-4;  leave  ledoiilit  St  J)ioiiy- 
siii.s,  ii.  (I HI;  1  olicy  toward  Indi.ins, 
ii.  (mD;  ;diandon  Fort  lloss,  ii.  ((04; 
tre.aly  wiUi  H.  Ikiy  Co.,  ii.  (JO.I. 

Txut,  .loiin,  exiiloration,  i.   12. 

I'uy.seii,  .1.,  nia|)  of  |."()S,  i.  .■i7. 

livan,  \V.,  eajit.  'Cadljoro, '  ii.  477, 
'.'d,"). 

lly.swiek,  treaty  of,  terms,  i.  44'2. 

S 

Sanvcilra,  A.  Tv.,  at  Xootlca,  1703,  i. 

•J!i;!,  •-'!)(;:  vova.'e.  I7'.»"),  i.  ;ioi. 
Salile,  hahitat.'i.   11-'. 
Sulile  Is.,  attenijit  to  eolnnj/e,  i.  ,'i,S4. 
S.'ieajav.ea,   l..e\\  is   and   C.  eN[ied.,   ii. 

•J-'.  '_'!). 
Sacramento  V.iUiy,  J[.  liavCo.  enter, 

i.  .VJ7. 
S.uMle   Hill,   .Meares   sights,  July  '_', 

17SS,  i.  l')7. 
.Saildic  Mt.,  Nelialem  hv.^(nd,  ii.  'uV'; 
S;'i;,'eau,  M.,  falmlous  .stories,  i.  .'>!)(). 
Salia|)tiu.  Liwis  and  C.  exped.,  ii.  ',V,i. 
St  Anno,  I'ort.  ea])turcd,  i.  411   "2. 
St  Anthony,  I'allsof.  Iknnejiin  visits, 

KM),  i.  24. 


St  Churlc?,  Fort,  Imilt,  i.  .'0.1. 

."^t  ChaT'h;)  lliver,    see  A^.-inilnK  Is,  in 

.Jetl'jrys' map    I7(>S.  i.  lll'J. 
St  Clair,  with  Wyeth's  exped.,  ii.  ."lO;!. 
.St  l)yonysins,    ledonlit   site,   ii.   (ilK); 

Itussialis    leave,    ii.    til(i;    Ijeeunies 

I'ort  Stikecn,  ii.  04."). 
.St   Helen,  -Mount,  \'aneiinver  names, 

17!f2.    i.    '-'Nl;    see    J,e\vis    and    C. 

exped.,  ii.  41,  01. 
St  .lame.s  Caiie,  named,  i.   17!);  J)ixoii 

roiiiuls,  i.  ISO. 
St.l.'imes,  Koi't,  liiiilt,  ii.  Hi!(;  imjiort- 

iineo,  ii.  4!l.")-0. 
St  .lohn,  Fieneli  take,   1(1!I7.  i.    II'.'. 
St  .lolin,  I'ort,  Indian  tro\diles  at,  ii. 

U',-2,  -v.n. 
.St  .IdS'pli,  as  a  trading  eiMiti'r,  i.  ."(OS. 
.St  Lawrenee,  n.ime  Oeeomes  current, 

i.    I--';  Cartier  explores,   i.   4-_',   .'iSO; 

Indians  rejHjrt  of,   i.   4'2;   Honn  in"s 

m:ip,  l."i.")S,  i.  .")();  Salmeron,  opinion 

of,  i.   10.".;  early  fui'-tr;ide  on,  i.  .'J.S.I, 
.St    Lawrence    Island,   tiering  names, 

17'.'S,  i.  ;50. 
St   F-,azarns,  ArehipelaLTUS  de,  I'onte's 

story,  i.  1 10. 
St  Ijouis,  ])ost  on  site,  i.  ."i'l."i;   injport- 

a  nee,  i.  .')07 -S,  ."')I0    II. 
St  Louis,   fall.s  of,  Cartier  reaches,  i. 

St   Louis,  rajiids  of,    trailing   center, 

10'J7,  i.  ."iS'.l. 
.St  Malo  merchants,  Can.'idii  fur-trado, 

i.  .'!s:i-4,  .'iSS-K. 
St  Patrick  Bay,  Hanna  names,  \~>^'t, 

i.  174. 
St  I'etei',  Fort,  built  by  A'erendrx'e,  i. 

St   Petersburg,    treaty   <if,    ii.    O-'-J-li, 

0-_»(l. 
St    I'ierre,    Caiver    visits,    1700-S,   i. 

].'{"2;  explorations,  i.  .");i7. 
St  I'ierre,   Ceu.,  I'reucli  commander, 

i.  400. 
St  .Simon,  .seizes  Itu pert  Land,  1071,  i. 

410. 
.Sallioy,     in    Wvtilict-l'tol.inv    map, 

1.7,(7,  i.  84. 
•Sahlibar,  travels,  Kils,  i.  100. 
.Salmon-lisinng,  l''r,-iser  I'ivei'.  ii.  4S7; 

im()ortance,   ii.   .">l;7;    WycllTr;  jdan 

at,  ii.   ">77;  his  failure,  ii.  .".'.(0;  on 

(Vdumliia,  ii.  O.'SO. 
Salmon  House,  location,  ii.  471. 
•Silnieron,    Padre,     st^ry    "f     I'rakc's 

exjied.,   i.  ()•_';    on   .\nian   .-liait,    i. 

10.-.. 
.Salmon  I'iver,  see  Lewis  and  ( '.  cM.ed., 

ii.  ',V2;  see  Tummanamah,  ii.  0',). 


f8i 


INDEX. 


II 


Saltor,  Capt.  J.,  on  N.  W.  coast,  1803, 

i.   •M'2-\r,,  ii.   laO-S;  kilkul  l,y  In- 

(liiiiiH,  i.  i'lH,  .SI."). 
f-^altill.T,  Pass,  loc^iitioii,  i.  (1(10. 
Sfilt-iiiJikiiig,  Lewi.s  and  ('.  expcd.,  ii. 

.')(1-.")S. 
Siilvailor,  Captain,  on  Colorado  Kivca-, 

17.-. I,  i.  l--'7. 
Salvaticini,  rt'iiorts  discovery  X.  AV. 

p.is.sago,  i.  52;  cxploivs  Califoniia, 

1701,  i.  ii:j. 

Siinuiel  I'oiiit,  iiaiiicd,  ii.  ."),1. 

San  Antonio,  seo  Consag's  trip,  17-18, 
i.  12G. 

San  Bla.'!,  Pitcz  .sails  fivnn,  i.  l.TI ;  Ilc- 
ceta  Icavi'H,  i.  \')S;  Murtinc/ anivuM, 
i.  IS."),  '22i;  l(!avon,  i.  •Jl."!;  T(jl)ar  ar- 
rivos,  i.  -J  10,  •2->~. 

'Sun  C'arloH,'  snow,  on  X.  W.  coast, 
17SS,  i.  KSl;  178!l,  i.  'JO.".,  -JI.S,  -J-Jl, 
2:50;  1701,  i.  '2-11,  l',„,  •J.-JO;  170:i,  i. 

201,  -Jo;!;  170.";,  i.  aoi. 

Sanclio,  Indian  cluuf,  ii.  402. 

San  Diego,  cruise  on  Cal.  coast,  lOO.S, 

i.  14(1;  occupied  liy  Spaniards,  1700, 

i.  l.")();  Perez  at,  i.  l.'>0. 
Sandwicii  Islands,  La  Perouse  leaves, 

17^0,  i.  17.">;  Portlaekat,  1780,1.  17S. 
Sandy  llivcr,  see   Quicksand  liiver, 

ii.  48. 
San  lOstt^van,  see  Perez'  voyage,  1773, 

i.  155. 
San  Fernando  Pas.s,  location,  i.  G.")4. 
San  Francisco  Bay,  reached  by  Span- 
iards, 1700,  i.  28;  Ii.  Bay  Co.,  post 

at,  ii.  522,  088-0;  ships  in,  1841,  ii. 

058-0. 
San  Francisco,  kingdom  of,  Niza  takes 

posses.'-ion  l.").'{0,  i.  44. 
Sangrc  de  Cristo  Pass,  location,  i.  037. 
Sangstcr,  voyage,  1837,  i.  342. 
Sanv'sttir,  Jas.,  capt.  of  '  Cailljoro, '  ii. 

477. 
San  .loaqnin  valley,  H.  Bay  Co.,  enter, 

i.  527. 
San  .Tuan,  KHsa  names,  i.  240. 
San  Lorenzo,  I'crez'  voyage,    1773,  i. 

155;  1778,  i.   170;  location,  i.   155. 
San  Alartin  Cape,  in  de  Laet's  map, 

l(i33,  i.  100. 
San    lioipie,    Heceta    names,    i.    103; 

!Mearcs  names,  i.  108. 
San  Salvailor,   cruise  on  Cal.  coast, 

1543,  i.  138. 
Santa  Ana,  Pedro,  killed  by  Indians, 

177.'),  i.  101. 
Santa  l'>rirljiira,  Perez  south  of,  Jnnc 

24.  177;!,  i.  1.52. 
Santa  Catalina,  see  Forrester  Island, 

i.  154. 


Santa  Clara,    Porez    voyage,   1773,  i. 

1.-).".. 
Santa  (Jristina,  sec  Fori'ester  Island, 

i.  1.54. 
Santa  Cruz,  discovered  by  Jimenez,  i. 

41. 
Santa  Cruz  do  Xutka,  Ma rt  i nez  na ni' ■«, 

i.   21(i;    explored,   i.   224;    garrison 

life,  1700,  i.  210. 
Santa  IV,  Penalosiipenetnites  beyimil, 

10(i2,  i.    10!);  Harris'  maj.,   l';05,  i. 

115;   trade,  i.  515;   trail  Hnrveyc<l, 

lS.5;t,  i.  0.'!7. 
'Santa  Ccrtrudis,'  on   X.   W.   coast, 

17il2,  i.  28.3. 
Santa  (icrtrudis  Pass,  location,  i.  050. 
Santa  Margarita,  Point,  Perez  names, 

i.  152;  see  Cape  North,  i.  154. 
Santa  Magdalena  Cape,  see  Point  Mu- 

zon,  i,  154. 
Santa  Maria,  Oiiate  reaches  mouth  of, 

1004-.5,  i.  21,  00. 
Santa  Iiosalia,  Perez  sights,    177.'!,   i. 

1,50. 
'Santa  Saturnina,' schooner,  on  N.W, 

coast,  1701,  i.  244-48,  2.")(). 
Santiago  (Colima),  discovereil,  i.  13. 
'Santiago,'  cruise  on  X.  W.  coast,  1773, 

i.  151;  1775,  i.  158-05. 
Sargent,  with  \Vyeth's  exped.,  ii.  5(')3. 
Satakarata,  at  Fort  Langli'V,  ii.  477. 
'Saturnina,' at  Nootka,   1702,  i.  280. 
Saucien,  hunter,  i.  07,  102. 
Sauve,  .1.  B.,  at  Fort  Langley,  ii.  477; 

on  Sauvo  Is.,  ii.  500. 
Sauve  Is.,  see  Wapato  Is.,  i.  401;  ii. 

48,  503,  500. 
Sauzalito,    sec    Whalers'  Harbor,    ii. 

058-0. 
Savaniudi  River,   Soto  reaches,  1.530, 

i.  1.5. 
Saw -mill,  ereetdl  (Jr.,  1820,  ii.  504-5. 
Sawn,  Capt.  J.  P.,  on  Colnmbia,  1827, 

ii.  470. 
Scarborough,  Jas.,  Capt.  of  'Cadboro,' 

ii.  477. 
Scattering  Creek,  named,  ii.  35. 
Scawana,  Indian  chief,  ii.  480. 
Sciioner's  Globe,  1520,  i.  ,38. 
Scott,  David,  meiehant,  i.  177. 
Scott  lUiiils,  named,  ii.  581. 
Scott  Cape,  named,  i.  178  0. 
Scott  Mountain   Pass,  description,  i. 

Scroggs,  explores  Hudson  Bay,  i.  21). 
'Sea  Cull,'  e.vplores  Pacilie,  ii.  0(!0; 

wrecked,  ii.  070. 
Seal  Is.,  iiauicd,  ii.  53. 
Sial  l\iver,  named,  ii.  48. 
Seals,  habitat,  i.  412. 


IDDEX. 


739 


Seaman  Creek,  iianiccl,  ii.  71. 

JStM  OtUT,  oil  \.    \V.  coast,   17!M),  i. 

:(().•);  1T!)7,  i.  3(l(!;   1>S0!I,  ii.  I'J'J;  ii. 

ICO. 
Si'ji-ntt.T.    lialiitat,    i.    :m,    4rJ-i;{: 

(Icsi  riptioii,  i,  3-1^-");  on  L'al.  coast, 

ii.  (iOt. 
Pea-ottiT  Harbor,  Ilanna  nanius,  17.S,"), 

i.  174. 
Si'l)aMtiaii,   ('a])i!   l'»laiic(j  tic,   Vizcuiiio 

rc.ulics,  l(i();t,  i.  SS. 
Seilclmair,  J'atlici',  ou  Cal.  gcographv, 

i.  \S>. 
SeiU'Ui),  I'adrt',  roporta  Xorthwest  paa- 

sagu,  i.  cS7. 
Sfi\,  .Stiki'cn  cliicf,  ii.  (i'V2. 
Selkirk,  J^onl,   l!eil    iviver  colony,   i. 

rulS-2;  ii.  ;i(l(>;  death,  ii.  ;i()l. 
Sclu yii,  explores  IVaee  Jiivor  J'uss,  i. 

(i'JO. 
Scniplc,  Cuv.,  killed,  i.  ,")7!t;  ii.  W). 
Seimlelne  Is.,   Lewis  and  C  exped., 

ii.  4.'). 
tScrra,  I'adrc  Junipcro,  in  Cal.,  177:1, 

i.  I.->I. 
Serrano,  Alonso  I'.otello  y,  repcjrt  on 

cxplor.-itions,  llilid,  i.  !()(i. 
Serre,  traiipin;,'  tour,  l.s;i4,  ii.  .")S,'5. 
Sulon,  elcik   l'.  Fur  Co.,  ii.  1!I7,  -'()!), 

•^11,  '-'^(i,  •-':!.■.. 

yev(.'u  cities,  Ciiznian  liunts  for,  I.")!)."!, 
i.  4 J;  Ni/a  re])oi't  of,  i.  4.'{-4;  in 
W'  tlliet-l'tolcniy'smap,  I."i!l7,  i.  >S-'. 

Sliaiv,!-,   (,'apt.    W.,  on  IS.    ^V.   coast, 

iso;i-4.  i.  ;us. 

'Shark,'  selioom'r,  wi-ockod,  ii.    ,")3;i, 

()!):•;   on  ( 'olunil)i,i,  ii.  707. 
Sharp,  his  voyages,  I7'.t2.  i.  -li.'i. 
Shaw,  Angus,  partner  X.  \V.  (,'o.,  ii. 

•-•-'7. 
Siicep,  Mt.,  habitat,  i.  412. 
SlieUkof,  exploring  expod.,  i.  .S.")3. 
Shelvoekc,  piivateer,  in  I'aeilic,  i.  2o; 

liiKls  gold  Cal.,  17-Jl-L',  i.  I'_>l. 
Shepard,  C,  tiip  to  Or.,  ii.  .")7H. 
Sliepiienl,    (.'apt.,    voyages,    17!)'2,    i. 

•_'(;(;,  '27! »,  -^7. 
Sliepjiard,  Fort,  location,  ii.  I'JI. 
Sherilt;  ('apt.,  in  I'acilie,  ii.  •_",»•_>. 
Slierill' Point,  n;uned,  i.  "iSI. 
Shields  lvi\er,  named,  ii.  77. 
Sliinde-niaking,  I'ngot  Sound,  ii.  701. 
Slii[i-l)ui!diHg,  Xootka,  I7''<S,  i.  10.V7; 

l''ort  .Vstoiia,  ii.  I.">4;  X.  W.  coast, 

ii.  L'.")S-!i,  .S'Ji,  :;•-';!,  ()j;!-4. 

Shi|)  Cove,  (V)ok  names,  177''^,  i.  170. 
Slioalwati^r  liay,  Meares  names,  i.  197; 

(Jlar!vc  reaches,  ISO.'),  ii.  ■");!. 
Shonowanc,    I.,    Iromioia   hunter,  ii. 

174. 


!^lioHliia,  Indian,  ii.  4S1. 

Shoshoncs,  sec  Le«  isaud  ( '.  c\peil..  ii, 
■J2,  'J.'i,  2S,  ;{;{;  Mclven/ie  among,  ii. 
'.'71, '-'74,  271;;  war  \w  h  niackleet, 
I.SL'4,  ii.  447;  trade,  l.s;)0,  ii.  4.V>. 

.Shumagin  Islands,  llering  names,  1741, 

i.  ;«). 

Shushwaps,  Iinlian  tribe,  ii.  1 71. 

Sibeiia,  (Jossacks  traverse,  I(i00-."i0, 
i.  -Jll. 

Sierra  Madre,  i.  (iJO;  p.isses  of,  i. 
(i.57-()l. 

Sierra  Xevada,  (^abrillo  names,  i.  4It; 
])asses,  i.  (i4.'{,  i>4'.t-.")0. 

Sierra,  I'adre,  lleeeta"a  exjied.,  177."),  i. 
l.")>S-(iO. 

.Sieriu  de  San  Cristobal,  see  I'erez'  voy- 
age, 177.1,  i.  l'>4. 

.Silva,  (Jaicia  de,  discovciing  north- 
west pas.sage,  li.  !)l'  .'!,  |(il». 

'Silva  (le  (ir.'ice,'  wret  k.d,  ii.  ."i!!!!. 

Silver  Mountiiin  I'a-s,  licaiion,  i.  (I.VJ, 

Siinni()ns,  M.,  at  I'uget  Sound,  1S44, 
ii.  702. 

Simpson,  (^'aptain.  voya  ce.  1S'_'7.  i.  o41. 

Simpson,  Lieut.,  deatli,  ii.  02.'!. 

Simpson,  A.,  at  llinohdu  ])ost,  ii. 
.~)-2~',i;  at  Laehiiie  Hou.sc,  ij.  ."rJ."!. 

.Simpson,  I'].,  (.'aplain  ot  'C.idboro,'  ii. 
477-1). 

.Simjpson,  Sii'  (1.,  down  I'rascr  Liver, 
ii.  114,  llS-l!):onColunibi;i,  ii.  4:!2, 
441;  at  i''oit  St.loiui,  ii.  402;  seinla 
Tod  to  Xi^w  (Jaledonia,  ii.  40"-f;  at 
FortLanglev,  ii.  4S4  .">;  ihath,  char- 
acter, ii.  4!»0  1,  .■.2:i;  visits  X.  W. 
dominion,  ii.  4!(0-7;  birth,  ajipear- 
anee,  ii.  4s!);  as  judge,  ii.  VM;  at 
Fort  St  James,  ii.  VJ'r,  director 
I'ugct  Sound  .\.  Co.,  ii.  010;  ordei'.s 
Fort  Tako  ab,uidoiie(l,  ii.  0.")();  tries 
Heroux,  ii.  O.'i.S;  narrative',  etc.,  ii. 
(i.>4,  (i02;  journey  roiiiid  llie  world, 
ii.  0,")4-02;  on  ('ohuidiia,  ii.  O.V)  7; 
on  X.  W.  coast,  ii.  0.".7-^;  at  Sitka, 
ii.  G.")S,  GO! ;  in  Cal.,  ii.  O.'iS^lil),  (iSS, 
(i!)2;  at  Honolulu,  ii.  001;  at  Fort 
Slikeen,  ii.  Oil  2:  M'-fsMs'  opinion 
of,ii.OO.">;  .-it  I'ort  Vancouver,  ii.O.M; 
attitude  to  McLon^liIin,  ii.  7<>:{. 

Simpson,   Fort,  post,   11.   Lay  Co.,  i.   ^ 
44S;  giduiid  pl.-in,  i.  4!i2;  founded, 
ii.  G'2;j;  removed,  ii.  o:;;!  .'>;  Indians 
attack,   ii.   0;J7;   trade,  ii.  ().'i7;   on 
Mackenzie  Uivr,  ii.  (i."i.'J. 

Simpson,   I'ort,  commerce  at,  ii.  03."i. 

Sin.'doa,  Mendoza  reaches,  l."i.'>2,  i.  14; 
Vaca  arrives  at,  l."i.">:i,  i.  4!!. 

Sinclair,.!.  L.,c;ii>t.  ■( 'a;i'..oio,"  ii.  477; 
at  Fort  Walla  Walla,  '  S,"^ 'i,  ii.  711. 


7no 


i\r»FX. 


Siiiclnir,  ^\'.,  at  Cnwlit/.  f.inii,  ii.  (il.".. 
Siiii'liir  niiis..  lit  I'icrn^  llnlc,  ii.  .Hi I; 

ti,i|>|)iiij,'  tiiiii',  Isiij,  ii.  ."i7t'. 
Siii(iiii;l'liiii,  linliim  j^'uidi',  ij.  .I'lS, 
iSiniiv,    l'"iciuli  lii.-L   licMi'  lit',    l(i;!(t,    i 

|(l(i;    iiti.uL    X'cri'iiiiivi'H  jiMity,    i. 

r>!t.'>;  l.cuis  mill   ( '.  t'N|n'(l.,   ii.    1,'t 

|."i;  \\'illi,iiii.-i' t'\|inl.  atiiPiij:,  ii.  I'JT; 

1'.  l''iir(  'ii.,  i\|iii|.,  imiiiiiL,',  ii.  iSd   I. 
Siskiuli'i',  Ml- ( Jiiiii  iiivir,  ii,  .")S;{. 
Skiiu'it  I'liss,  liH'aliuii,  i.  IIH. 
Slvtlliy,  oil  N.  W.  i-i)ii.«t,  I.SO:>,  i.  :!•_'(); 

Iriiili  r,  ii.  ."i."i. 
Skins,  nu'tiiiMl  of  iln^isiiij-,  i.   (Kl   II. 
Ski|i|i,iiioii  (  ii't  iv,  1,1,'U  i.-iaiicl  ( '.ex  I  It'll., 

ii.  .'7. 
ISlai'uiM,  W.  A.,    r.  S.   ;i.;iiit;  mi   <'i>- 

liiiiiliia.   I.s;;(i  7.  ii.  t;i»'_*   I;  iu>ls  \V. 

CatlloCo.,  ii.  111,'). 
Slavey,  anion;;  liiiliaiis,  ii.  114,  (J17-!'. 
Slt'ds,  Mi'c  (lo;,'".s  sli'.l,  i.  -l.'Jt). 
Sl\  liiml.-J,  liiiji.iii,  ii.  (177. 
Siiialiiiox,  anion,'   Imlian.^,  i.  ."i.'il,  ii. 

171".,  (;!>•_',  lilJ,  ilS'J 


Soiloinv,   «nioni»  S|).iiii-ili   iiavi^'atnrM, 
i:.s7;  i.  71. 

.■^oissoll!*,  ( 'oilldl   ill',    UlUilo    lilMlt.-ytMI. 

Ni'W    I'Vaiiii';  ili'iilli,  i.  .'IS7  >». 
Soi;||ll^s,    Lewis  llllil   ('.  ('\|i('il.,  ii.  '10, 

ii.  'Jiil. 
SoLi.  ^..\.  Cal.,  isi:.,  i,  ;!;ii. 
Soldi. Ill  ^a.^M,  loratioii,  i.  (i'll, 
'Soliil.'.'i.ii  N.  W.  i'iia»t,  i;;ii,  i.  -J.-i,"!. 
Sonora,    N'aca.    tra\ crsi's,    l.iliil,   i,    1(1; 

S|ianiarils  lulvani't'  in,  l(i,M),    i,   '.'1; 

Kino  nvplort's,  i.  '.'."i;  Nil.irilc  in,  i. 

I  ■-•(». 
'Sonora,'    vcssil,    ci'iiise    mi     .\.    W. 

i'oa>.t,   177"'.  i.    lo'^  '"•>. 
Soiioia  l'a.v'<,  lovalioii,  i.  i'i>'2. 
So|ia,  Iniliaii  liiit't',  ii.  'J."!!!, 
.^'^o.sa,  ( '.iMlaiio  (If,  i'\|ilou'.'s   Ni'W  Mex- 
ico, l.ilK)  I,  i.  '20. 
Soto,     vo_vaj,'e,     l.'i.'t.S    I.'!,     i.      II,     I,"; 

lieensi'il  to  i-xjilon',  i.   Id. 
South  .\iiiti'iea,  disi'ovei'ed.  i.  (>. 
SoUtli   liowlder,   I.ewi.i  and*'.  ex|)ed., 

ii.  •-■:!. 


Smith,  S.  II.,  Wyi'th's  exiled.,  ii.."i(i;>; 

leather,    l''oi't    Xaneoiiver,    ii.    .")(<.'); 

Or.  ^^t'tlle|•,  ii.  (171. 
Siiiitli.   T.    I..,   death,    eliaraeler,    life, 

ii.ir.;;  1. 

Smith,   ('apt.    \V..   I'li    \.    W.   eonst, 

ISOl,  i.  .•ill:    K^l.'!,   i.  .'ioH;   IS()I>,   ii. 

l:{0  r.;   1M:(.  ii,  •.:i!l;  on  Cal.  coast. 

ISKI,  i.  ;i.'!."i;  life.  ii.  l.'iO. 
Smith,  .It'dediaii,   S.iiit.'i   I'e  trader,  i. 

."ill;  Aviili    Kiieky  -Mt.    Fur  ('o.,   ii. 

4IS,   l-i.'i;  trainiini,'  toiii',   IS'JI  7,  ii. 

44! I-.")."!;     1S'_".I,     ii'.     4.'.(i  S;    estapes 

Iiitliaiis.  ii.  4.ii)    1;  tleatli.  ii.  4.")!». 
Smith,   .loliii,   Heeks    Nmthwist    I'.is- 

.sa-e,     KliMl.    i.    ■_'_'.    !)•_•;    fill'    trader, 

Mil  I,  i.  ;1S7,  4!ll>. 
Smith,  .lo.'<.,  see  l''ariiham':j  exjied.,  ii. 

(III!  I. 
Sill'  lis   Inlet,  ll.iniia   names,  ]~S{).  i. 

i  I 
Siiulh.'^'   uid,  r.aliin  e\[vloit's,  !(!||>,  i. 


Smith,   ('apt.    I'',   at   .\stoiia,    IMI,   i.     Smith  ('.iidliiia,  l'"reinh  explm't',  l."iri'_'- 

:i:;:!.  .•),  i.  lit. 

Smith  Kootenai-i  Pass,  1  nation,  i.  (I'JJ, 

(IJI. 
South    I'ass,    liir;itimi.    i.    (i!t|,    (i.'IA-l!; 

di'seii|itimi,    i.   (IMI;   diseovtireil,   ii, 

417. 
Soiitli  Sea,  ('artier  seeks,   i.    I'J;  sn|i- 

]ioM'il    river    llowiii:,'    into,     i,     !_'; 

Kni^lit    sii|iiiost'd   to  have  riaehed, 

i.  I'.'l. 
Smith  .Sea  ('mn|>any,  liei'iisc  trailer:<, 

i.  I7S;  iiortii-west  fur  ti.ide.  I7^.'>,  i. 

:i.-.4. 

Southwest  Co..  .Vstor  forms,  i.  .M.'t. 

Sow  K's,  ('apt.  ('.,  on  .\.  \V.  eoast, 
ISI'.',  i.  ;i'Jl>,  ii.  1!h;  S,  'Jtll,  '_'l.'0; 
ISIS,  i.  ;!:!7. 

S[iaiii,  ileeliiiin;,'  inttivest  ill  tli.seovery, 
i.  7;  views  in  iliseovery,  1710,  i. 
I  I!);  north-wt.'st  exploration,  1770, 
i.  I,"i();  I7SS,  i.  ISI  .".;  Nootka  emi- 
troveisy,  i.  'J'J7-.>S ;  olitain.s  l.ilitl 
west  of  .Mi.ss.,  I7liii,  i.  401;  ohlains 
I'loi'ida,  i.  101;  cedes  her  pos-e.s- 
sioiiseast  of  .Miss,  to  I'liii^ltind,  I7ii.'{, 
i.  4  II;  claims  to  X.  \V.  coast,  ii. 
:!I7  IJ:  fortilics  Nootka.  ii.  :i-_M. 

SjialiliiiL;,  M.  .1.,  Or.  missionary,  ii. 
T).'!.");  at  L.ipw.ii,  ii.  (i7',l;  on  hospi- 
tality 1[.  liay('o.,ii.(IS7. 

Spanianls,  tleslroy  i''rent'li  colmiies  in 
l'"loi'ida,  l."il)."),  i.  I!);  noilhcrn  limit 
of  coiKpiest,  I.'il;',  i.  II;  in  iiorth- 
vvcst  iliscovory,  Hil<>.  j.  Ii)l ;  uppo^o 
Cal.   c.xiiltinition,    i.    Ill';    cxplora- 


>llloKV 


t'l'  I'ass,  location,  i.  (!'2(). 


Siiiu    .;li         mi  (,'al.   coast,   i.    .'>IS-10, 

•.i2S,  -.v.. 
Snake   lin      lis,  see  Shoshoiies,  ii.  '2'2. 
Snake  l;i\         see    Lewis   Kiver,  ii.  .'i,'!; 

Lewis  ai      ('.  cxpeil.  on,  ii.  'A'.\,  JW, 

(i7;  Hunt     t^xjieil.  on,  ii.  LSI  0. 
Siiinpialnii     i'ass.  location,  i.  (14.">. 
Snow,  voy.iL,'!',  ISoO,  i.  ','A2. 
fciociety  v(  .Icsns,   in  Xew   Franco,   i. 

a8(J-7. 


i\r)i:\. 


701 


tion,    in.'O-tT'O.    i.    1-'-»;    17"f»,    i. 

1  11);    IT'.IJ,    i.    -'(17  7:t,   •-•'•-'  :i:    iv 

liiii|nisli    iioi tli-wt^.-t    (li.si.i)vi'ry)    i. 

Il'.l;  t.'iki'  |nihH(  M«iuii  (if  N.  W.  cuii.st, 

177-.  i.  Ili'.i. 
S|i.uililiiij{,  viiyii;i',  IS|(t,  i.  ;i|'_'. 
Spclici',  lit  ^  ill(;i  liUriii,  ii.  MIO. 

Sjii  life',  l>.,  iiitiTpii'tcr,  ii.  .'i;;;», 
.s,  eiicc,  .Icilin,  Hlii|i-c:ii  |H'iiti'r,  ii,  ■t7(i. 
SiHiiui'i,  t':iiM|it's  linliiiiis,  ii.   IJS. 
Siiiic  Isliiiiil.s,  ( 'iii'li'i' t'l'ik"*!  i.  I-. 
S|iit  Itiiiik,  iiittiiril,  i.  'JSI. 
Split  iJiM'li,  |)i.\(in  iiiinirH,  I7'''<>,  i.  I7'S. 
S|Miii;iiic  Fdil.  i.iiilt,,  ii.  "JDI. 
S|iukaiii'  lldii.sc,  liiiilt,  ii.   1-0    I. 
S|ioiiiis,  .siKci-,  (JiHik  sffs  ill   .NcHilkii. 

I77H.  i.  171. 
Si|iiiiii  l);iy,  (j>uim|M  r  iiiiiiics.  i.  Jll. 
St:iL;ri',  |''()rt,  '   iMtiiiii,  ii.  ■I7(»   I. 
Slaiislpiiiy,   Hili'viy-H  ( )i',   rnnl,  i.   (!;!_'; 

f\|)Ci|."to  Salt  i,:ikr,  i.  ii;i('.. 
SliiiliiiL',  vosimiiii  \.W.,  is;i7,  is:i'.), 

i.  :{!_•;  ii.'dil. 
Sticlc,  ill  ('ill.,  ISII,  ii.  .-.II. 
St.'  lii'ii'iii',  iiU:ick;t  F.ii;4li»li.  i.  III. 
Strilafiiiiiii,  .si'i!  ( 'Ji.'ku'iiiM,  ii,   Ki.S. 
Strlsiiii,  \<)y;i','is  IS'JI,  i.  :!!(). 
.Stcwait.     juiii.s    W'yitir.s    iNiicil.,    ii. 

r.s;!,  ;,i.)\'. 
Slrwiiil,  C.ipl.,   his  vc)Va;;<s,  I7!*-,   i. 

•jr,.-,. 

SLikcen,    Fort,     c.-iLiMislnil,    ii.    (ill; 

Hie    JlfddiiiiL  St   I  Huiiy.^iiis,    ii.  (ll.">. 
StiiikiiiL!  Luke,  lii'wis  and  ('.  txpi'il., 

ii.  :!•-•! 
Slinking'  Water,  ii.  ■_','!. 
Slohiiio/ii  1,     l'ti)l('lll\',     lii,i|>  fif,     l.-)l'J, 

i,  'AH. 
StDlif,   ]''ort,  (IcsiTilx'il,  i.    ISl,  l.S((. 
Stony  Ml;i. ,  liuariic  nanus,  i,  (il2. 
Sinn's,  nil   titl('   \.  \V.  coa.st,  ii.   IISO. 
Stow,  •    I  !)rakii".s  voyaj,'o,  i.  1  10. 
Strai;<,  .Vrctii',  .scanii  mid  pius.sa;;*!,  i. 

10. 
Straii;^f,  J.,  cxiicd.  of,  17'^'I,  i.  177. 
Sir.iu  liiiry  Jj.laiid,  iiaiiud,  ii.   17. 
SiroiiL,',  on  title  N.  W.  coast,  ii.  IVSti. 
Stuart,     liiiilds    F'ort    ()k;uiai;.iii,     ii. 

173— i;     e.\pcil,     up    < 'oiuiiihia,     ii. 

l'.)4-.");  .Tnidiii,'  Sliusliuiips,   ii.   "JIS; 

at  Spokaiio   lloiisc,  il.  •_',")S;  oNjilor- 

iiilj  i;x])i.il.,  ii.  ,'ii.'7-ii;  si'iit  to  Xow 

( 'ali'doiiia,  ii.  •<(!;{. 
Stuart,  ,\.,  arrixcs  at  .\stoiia,  ii.  "J.'JI; 

from  Astor  to  W'ii'i.ini,  ii.  lMO,  '_'I.-|, 

•JIS;  Wdundi'd  iiy  Indians,  ii.'JII-'J. 
Stuart,    J).,    joiii.s    1".    ]''iir   Co.,    14"_'; 

voyaL;)' to  Astoria,  ll.-)-.">"2;  at  Asto- 
.     ria',  i:>-2,  IIC),  I!IS;  l.uilds  fort,  17."!; 

usceiuls  Culiunliia,  explonitioiis  of, 


17.".  1:  ftt  Olc;marnn,  ii.  lOS,  -H)"; 
i'\)..'d,  of,  ii.  -JO-J,  •_'()."»  r>,  Jll  111; 
aiuMu^f  Sliiisliwaps,  ii.  •_'l)(i. 

Stuart,  .!.,  j  >uriial,  ii.  SO  II.'!;  rliar- 
)•<•.' r,  ii.  IM):  dt-ii  li,  ii,  OO;  witii 
l''ran;r  isprd,.  ii.  0>  IIS;  in  N, 
<'.ili'<loiiia.  ii.  Ill),  l-JI,  'J<il;  iiirivi'4 
Astoria,  ii.  \1'2^;  at  li.iirli'r,  l-'oit 
Astoria,  il,  'JJS  'I;  tradiii',?  I'Xpcd., 
ISI.'I,  ii.  •.MS  JO;  cxp-d.  up  ('  .- 
liiinliia,  ii.  °j:i>  111;  iVoiii  1'',  i\stor 
to  F.  Williiini,  ii,  LMk-Oj  at  Fort 
|)uiivi'j,'aii,  ii.  •.'7!';  H'"'**  'lint.  ii. 
•.',S0;  I'Nplorin',' f\[ii'd.,  ii.  -sl. 

Stuart,  U..  .joins  !'.  Fur  Co.,  ii.  II..'; 
\oyaj,'c  to  Astoria,  ii.  I  l-"i  ."»-';  i  \- 
jilorcs  Coluinliia,  ii,  I)i0'70:  cmiiu- 
iiiis  Willanutlo,  ii,  177;  nicssi-ngiT 
to  .\stor,  ii.  ll'.S-!);  rcailirs  St 
I.Muis,  ii.  L'OII. 

Stuart  Lakf,  l'o-<t,  H,  Kay  Co.,  i. -IIS; 
ii.'iuu'd,  ii.   Mill. 

Stuart  llivir,  src  Mai'I;<'n/ir"s  voya.u'i-, 
i.  (is.");  I'Xploicd,  ii.  107    l.'i. 

.Stiii;,'is,  ('apt.  \\'.,  on  .\.  \\  .  coast, 
1S;)2.  i.  :i|-_';  ISO!,  i.  ;tlS;  vlcsciipiioii 
of  ica-ottcr,  i,  .'111  •'>;  on  .\.  \V.  fiir- 

tradc,  i.  ;;.v.i  (JO,  :;iis,  :i7o-i,  :i7.'(  (i. 

SI  III;  is   and   ('o. ,    r.otoii    incrcliants, 
j      ii.  .VJO. 

Suiilctti',  M.,  with  l.'o.-ky  Mt.  Co.,  ii. 
i       t.V>;  trappin,.;  tour,  isJO  ."iO,  ii.  l.'iil- 

S;  Wyi'lli  joins,  ii.  ."ili'_'  ;!;  trappiii'.; 

tour,     Isll.'i,    ii.    .">Ji7;  cliaractcr,    ii. 

.-.70. 
SiiMcttc,  W.,  W'y.'tli  joins,  ii.  .".(il -•_'; 

trapping'  lour,  Islij,  ii.  .".70;  tiap|mi'^ 

tour,   Is.'tl,    ii.    .-)7!l;  tour,    Is.'il,   ii. 

,".S,'!;  trappiii'.,'  tour,  l.s;!0,  ii,  (ilO. 
Sulilcttc,  \Villiaiii  1j.,  leads  Slioslioncs, 

ii.  117;  \\itii  Jlocky   .Mt.    Fur  Co., 

ii.   IIS. 
'Sulpliur.'sliii),  on  N'.  W.  co.isl,  ls;'.(i- 

•)•_',  i.  ;il-_';  ii.  (ill. 
'Sult.'in,' on  Cal.   coast,    Isjti,    i.   :i;i.->; 

on  \.  W.  coa.-r,  IS-Jl,  i.  1110;   Is-Jl, 

i.  :!ll;   1s:{l',  ii.  ."^iiiO,  .",li(i;   wrecked, 

ii.  ."»ii7. 
'Sumatra,' cruise  in  iioitli-west,  Is:i7, 

i.  ;{l_',  ii.  (Is7. 
Su[icrior,  Lake,  ilisi'o^crc'd,  i.  '22. 
.Sur,  .sea  of,  sec  l.''rolii.ilier's  Xdya.uc,  i. 

(10. 

.^ilter,  on  \.  \V ast,  ISOS  ;i,  i.  .".J  I. 

'Sutil,'  on  N.  W.  coast,  I70J.  i.  ^70-  I, 

•Js7:  I7i)(i,  i.  :i:).".. 
Sutil   y    .Mexican,!,    liijacioii,   eto.,    i, 

•271,' 
Sutter,  Capt.,  in  Cal.,  i.  (Ji;i,  111.*,  0.".;}, 

ii.  r.:;i». 


702 


INDEX. 


Swaine  River,  named,  i.  2S1. 
iSwmi,  on  (,'al.  coast,  !!;>>(),  i.  112;  ar- 
rive;.! Fort,  ( lLor:.;(\  ii.  '2,')0;  mi  X.  W. 

coa.st,  Ks;'.;),  ii.  '(■;:(!». 

Swaiiiniilicli,  Jmliaii,  i.  .S.'Sd. 

S\\  t'disli  U'l'st  liitlia( 'o.,  foi  luetl,  i.  oOi. 

SwL'i'twutcr,  namud,  ii.  447. 

.Sv.ift,  vovaL'c,  \1'M;  yoy:vj,v,   179.S,  i. 

;{ii();  vdvago,   ISOO,  i.  ;iUS;  ISOl,  i. 

.•ill. 
Swipton,  on  X.  \\.  coast,  KSU5,  i.  .3-JO, 

ii.  5.J. 


Tabbabonc,  '^\ll^tc  man,'  ii.  20. 
'J'alilo  Creek,  Clarke  names,  ii.  t~U. 
Talile    Mountain,    llccctti's    voyage, 

177."),  i.  I(J4. 
'Jaeliy,  native  villaj,'e.  ii.  2S:H. 
Taeootclie  I'ivei-,  .see  I'mscr,  i.  (;S.4. 
Taeootelie  Tcwse,  sre  I'^iastr  Jiiver,  i. 

(jS4;  see  Columtiia,  ii.   170. 
Tadousaee,    trading   centre,    1027,    i. 

;iS!». 
'Tagle,' corvette,  on  Cal.  coast,  ISi;?, 

ii.  2;jo. 
Taliuglauks,  I.,a  Iloutan'n  tale,  i.  ."iSD- 

!)0. 
Tako,   Fort,  liuilt,    ii.    047-0;     ab.in- 

iloned,  ii.  (i."i(l. 
Takos,  character,  ii.  04S. 
Tallaiiassee,  .Soto  reaches.  l.").'ifl,  i.  l.'i. 
'Tally-ho,'  corvette,  on  X'.  W.  coast, 

ii.  02!). 
Tamazida  Pas.s,  location,  i.  000. 
Tanijia  liay,  .Soto  laiiils  at,  l.jl>I),  i.  1."). 
Tansy  liiver,  ijcw  is  and  ( '.  cX[ied.,  ii. 

72.-!. 
Taos,  Coronado  reaches,   l."-12,  i.    17. 
Taiitcal  Kiver,  Lewis  and  C.  exped., 

ii.  40. 
Tarascon,  L.  A.,  a.'^cends  !Miss.,  IS20, 

ii.  4.')4. 
Taronington,  ;it  Xoolka.  i.  100. 
Tatootclie,    Indian   ciuct'    at    Xootka, 

17NS,  i.  107. 
Tawatowe,  Cayuse  ehi'.f,  ii.  OSO-OI. 
Tavlor,    .\.  .S.,   on  Fuca's   biriliplace, 

is.-)i,  i.  7:i. 

'J'aylor,  'i'.,   servant   to   Siniiwon,    ii. 

40;{.  4!I7,  O.V>. 
TeL'iiiiyo,  in  i'arcdcs'  rejiort,   lO.SO,  i. 

i  1 2. 

'J'chichipa  I'ass,  location,  i.  (i.")2. 
'J'chnantepce,  Cortes'  agents  reach,  i. 

Tjlniantepec  I'ass.  location,  i.  (iOI. 

'J'chuayo,  see  'i'egnr.yo. 

Tejada  Ibl.,  Elisa  names,  i.  217. 


Tejon  Pass,  location,  i.  0."3. 

Tello,  Padre,  report  of  Strait  of  Anian, 
Ki.iO,  i.  lOS. 

Temiatitan,  in  Mnnster's  map,  lo45, 
i.  48. 

Temide,  receives  Port  Royal,  10.')4,  i. 
.SOI. 

Tent,  fur-traders,  i.  4.10-1. 

Tepic,  Colnctt  a  prisoner  at,  i.  222. 

Tercien,  hunter,  ii.  1)7. 

Terra  Corterealis,  in  Ptolemy's  map, 
].")11,  i.  .17. 

TetcJauuePass,  seeYellowliead  Pass, 
i.  020. 

Teto  I'lat,  La  Franco  .story,  i.  oOO. 

Te;on  lliver,  see  Tansy  Liver,  ii.  72. 

Tetons,  J.ewisand  C.  e.\[ieil.,  ii.  Li. 

Texas.  Sjianiards  explore,  l."i4()-2,  i. 
l.")-17,  27;  J^a  Salle  take.^po-iscssion, 
i.  24,  ;jOli;  .Spain  and  ]''rauceocjupv, 
i.  2.'). 

Theatnim  Orliis  Terrarum,  of  Orte- 
lins,  L")74.  i.  i\',i. 

Thegiiayo,  province,  i.  100. 

Themi.stitau,  see  map  of  Apianus, 
l."i7.">,  i.  50. 

Thing,  Llaekfeet  attack,  ii.  .")07. 

'Tliomas  Perkins,'  cruise  in  north- 
west, LS;{0,  i.  .112. 

'Thomas  JI.  Perkins,'  on  Co'.und)ia, 
ii.  081;  18  H,  ii.  OS(i. 

Thompson,  Capt.,  voyage,  LS2r(-.10,  i. 
:U1;  1840,  i.  ;i42. 

Thompson,  1).,  explores  Atliahasca 
Pass,  1810,  1.  021;  explores  Xew 
Caledonia,  ii.  110  20.  l-J2-.'>;  ii.  .120; 
character,  ii.  12.");  at  Fort  Astoria, 
ii.  12,"),  171  2;  discovc.s  'J'honipson 
Liver,  ii.  123;  descends  (Jolumhia, 
ii.  124;  Montreal  tii|),  ii.  17.1;  at 
llkoyope  Falls,  ii.  '2<',\. 

Thompson,  Fort,  built,  ii.   122. 

Thompson,  ^Liunt,  see  Tlm.i^ison'.s 
exped.,  ii.  12.1. 

Thompson  Liver,  map  of,  ii.  122;  dis- 
covered, ii.  121-4;  explored,  ii.  120. 

Thorn,  Capt.  .!.,  on  X.  W.  coast, 
1810-11,1.127-8;  ii.  141-.J.J,  101-7; 
nuirdered,  i,  128;  ii.  I(i7. 

Thornburg,  killed,  ii.  i")!)0-7 

Tlioine,  Lobert,  urges  ex[iloration, 
1027,  i.  40. 

Thornton,  d.  (>.,  on  Ivelley,  ii.  ;"i.")8, 

'Three  Lrotliers,'  cruise  in  tiie  north- 
west, 17!'2,  i.  20."),  270. 

Three  Ilrotheis,  Strait  of,  sec  St  La\r- 
rence,  i.   10."). 

Tin-ec/i'etons, Hunt's  exped.,  ii.  181-4. 

Thrtc  Thousand  Mile  Isl.,  Lewii  and 
C.  exped.,  ii.  70. 


INDEX. 


763 


Tiana,  Hawaiian  cliicf,  i.  10.">.  I  Tontontcnc,   mythic   town,    Xiza   re- 

Tiljbits,  with  Wyctli's  expoil.,  ii.  oO^;  I      imrtHuf,  l."),'i(j.  i. -l);  C'oniuailo'H  tales 

Or.  settler,  ii.  (i74.  I      alxnit,  i.  4(;;  Urteliiis'  map,  i.  o,). 

Ticdinleniga,     Knglish     repul.-ied    at,  |  ToDtli,  tlie,  iiioiiiitaiii,  i.  (jl'J. 

IT.iS,    i.    -KK);   taken   liy   Aiiiliertit,    Tupia,  Jbarra  reaeiie.-*,  1  .">(»;!,  i.  ''2. 


17.'>!»,  i.  401 
Tiilias,  Indian  cliief,  ii.  077 
Tiguex,  ]\anuisio'.s  map,    l.")."ir»,  i.  49; 


Tori'kler,  siipcrourgo  of  ilu  'FKivia,' 
17!!-',  i.  '21)7. 

Toioiiti),  tlio  king  Uikes  eliarge  of,  i. 
Urtelins' map,  l.")74,  i.  .");>;  ilumlius' |      'MH. 
map,  i.  lOo;  chief  town  of  (,!iiivira,  i  'l\)ri|uemr,(la,  his  Strait  of  Aniaii;  l.iis 


i.  110. 

Tigiiex,  .seoRiodel  Xorte,  i.  4."(;  Hon- 
dius'  map,  i.  lor»;  town  of  tj|nivira, 
1(J,V),  i.  110. 

Tizon,  l;io  'hi,  see  Coloraihi,  i.  DO. 

'J'illamook,  nee  ('ape  Faleon,  i.  1(;4. 

Tillamook  Hay,  Gray  reaches,  Aug.  14, 
1:>SH,  i.  KS8. 

Timpanagos,  I'iver  and  Lake,  loca- 
tion, ii.  440-7. 

Tiiiping,  on  Alaskan  coast,  1780,  i. 
J77. 

'T.  .M<Tithew,'  Ijark.  wrecked,  ii.  oXi. 

'I'oliacco,  foiulni'ss  of  Indiana  for,  ii. 
^O.'i;  indigenous,  ii.   r)Ot). 

Toh.ir,  visits  Mocjiii  towns,  1.140,  i.  10. 

Tooar,  .lose,  oil  X.  \V.  coast,  i.  '2['2, 
•221,  ■J'J.j-C;  voyage,  17!t(>,  i.  iJO."). 

1'oha  I',  Josti  Andres,  his  voyages,  179-, 
i.  '-NUi. 

1'od.  dolm,  life,  ii.  402-;i:  in  Xew  Cal- 
t^donia,  ii.  4(i;{,  iViS;  at  ]  ort  Me- 
Leod,  ii.  404;  at  Fort  Kaudoop,  ii. 
07-;  aeeom])anies  Simpson,  ii.  O.V). 

Tod,  \V.,  clerk.  Fort  AValla  WaUa, 
lS4-_',  ii.  (i!IO. 

Tohn,  in  map  of  Ortelins,  l."i74,  i.  o3. 

Tolnne,  l)r\\'.  T.,  at  Foit  \  ancouver, 
ii.  .">■_'.">;  character,  life,  ii.  Ol.'i-lO, 
<')"JS;  jiidspcetus  I'ngct  Sound  A.  Co., 
ii.  Cd.'i-Ki;  works,  ii.  OKi,  (iJ.S;  in 
England,  I.S41,  ii.  017;  at  Victoria, 
1S.")!>,  ii.  (ilS;  at  Fort  McLoiighlni, 
ii.  0-S;  foitdiuihling  exped.,"lS,'U, 
ii.  O'JO,  ((;{">;  at  F(irt\siini>son,  ls:!(;, 
ii.  O.'iS;  Imihis  WillaiiKttc  I'alls 
road,  I.S40,  ii.  080;  captures  Indian 
murderer,  u.  OS(i;  iu  Willametlu 
\'Mlley,  ISC),  ii.  701. 

Toltec  ti'ihes,  tradition  of  nu'ii'ation, 
i.  8. 

Tonunanamah  liivcr,  see  Lewis  juid  ('. 
es))cd.,  ii.  i'l'X 

Tomn'.e  I'oiiit,  named,  i.  "JSI  ;  ii.  lod; 
Lewis  and  ('.  I'Xiied.,  ii.  ."i:!. 

Tonmie  liiver,  Lewis  and  ('.  exped., 
ii.^N). 

Tonijuin,  on  X.  W.  coast,  ISlO-ll,  i. 
3'J7-S;  ii.  14o-J0,  lOo-S;  Lluwu  up, 
ii.  Ki. 


(^•uivira,  i.  ,S7-0. 
Torres,   do  Alonso,   voya;_'e,    i70'J,   i. 

•2^:i. 

Totontcac,  Lake  of,  K;")."),  i.  111. 
Touchet    Itivtr,    sec    J^ewis    and    C. 

(^xi)ed.,  ii.  0(>. 
Towahnahiooks  lliver,  Lewis  and  ( '. 

exped.,  ii.  41. 
Towanali looks,  Lewis  and  C.  exped., 

ii.  0;i-4. 
Townsend,  .T.  K.,  narrati\e,  etc.,  ii. 

r)77;  vitlj  A\'vetli"s  Or.  e\]ied.,  ii. 

577;  at  iFawaiian  Is.,  ii.  ■■jl)4. 
Track  C'cek,  nan  e.l,  LSU.'s  ii.  '24. 
Trade,  nortli-west,  1700  '_>,  i.  '-M.!,  "J.'.O, 

•2,V_'-:{,    LV)0-7,    "JOI,    -JO;!  4:   i.   -JO.*, 

•_'i)3-4,  207;  170;!.  i.  'JiC.  4;   1700.  i. 

30.");  1707-S,  i.    :VM;    1700,  i.    :i07; 

KSOO   i.  ;{(KS;  lsl7,i.  3:iO-7;  Cwlnm- 

l)ia,   is;;,"),  ii.  443-1;    methoil  with 

Indians,  ii.  444;  .Shoshone,  1S30,  ii. 

4.-M. 
Traders,  on  X.  W.  coast,  170-J,  i.  'J.'iS- 

00;    IHO:),    i.    3-JO;    1M)0,    i.    321   ;!; 

lcS07,   i.    ;?--':i-4;    181)S  0,    i.    324  ."); 

KSlO-11,   i.   32.V.S;  1SI2,   i.    .32^!); 

1812-14,  i.  320  .33:  181.'),  i.  3:;,;    I; 

1810,  i.  3.34-.");  1817,  i.  V.nr,-C,;  1818, 

i.  .330-9;  1810-40,  i.  310-2. 
Trallic,    method   of,    II.    Lay   ("o.,  i. 

5(iO-l;  on  ('olnnd)ia,  ii.  4L 
TranipuUe,    Indian    elaef,    deatii,    ii. 

Oil. 

Trapp,  fur-trader,  i.  i")l(i;  willi  Hoc];/ 

Jit.  Co.,  ii.  4.")."). 
Trapper,  Amei'ican,  characteristics,  1. 

420;    compared  with    voyagear,     i. 

420,  4;!2;  dri'ss,  i.  4.32;  ehaia. ■:■!•,  i. 

420,    42.3,    .")41-2;    exploratii.ii^i   «  f. 

1821-30.  ii.  4IO-.".0;  opposu  JL  L:  y 

Co.,  ii.  472;  inlhiencu  ou  Or.  sett.e- 

nu'nt,  ii.  000. 
Traps,  auinial.  kinds,  i.    113. 
Travel,  F.,  at  San  .los,',  ii.  (i- .",. 
'  Ti'aveller,'  sciiooner,  on  ( ',d.    eoart, 

1817,  i.  3.3.".. 
Traveller  s  liest,   see  Lewis    and    ( '. 

exped.,  ii.  70. 
Traveller's  Rest  Creek,  see  Levviti  and 

C.  cxpcd.,  ii.  70. 


764 


INDEX. 


Trciity,   nttciiiptcd    liotwccii    Froiicli  j  'Ulysses,'  LTuiso  in  iioit!i-\vest,  1700, 

luul  .\iii('iiLaii  ooloiiius,  KiJS,  i.  ;{!)I.        i.  ,'!')7. 
Trmty  <f  I'aii.-i,  ITN.'f;  tuniis,  i.  -lUl.  iUiiuililla     ilivor,     si'o     'i'liuinalolaiii 
'J'li'it,  fipiici-,  i.  Ih!).  iJiviT,  ii.  (il. 

Tifs    Marias,    .scu    Hcceta'a   voyayi!,  j  I'lnatilla.s,  Jmliaii  trilic,  ii.  'Jiil. 

177">,  i.  lli-k  UiiilVi'\  ilic,    (>[ni(j.sus    11.    I!ay   Co.,    i. 

'Tics  Ucyt'.s.'crui.seoii  Cal.  coa.st,  l(iO;5,        ■l4ii-7. 

i.  IHi.  j  Uiiipi|iia,  l'\>rt,  po.st  Huclsoii  ISayCo., 

Trials,  rival  fur  ooiuiiaiiits,   i.  .'171   "2,  I      i.  -MS;  'miU,  ii.  ."n'l. 

"iNl.  ;  L'i:i;i(|uu  i;i\<.'i'.  Cook  misses.  177''^,  i. 


I'rimlik',  on  (jiiostioii  X.  A\'.   coast,  ii. 

Triiiiilud,    \'i/caiiio'.s    fiirthfst  limit, 
l( ;():!.  i.  MS. 


170. 
Union,  Fort,  steaniors  naccnd  to,  1832, 

i.  .")20. 

I'nitod    Stnto.s,    reuofrnizod.    17S.'i,    i. 

'i'iinidad  I'ay,  explored,  I77'>,  ii.  •"•IS.  |      -101;   liuy.s  i.,onisiaiia,  lS'.);i,   i.  -11)1; 

'Triton,' eruisu  in  nortli-rtest,  1S24.  i.        Indian  jiolirv,   i.  r)'21)-rii);   claim  to 

;MI.  nor! li- west,  i'i.  :i2l-."4,  :iV)  hS,  ;!.S!)- 

Trois  lliviiics,  ti'adin;^  centre,    l(!27,  •■       llii;     oi^anizes     ex]ilorin^     exped. 

i.  :1S!I.  '  j      umler  Uillies,  ii.  ()(i8-S4.  ' 

Ti'oiit  Lake,  Fra.sei'"rt  exped.  on,  ii.  Idl.  I  riijigali,  s.  e  I'e.ico  U'v^  ••.  i.  (i71t,  (JM. 
Trout  !.a!;e  Jlouse,  built,  ii.  .SS.  |  Un!,no\\ii  j;e;;ion,  <\tcut,    i.  2. 

TrnuUec  I'ass.  .see  Doinier  I'ass,  i.  (i.'ii.  |  Cral  Mountains,  Ce.jSiick  ,  cioss,  i.  2!l. 
'J'rundinll,   witli    Wyeth's   e\[)e(l.,    ii.     L'l'daneta,  .V.  de.eros.sesl'aciiie  Ocean, 


.■.(i-J 

Tseliuktschi,  natives,  i.  '2!). 
Tsilheku;',      Lake,     see     Mackenzie's 

voyage,  i.  (!'.•.'!. 


].")(!,■),  i.  2((;  story  of  nortli-west  pas- 
sage, i.  .''>l-2. 
Uriz,  Strait  i)f,  see  Consay'.'j  trip,  17  IS, 
i.  2(i. 


Tiicaniiiin    llivir,    see    Kinnnooenini  !  "l  riule,"  on  X.  AV.  coast,  KSOti,  i.  ;!22. 


Creek,  ii.  ;!!l. 
Tnciiano,  in  ma](  Ortelius,  l."7L  i.  •").'!. 
1'ucker,  ominc  stion  N'.\V.  coast,  ii.  .'ill. 
'J'nlare     \'allcv,     (larci'S     pent'trates, 

177(>,  i.  2S;  "ll.  llav  Co.  in,  1840,  ii. 

Tuinnieatapam,  Walla  Walla  chief,  ii. 

2i:i. 

Turner,  eseajjcs  Indians,  ii.  4.")0. 

Turner  Pass,  location,  i.  (i.").S-4. 

Tusliejjaws,  Iluut's  party  anujni;,  ii. 
lliO. 

TututejH'c.  Cortes'  a^jents  reaeli,  i.  ]',i. 

Twiss,  T.,  on  X.  W.  coast  explora- 
tion, i.  LK!;  authority  on  Or.  ipiis- 
tion,  i.  I4;i;  ii.  U.")-l();  his  works, 
ii.  4I.">   l(i. 

Tw  isted-liair.  Indian  chief,  ii.  f)7. 

'i'yeet,  Indian  chief,  ii.  (i27-8. 

T\  Icr,  I'les.,  (iu  Or.  ((mstion,  ii.  .'5II2. 
'.VXf,  coiidenius  lluutors'  a.ssoc.,  ii. 
O'.nt. 


W 


Uj:arto,  P.idre,  explores  Oulf  of  Cal., 

i7iM.  1.  121. 
Uldefeld,    I'^aron,  voyaf,'o  to  Strait  of 

^■Vnian.  177."!,  i.  l.'Vi. 
Ulloa,    explores   (lulf  of   C.il.,    i.    11; 


dry  Is.,  named,  i.  2Sl. 

ri.ih.   Spaniards  reacli,    17">l>-I.s{!!l.  i. 

'27:  A\yuiiet-i'toleniy  map,  l.')!i7,  i. 

.S2. 
riah  lia-.in,  the,  i.  {141. 
I'Uih  l.,aki',  di.scuvered,    177(1,   i.   (112, 

{)■,',<):  ii.  448. 
Utreclit.  uv.-ity,  terms,  i.  I'.'.tS,  443-4. 


\'ai'a,C.  de,  citiesof,i.  U;  explorations, 

lootJ,  i.  L").  4;{;  ex))lores  Texas,  i.  2L 
A'alaseo,  Lake,  l''onte's  story,  i.   I  II'. 
\'aldi'S,    (..'apt.    S.,    on   X.    \V.    coast, 

17!  12,  i.  270,  28;{. 
\'alili\ia,  voyage,   1.">I2.  i.   II. 
N'alerianos  Aposlolos,  i'uca  .^  nam(%  i. 

71. 
Vallar,  (ni[iloy  1*.  Fur  Co..  ii.  IDS. 
N'allejo,  (leu.,  reei'ives  .Simpson,  1841, 

ii.  (i.'jO;  rcsidenct',  ii.  (i()4. 
X'alverde,    incredulous   on  siilijeet   of 

InivcUers'  t.iles,  i.   120. 
'  \'.incou\'er,'    cruise     in     norMi-wesI, 

1S(.2,  i.   ."ill:  ci'uise   in  nor.'i-west, 

l.'.-i.l,  i.  ;{12;  in  S.  F.  ]5av.  I.s4l,  ii. 

OSS. 
'  Vancou\  I'r,"  hark.   \\rccl>e(l,    ii.   CiW.); 

at  Fort  Tdio.  1840,  ii.  (;i!7. 


searclu's    for    rui4ilo    town.-,   i.    1(1:     \'ancon\er.  I'ort,  rations,  i.   i",'.):  |iost 
explorations,  ir)4U-.'k  i.   14,  40.  j      11.    liay   (  o..  i.   44S;    overland  ex- 


IXDKX. 


705 


• 


press  o,t,  i.  103-4;  (Icsci'iptidii,  i. 
4SS;  nulls  Imilt,  ii.  44J,  ii.  '>\~>; 
l)iult,  ii.  4:5()-4-J;  <t:ittU'  at.ii.  44-_'-:i; 
tpiiiemiis,  ii.  .")():{-4,  .VJ.VIJ;  impor- 
taiicc,  ii.  'y2'2;  missioimrics  at,  ii. 
alU-."*;  aclioul  ostaljlislictl,  ii.  5(m; 
UL'i'iculturo,  ii.  440-4,  OOH;  ilc- 
Htioycd,  ii.  70!)-IO,  Til.'. 

VaiiconviT,  (Jeo.,  on  X.\V.  coast,  )~'.)'2, 
i.  '2M,  •_'():$-."),  -270,  •274-S'_',  •_>S7  !», 
3-2:};  I7ii:!,  i.  -I'M  i;  \1'M,  i.  •J!I7- 
,S(M);  liriaiiinaviLTati's  ^'.  1.,  17l'-,  i. 
2i:>-U;  map,  17!i-',  i.  '_'7<i,  •27.S,  --'.SO: 
17!1.">,  i.  -'.I-';  nlalidii  with  Span- 
iards, Xootka,  i.  '_>7!l;  iiai  rati\e,  vv- 
iiiaiUs  on,  i.  L'Sl-'J;  a  voyaut',  vXc, 
i.  '2H'2;  instiiiotions,  Xootka  contnj- 
vtMsy,  i.  '2S~;  conunissionir,  Xootka 
<'ontrov<isv,  i.  "JDO-!);  t^urvcys  Cook 
Inlut,  i.  'JiMi;  <l(atli,  i.  'JiMI;  iiortii- 
wost  ixploralions,  ii.  '.V22;  on  Uo- 
liinihia,   I7!»l.',  ii.  ;^-':i. 

\'ancunvi  r  is.,  namcil.  i.  '27!';  plivsi- 
cal  t'cituivs,  i.    lOlV 

Vancouver  I'oint,  nanud.  i.  "-'Si. 

'  \'an('oiivcr,'  Krhooucr,  huilt,  ii.  4!)fl; 
wicckud,  ii.  nOO. 

'  VaiR'ouvfr,'  slii]>,   on  N^.  \V.   coast, 

is():i,  i.  ;{is,  ISO."),  i.  ;i-jo,  isoo,  i. 

,'J-J'J,    ISOS-)*,  i.   824;    on  (Johiinbia, 

LSO(i,  ii.  ,">!!;  on  Coluuihia,  18;i!),  ii. 

(i()!>;  wrecked,   1848,  ii.  ryX];  ))uilt, 

ii.  iVM. 
'  \'aiida!ia,'  liiig,  wrecked,  ii.  ."),'?3. 
\'andenl>nrgli,  trapping-tour,  18.'>2,  ii. 

r)70-l. 
Van  Dnsm,  fur-tra<ler,  i.  "iKi. 
Varcunes,    I'.,     exjiloiatioiis,    builds 

forts,  death,  i.  .")<»;(-(;. 
Varni'y,  Capt.,  on  X.  W.  const,  1839, 

i.    .'i42,    ii.    (i.'5!(-41;    on    Columbia, 

1841,  ii.  (iSl,  (ISO. 
Varin,  tra<lei-,  ii.  !);{. 
Va.sadie  y  X'clm,  fur  monojioly,  i.  o'2r>. 
Vasipie/,   at    i>'urt    Bridger,    184(!,   ii. 

(ill. 
Vavasour,  eomniissioner  to  X.  W.,  ii. 

7o:{. 

\'elarde,  l'a<lre  Luis,  views  of  Ameri- 
can geoj.'raphy,  171l'>,  i.   120. 

Venegas,  Xoticias,  etc.,  i.   120. 

'  Venus,'  on  X.  W.  coast,  1702,  i.  2(i(i, 
270,  2s;i. 

Verdia,  .louo,  explores  Haro  channel, 
i.  24(>. 

\'(''rendrye,  explorations,  17-13,  works, 
i.  2l!;  see  Varennes,  i.  .V.I.'J. 

Vermilion  Sea,  in  lie  I'lsle's  map, 
1710,  i.  110. 

Vermilion  I'n.ss,  description,  i.  023. 


Verrazjino,  C,  re.aclie.t  Car.>lina  and 

Xewfoundland,    l.")24,    i.    12;    views 

of    X'ew    World    and   A.sia,    i.    30; 

coasts  X.  A.  i.  370. 
Verrazano,  Mar  de,  i.  .39. 
Viana,  I)onglas,   i.   200;    at   X'outka, 

1702,  i.  2(!(i,  28(). 
'  Vincennes,'    sloop-of- w!ir,    explores 

I'aciiic,  ii.  0(i0-(;84;  on  X.  AV.  coast, 

ii.    072,    080-1;    in   S.    F.   IJay,    ii. 

0S3. 
'  Victoi'ia,'  cruise  on  C'al.  const,  1")43, 

i.  i:{S. 
Victoria,  Fort,   site,  i.    400;    post  H. 

Hay  Co.,  i.  448;  tlcseription,  i.  401; 

agriculture,  i.  402. 
Villa-Senor   y  Sanchez,    on   Consatr's 

trip.  174S,"i.  120. 
Vilkgagnon,  in  S.  America,   18.">."i,  i, 

3S0. 
Vincent,  at  Fort  Langlcy,  ii.  477. 
\  izc.-iino,    .S,,   exjilores   Culf  of  Cal., 

I.")07,   i.   20-1;    north-west  explora- 
tions,   lti02-3,    i.   21,    i:i7,    110  7; 

voyages  of,  i.  77,  87  8;  map,  i.  80; 

(hath,  i.  117. 
'Volunteer,'  on  X.  W.    coast,    1810- 

20,  i.  340;   1828- .30,  i.  3(1. 
\un  Freeman,  at  Fi)rt  \'ancouver,  ii. 

081. 
\'oyage,  Famous,  author  of,  i.  141. 
Voyages,  missionary,  Perez  condu(,-ts, 

i.    l.")l;     miscellaneous    to     X.    W. 

coast,   17S0,  i.  204;  1703,  i.  203-4. 

207;    1700,   i.   .304;   1707-0,   i.   .3l)'i; 

1801,  i.  310;  1802,  i.  .311;  1810-40, 

i.  340-1;  (ialiano  v^'aldcs,   1702,  i. 

2()4-0,    273;    Vancouver's,   1703,  i. 

201   3;  1704,  i.  200-9. 
Voyageur,    The   Canadian,   origin,   i. 

;]00,'  414;  character  and  lite,  i.  4I.">- 

30;  enrolling,   i.   424;  dri'ss,   i.   1.31; 

food.    i.   432-4;  Northwest   Co.,   i. 

jJO-OO. 

W 

Wages,  fur-hunters',  i.  4.33. 
Wai.'ons,    liist   uiion    the    plains,    ii. 

4."i(>  S. 
W.iha.sah,   see  Redstone  Itiver,  ii.  81. 
^\'ahowpums,    Indian  tiiiie,   rob  SUl- 

art's  |iaity,  ii.  104- ."). 
Waiilatpu,  mission  at,  ii.  ."i37. 
Waka,    hunter    Frazer's    exped.,    ii. 

11.5. 
AVakiakums,    Lewis   and   C.    exjied., 

ii.  .")0;    McKenzie's  voyage,   ii.   10'. 
Waldroii,  K.  i!.,  on  exploring  expcd. 

N.  W.,  ii.  073. 


700 


INDEX. 


W.'ilkcr,   cxped.   to  Cal..  i.   niO;  tx- 

ploiiitions,    i.    (i4;{,    (iol!;    Or.    iiiis- 

sioiiiiry,   ii.  n.'JT;  in  Utah,   ii.   5V"J; 

]'jiiiiioiis' cxpccl.,  ii.  (iS'J. 
Wiiikor,   ('.  .M.,  trip  to  Or.,  ii.  678; 

;:!  I'ort  AVilliam,  ii.  'yO.'t. 
W'alUcr  Is.,  iiaiui'd,  i.  'J81. 
'Walliir  I'ass,  tU-scription,  i.  CIS. 
A\'a!laco,   hdtariist,  (Irowncd,   ii.  TjSS. 
A\'al!aic,   cKilc,   P.  Tur  Co.,  ii.   144, 

-.)7.  l!-(i;    leaves   Furt   Oeoi'ge,  ii. 

•21.-.. 
AV;il!;i  Walla,  Fort,  post  IF.  Bay  Co., 

i.  41S;  (l(.'.s(  liptioii,  i.  490;  Ijuilt,  ii. 

l!7>'>-4;  huriu'd.  ii.  (iJtO;  abandoned, 

ii.  711. 
Walla   Walla    River,    Li'wi.s    and   C. 

exped.,  ii.  40,  (i4. 
^Valla  Wallas,    see    Soknlks,    ii.    40; 

Lewis  and  ('.  exped.  anionj.'.  ii.  04; 

fiiendlincss  to  whites,  ii.  "JI.'J;  nii.s- 

si(}naries  anujn.Lr,  ii.  ->.'<4-.-). 
Widler,  Or.  missionary,  ii.  1)74-5. 
W:di-iis,  lialiitat.  i.  4!'i.'. 
A\  .dnlii,  location,  ii.  'JOi?. 
A\';!]):',to  Inlet,  na;i;ed,  ii.  {'r2. 
Wapato    Is.,    See    Sauvi'    I.s.,    i.    401, 


Weddorhurn  and  Co.,  merchants,  ii. 

.■.1.1 
AVedjrl.orouuli,  S.,   on  \.    \V.  const, 

i7H(>,  i.  ii;7. 

Weeks,  S.,  armorer,  ii.  loO-l. 
Werner  ( 'reek,  iiameil,  ii.  71. 
Western  Company,  i'l'V  monopoly  f.f, 

1717,  i.  :wr,. 

Western    department,    see   C(dnml.iii 

department,  i.  44S. 
Wl•^;t  India  <'iiinpany,  formed,  lOfU, 

i.  .'>!)4;  di.ssolved.  "l(i7l,  i.   iVXt:  k' e 

Miss.  Co.,   i.   .•{'.17;  chartered,    Ki'Jl, 

i.  ;-)()!. 
West,  River  of  the,  in  .Tellerys'  maii, 

17()S,  i.    l.'S'J;  see  (iray's  v(.yage,  i. 

hSS. 
West   Ro.-iil   River,    sco   !Maekcnzie'a 

voyage,  i.  (iS.')-(i,  (lO'J;  named,  i.  0'.;i). 
Weymouth,  C,  voyage,   l(ii)J,   i.  '22; 

trailing'  in  -Mainej  KiO.'),  i.  ,'>.S7,  4:i!). 
Whahd.i,  killed,  ii.  .-.Mi. 
^Vjlllle  (reel;,  r;ee  J]seola  creek,  ii.  ."JS. 
Whale    lisheries,   in   Or.    (|nesUon,   ii. 

4l'(;;  N.  W.  coast,  ii.  4^J,;-7.  litiS. 
Whak'r.,"  Harbor,  see  Sanzalito,  ii.  Uo!). 
Vvliales,  habitat,  i.  4k_'. 


ii.   '>'Xi;   named,  ii.  4S;   Lowi.s  and  i  AVheeler,  .surveys  Or.  road,  i.  fi.'VJ 


C.  exped.,  ii.  (il;  (.'larke  describes, 

ii.  ^^|•2■,  dairy,  ii.  .■.!>S-".>. 
Wapat(.  N'allev,  named,  ii.  48. 
W;,rds,  Indians  as,  i.  rilW-i,  530. 
AX'arlielils,  I'jnmons"  exped.,  ii.  (.82. 
A\'arie,    commissioner   to   X.   AV.,  ii. 

Warren,  killed,  i.  .->7f>. 
Warrior  I'oint,  named,  i.  281. 
A\'ascns,    see   Feheloots,  ii.   44;   sub- 
(hied,  ii.  27(). 


A\'ashbnrn,    (!en.,    explores   Yellow-        i.  (iiil). 


Whidhey,  ivient.,  .surveys  Cray  Har- 
bor, 1702;  points  named,  .see  foot- 
note, i.  2Sl. 

Whidbey  River,  named,  i.  2S1. 

Whitcoui,  Or.  missionary,  ii.  (;74. 

Wliite,  I)i',  killed,  i.  570;  ndssionary, 
ii.  (!S7;  Indian  agent,  ii.  (lOS. 

White-bear  Islands,  named,  IS05,  i. 
•JO;  see  Lewis  and  (.'.  exped.,  ii.  72. 

Whitehoiise  ( 'ri  ek,  named,  bSO.".,  ii.  21. 

White  Man  l''iirt,see  IklhoullayCouin, 


stone,  ii.  .'!1 
\\'ashingt(.n,  originally  part  of  X.  W. 

coast,   i.   '2;    I'erez  discovei's  coast, 

177''t.  i.  157;  gitography,  i.  410. 
AA'-'r-liingtini,  (_i.,   war,   1740,    i.    400, 

.-.05. 
AV.isliington  Is.,  see  Queen  Charlotte 

f-.'an.l,  i.  -20;;. 
'  Waoliingtiin,' trader,  onX.  W.  coast, 

ISO.-.,  i"  .'{•Jii;  ii.  .")."). 
A.ashin^lon,    treaty    of,     F(ib,     ISIO, 

terms,  i.   lu:!. 
A\'.ishita  J!i\  er,  ex])lored,  i.  (il4. 
Washougal  River,  sec  .Seal   River,  ii. 

48. 
'  Wa  VI',' bi'ig,  on  (^olnmbia,  ii.  074. 
>\Mier  Pass,  location,  i.  (i:{4. 
Webster,  on  Or.  question,  ii.  405. 


White  ."siihiion  liiver,  see  Lewis  and 

C.  exped.,  ii.  (),'3. 
Wliitman,   Oi-.  mis.sionary,  ii.  5:i5;  at 

Waiilatpu  nns.iion,  ii.  (177. 
Whitman.  -Mrs,  Or.  missicnrry,  ii.  5.S5. 
Wiuttakir,  L.,  settler  Cowlitz  vallev, 

ii.  014. 
Whitlemore,  on  X.  W.  coast,  1808-0, 

i.  :i24;   ISII,  i.  ;i2(i. 
WI:ittiei',  wiiii  Wyith'sexped.,  ii.  5(Jlk 
Wicl;ananis',i,  lndi:.n  eirut,  NUitka,  i. 

I !>":  entertains  .Mcares,  i.   107;  sells 

land,  i.  •2-.4. 
Wickininni.^h,  Indian  tribe,  ii.  KiO. 
NVife-lif'iing,    among   fur-hunters,    ii. 

402. 
Wilcox,  Ca])t.  .1.   .S.,    on   Cal.   coast, 

1817,  i:  .•{;!.■>-(! 


Webster-Ashburtou  treaty,  Aug.  184'2,  !  Wildes,  v..v;ige,  ISOl,  i.  .'ilO;  1802,  i. 
i.  4o;».  1     :tl2. 


INDEX. 


707 


Wilkes,  Clias.,  ;a:ctch  of  Fiici-.'s  Til-  '      1 1.  i.  .''C'l;  lS!l-2.  i.  .?i2S;  cniisc,  ISl."., 

lar,  i.  T'.l;  iu  C:il.,  i.   (i4:>,   (i-I!),  (>."):!;  !      i.     .';.;i(;     cliaiacttr,     last     days,     i. 

cxiiloiiii;^  rxpcl.,  lS,",,';-r2.  ii.   (ICS^  j      :t-JS-<l. 

iS4;  cluuac'a  r,  ii.  (id!)- 70;  on  X.  \V.  !  Wiiisliiji,    Xatliaii,    on    X^.   W.    coast, 

coast,  at  1"(  It  VaiHoiiviT,  in  Wil-  i      IhOi),  i.  ;{•_■;!:   lol(^-lI,  i.  ;{J.".;   I,S(.!), 

laliioUi'   \'all<'V,   ii.   (ITI-ii;    suiviys,      ii.   K'.i;-,");  sittli  in(  lit  df,  ii.   !'!()-."). 

Culuiiii)ia  ItivLT,  ii.  OM;  in  Cai.,  ii.  '•  Winship's   scttlcnicnt   mi    Colianliia, 

(ifili;  icxults,  ii.  liS4,  wuiks,  ii.  U70,         "    '  ' 

(iS4. 
AVill.inson,  hilled,  i.  r,~0. 
\\  i!!a  11. etto  Cattle  (,'i).,   Slacnui  aids, 

ii.  (lOli;  <)rL;ani<!i(l,  ii.  (ii.">.  -       , 

Vi'illaniettc  liiver,  Lewis  and  ('.   o.\-- j      (J50   1. 

peil.    ]iajs,    ii.    4S;    name,    ii.    OO-l ;' Wulte,  takes  Qncljee,  I7"ill,  i 

see  Miiliiiiiniali  Itivei',  ii.  (id;  Stuart    Wolverine,  lialiitat,  i.  4I'J. 

e.vjilore:*,  ii.  177;  e.xjilored,  ii.  1!).').     i  Wolves,  lialiitat,  i.   ITi. 
Willaiiieite    River   J'ass,    loealiou,    i.  |  Women,  as  missionaries,  ii.  X]C\. 

(i4(i.  I  Wdodfonl,     Kiidoljili,     eoniiiiissioner 

'Wilhiinette  Valley,  Heed  ex;  lores,  ii.         Xootka  eontroveisy,  i.  "JMI. 

'JU'.);    iur-tradiii'L,'   m,    ii.    -Jli',),    -JS!);    W(  (nls,  witli  .Mis:.oiiii  Co.,  i.  !i!  t. 


IMO,  ii.  :5-J:i,  :iJ!l. 
WisciUisiii    li'iver,    .Toliet     and     Mar- 

(|iiette  traversi',  l(i7.">,  i.  -•>. 
Wi.sdoin  Itiver,  named,  i,SO."),  ii.  '_'!!. 
Wi\es,   anioiiLj   Jl.   liay  <'i>miiany,  ii. 


4UI. 


fiivt  i  ettler,  ii.  .>l)();  milks  and  agri- 
culture, lo'i'.l,  ii.  ,">(),");  game  in,  ii. 
SJl;  mia  ionarii's  in,  ii.  t");i4-.");  .set- 
tkr.ient,  181.7,  ii.  (J0;{;  18oS,  ii.  (i()7; 
lt;4;!,  ii.  7ul. 

Wiihird,  A.,  .see  Lewis  and  V.  exped., 
ii.  -Jk 

^^'il!a^d  Creek,  named,  ii.  '^4. 

A\'il!es,  11.,  on  X.  AW  ji-.s.sayc,  i.  ijO- 
(iO. 

William.  Fort  (X.  W.  Co.),  dcserip- 
tion,  i.  4!''G,  .'it'}-.");  rendej.vous  at, 
i.  -Ii!,"!  4;  inijportanee,  i.  rxUi;  ]  hi.ses 
of  i;oeiety  at,  i.  .'')(;4;  life  at,  i,  ."Ki,")- S. 

William  I'ort  (.^anve  Isk),  dcjeriji- 
ti.in,  i.  4!)I;  Imilt,  ii.  oO^-.");  sold 
to  IL  Fay  (.'().,  ii.  01)7-8. 

William,  Fuint,  Lewis  and  C.  exped., 
ii.  .").'!. 

'AA'illiam  and  Aim,'  eruise  in  north- 
west, ISl'',  i.  ;!41;  wreeked.  i.  ;;4I; 
ii.  4!);!,  o.]-2 


Woody  Foint,  C'ook  nanus,  1778,  i. 
17(1;  J)i.\on"s  maji,  l7'-i7,  i.  180; 
luisa  si;;lits,  17!!0,  i.  "JIO. 

Work,  .lolm,  jocinials,  ii.  4ii4;  on  ex- 
ploriii;,M'Nped.,  ii.  4(il  S;  eliararter, 
ii.  4;)l-f';  wiili  fur  Ijiinailc ,  ii.  471; 
at  C<4ville,  ii.  47-',  4'.)7,  ■)i:!;  ex;  ed. 
to  Missouii,  l^;;!l,  ii.  oKi-lil;  trap^) 
soiitli,  l.Slil,  ii.  7)'2C)-'.);  at  i''oi  t 
Simpson,  ls:!7,  ii.  (iOti;  l.S.'Ki,  (i;!S- 
4'_';  ].'-'4l.  ii.  (i.~)7:  surve\s  (.'uwlit/ 
Fiaiiie,  ii.  (ill!;  at  I'oit  X'aiicouve:', 
ii.  710. 

Wi  rlaiian,  escapes  Indians,  ii.  I'JS. 

Worth,  voya-e,  180-J,  i.  :!l  I. 

Wraiigtl.  Faron,  Russian  gov.,  ii. 
(!•_',)-;!(). 

Wrr.ngel.   Fort,   cided  to   I'.ritish,  ii. 

(;;i;il 

Wreck.s,  X.  W.  coast,  ii.  .-:'•-.';!. 
W'rentheiii,  X.,  on  X.  W.  coa-t.  ISO.-), 

i.  :iJ(). 


Williams,    liiil,    trapper,    exjilorer,    i.  ;  AA'yilli,   ])r.    J.,   on  Wyetii's  e\ped., 


.".I(i. 
AVilliams,     ]'].,     Imnting    expcd.,     ii. 

lL'<l-S. 
Wind  Jliver,  rende/.vous,  ii.  -i"). 
AN'indsor  Fiver,  iii'nied,  ii.  70. 
Winkvorlli,  William.   vii\'aL;c,    FS.'iO, 

i.  ;iii. 

Wiiiiaiieg,     Lake,     fort     erected    at, 

1710,  i.  'J(i;  ,kllerv.s"  map,    1 708,    i. 

FIJ. 
AVinnipegs,   French   hear  of.    IliliO,  i. 

IU(!. 
V»'in:!ii[i.  A.,  merchant,  ii.  l.'iO. 
M'inship,  Ciias.,    snjiercargo,    i.    '!0(!; 

voyage,  1800,  i.  ;;08;  death,   i.   ;)(!'.l. 
M'iiisliip,  (.'apt.  J.,   on  \.  W.    coast, 

1803,  i.  ;J17,  321;  1800,  i.  ;i-2:f;  1810- 


i.  .")'.». 

A\'yetli,  J.  ]!.,  on  Wycth's  cNjied.,  ii. 
."■).",!>. 

AV'yetii,  X.  J.,  post  on  Saiivi'  Is.,  i. 
41)1;  estalilishes  tradin;.r  posts,  i. 
■■117.  -VJO:  (railiii;,'  expcd.,  ii.  IV'O; 
treatment  Ky  II.  Hay  Co.,  ii.  o.'l; 
or/rani/es  Oi'.  exped.,  ii.  ■-p.-)7 -<d  ; 
U\]\  ii.  ."i(ll  S;  lilackfei't  attack,  ii. 
"il)_'-l;  at  Foit  N'anconver,  ii.  .■i(i4 - 
7:  his  works,  ii.  ."lV.!;  second,  ad- 
\ciitiiie,  ii.  ."(7(i-.S;  salinou-tisliing 
scheme,  li.  ."i77;  faiinri'.  ii.  o'.Ki; 
trip  to  Or.,  18."  K  ii.  .'"•77;  Imilds 
Fort  Jl.ali,  ii.  t")8.-)-7;  Imilds  i'ort 
A\'illiam,  ii.  oil'i  a;  bcrvices,  ii.  ."liW. 

Wyllliel-l'tolemy    maii,  \:>U~,  i.  81-4. 


768 


INDEX. 


Xanvicr,  at  Fort  Liinj^luy,  ri.  477, 
X.  Y.  Co.,  sells  liqiiDi-  to  Indians,  i. 
54(i;  joins  \.  W.  Co.,  i.  3.")j-(i. 


Viikinia  Pivor,  see  Tnptciil,  ii.  40. 
\  .•ikiimi  Valley,  as  Jnili.ui  londozvoiis. 

ii.  'Jo.-Mi. 
Yiikiniiis,  SCO  Cliiinii)ii>uni,s,  ii.  40. 
'N'liktaiia,  Jndian  chit  f,  ii.  ■_'.")7. 
Viilc,  ,1.  M.,  at  Tort  <;i'i>ig(',   ii.  47;{; 

iit  Fort  J.aiip;loy,  ii.    JS.");  4N7,  M'l; 

witi-  of,  ii.  48(1;  iit  Fort  St  James, 

^  ii.4!)(!;  \vitli  SinijisonV  |iart\-,  ii.4!»7. 

Ya(jiii   J.'iver,   Siianianls  reacli,    \:,:i:\, 

i.  Ki,  4-_>. 
Yellopt.  Walla.  Walla  elii.  »',  ii.  (14. 
\ello\viiea(l  Pa.s.-<,  desciii)t;(,  .,  i.  (KO- 

I .  (iL';i,  (!l',-.. 

Yellowstone  i;ivei-,V('re!i'livei'ea('Iies, 
174-J,  i.  T)!!.".:  e\|il(.|e(l.  "ii.  ;{l:  .see 
Lewi.s  and  C.  exj.ed.,  ii.  70,  7.j-,S0. 

Yei]);i  r.uena,  H.  JJay  Co.,  at,  ii. 
(i,SS-!). 

York,  negro,  deatli,  ii.  85. 

York  l''aetoi'y,  liriyade,  i,  40;?;  de- 
scription, i.  484-5. 


York  iJiver,  named,  ii.  80. 

^■oue^s,   on    i\.    W.    coast,    1805,    i. 

■•{L'O.  ' 

^'oners,  trader,  ii.  ."i5. 
Younialolaiii  l{iv.r,  see  Lewis  and  C. 

e.xpnd.,  ii.  (ij. 
V^>nng,  mm-dered,  ii.  435. 
Young,  F,,  joins  Kelley'H  expcd.,  ii. 

548-.-.;!;  ill  Willamette  Valley,  18:17, 

ii.  (iO.-.;  Or.  .s.'ttler,  ii.  (;7(i. 
"\  onng  15ay,  Lewis  ami  C.  expod.,  ii. 

54,  57. 
Young  Kiver,  named,  i.  281. 
Yukon,    ])().ssil.ly   dejiicted   in    Ldw'a 

ma]),  1508,  i.  8(1. 
Ynkon  Fort,  deseiintion,  i.  401 ;  Imilt 

i.  (i-JO. 
Yukon  I'uss,  description,  i.  G'26. 


Zaeatula.  Cortes  settlement  at,  i.  l,'l. 
Zacatiila  I'ass,  location,  i.  Cm7. 
Zareml.0,    .1/     t.,   on    N.    W.    coast, 

I8;i4,  ii.  G:i-2  3. 
Ziini,  Onatc  visits,   l(i04-,5,  i.  21,  00; 

see  ('ilxila,  i.  4.'{. 
Ziini  J'a.ss,  description,  i.  (J.'IS. 
Ziiiogalia  Js.,  see  Ouiite'a  exploration. 

i.  01. 


